Academic literature on the topic 'Physiological aspects of Football'
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Journal articles on the topic "Physiological aspects of Football"
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Leite, Verlaine, and Roberto Figueredo. "Is there a need to increase the number of substitutions in modern professional football?" Fizicka kultura 74, no. 1 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2001005l.
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Football is the most important and popular sport in the world, being influenced by several aspects and generating a billion dollar financial income. The constant scientific advancement of the modality allows a rapid evolution of football, being important to constantly review aspects of its dynamics and, consequently, its laws. The aim of this work is to analyze and argue, based on several aspects, e.g., evolution of the modality, physiological aspects, incidence of injuries, relationship with the media and economic aspects, etc., if there is a need to increase substitutions in modern professional football matches. In order to achieve this objective, a wide bibliographic research on the most important aspects of football was used.. As demonstrated throughout the text, according to the constant changes that have occurred in various aspects related to football over the years, there is a need for changes in the regulations to meet the need and provide a greater evolution of the modality. In this way, we believe that the increase in the number of substitutions can be very beneficial for football in general, mainly to make the modality more dynamic and attractive to the spectators.
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Tarabrina, Natal`ya. "Peculiarities of physiological fitness of differently skilled football referees." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 3 (September 2019): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-3-58-65.
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The goal: comparative analysis of psycho-physiological fitness of football players and differently skilled football referees. Research materials and methods. We studied indicators of psychomotor status, the level of development of speed and volitional qualities, subject-activity and communicative aspects of temperament of 15 football players aged 19-21, with the experience of sport training from 10 to 13 years, and 25 football referees of the first rank aged 25-32, with the experience of refereeing from 5 to 9 years. We compared the outcomes to identify the trend of convergence of the level of studied indicators. Research results and discussion. The study has demonstrated that about 50% of all subjects have a medium-weak type of nervous system, but there are referees with a strong type (16%). We have revealed that football players and referees have no significant difference in the period of implementation of the audio-motor reaction. Visio-motor reaction of football players is 16.44 ± 0.45 msec, which is faster than the reaction of referees by 10.6% (p <0.05). Repeated sprint ability of referees and players was not significantly different, average indicator at 40 m intervals was 5.63 sec. for referees and 5.25 sec. for players. Football referees demonstrate a very high work pace - 10.3 ± 0.32 c.u., life pace, activity, high rhythm of operations. Emotional background of players at work and in social communication was 6.0±0,59 c.u. and of 6.80 c.u. respectively, and it was twice higher than the indicators of referees (p< 0.001). Vitality indicators were the same for both groups. Conclusion. Modern football requires that a referee should obtain a new, higher level of physical and psychological training. Most of the quantitative indicators of the studied parameters of players and referees did not have significant difference, while the moral-volitional and emotional components differed significantly.
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Kasińska, Zofia, and Tomasz Tasiemski. "Amputee football in practice and research." Advances in Rehabilitation 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rehab-2015-0055.
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Abstract Introduction: Sport for people with disabilities has interested scientists for a long time. However, there is a scarcity of research on the subject of amputee football – football adapted to individuals after amputations. The aim of the study was to describe this sport and to review research carried out in this field so far. When looking for investigations on amputee football, the available computer databases (Academic Search Complete, SPORTdiscus, MEDLINE, Health Source, Master-FILE Premier) were searched comprehensively. The following key words were used to identify proper articles: amputee football, football + amputations, crutch football. Also, the following article inclusion criteria were applied: (A) original scientific paper, (B) available full text of paper, (C) paper published in a peer-reviewed journal, (D) paper published in the English language. Eleven articles that met the criteria were selected for the analysis. Description of amputee football: The description of amputee football included the history of the sport in the world and in Poland, rules of the game and players’ classification. Amputee football in research: The articles selected for the review were divided into three categories: 1) psychological and social aspects, 2) anthropomotorics and nutrition, 3) endurance, physical capacity and speed abilities. . Summary: The majority of studies carried out so far have focused on general characteristics of amputee football players and the effects of this sport on the functioning of individuals after amputations. Future studies ought to involve injury-related aspects as well as training effectiveness on the basis of physiological parameters.
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Dulibskyy, A. "Sports selection in football as a rational system of a pedagogical search talented people in the sports industry." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).13.
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The study attempts to close certain gaps in the theory and practice of studying the sports selection of football players. The development of this problem is important for the creation of a scientifically sound system of education, upbringing, training, improvement and development of young and professional footballers, for the process of training football specialists, and is, above all, to find a modern theoretical and methodological justification for scientific and methodological and practical support of sports selection in football.
Sports selection is a pedagogical process of finding the most talented people who are able to achieve high results in sports. Sports selection should solve the problem of identifying promising individuals who, thanks to a well-thought-out process of education and training can "grow" in outstanding athletes.
Sports selection in football is a system of organizational and methodological activities consisting of pedagogical, physiological, psychological, sociological, genetic, medical and biological research methods, which reveal the abilities and suitability of children, adolescents, young people to play football. The purpose of sports selection in football is to predict the possibility of achieving high competitive results at the optimal age.
There is a need to join the research of individual development options of each gifted young football player. This can bring closer to solving an important theoretical and practical problem – based on the ratio of age and individual characteristics of the unity of education, upbringing, training and improvement of a gifted child in the football aspect to determine individual and typical options for future football.
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Leyva, Arturo. "Ethical aspects of organized contact sports for children as participants." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203047.
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This paper seeks to review the literature and address ethical implications of organized contact sports, such as American football and boxing, with significant child or adolescent participation. Child and adolescent sport participation act not only as a leisure activity, but also improves physical health and enhances psychological and social health outcomes. However, playing sports may also have negative physiological effects, such as sports-related concussions (SRCs) - a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) - which are an emerging public health concern. This paper review and explores ethical implications of contact sports in the scientific literature and demonstrates challenged faced on philosophical deliberation on the ethical implications of SRCs and RHIs due to complexities of these conditions and their identification and treatment involving a wide variety of practical situations, which formal sports rules may not adequately address. Since scholarly literature has yet to arrive at a consensus concerning causal link(s) between contact sports participation and significant concussion-related brain damage, the paper argues in favor of strengthening concussion preventive measures, identification protocols and management procedures in contact sports. This article rejects ethical paternalism on the basis of inconclusive empirical evidence concerning associations between contact sports participation and heightened SRC risk. It also rejects Mill’s argumentation against consensualism and suggests prevention is a better solution over inadequately founded philosophical ethical proposals favoring drastically reforming contact sports.
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Datcu, Remus. "Study on the content of sports training young football players 17-18 years, in private sports clubs." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 7, no. 14 (June 1, 2015): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tperj-2015-0008.
