Academic literature on the topic 'Physiological impairment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Physiological impairment"
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O'Donnell, Denis E., J. Alberto Neder, and Amany F. Elbehairy. "Physiological impairment in mild COPD." Respirology 21, no. 2 (2015): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/resp.12619.
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Mueller, Kathryn, and Christopher R. Brigham. "Impairment Tutorial: Impairment Evaluation of Ear, Nose, Throat, and Related Structures: Fifth Edition Revisions." Guides Newsletter 7, no. 2 (2002): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2002.marapr02.
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Abstract Chapter 11, Ear, Nose, Throat, and Related Structures of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, includes a new section on voice impairment, a new table on vestibular disorders, and information regarding combined facial disorders and disfigurements. Impairments are based on anatomic, physiological, and functional approaches and involve the assessment of subjective information (eg, statements provided by the patient) and objective factors determined by clinical examination or functional tests. The rating of hearing loss is unchanged from the Fourth Edition in the AMA Guides, Fifth Edition, and tables guide the conversion of monoauricular and binaural hearing impairments into whole person impairments. A tinnitus rating can be combined with the binaural hearing impairment loss before conversion to a whole person permanent impairment. Total disfigurement of the face can be graded between 16% and 50%; a table guides evaluators in rating facial disorders or disfigurement. Impairments of the nose, throat, and related structures include respiration, mastication, deglutition, olfaction and taste, speech, and voice. Although hearing loss is measured using anatomic, physiological, and functional approaches, many other assessments in Chapter 11 are based on interference in the activities of daily living, and the examiner must perform a careful assessment and apply the criteria in the AMA Guides.
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Zemková, Erika, and Dušan Hamar. "Physiological Mechanisms of Post-Exercise Balance Impairment." Sports Medicine 44, no. 4 (2013): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0129-7.
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Manor, Brad, Madalena D. Costa, Kun Hu, et al. "Physiological complexity and system adaptability: evidence from postural control dynamics of older adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 6 (2010): 1786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00390.2010.
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The degree of multiscale complexity in human behavioral regulation, such as that required for postural control, appears to decrease with advanced aging or disease. To help delineate causes and functional consequences of complexity loss, we examined the effects of visual and somatosensory impairment on the complexity of postural sway during quiet standing and its relationship to postural adaptation to cognitive dual tasking. Participants of the MOBILIZE Boston Study were classified into mutually exclusive groups: controls [intact vision and foot somatosensation, n = 299, 76 ± 5 (SD) yr old], visual impairment only (<20/40 vision, n = 81, 77 ± 4 yr old), somatosensory impairment only (inability to perceive 5.07 monofilament on plantar halluxes, n = 48, 80 ± 5 yr old), and combined impairments ( n = 25, 80 ± 4 yr old). Postural sway (i.e., center-of-pressure) dynamics were assessed during quiet standing and cognitive dual tasking, and a complexity index was quantified using multiscale entropy analysis. Postural sway speed and area, which did not correlate with complexity, were also computed. During quiet standing, the complexity index (mean ± SD) was highest in controls (9.5 ± 1.2) and successively lower in the visual (9.1 ± 1.1), somatosensory (8.6 ± 1.6), and combined (7.8 ± 1.3) impairment groups ( P = 0.001). Dual tasking resulted in increased sway speed and area but reduced complexity ( P < 0.01). Lower complexity during quiet standing correlated with greater absolute ( R = −0.34, P = 0.002) and percent ( R = −0.45, P < 0.001) increases in postural sway speed from quiet standing to dual-tasking conditions. Sensory impairments contributed to decreased postural sway complexity, which reflected reduced adaptive capacity of the postural control system. Relatively low baseline complexity may, therefore, indicate control systems that are more vulnerable to cognitive and other stressors.
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Hirvensalo, Mirja Hannele, Jiska Cohen-Mansfield, Shlomit Rind, and Jack Guralnik. "Assessment of Impairments That Limit Exercise and Use of Impairment Information to Generate an Exercise." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 15, no. 4 (2007): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.15.4.459.