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Abstract Theoretically, this paper offers a complementary, applied scientific research, regarding the development of juniors specific speed, one of the more important aspects to be considered in current soccer game conditions. In soccer, speed directly affects the player’s ability to move his body in the shortest amount of time and for the optimal distance. Thus, the player’s speed has the same physiological and biochemical mechanics and the same underlying particularities as every other manifestation of speed. Still, there are aspects that concern the soccer player’s speed in particular, as we have previously shown, there are specifics that separate this type of speed from that of the athlete or of the volleyball player. From a proffessional point of view we can clearly state that speed has different qualities depending on the type of sport in which it is used. In consequence it is a subject of high interest for all branches of the sport world, and has a decisive impact when trying to achieve performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the means of improving the game speed of junior soccer players between 16 and 18 years of age, who are already in an advanced state of training, through a set of given tasks. The reason for choosing this subject is based on the need of finding and testing a model of developing speed in juniors of that age so that better results in their training can be obtained.
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Teplan, Jaroslav, Tomáš Malý, Pavel Hráský, František Zahálka, Aleš Kaplan, Lucía Malá, and Jan Heller. "Funkční charakteristiky hráčů fotbalu." Studia sportiva 6, no. 1 (July 9, 2012): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2012-1-8.
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The aim of this contribution is to summarize the state of the functional characteristics of soccer players. Th e key points addressed in the study are motion model structures player in the game and physiological parameters that can aff ect a player‘s performance in the match. Physiological parameters and model physical structures in football are addressed in a number of studies and constantly stress the need for sophisticated scientifi c approach to the player‘s performance in the game. In the survey study, we proceed from the results and conclusions of studies published in foreign scientifi c journals or presented at important posts of scientifi c conferences. Player positions are characterized by distinct physical demands in the model motion structure and bioenergetic expenditure and planning training process should respect the following aspects. Players must match within a short period of time to react to changes in direction or manage football in the intensity of locomotion. During the match aerobic and anaerobic overlap metabolism in terms of intensity loads. Th e player must repeatedly perform in a match of high intensity activity with rapid recovery of energy resources and delaying the maximum fatigue emerging. Th e diff erence between elite players and lower level is the amount of physical activities performed at high intensities. Due to fatigue at the end of the game players appear less smooth coordination and implementation of technical skills. Based on surveillance studies diff erent views and determinants of the functional readiness of the player were identifi ed. Th e dominant role is played by the following criteria: player´s level (professional, amateur, etc.), competition (international, national, etc.), post player, tasks player´s stage game and game system.
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Fröberg, Andreas, Marie Alricsson, and Jonas Ahnesjö. "Awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0329.
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Abstract Aim: Physical conditioning of youth has always been a controversial topic as it raises ethical, physiological, and medical issues. Current recommendations and guidelines suggest that strength training is a relatively safe and worthwhile method in conditioning youth. This, however, requires well-informed coaches who follow age-appropriate strength training recommendations and guidelines, compiles well-designed strength training programs, and provides qualified supervision and instructions. The purpose of this study was to investigate coaches’ awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth. Method: A total of 39 football (US: soccer) coaches (34 males and 5 females) training boys in age groups 8–12 years were included in this study. Data were collected using an attitude statement questionnaire, and the assertions were based upon current recommendations and guidelines. Results: The results revealed significant differences among coaches in terms of knowledge of important aspects of strength training for youth. Conclusions: The results suggested that coaches in the present study were not aware of the latest recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth.
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Žumbakytė-Šermukšnienė, Renata, Alma Kajėnienė, Alfonsas Vainoras, Kristina Berškienė, and Viktorija Augutienė. "Assessment of functional conditions of basketball and football players during the load by applying the model of integrated evaluation." Medicina 46, no. 6 (June 12, 2010): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina46060059.
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We consider the human body as an adaptable, complex, and dynamic system capable of organizing itself, though there is none, the only one, factor inside the system capable of doing this job. Making use of the computerized ECG analysis system “Kaunas-load” with parallel registration of ECG carrying out body motor characteristics, ABP, or other processes characterizing hemodynamics enable one to reveal and evaluate the synergistic aspects of essential systems of the human body what particularly extends the possibilities of functional diagnostics. The aim of the study was to determine the features of alterations in the functional condition of basketball and football players and nonathletes during the bicycle ergometry test by applying the model of evaluation of the functional condition of the human body. Material and methods. The study population consisted of 266 healthy athletes and nonathletes. Groups of male basketball players, male football players, male nonathletes, female basketball players, and female nonathletes were studied. A computerized ECG analysis system “Kaunas-load” that is capable of both registering and analyzing the power developed by the subject and 12-lead ECG synchronically were used for evaluating the functional condition of the CVS. The subject did a computer-based bicycle ergometry test. The following ECG parameters at rest and throughout the load – HR, JT interval, and the deduced JT/RR ratio index that reflects the condition between regulatory and supplying systems – were evaluated. After measuring ABP, the pulse amplitude (S–D) was evaluated. The pulse blood pressure ratio amplitude (S–D)/S that depicts the connection between the periphery and regulatory systems was also evaluated. Speeds of changes in physiological parameters during physical load were evaluated too. Results. Heart rate and JT/RR ratio of athletes at the rest and during load were lower, and JT interval of rest was longer and became shorter more slowly during load, compared to that of healthy nonathletes. The pulse arterial blood pressure amplitude of men at rest and during load was higher than that of women. The pulse ABP amplitude of athletes was higher than that of nonathletes. The relative pulse ABP amplitude in the state of rest in the groups of men was higher than in groups of women. The relative pulse amplitude of female basketball players at rest and during load was higher than that of female nonathletes. Significant differences in the dynamics of speed of changes in HR, the pulse ABP amplitude, and the relative pulse ABP amplitude of male and female basketball players, male football players, as well as male and female nonathletes were observed. Conclusions. The newly deduced parameters, namely, speeds of changes in the parameters with changes in the phase of the load reflect very well peculiarities of functional condition of the human body during bicycle ergometry test. The sum total of those newly deduced parameters and customary parameters reveals new functional peculiarities of the human body.
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Guerrero Rodríguez, Cristina, Manuel Sosa-Correa, Antonio Zayas García, and Rocío Guil Bozal. "REGULACIÓN EMOCIONAL EN JÓVENES DEPORTISTAS ANTE SITUACIONES ADVERSAS EN COMPETICIÓN." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 2, no. 1 (October 22, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v2.950.