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Prescribing the correct exercise program is a challenge for older adults with multiple physiological impairments. The authors evaluated an assessment instrument that incorporates results of multiple categories of impairment, including strength, balance, gait, vision, and cognitive function. The physical therapist made judgments on the relative impact of 9 different impairments on specific exercises and on the total impact of all impairments on particular exercises. In a cohort age 75–85 y, functional limitations, impaired balance, pain, and low physical endurance were estimated to have the largest impact on the ability to carry out exercise activities, primarily walking, stair climbing, balance exercises, and stationary bicycling. The assessments revealed that the ability to exercise was related to objective measures of function, indicating that the therapist incorporated such objective measures into the impairment-impact rating. The impairment-impact assessment facilitates creating individualized exercise prescriptions for individuals with impairments.
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Perrouin-Verbe, B., C. Lefevre, P. Kieny, R. Gross, B. Reiss, and M. Le Fort. "Spinal cord injury: A multisystem physiological impairment/dysfunction." Revue Neurologique 177, no. 5 (2021): 594–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2021.02.385.
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Armstrong, Amanda. "Physiological and prescribing tips for managing liver impairment." Nurse Prescribing 14, no. 10 (2016): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2016.14.10.507.
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Jerome, J. M., A. J. Gallagher, S. J. Cooke, and N. Hammerschlag. "Integrating reflexes with physiological measures to evaluate coastal shark stress response to capture." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 2 (2017): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx191.
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Abstract In both commercial and recreational fisheries, sharks are captured and released alive to comply with regulations or due to low economic value or voluntary conservation ethic. As a result, understanding the physiological and behavioural responses of sharks to capture stress is important for determining subsequent effects of fisheries interactions on a species-specific basis, as well as for identifying factors that influence mortality. Here, we employed a suite of conventional blood physiology endpoints (glucose, lactate, and haematocrit) integrated with assessments of reflex impairment on blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), nurse (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) captured via experimental drumline gear. We documented a wide range of species-specific differences in all parameters assessed, with nurse sharks consistently having the lowest relative levels of physiological disturbance and reflex impairment; and with great hammerheads exhibiting the highest level of physiological disturbance and reflex impairment, suggesting higher vulnerability to fishing. In general, increases in lactate were positively associated with hook time and correlated with reflex impairment assessment. Moreover, reflex indices showed significant impairment with hook time, with the “jaw” reflex emerging as the most potential predictor of disturbance. Our study results connect previously reported species-specific at-vessel and post-release mortality rates to their physiological disturbance and reflex impairment.
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Levinoff, Elise J., Natalie A. Phillips, Louis Verret, et al. "Cognitive estimation impairment in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment." Neuropsychology 20, no. 1 (2006): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.123.
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Sun, Ruize, Jue Wang, Juan Feng, and Bin Cao. "Zinc in Cognitive Impairment and Aging." Biomolecules 12, no. 7 (2022): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12071000.
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Zinc, an essential micronutrient for life, was first discovered in 1869 and later found to be indispensable for the normal development of plants and for the normal growth of rats and birds. Zinc plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in normal mammalian brain development, especially in the development of the central nervous system. Zinc deficiency can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, mental abnormalities, sleep disorders, tumors, vascular diseases, and other pathological conditions, which can cause cognitive impairment and premature aging. This study aimed to review the important effects of zinc and zinc-associated proteins in cognitive impairment and aging, to reveal its molecular mechanism, and to highlight potential interventions for zinc-associated aging and cognitive impairments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Physiological impairment"
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Zacchia, Camillo. "The effects of tryptophan and sucrose on alcohol-induced impairment /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75345.
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Dietary factors such as the consumption of tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, or sugar, may play an important role in influencing alcohol-induced impairment. Study I used an amino acid diet to manipulate plasma tryptophan in male social drinkers in a 3 (supplemented, balanced, and depleted tryptophan) x 3 (alcohol, placebo, sober) design with 12 subjects per cell. A variety of mood, memory, and psychomotor performance measures were taken at baseline, five hours after amino acid ingestion, and after alcohol consumption. Strong alcohol effects were produced but no tryptophan, nor alcohol-tryptophan interaction effects were found.<br>Study II examined the combined effects of sucrose and alcohol in a 3 (100 g sugar, 35 g sugar, 0 g sugar) x 3 (alcohol, placebo, sober) design with 15 subjects per cell. Subjects were tested on tasks similar to those used in Study I at a variety of times following intoxication (i.e., 0.5 hours, 1.5 h, 3.5 h) in order to examine effects when blood glucose peaked as well as at a point when hypoglycemic rebound can occur in some subjects. A strong alcohol x sugar interaction was seen 0.5 h after drinking, with high doses of sugar attenuating intoxication without influencing blood alcohol levels. No hypoglycemia was produced after 3.5 h.<br>Study III replicated Study II using a simpler design which controlled for the possible effects of aspartame (the placebo sweetener used in Study II). A variety of gastric or central mechanisms, which can account for the finding that sucrose can reduce the intoxicating effects of ethanol, are discussed.