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Abstract.EMOTIONAL REGULATION IN YOUNG ATHLETES FACING ADVERSE SITUATIONS IN COMPETITIONThis study was designed to examine the emotional regulation in a young football team (16-17 y. o.), regarding how they face adverse situations in the competition. A sample of 21 players filled a measure of trait emotional intelligence: TMMS-24 (Fernandez-Berrocal et al., 2004, Spanish version). Emotional Cognitive Regulation was with the CERQ (Domínguez et al., 2011, Spanish version), Emotional states were assessed with the POMS (McNair et al., 1971) and the Geneva Emotional Wheel (GEW, Sacharin, Schlegel, & Scherer, 2012), and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2, Arruza et al., 2011). To increase their emotional competencies, players were training in emotional regulation with the Ellis Rational Emotive Imagination technique. The physiological variables: heart rate, skin conductance and respiration were recorded while performing the same exercise (Biofeedback-2000x-pert). Psychophysiological responses were monitored during the different phases: adaptation, motivation, motivation and recovery. Outcomes showed significant negative relationships between emotional intelligence and negative emotional states of POMS as well as with maladaptive strategies and positive with adaptive strategies. After emotional regulation training, participants were able to change their cognitive appraisals, and their emotional state in facing adverse situations as GEW measure reflected after training, and their psychophysiological parameters. Training in emotional regulation helps young football players to improve their both cognitive and emotional components of the affect and improving their competencies to face adverse situations during a football match.Key words: Emotional Regulation, Young Athletes, Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology.Resumen.La finalidad del estudio fue examinar la regulación emocional en jóvenes deportistas, integrantesde un equipo de fútbol masculino entre 16 y 17 años, ante situaciones desfavorables en competición. Primero, se analizaron las relaciones entre diferentes aspectos psicoemocionales: Inteligencia Emocional medida con la Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24; Regulación Emocional medida con el Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ); y Estados Emocionales medidos con el Profile of Mood States (POMS), la Rueda de Emociones de Ginebra y el Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). Posteriormente, tras un entrenamiento en regulación emocional mediante la técnica de Imaginación Racional Emotiva de Ellis, se realizaron los registros psicofisiológicos de la tasa cardiaca, conductancia de la piel y respiración (Biofeedback-2000x-pert) mientras realizaban el mismo ejercicio. El objetivo fue comprobar si los jugadores lograban regular sus emociones, ante la situación adversa, a partir del cambio en su valoración emocional cognitiva y en sus respuestas psicofisiológicas durante las diferentes fases: adaptación (A), desmotivación (D), motivación (M) y recuperación (R). Los resultados mostraron correlaciones significativas negativas entre variables de la inteligencia emocional y los estados emocionales negativos del POMS así como con estrategias desadaptativas; y, positivas con estrategias adaptativas. Asimismo se observó que los jóvenes, tras el entrenamiento en regulación emocional, consiguieron cambiar su valoración cognitiva y su estado emocional ante la situación adversa. Esto quedó reflejado en sus respuestas cognitivas y emocionales en la Rueda y en su patrón diferencial de respuesta psicofisiológico durante las distintas fases. También en los resultados deportivos del equipo. En conclusión, el entrenamiento en regulación emocional ayuda a los jóvenes a saber cómo regular sus emociones más adaptativamente, especialmente ante situaciones adversas. Esto supone una herramienta de gran utilidad para mejorar el bienestar psicológico de los deportistas y mejorar su rendimiento en competición.Palabras clave: Regulación Emocional, Jóvenes Deportistas, Cognición, Emoción y Fisiología.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Physiological aspects of Football"
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Turner, Andrew P. "The long term physical and psychological consequences of playing professional football." Thesis, Coventry University, 2004. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/dd6adddf-0d10-95f4-db68-2a5bd28e578e/1.
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Playing professional football is a high risk occupation. Injury rates among professional footballers are higher than those commonly found in other industries. Several Scandinavian studies have begun to document the long-term physical health problems, such as osteoarthritis (OA), that can beset ex-professional footballers. However, the experiences of ex-professional footballers playing and living in the United Kingdom (UK) have not received similar academic attention. Furthermore, no studies have investigated the impact that OA has on the quality of life of former players anywhere in the world. This thesis aimed to rectify a widespread and serious health problem among a cohort that has largely been neglected to date. In Phase I, 284 ex-professional footballers responded to a postal survey which aimed to establish the prevalence of injury and OA. In Phase II, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with ex-professional footballers from Phase I who had developed OA. The aim was to gain an in-depth understanding of how the condition impacted on their lives and how they coped. In Phase II, 101 ex-professional footballers, who were not involved in Phases I and II, responded to a cross-sectional postal survey, which investigated the relationships between pain, pain coping and psychological distress within the context of a stress and coping model. Career injury and surgery were common among respondents in Phase I and nearly half (49%) had subsequently developed OA in at least one joint. Pain was the most common problem for all respondents irrespective of OA diagnosis. Lack of mobility and work disability were other problems reported by respondents. Interviewees in Phase II described how they were encouraged to 'play hurt' during their career and to accept, minimise or ignore the threat of pain, injury and OA. It was some of these attributes which enabled respondents to 'live hurt' in the presence of chronic pain and disability in later life. In Phase II it was shown that psychological distress was not a serious problem for many respondents. However, several coping strategies (denial, emotional venting and upward comparison) were positively associated with pain and psychological distress, particularly for those participants in greater pain. Although OA and chronic pain are prevalent among ex-professional footballers in the UK, its impact upon psychological distress was not as great as reported in some other studies of persons which chronic disease and pain. Increased psychological distress was linked to greater pain and the use of several coping strategies (e.g. denial, emotional venting and upward comparison). However, given the cross-sectional design, it remains to be clarified whether coping predicts psychological distress or whether an increase in psychological distress precipitates more coping. Suggestions are proposed for a psychosocial intervention which would have an impact on pain coping and psychological distress among ex-professional footballers.
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Jones, Marc Rhys. "Investigating factors which may influence recovery and preparation in professional rugby union." Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42486.
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To enhance understanding of recovery and preparation in rugby union, the aim of this thesis was to examine the impact of competition on key parameters and investigate factors which may influence the recovery process from competition and training. The findings of study one demonstrate that movement patterns and thus the physiological demands of match-play vary considerably between different positional groups. Additionally, study two demonstrates that the movement characteristics which determine the extent of muscle damage post-match are position specific, and that movement characteristics may be used to prospectively tailor individual recovery and manage subsequent training. Recovery patterns may also be influenced by factors not associated with match-play such as sleep, which has important physiological and psychological restorative effects. The findings of study three suggest that sleep patterns may vary considerably within a squad with many players presenting evidence of sleep disruption, particularly post-match which may be detrimental to recovery. Recovery following exercise may also be modulated by the application of post-exercise recovery strategies such as cold water immersion. However, study four demonstrates that cold water immersion may impede adaptation to strength training in rugby union players. When no recovery intervention was administered during a five week pre-season period, isometric mid-thigh pull peak force and relative peak force significantly increased by 5.4 +/- 4.7 and 5.8 +/- 5.4% respectively. However when individuals were immersed in cold water post-training there were no significant changes in strength during the training period. These findings may have great implications for strength training, particularly during periods of physical development. The findings of the thesis have furthered understanding of the characteristics of performance and identified several factors which influence recovery from training and competition. This in turn may be used to inform best practice procedures in attempt to 'optimise' preparation and recovery in rugby union.
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Cannon, Michael-John. "The impact of clothing and protective gear on biophysical, physiological, perceptual and performance responses of rugby players during a simulated rugby protocol." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005202.
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Background: Clothing and protective gear worn during intermittent exercise has shown to increase physiological and perceptual responses, and negatively impact performance capacities, due to increased heat strain, suggested to hasten the onset of fatigue. However, the mechanisms of fatigue experienced in rugby remain unclear. Objectives: The aim of this study was establish whether clothing and protective gear worn during a simulated rugby protocol impacts players‘ biophysical, physiological, perceptual and performance responses. Methods: 15 registered university and school first XV rugby players with a mean (± SD) age of 20.9 years (± 1.9) volunteered to participate in the study. Testing was performed in a controlled laboratory setting, with temperatures having to be within the range of 16º C-22º C. The mean (± SD) ambient temperature was 17.6º C (± 1.6) for the control condition and 17.3º C (1.5) for the experimental condition. The mean (± SD) relative humidity was 65.2 % (± 9.5) for the control condition and 66.3 % (± 10.0) for the experimental condition. Player‘s performed two protocols of 80-minutes; a control condition (minimal clothing and protective gear) and an experimental condition (full clothing and protective gear). Physiological, perceptual and performance responses were measured at set intervals during the protocol, while biophysical responses were measured pre-, at half-time and post-protocol during a 3-minute EMG treadmill protocol. Results: Muscle activity significantly (p< 0.05) increased with increasing running speeds. There were no significant (p> 0.05) differences for muscle activity between conditions, except for the semitendinosus muscle, which was significantly (p< 0.05) higher during the control condition while running at high speeds. Players‘ heart rates, core temperatures and perceptual responses were significantly (p< 0.05) higher during the experimental condition, compared to the control condition. Performance responses were significantly (p< 0.05) lower during the experimental condition. Conclusion: The main driver of physiological and perceptual responses was the exercise itself. However, the additional clothing and protective gear exacerbated the responses, particularly towards the end stages of the protocol. This negatively impacted players‘ performance. Muscle activity appeared to be unaffected by increased body temperatures. However, core temperatures never reached critically high levels during either condition.
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Olivier, Pierre Emile. "A comparative normative survey of the isokinetic neck strength of senior elite South African rugby players and schoolboy rugby forwards." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Cunniffe, Brian. "Effect of acute and chronic exercise on immunoendocrine responses in professional rugby union." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2009. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/effect-of-acute-and-chronic-exercise-on-immunoendocrine-responses-in-professional-rugby-union(bc7a6dfd-67e1-4e63-965e-a61333245818).html.
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Prolonged and intense exercise is known to modulate and suppress certain aspects of the immunoendocrine system. Such effects are thought to be largely mediated by the release of stress hormones and regulatory cytokines which originate from a variety of stress related paradigms in sport. These include acute physical exertion, chronic and repetitive exercise as well as other psychological and psychosocial aspects of training and competing in an elite environment. It may be of particular interest to study the effects of regular competition and training on immunoendocrine markers in rugby union players. At the professional level, rugby is an intense and physically demanding game where a significant amount of tissue trauma occurs as a result of the many game collisions. The aims of the studies outlined in this thesis were to determine the effects of acute, repeated and chronic exercise exposure on immunoendocrine markers and illness incidence in professional rugby union. Additional case studies were also undertaken to supplement main study findings. The first part of the thesis documented the effects of acute and repeated exercise on immunoendocrine markers in a cohort of international rugby union players. Data in study 1 showed that large disturbances in immunoendocine and hormone levels occur in players (n = 10) following game play. The magnitude of this response appeared dependent on game physicality (number of rucks/mauls, tackles) and the number of collisions players received during match play. Findings also showed suppression in host immunity, and in particular, innate immune function (neutrophil degranulation) which was not resolved 38 h (-29%) into the recovery period. In study 2, bloods were taken from players (n = 8) across a 21-day international rugby series. Data revealed that players entered the international camp with residual muscle damage (creatine kinase; CK) and inflammation (hs-CRP) following previous club involvement in European cup rugby. Further increases in stress related markers (cortisol, IL-6, CK, CRP) were not evident throughout the players time at the international training base. Conversely, a progressive increase in anabolic-catabolic balance (T/C ratio) was observed across time. In comparison to values on camp-entry (day 1), increases in T/C ratio were evident on day-5 (9.8%), day-7 (13%), day-19 (35%) and day-21 (45%) (P < 0.05). This data is suggestive of improved physiological recovery and was commensurate with team fitness goals (reduced volume + maintenance of training intensity) for that time. Findings suggest that monitoring of player club activities and training load preceding international duty is pertinent if they are required to represent their country inside 7 days. The second part of the thesis evaluated the stress induced effects of chronic rugby exposure in professional club players. Questionnaire data analysed from study 3 showed that players (n = 65) perceived current season length as being ‘too long’ (55%), ‘poorly structured’ (56%) and that game demands are increasing with time (52%). Furthermore, the majority of players (80%) felt that time ‘away’ from rugby was not sufficiently long enough and were in favour of a mid-season break (2 wks in duration). Investigation into the effects of chronic exercise on illness incidence, immunological and psychological state was carried out in a squad of club players (n = 30) over a competitive season (n = 48 wks) in studies 4-6. Findings revealed that specific periods in a rugby season resulted in disturbances to hormonal and immune status. These periods occurred following breaks in club game fixtures [November international and Six-nations period: February/early March], times of increased training intensity and increased ratio of conditioning/rugby activity. Peaks in number of upper respiratory illnesses (URIs) and disturbances in psychometric variables also occurred during these time periods. In 23% of all URIs, players reported that the presence of the illness either reduced activity (14.4%) or felt the need to go to bed (8.6%). Positional differences in variables were also observed. A higher incidence of URIs (3.4 vs 4.3) and lower concentrations of resting immune markers [salivary lysozyme: s-Lys (-31%); immunoglobulin A: s-IgA (-27%)] was observed in ‘backs’ (vs forwards) over the season. Higher mid-season cortisol levels was also observed in backs (P < 0.05) while conversely, greater concentrations of plasma CK and CRP were found in forwards throughout the season. These findings indicate positional specific differences in response to exercise load and point to the role of group specific recovery at certain times during the season. Data from study 6 showed that the number of training related complaints decreased across the season, findings which closely resembled corresponding decreases in plasma CRP values. This data is suggestive of a ‘repeated-bout’ effect or ‘contact adaptation’ in rugby union. Finally, comparison of methods used in the recording of illness data revealed that players were more honest when disclosing the existence of banal infections to a web-based training diary and under-reported infections to medical staff.
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Siebert, Christopher Michael. "Heart Rate and Accelerometry during Singles Footbag Net Play." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/650.