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Gale, Marika Kirstin. "Influences of temperature on the mortality and physiological impairment of sockeye salmon after simulated capture and release." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/39771.
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Pacific salmon experience intense fishing pressure as they commence their freshwater spawning migration, frequently encountering commercial net fisheries and recreational hook and line gear. Untold numbers of fish escape by their own volition or are released by fishers at a range of water temperatures, including those above metabolic and physiological optimums. This thesis focuses on the mortality and sublethal consequences of escape or release from fishing gears by migrating adult Pacific salmon, with a specific focus on how temperature mediates those effects. The role of temperature in the capture and release of fish was investigated in a comprehensive literature review. This revealed that 70% of studies examining mortality or sublethal effects at various temperatures found both to be magnified at warmer temperatures. Collectively, the results suggest that capture-release mortality increases at temperatures within, rather than above, species-specific thermal preferenda. Notably, there were no studies examining temperature effects on capture-release for adult migrating Pacific salmon. In two experiments, migrating adult sockeye salmon were intercepted during the early part of their freshwater migration held in a laboratory at three temperatures corresponding with the range of temperatures spanning the historic, current and predicted future migration conditions experienced by their run-timing group (13°C, 19°C, 21°C for summer-run fish in 2009, and 13°C, 16°C, 19°C for late-run fish in 2008). Fish were exposed to a simulated capture treatment including three minutes of burst exercise ± 60 seconds of air exposure. In both experiments, simulated capture treatments resulted in elevations of plasma lactate concentrations, most markedly after air exposure. The highest mortality was seen in the late-run females at 19°C. Late-run fish who died within 24 hours of capture treatment were characterized by higher hematocrit, plasma lactate and cortisol, and lower glucose, sodium and chloride concentrations than survivors. Air exposure and warm temperatures were associated with longer equilibrium loss and slower ventilation rates post-treatment, which significantly predicted 24-hour survival in late-run fish. Collectively, these results indicate that released or escaped sockeye salmon may be at higher mortality risk when river temperatures are exceedingly high, and that reducing or eliminating air exposure may result in greater survival.
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Woolf, Mark Ivan. "The effect of age and visual impairment on traffic sign detection." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36783/1/36783_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Older drivers have a high traffic crash rate. One factor that has consistently been reported as contributing to this problem is that of drivers failing to see and obey traffic signs in time. Researchers have attempted to determine the characteristics of traffic sign design that might improve their visibility and legibility, particularly for older drivers. However, much of this research has been laboratory-based or has employed simplistic on-road measurement techniques, which may not take into account the complexity of the normal driving environment. In response, the current study aimed to develop and apply a technique for the measurement of traffic sign recognition and legibility distances in an open road environment for participants of different ages and ocular status. Three studies were conducted as part of this project.
Study 1 was undertaken in order to develop a simple and inexpensive technique for the measurement of on-road traffic sign legibility distances.
The system was shown to have better than 90 percent accuracy for legibility distances up to 175m, and measurements between experimenters were consistent. The system was also easy to use and economical. This measurement system was utilised in all subsequent studies.
Study 2 was designed to investigate differences in the traffic sign legibility distances of participants acting as drivers and passengers on a closed road circuit. This study was undertaken as participants were required to act as passengers and not drivers in open road experiments due to safety issues. Eighteen participants were divided into a young, middle-aged and older group. Sign legibility distances were determined for driver and passenger runs. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the traffic sign legibility distances of participants acting as drivers or passengers. The results supported the use of participants as passengers in Study 3.