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This investigation examined the heart rate responses and movement characteristics of experienced footbag net players during singles play. Footbag net is a net/court sport similar to volleyball, but it is played with a footbag (e.g., Hacky-SackTM) using only the feet. In singles footbag net, players are allowed either one or two kicks to propel the footbag over the net. Subjects were 15 males and 1 female, ranging in age from 18- 60 years, with a mean age of 33.6 years. Subjects played two games of singles footbag net using two different scoring systems: "sideout" scoring and "rally" scoring. Mean heart rates were 149.4 bpm for games played under the sideout scoring system and 148.7 bpm for games played under the rally scoring system. Sideout games were 1.2 minutes (~11%) longer than rally games. The mean heart rate responses to competitive play using sideout scoring and rally scoring were not significantly different (p>0.05). For play under both scoring systems, the average exercise intensity--expressed as a percentage of age-predicted maximum heart rate (MHRest)--was 80-81% MHRest. Accelerometer counts accumulated during play were similar for both scoring systems. It is recommended that additional research be conducted to evaluate the extent to which accelerometry may contribute to physiological and metabolic measurements of footbag net competition.
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De, Villiers Nico. "Optimal training load for the hang clean and squat jump in u-21 rugby players." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17976.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the optimal training load required for peak-power production in two types of exercises, namely an Olympic-type and a ballistic exercise. The hang clean and the squat jump were selected to represent these two types of exercise. It was ascertained whether a change in strength levels and training status will have an effect on the optimal loads for peak-power production of rugby players. In addition, the influence that different playing positions have on power production was also investigated. Fifty-nine under-21 male rugby players (Mean Age 19.3yrs; SD ± 0.7yr) from two rugby academies, performed a maximal-strength test in the hang clean and squat, followed by a power test in the hang clean and squat jump with loads ranging from 30 to 90% of maximal strength (1RM). Testing was conducted in the pre-season phase and repeated during the inseason phase. Peak power for the hang clean was achieved at 90% 1RM in the pre-season and at 80% 1RM during the in-season. Peak power for the squat jump was achieved at 90% 1RM in the pre-season. However, this location of the optimal loading was not significantly higher than that of the other loadings (60, 70 and 80% 1RM). During the in-season, peak power for the squat jump was reached at 90% 1RM. Here again, the optimal-loading location was not significantly higher than that of the other loadings (50, 60, 70 and 80% 1RM). It was concluded that the optimal load for power production is 90% 1RM for the hang clean and 60-90% for the squat jump. It was found that an improvement in strength levels of the subjects affected both peak-power production and the optimal load in both exercises. During the in-season peak power in the hang clean was reached at 80% 1RM, and at 50% 1RM for the squat jump. There were no significant differences in the performances of subjects from different playing positions (forwards versus backline players). In the hang clean, peak-power production seems to be reliant on increased strength and results in peak-power output at high loads. The squat jump, on the other hand, is more reliant on velocity due to its ballistic nature and is possibly better suited to developing power at lighter loadings. Because it produces peak power at a lower percentage load than the hang clean, the squat jump could be more effective in power development for players who are inexperienced in power training. Long-term exercise periodisation in power training can therefore be employed progressively from simpler exercises (e.g., squat jump) using only the legs, to more complex exercises (e.g., Olympic-lifting) that involve the whole body. This study confirmed that the specific requirements of different sport codes should be considered meticulously before selecting and prescribing exercises and loads for power-training programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hooffokus van hierdie studie was op die optimale oefenlading wat vereis word vir die produsering van piek-profkrag tydens die uitvoering van twee tipes oefening, naamlik ’n Olimpiese- en ’n ballistiese oefening. Die hang clean en die squat jump is geselekteer om bogenoemde twee tipes oefening te verteenwoordig. Daar is bepaal of ’n verbetering van die krag-vlakke en oefenstatus van rugbyspelers ’n invloed het op die optimale ladings vir piek-plofkrag ontwikkeling. Verder is die moontlike rol van verskillende speelposisies ondersoek. Nege-en-vyftig onder-21 mans-rugbyspelers (M-ouderdom 19.3jr; SD ± 0.7jr) vanuit twee rugbyakademies het ’n maksimale-krag toets in die hang clean en squat uitgevoer. Dit is opgevolg deur ’n plofkrag-toets in die hang clean en squat jump met ladings wat gewissel het van tussen 30 en 90% van maksimale werkverrigting (1RM). Toetsing het plaasgevind in die voor-seisoen fase en is herhaal tydens die daaropvolgende speelseisoen. Piek-plofkrag vir die hang clean is bereik tydens ’n oefenlading van 90% 1RM in die voor-seisoen en by 80% 1RM later in die speelseisoen. Piek-plofkrag vir die squat jump is behaal by 90% 1RM in die voor-seisoen fase. Hierdie optimale lading-lokasie was egter nie beduidend hoër as by die ander ladings van 60, 70 en 80% 1RM nie. Tydens die speelseisoen is piek-plofkrag bereik in die squat jump by 90% 1RM. Die optimale lading-lokasie was weereens nie beduidend hoër as by die ander ladings van 50, 60, 70 en 80% 1RM nie. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die optimale oefenlading vir die ontwikkeling van piek-plofkrag vir die hang clean 90% 1RM is, en 60% vir die squat jump. Daar is ook gevind dat ’n verbetering in kragvlakke van die toetslinge, beide piek-plofkrag-produksie en die optimale oefenbelading in albei oefeninge beïnvloed. Tydens die speelseisoen is piek-plofkrag behaal in die hang clean by 80% 1RM, en by 50% 1RM in die squat jump. Geen beduidende verskille in werkverrigting is gevind tussen toetslinge uit verskillende speelposisies (voorspelers versus agterlyn-spelers) nie. Dit blyk dat in die hang clean, die produksie van plofkrag beïnvloed word deur ’n verbetering in krag en dat dit tot hoër optimale ladings vir piek-plofkrag produksie lei. Die squat jump, in teenstelling, is meer afhanklik van snelheid en is moontlik beter geskik vir die produsering van plofkrag teen ligter oefenladings. Omdat die squat jump piek-plofkrag genereer teen laer ladings as die hang clean, kan dit meer effektief wees vir spelers met gebrekkige ervaring in krag-oefening. Lang-termyn oefen-periodisering in plofkrag-oefening kan gevolglik progressief aangewend word vanaf eenvoudiger oefeninge (bv. squat jump), waar slegs die bene gebruik word, tot meer komplekse oefeninge (bv. Olimpiese-gewigoptel) waar die hele liggaam betrek word. Hierdie studie bevestig dat die spesifieke vereistes van verskillende sportkodes deeglik oorweeg moet word alvorens oefeninge en ladings geselekteer en voorgeskryf word vir plofkrag-programme.
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Seele, Maria. "Association between antioxidant status and MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students controlled for antioxidant intake." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19864.
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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human body has developed an integrated antioxidant defence system to protect against free radical damage. Acute exercise may result in the increased generation of free radicals, including reactive oxygen species, and this may overwhelm antioxidant defence systems resulting in oxidative stress. However, it has been shown that individuals who undergo regular exercise training may have improved antioxidant capacity when compared to sedentary controls. Results from research regarding the association between antioxidant capacity and exercise training are however not conclusive and further investigation is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the total plasma antioxidant status and selected plasma indicators of antioxidant status and the MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C®T) polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students while controlling for dietary intake of the major antioxidants using a validated dietary assessment method. In order to address the potential confounding effect of dietary antioxidant intake on antioxidant status in the main study, a FFQ that measures vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid and flavonoid intake was developed. The reproducibility was assessed by the repeat administration of the FFQ (n = 38), while the va lidity was assessed using a 28-day closeended dietary record and repeated plasma vitamin C values (n = 18). Several statistical tests were conducted to compare the values obtained from the FFQ with values obtained from the various reference methods. While results from Bland-Altman plots suggested that the reproducibility and validity of FFQ was not completely satisfactory, similar mean values, moderate to strong correlation coefficients, and a high percentage of individuals classified correctly according to quartiles of intake indicated satisfactory reproducibility and validity of the FFQ in assessing antioxidant intake. Furthermore, moderate to strong validity coefficients obtained from the method of triads also indicated satisfactory validity for the FFQ. The main study involved a cross-sectional study that compared plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels as well as total plasma antioxidant status in trained rugby players (n = 76) and sedentary male subjects (n = 39) with different MnSOD genotypes, while controlling for dietary antioxidant intake. Rugby players had significantly higher plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels compared to sedentary students, which indicated more satisfactory plasma antioxidant status. This was also reflected in the tendency for total plasma antioxidant status (ORAC assay) to be higher in rugby players than sedentary students. MnSOD genotype did not influence plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels or plasma total antioxidant status, with or without control for dietary antioxidant intake. Dietary vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid an flavonoid intake (from foods + supplements) was similar for rugby players and sedentary students and was adequate for both groups. Thus the association between antioxidant status and MnSOD genotype in rugby players and sedentary students seemed not to be influenced by dietary antioxidant intake. In conclusion therefore, rugby players undergoing regular exercise training had a more satisfactory antioxidant status compared to sedentary students. Based on this conclusion, the widespread use of antioxidant supplements by athletes is questioned.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die menslike liggaam beskik oor ‘n geintegreerde antioksidantmeganisme om dit teen vryradikaalskade te beskerm. Akute oefening kan bydra tot ‘n verhoogde produksie van vry radikale, insluitend reaktiewe suurstofspesies, wat kan veroorsaak dat die antioksidantbeskermingsmeganisme oorlaai word, wat dan kan aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan van oksidatiewe stress. Dit is aangetoon dat persone wat gereeld oefening doen verbeterde antioksidantkapasiteit toon in vergelyking met persone wat geen oefening doen nie. Die resultate van navorsingstudies wat die verband tussen antioksidantkapasiteit en oefening ondersoek is egter teenstrydig en verdere navorsing op hierdie gebied is essensieël om uitsluitsel te kry oor kontensieuse vraagstukke. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om ondersoek in te stel na die verband tussen plasma antioksidant status, die MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C T) polimorfisme en geselekteerde plasma antioksidantmerkers in geoefende manlike atlete (rugby spelers) en ‘n onaktiewe manlike kontrolegroep terwyl gekontroleer word vir die dieetinname van die vernaamste antioksidante. Om vir die potensiële invloed van dieetantioksidantinname op die antioksidantstatus van proefpersone in die hoofstudie te kontroleer, is ‘n voedsel frekwensievraelys wat vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname meet, ontwikkel. Die herhaalbaarheid (betroubaarheid) van die vraelys is getoets deur herhaalde voltooiing daarvan deur ‘n toetsgroep (n=38), terwyl die geldighied getoets is deur gebruik te maak van ‘n 28-dag geslote dieetrekord en herhaalde plasma vitamien C bepalings as verwysingswaardes (n=18). Verskeie statistiese toetse is uitgevoer om die frekwensievraelys waardes met die verskillende verwysingswaardes te vergelyk. Alhoewel die Bland -Altman grafieke nie dui op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid van die voedselfrekwensie vraelys nie, dui gelyke gemiddelde waardes, matig tot sterk en betekenisvolle korrelasiekoeffisiënte en ‘n hoë persentasie individue korrek geklassifiseer volgens kwartiele van inname, wel op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid. Matige tot sterk geldigheidskoeffisiënte is ook verkry met die toepassing van “The method of Triads”, wat verdere steun bied vir bevredigende geldigheid. In die hoofstudie is plasma vitamien C, karotenoïedvlakke en totale plasma antioksidantstatus in manlike rugby spelers (n=76) vergelyk met dié van onaktiewe manlike kontroles (n=39). Vergelykings tussen MnSOD genotipes binne die aktiwiteitsgroepe is ook getref. Al genoemde analises is gekontroleer vir dieet antioksidantinname. Resultate dui daarop dat die plasma vitamien C en karotenoïedvlakke van rugby spelers betekenisvol hoër was as dié van die kontrolegroep, wat dui op ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidantstatus. Hierdie resultaat is ook weerspieël in die feit dat totale plasma antioksidantstatus (ORAC) in die rugby spelers oog geneig was om hoër te wees as dié van die kontrole groep. Dit het ook geblyk dat MnSOD genotipe nie ‘n effek gehad het op plasma vitamien C-, karotenoïed- of totale antioksidantstatus nie, met of sonder kontrole vir dieet antioksidantinname. Die dieet vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname (vanaf voedsel en supplemente) was dieselfde vir rugby spelers en kontrole en was toereikend vir beide groepe. Dit blyk dus dat dat die verband tussen antioksidantstatus en MnSOD genotipe in die twee groepe nie beinvloed is deur antioksidantinname nie. Ten slotte kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat manlike rugby spelers ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidant status het as onaktiwe manlike kontroles. Op grond van hierdie gevolgtrekking word die algemene gebruik van antioksidant supplemente deur atlete bevraagteken.
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Visser-Maritz, Karien. "Knee kinematics during a single-leg drop-landing in sports participants with chronic groin pain." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86507.