Study 3 was undertaken on the open road to investigate the effect of age and ocular status on traffic sign detection under day and night-time conditions. Thirty-nine participants were divided into five groups: young, middle-aged and older groups with normal vision and two older groups with ocular disease (cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)). Each participant undertook a series of vision assessments. On-road traffic sign recognition and legibility distances were also determined under high and low illumination conditions. Results showed that recognition and legibility distances were greater under high compared to low illumination. Although age was not significantly related to the traffic sign measures, there was a trend showing poorer performance with increasing age. The presence of ocular disease, however, did result in significantly reduced recognition and legibility distance performance, particularly for individuals with ARMD. Guide signs had the highest recognition and longest legibility distances of all sign categories while street signs showed the poorest recognition. The obtained traffic sign legibility distances were less than the predicted sign design distances used by road authorities for all of the participant groups except the young visually normal group. The greatest differences between the obtained and design distances were found among participants with ocular disease, especially those with ARMD. Of the vision measures investigated, high and low contrast static acuity, static visual fields and contrast sensitivity were the most highly correlated with sign detection. These four vision tests increased the prediction of sign recognition and legibility distances when compared to high contrast static visual acuity alone.
This research has shown that the on-road measurement of traffic sign recognition and legibility distances can be successfully achieved through a simple measurement technique. Low illumination and the presence of ocular disease appear to be influential in traffic sign recognition and legibility distances. The project has highlighted that the traffic sign designs currently used on the road system do not take into account the range of visual abilities possessed by all drivers. Such information provides a basis for further research into the improvement of traffic sign design in order to provide a safer road environment for all segments of the driving population.
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White, Ursula. "Concern about falling in people with age-related macular degeneration." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/201804/1/Ursula_White_Thesis.pdf.
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Concern about falling (CF) is a significant health issue among older people, leading to activity restriction, physical decline, and increased falls risk. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among older people, yet little is known about CF in this population. High levels of CF were demonstrated among those with AMD, predicted by reduced visual function, and other physical and psychological factors. Over a 12-month period, CF increased, more so than in general older populations. These results provide an important basis for developing interventions to manage excessive CF, promote activity participation and reduce falls risk.
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Pira, Shamira. "The association between the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and neurocognitive impairments in first episode psychosis patients and ultra high-risk individuals." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116933.
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Background: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been observed in psychotic disorders. Abnormal levels of the HPA axis hormone, cortisol, are associated with various cognitive processes and cognitive deficits are a key feature of psychosis. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been shown to be abnormal in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients but has not been explored in individuals at ultra high-risk (UHR) for developing psychosis. Objectives: The objectives of the following set of studies were to examine the relationship between the CAR and cognitive function in FEP patients and in UHR individuals. In addition, based on established sex differences in both HPA axis activity and psychosis, the effect of sex on this relationship was also explored. Methods: Eighty-two FEP patients, 28 individuals at UHR for psychosis, and 31 community controls were recruited to participate in the two studies. Saliva samples were collected to assess the CAR and a neuropsychological battery was administered to determine performance on six cognitive domains. From these, a global cognition score was also calculated. Results: FEP patients, but not UHR individuals, had a blunted CAR compared to controls and male FEP patients had a more blunted CAR than female FEP patients. A more blunted CAR was associated with a more severe deficit in verbal memory and a lower global cognition score only in female FEP patients. Conclusion: The results suggest that although UHR individuals show deficits in certain cognitive domains, the CAR remains in tact, and there is no association between the two. However, a blunted CAR plays a role in cognitive function for female FEP patients. This may have implications for time and gender specific interventions aimed at stabilizing HPA axis activity.<br>Contexte: La dérégulation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HHS) a été observée dans les troubles psychotiques. Des niveaux anormaux de cortisol, une des hormones de l'axe HHS, sont associés à divers processus cognitifs et les déficits cognitifs sont un élément clé de la psychose. Des études démontrent que la sécrétion de cortisol au réveil (SCR) est anormale dans le premier épisode psychotique (PEP) des patients, mais n'a pas été explorée chez les personnes à très haut risque (THR) de déveloper une épisode de psychose. Objectifs: Les objectifs de ces diverses études étaient d'examiner la relation entre la SCR et la fonction cognitive chez les patients PEP et chez les personnes THR. En dépit des différences de sexe connues sur l'axe HPA et la psychose, l'effet du sexe sur cette relation n'a pas été étudié. Méthodes: Quatre-vingt-deux patients PEP, 28 individus à THR pour la psychose, et 31 contrôles communautaires ont été recrutés pour participer dans les deux études. Des échantillons de salive ont été prélevés pour évaluer la SCR et une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques a été administrée pour déterminer les performances sur six domaines cognitifs. De ceux-ci, un résultat cognitif global a également été calculé. Résultats: Les patients PEP, mais pas les individus THR, avaient une SCR atténuée par rapport aux témoins contrôles et les patients masculins PEP avait une SCR plus atténuée que les patients PEP féminin. Une SCR plus atténuée a été associée à un déficit plus sévère de la mémoire verbale et un résultat inférieur de la cognition globale uniquement chez les patients PEP féminins. Conclusion: Bien que les individus THR présentent des déficits dans certains domaines cognitifs, les résultats montrent que la SCR reste intacte et qu'il n'y a aucun lien entre les deux. Toutefois, une SCR atténuée joue un rôle dans la fonction cognitive chez les patients PEP féminins. Cela peut avoir des implications pour les interventions spécifiques au sexe et au temps visant à stabiliser l'activité de l'axe HHS.