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Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Groin injuries are among the top six injuries in contact sports and may lead to career ending chronic pain. Research on the role of knee kinematics in developing chronic groin pain in sport is scarce. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in knee kinematics during a single-leg drop-landing in sports participants with chronic groin pain compared to asymptomatic controls. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted. Twenty active sports’ participants were recruited from soccer and rugby clubs situated around the Cape Peninsula area, Western Cape, South Africa. The three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics of ten cases with chronic groin pain and ten asymptomatic controls was analysed. Knee kinematics was analysed in the FNB-3D Vicon Laboratory at Stellenbosch University, using an eight camera Vicon system. A positive adductor squeeze test was used as a diagnostic test to include cases with chronic groin pain. Each participant performed six single-leg drop landings. The main outcome measure was 3D knee kinematics at initial foot contact and at the lowest vertical position of the drop landing. The following sub-groups were analysed: seven unilateral groin pain cases compared to their seven matched controls; three bilateral groin pain cases where their most painful leg and least painful leg were compared to their matched controls, respectively. Descriptive statistical techniques were used for all outcome measures; means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated, followed by a Student’s t-test to determine significant differences between the cases and controls. For all outcomes with p-values equal to or below 0.05, the effect size was calculated using the Cohen’s D. Results: The findings of this study indicated a significant difference (p=0.0001) between cases with unilateral groin pain having less knee internal rotation compared to the controls at the lowest vertical position of the drop landing in the transverse plane. Significantly less internal rotation (p<0.0001), was also noted in the cases with bilateral groin pain (in the most painful leg and the less painful leg), although this was noted at foot contact. Cases with bilateral groin pain also had significantly (p<0.001) more knee varus (adduction) during the landing phase. Conclusion: Differences in knee kinematics between sports participants with chronic groin pain and asymptomatic controls were found. These findings imply that the knee joint should be included during assessment and rehabilitation of individuals suffering with chronic groin pain. Due to the cross-sectional study design of the current study, it cannot be stated for certain whether the knee kinematics noted in the groin pain group are causative or as a result of groin pain. Future prospective studies are thus recommended; these studies should focus on the effect of contralateral knee kinematics on the hip adductors and may include exploration of the muscular components during a single-leg drop landing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Lies beserings is een van die top ses beserings in kontak sport en kan lei tot chroniese lies pyn en selfs die be-eindigging van ‘n sportloopbaan. Navorsing oor die rol van knie kinematika in die ontwikkeling van chroniese liesbeserings in sport is skaars. Doelwit: Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of daar verskille in die knie kinematika is tydens 'n enkel been val landing in sport deelnemers met chroniese lies pyn in vergelyking met gesonde kontroles. Metode: 'n Beskrywende studie was uitgevoer. Twintig aktiewe sport deelnemers is gewerf van rugby en sokker sportklubs geleë rondom die Kaapse Skiereiland, Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die 3D knie kinematika van tien gevalle met chroniese lies pyn en tien asimptomatiese bypassende kontroles is ontleed. Knie kinematika was ontleed in die FNB-3D Vicon Laboratorium by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, met behulp van 'n agt-kamera Vicon stelsel. 'n Positiewe Adduktor druk toets was gebruik as 'n diagnostiese toets om gevalle met chroniese lies pyn in te sluit. Om die knie kinematika te analiseer, het elke deelnemer ses enkel been val landings uitgevoer . Die belangrikste uitkomsmeting was 3D knie kinematika by die aanvanklike voet kontak en by die laagste vertikale posisie van die enkel-been val landing. Die volgende sub-groepe was ontleed: sewe unilaterale lies pyn gevalle in vergelyking met hul sewe bypassende kontroles; drie bilaterale lies pyn gevalle waar hul mees pynlike been, sowel as minder pynlike been onderskeidelik vergelyk was met hul bypassende kontroles. Beskrywende statistiese tegnieke was gebruik vir alle uitkoms maatreëls; gemiddeldes en standaardafwykings (SA) was bereken, gevolg deur 'n Studente’s t-toets om beduidende verskille tussen die gevalle en kontroles te bepaal. Vir al die uitkomste met p-waardes gelyk of onder 0.05, is die effekgrootte bereken deur die Cohen’s D. Resultate: Die bevindings van hierdie studie dui op 'n beduidende verskil (p=0,0001) tussen gevalle met unilaterale lies pyn met minder interne knie rotasie in vergelyking met die kontroles by die laagste vertikale posisie van die val landing in die dwars vlak. Aansienlik minder interne rotasie (p<0,0001), is ook opgemerk in gevalle met bilaterale lies pyn (in die mees pynlike been en die minder pynlik been), alhoewel tydens voet kontak. Gevalle met bilaterale lies pyn het ook betekenisvol (p <0.001) meer knie varus (adduksie) tydens die landingsfase gehad. Gevolgtrekking: Verskille bestaan in die knie kinematika tussen sport deelnemers met chroniese liesbesering pyn en gesonde kontroles. Hierdie bevindinge impliseer dat die knie behoort ingesluit te word tydens die assessering en rehabilitasie van individue met chroniese lies pyn. As gevolg van die deursnee-studie ontwerp van hierdie studie, kan dit nie bevestig word of die knie kinematika die oorsaak van die chroniese pyn is nie. Toekomstige voornemende studies word dus aanbeveel, hierdie studies moet fokus op die effek van die kinematika van die kontralaterale knie op die heup adduktore en kan moontlik die ondersoek van die spier kinetika tydens hierdie aktiwiteit insluit.
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Ahmed, Hawkar Salar Ahmed. "Physiological and cognitive performance of Futsal and Football referees." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67345/.
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Reduction of referees' physical performance in the second half of the game has been observed in previous research on football referees. There is very little research addressing Futsal referees. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate physiological, physical and cognitive performance of Futsal and football referees in field and laboratory studies. The 1st experimental study (Chapter 4) analysed the activity profile and physiological demands of 18 Futsal referees and referee decision-making performance at different stages of the match (e.g. 1st vs 2nd half). In addition, it explored relationships between physical fitness/performance on the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) fitness tests, activity profile and decision-making performance. The main findings were that total distance and average heart rate were higher in the first compared to second half but lactate and session RPE were similar. The proportion of correct decisions decreased in the second half (1st half, 91.1 ± 14.9% correct vs 2nd half, 73.3 ± 17.4%, p = 0.002). No correlations were evident between FIFA fitness tests and activity profile but the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test - Level 2 (Yo-Yo IET-2) performance and total distance (clock time) were correlated (r = 0.720, p = 0.019). Further motion analysis studies are needed to collect data for referees and players during the same matches. The present study also suggests that the traditional FIFA fitness test (and 1000 m run) were poor for assessing Futsal referee-specific fitness, and tests that involve intermittent and/or direction changes, such as the Yo-Yo test or Assistant Referee Intermittent Endurance Test (ARIET), may be more appropriate, although further research is needed on the ARIET in this context. The 2nd experimental study (Chapter 5) examined whether undertaking a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance test (PVT) before a match would influence referees' cognitive performance, especially decision-making (DM) to determine the suitability of using it in field-based studies involving real matches. The results showed that the PVT did not affect referees' decision-making or cognitive performance. Hence, the 10- min PVT can be safely used with referees before real competition/in the field. The 3rd experimental study (Chapter 6) assessed referees' performance on the PVT before and after competitive Futsal matches. The findings showed that, despite changes in BRUMS parameters indicative of a fatigue profile, psychomotor performance was improved after a single match (PVT mean reaction time 248.3 ± 26.2 ms pre- vs 239.7 ± 22.4 ms post-match, p = 0.023). It is possible that a more strenuous overall demand would cause different effects, however, the post-match improvement observed here could be used to inform warm-up practices (e.g. optimal duration and intensity) geared towards optimising cognitive performance of referees during matches. The 4th experimental study (Chapter 7) examined the effect of mental fatigue on referees' physiological responses and cognitive performance during a lab-based intermittent protocol. The main findings were that mental fatigue had a significant negative effect on referees' cognitive performance as assessed by a referee-specific decision-making task (correct decisions, 76.7 ± 7.2% at the beginning of exercise vs 64.6 ± 7.8% at the end, p < 0.001), which did not occur in the control trial. PVT performance was also significantly reduced to a greater extend in the mental fatigue, compared to control, condition. This may have implications for optimising referees' preparation and cognitive performance in real matches, which should be explored further. Overall this thesis has demonstrated that referee performance decreases in the second half in both Futsal and football referees. Further, it provides evidence that this is influenced by mental fatigue. Further investigations on referees' performance and related factors are warranted, along with interventions directed towards improving performance (cognitive and physical) via reducing mental fatigue.
Books on the topic "Physiological aspects of Football"
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World, Congress of Science and Football (5th 2003 Lisbon Portugal). Science and football V: The proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Science and Football. London: Routledge, 2005.
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Bjurwill, Christer. Read and react: Perceptual-motor performance in football. Malmö, Sweden: Dept. of Educational and Psychological Research, School of Education Malmö, Lund University, 1990.
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Kelly, Mary. Serum creatine phosphikinase changes in running, football and rugby: An intergroup comparison. (Dublin): Cospoir, 1993.
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Spruce, Ashley Gary. Physiological aspects of college association football players: BA (Hons) Human Movement Studies dissertation. Cardiff: SGIHE, 1987.
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Alvarez, Juan José Ramos. Valoración fisiológica del futbolista. Madrid: Consejería de Presidencia y Hacienda de la Comunidad de Madrid, 2001.
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Stronczyński, Włodzimierz. Symulacja polisensoryczna w nauczaniu i doskonaleniu techniki gry w piłkę nożną dzieci i młodzieży: Polisensory stimulation in teaching and mastering football technique of children and youth. Poznań: Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Eugeniusza Piaseckiego, 2013.
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Ntonfo, André. Football et politique du football au Cameroun. Yaoundé, Cameroun: Editions du CRAC, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Physiological aspects of Football"
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Behrens, Maik, and Wolfgang Meyerhof. "Physiological Aspects of Bitterness." In Bitterness, 21–35. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118590263.ch2.
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Kendall, W. A., and W. C. Stringer. "Physiological Aspects of Clover." In Agronomy Monographs, 111–59. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr25.c4.
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Grierson, William, James Soule, and Kazuhide Kawada. "Beneficial Aspects of Physiological Stress." In Horticultural Reviews, 247–71. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118060773.ch8.
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Azria, Moise. "Calcitonins — Physiological and Pharmacological Aspects." In Progress in Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, 1–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74734-2_1.
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Topping, David L. "Physiological Aspects of Food Hydrocolloids." In Food Hydrocolloids, 477–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2486-1_73.
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Sperlich, Billy. "Physiological Aspects of Marathon Running." In Marathon Running: Physiology, Psychology, Nutrition and Training Aspects, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29728-6_1.
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Gruppuso, Philip A. "Insulin: Biochemical and Physiological Aspects." In Principles of Perinatal-Neonatal Metabolism, 84–102. New York, NY: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0400-5_5.
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D’Ercole, A. Joseph. "Somatomedins: Biochemical and Physiological Aspects." In Principles of Perinatal-Neonatal Metabolism, 128–48. New York, NY: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0400-5_7.
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Ball, G. F. M. "Physiological aspects of vitamin bioavailability." In Bioavailability and Analysis of Vitamins in Foods, 1–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3414-7_1.
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Goren, R., M. Huberman, and E. E. Goldschmidt. "Girdling: Physiological and Horticultural Aspects." In Horticultural Reviews, 1–36. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650837.ch1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Physiological aspects of Football"
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Furr, Paul A., Conrad B. Monson, William J. Sears, and Fred J. Abeles. "Physiological Aspects of EVA." In Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/860991.
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Hammado, Nurussyariah, Sahabuddin, Reza Mahyuddin, and Rahmat Risan Jalil. "Emotional Aspects and Dribbling Motor Skills in Football Players." In 3rd International Conference on Education, Science, and Technology (ICEST 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201027.056.
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Zinoubi, Badrane, Sana Zbidi, Omar Hammouda, Henry Vandewalle, and Tarak Driss. "Physiological Indices During Continuous And Sinusoidal Running Exercise In Football Players." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2014.hbpp1194.
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Richter, B., M. Burdumy, M. Echternach, C. Spahn, M. Bock, and L. Traser. "Singer s Medicine Vizualisation of physiological aspects." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1711333.
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Dumitru, Barbu. "IMPORTANT ASPECTS REGARDING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING IN JUNIORS FOOTBALL PLAYERS." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/3.4/s13.053.
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Boyle, Mark, Shonn Mills, and Nicholas Cole. "Design Aspects of the New Liverpool Football Club Stadium Roof." In Structures Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41031(341)263.
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Vartanyan, Inna. "MUSICAL EAR: ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHO-ACOUSTIC ASPECTS." In XV International interdisciplinary congress "Neuroscience for Medicine and Psychology". LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m342.sudak.ns2019-15/114-115.
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Reidenbach, Hans-Dieter. "LEDs are not lasers regarding physiological safety aspects." In ILSC® 2005: Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference. Laser Institute of America, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5056589.
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Cojanu, Florin. "Methodologic Aspects Of Specific Physical Training To Junior’s B Football Players." In EduWorld 2018 - 8th International Conference. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.08.03.261.
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Bobnev, B. A. "Peculiarities Of Italian Football Reportage As A Publicistic Genre." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.47.
Full textReports on the topic "Physiological aspects of Football"
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Epstein, E., T. W.-M. Fan, R. M. Higashi, and W. K. Silk. Plant Physiological Aspects of Silicon. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/761913.
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Epstein, Emanuel. Final Report: Plant Physiological Aspects of Silicon, July 20, 1994 - July 19, 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/755822.
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Knapik, Joseph, and Katy Reynolds. Load Carriage in Military Operations: A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330082.
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Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.
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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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Physiological basis of stretching study in the training system of young football players. Natalya Yu. Tarabrina, Yuriy V. Kraev, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-4-161-169.
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