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Sandahl, Jason. "Biochemical and physiological indicators of behavioral impairment in salmonids exposed to chlorpyrifos and copper." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30732.
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The purpose of this work was to determine if environmentally-relevant
concentrations of chlorpyrifos and copper, two commonly detected chemicals in
Western surface waters, can negatively impact the biological health of salmonids.
Both compounds are highly neurotoxic to fish, but each with distinct biological target
sites and mechanisms of action. We used common biochemical and physiological
indicators of toxicity, and correlated these effects with potentially significant
behavioral alterations. For chlorpyrifos, the mechanism of toxic action is the inhibition
of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) throughout the peripheral and central nervous system.
Here, we conducted biochemical assays of AChE activity in brain and muscle tissues
after exposing steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (0. kisutch) to
chlorpyrifos for 96 hours. We then correlated the AChE inhibition with behavioral
impairment in swimming and feeding activities. In juvenile steelhead and coho
exposed to 0.6-2.5 ��g/L chlorpyrifos, AChE activity was inhibited between ~10-65%.
This biochemical indicator was significantly correlated with changes in behavioral
patterns. Spontaneous swimming rates were reduced ~30-80% in the exposed fish,
and strikes at food items (brine shrimp) were reduced ~10-70%. For copper and some
other neurotoxicants, the olfactory nervous system is a sensitive target site in fish. The
highly-developed olfactory system in salmonids is particularly susceptible to toxic
insult by dissolved chemicals since receptor neurons are in direct contact with the
aquatic environment. Here, we used electrophysiological techniques to record odor-evoked responses from the sensory epithelium and the olfactory bulb as direct
measures of olfactory function in juvenile coho salmon. In fish exposed to copper,
chlorpyrifos, or esfenvalerate for 7 days, field potentials recorded from the sensory
epithelium and the olfactory bulb showed reduced or obscured olfactory responses to
two classes of odorants, which activate non-overlapping populations of receptor
neurons. To determine if this reduced sensory input can subsequently alter or diminish
olfactory-mediated predator avoidance behaviors, paired physiological and behavioral
tests were conducted on juvenile coho exposed to copper. In fish exposed to 2-20
��g/L copper for 3 hours, olfactory sensitivity was reduced by ~50-9O%. When these
fish were presented with a predatory alarm cue (conspecific skin extract), fish with
reduced olfactory function increasingly failed to exhibit antipredator behavior. In the
following experiments, we show that chlorpyrifos and copper can impair the
biochemical and physiological biology of salmonids at environmentally-relevant
concentrations, and that these sublethal effects can alter potentially important
behavioral patterns.<br>Graduation date: 2004
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Peters, Bernadette M. "The relationships among physiological and perceived stress, quality of life, self-care, and impairment in doctoral students." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1402175891&sid=26&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 27, 2008) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Meier, Scott T. Includes bibliographical references.
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HSU, CHIN-YUN, and 許錦雲. "Effect of Zhan Zhuang Qigong on Cognition Impairment among The Elderly in Cognitive ,Physiological Function and Quality of Life." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vkkzwj.
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碩士<br>國立臺北護理健康大學<br>中西醫結合護理研究所<br>106<br>The number of dementia patients continues to rise at a rate of 3.2 seconds per new case. With the global population distribution, 4.9 million in Asia accounted for 49% of the world’s population. The aging of Taiwan's population has caused the number of demented people to continue to increase by multiples. It is estimated that there will be 1 dementia for every 13 people aged over 65 in Taiwan in 2017. patient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term memory, concentration, and physical functioning on cognitively impaired older adults after intervention in qigong exercises. In this study, repeated measurement experimental design was used. Subjects were assigned randomly using computer blocks. Experimental group (n=35) was given interventional station pile qigong exercises. Control group (n=31) maintained general activities. Before the measure, pre-test, neuropsychological cognition and muscle strength, endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured every month for 3 months. The measurement data was analyzed by SPSS 22.0. The results showed that after interventional measures of staging qigong, there were significant differences in muscle strength, muscle endurance, and cardiopulmonary fitness between the experimental group at the posterior 2 months and the 3 months after the survey. . In the short-term memory cognitive block, the hit and focus hit rates of the experimental group and the control group were increased from the first month to the third month after the intervention, and the experimental results were better than that in the control group. There are significant differences in interaction with time. The conclusion of this study shows that the training of standing qigong exercises can improve cognitive short-term memory and concentration, and increase the physiological function of the elderly.
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Rodrigues, Brazète Jessica. "Marqueurs électroencéphalographiques du développement d’une maladie neurodégénérative dans le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13748.
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Janetsian, Sarine Sona. "Temporally distinct impairments in cognitive function following a sensitizing regimen of methamphetamine." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4843.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Methamphetamine (MA) is a widely abused psychostimulant that has been shown to evoke an array of neurobiological abnormalities and cognitive deficits in humans and in rodent models (Marshall & O'Dell, 2012). Alterations in cognitive function after repeated drug use may lead to impaired decision-making, a lack of behavioral control, and ultimately the inability to abstain from drug use. Human studies have shown that alterations in neurobiology resulting from prolonged MA use may lead to a number of cognitive deficits, including impairments in executive function, learning, memory, and impulsivity. These impairments, specifically those that engage the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or hippocampus (HC), may persist or recover based on the duration of abstinence. In rodents, repeated intermittent injections of MA yield protracted changes in neurobiology and behavior, which have been shown to effectively model a number of the biological and cognitive abnormalities observed in addiction. In order to assess the temporal evolution of impaired cognitive function throughout abstinence, sensitization was first induced in rats (7 x 5.0 mg/kg MA over 14 days). MA-treated rats initially exhibited a robust increase in locomotion that transitioned to stereotypy as the induction phase progressed. Then, the effects of MA sensitization on social interaction (SI), temporal order recognition (TOR) and novel object recognition (NOR) was assessed at one-day and 30-days post induction. No differences were observed in SI in either group or after a single injection of MA. However, an acute injection of 5.0 mg/kg of MA 30-minutes prior to testing dramatically reduced SI time. Impairments in TOR and NOR were observed in MA-treated rats after one day of abstinence, and impairments in TOR, but not NOR, were observed on day 30 of abstinence. No differences in TOR and NOR after a single injection of MA or saline were observed. These data establish that after 30 days of abstinence from a sensitizing regimen of MA, the ability to recall the temporal sequence that two stimuli were encountered was impaired and that was not attributable to impaired novelty detection. These data also suggest that at least some of the neurocognitive abnormalities caused by chronic MA administration may normalize after prolonged abstinence, since the ability to detect novelty recovered after 30 days of abstinence. These data provide compelling support that, since MA-sensitization caused temporal deficits in memory, PFC and HC function may be differentially impaired throughout the time course of abstinence.
Books on the topic "Physiological impairment"
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DeJohn, Charles A. In-flight medical incapacitation and impairment of U.S. airline pilots: 1993 to 1998. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aerospace Medicine, 2004.
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Institute, Prevention Research. Marijuana: What are the risks? : a review of the research literature on health and impairment problems. 2nd ed. Prevention Research Institute, 2003.
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Laurence, Hartley, ed. Fatigue and driving: Driver impairment, driver fatigue and driving simulation. Taylor & Francis, 1995.
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Robinson, D. W. Tables for the estimation of hearing impairment due to noise for otologically normal and typical unscreened populations of males and females. HMSO Publications Centre, 1991.
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Declues, Kari E. The correlation of THC concentration in whole blood to various impairments as demonstrated by the DRE evaluation. National University, 2014.
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Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory impairment during submaximal exercise with acetazolamide. 1988.
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Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory impairment during submaximal exercise with acetazolamide. 1987.
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Fried, Robert. Erectile Dysfunction As a Cardiovascular Impairment. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.
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Erectile Dysfunction As a Cardiovascular Impairment. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.
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Fried, Robert. Erectile Dysfunction As a Cardiovascular Impairment. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Physiological impairment"
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Cerretelli, P., P. E. di Prampero, and H. Howald. "Muscle Function Impairment in Humans Acclimatized to Chronic Hypoxia." In Physiological Function in Special Environments. Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3556-9_4.
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Löscher, W. N., and E. Gallasch. "Myoelectric Signs of Muscle Fatigue and Physiological Tremor from Childhood to Seniority." In Sensorimotor Impairment in the Elderly. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1976-4_8.
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Acher, Alexandra W., Amir A. Rahnemai-Azar, Sharon M. Weber, and Timothy M. Pawlik. "Surgical Approach to Pancreas, Liver, Biliary Physiologic Impairment." In The IASGO Textbook of Multi-Disciplinary Management of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0063-1_5.
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Phillips, Margaret F., and Jean Mathieu. "Physical disability in myotonic dystrophy." In Myotonic dystrophy: present management, future therapy. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198527824.003.0006.
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Abstract The concept of impairment, disability and handicap was originally defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980 as the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) (World Health Organization 1980). In that model, an impairment was defined as ‘any physiological, anatomical or histological anomaly or alteration’ and a disability as ‘any disturbance resulting from an impairment in the capacity to perform a physical or mental activity considered normal for a human being (depending on his/her biological characteristics)’.
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Brookhuis, Karel. "Driver impairment monitoring by physiological measures." In Fatigue and Driving. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203756140-19.
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Cryer, Philip E. "Physiological Responses to Hypoglycemia." In Hypoglycemia. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113259.003.0004.
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Abstract Falling plasma glucose concentrations trigger a characteristic series of responses: decreased insulin secretion, increased glucose counter regulatory hormone secretion and autonomic neural activation, a variety of symptoms and signs, and impairment of cognitive functions (Cryer, 1993). The sequential glycemic thresholds for these responses have been quantitated (Schwartz et al., 1987; Mitrakou et al., 1991; Fanelli et al., 1994). Lower plasma glucose concentrations can cause a seizure, loss of consciousness, or both.
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Blakey, Hannah, and Kate Bramham. "Advanced renal disease/renal impairment." In Practical management of the pregnant patient with rheumatic disease, edited by Karen Schreiber, Eliza Chakravarty, and Monika Østensen. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198845096.003.0005.
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There is an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with underlying rheumatic disease. For a proportion of patients, CKD is diagnosed for the first time in pregnancy through routine antenatal blood and urine testing. Pregnancy places increased physiological demand on the kidneys, and women with CKD have increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia (PET), pre-term delivery, and low birth weight babies. These risks increase incrementally with declining baseline renal function. Thorough pre-conception counselling and regular antenatal review by teams specializing in the care of renal and/or rheumatological conditions is recommended to mitigate these risks and optimize outcome for mother and baby. This chapter describes, through case-based discussion, the investigation and management of abnormal renal function presenting in pregnancy, pre-pregnancy counselling for women with CKD, and the principles of antenatal care for women with impaired renal function.
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WEISS HR and LAUF R. "Impairment of Forward Flexion - Physiological or the Precursor of Spinal Deformity?" In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-859-5-307.
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According to Sommerville and Dickson et al. loss of thoracic kyphosis seems to be the primary condition in the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. The lordosis appears first before evidence of spinal asymmetry in coronal or transverse plane. Tomaschewski has found functional impairment of forward flexion (IFF) to be the precursor of structural spinal curves. In 16.5% of 686 healthy schoolchildren (9-10 years) she found IFF in at least one motion segment. 27% of those children developed an idiopathic scoliosis (defined as a structural spinal deformity in three planes) during the follow up of one year. This was assessed clinically as well as by a bending radiograph. Tomaschewski concludes impairment of forward flexion to be the preselection condition for the developement of idiopathic scoliosis. She postulated that the origin of this condition should be found in earlier childhood. To illuminate this aspect of scoliosis etiology we were looking for impairment of forward flexion of the spine in healthy children at the ages of 2, 4 and 5 years at the pediatric screening assessments routinely performed in Germany. 614 children have been assessed during one year. 250 children were screened at the age of 2, 190 at the age of 4 and 174 at the age of 5. Prevalence of impairment of forward flexion (IFF) in the 2-year group was 7.9%, in the 4-year group 78.9% and in the 5-year group 70.8%. There were no significant differences of prevalence in females and males who were distributed about equal in the three agegroups. In children at the age of 2 were crawling and creeping besides upright locomotion is still performed frequently IFF is rare, in the ages of 4 and 5 when upright locomotion becomes dominant IFF seems to be physiological, at the age of 10 however IFF is rare. In children with IFF of more than 3 motion segments IFF may be able to destabilize the spine so that progressive rotation and lateral deviation can occur during periods of fast growth. The transition to upright posture seems to be the origin of idiopathic scoliosis when IFF is aquired in too many motion segments or not lost again before pubertal growth spurt.
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Awosika, Ayoola, Mayowa J. Adeniyi, Akhabue K. Okojie, and Cynthia Okeke. "Photic Stress and Rhythmic Physiological Processes: Roles of Selenium as a Chronobiotic." In Selenium and Human Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110294.
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Physiological processes exhibit distinct rhythmic patterns influenced by external cues. External cues such as photic signal play an important role in the synchronization of physiological rhythms. However, excess of or indiscriminate exposure to photic signals exerts profound effects on physiological processes, disrupting normal hormonal secretory rhythms, altering sleep/wakefulness cycle, and impairing reproductive function. Alteration in sleep/wakefulness cycle, impairment in reproductive cycle, and disruption of normal hormonal secretory rhythms characterize risk groups for photic stress such as night workers, trans-meridian travelers, and night-active people. Evidence from primary studies is increasing on the tendency of selenium to reset internal biorhythms by targeting circadian proteins and melatonin. The review highlights the chronobiological roles of selenium.
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Ross, Edward A., Uyanga Batnyam, and Abdo M. Asmar. "Cardiorenal Syndrome." In Kidney Protection, edited by Vijay Lapsia, Bernard G. Jaar, and A. Ahsan Ejaz. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190611620.003.0041.
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Renal and cardiac crosstalk plays an essential role in maintaining physiological homeostasis. Both organ diseases are prevalent and share common risk factors. Impairment in one organ has the potential to affect the other. This interaction is referred to as cardiorenal syndrome, and it is driven by complex neurohumoral and vascular processes. Cardiorenal syndrome refers to a state of either acute or chronic impairment of both renal and cardiac functions. Despite progress in therapeutic interventions, treatment of cardiorenal syndrome remains challenging. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiorenal syndrome, as well as its management options.
Conference papers on the topic "Physiological impairment"
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Hesselbacher, Sean, Nadia Barrow, Sarah Perusich, et al. "Physiological Impairment In Smokers With Emphysema." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a5952.
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CAZZULLO, CARLO LORENZO. "COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL AGING." In IX World Congress of Psychiatry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814440912_0020.
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Koutouzov, S., A. Remmal, P. Marche, and P. Meyer. "IMPAIRMENT OF PLATELET PHOSPHOINOSITIDE METABOLISM IN PRIMARY HYPERTENSION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643812.
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Blood platelets from hypertensive patients and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) display multiple abnormalities when compared with cells from normotensive controls. The major features of the modified platelet profile are an enhanced rate of adhesion/aggregation in response to many stimuli, a greater sensitivity for thrombin and adrenaline to produce increases in cytoplasmic free Ca2+, and an exaggerated release reaction. Furthermore, the resting levels of cytosolic free Ca2+ ions are specifically and constantly increased. Since phosphoinositides are involved in the stimulus-response coupling mediated by intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, the metabolism of these lipids was investigated in platelets of SHR and compared with those of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Following 32P-labelling of quiescent platelets, labeled lipids were analyzed both in platelets at rest and after thrombin stimulation. In resting platelets, the 32P associated with each of the phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA) was similar in SHR and WKY indicating that both the pool size of the various lipids and their basal turnover did not differ between the two strains. By contrast, within the first seconds after thrombin stimulation (10-60 sec), the dose-response and time-course curves of agonist-induced increase in 32P-PA were markedly shifted to the left and reached higher equilibrium levels in SHR. Since thrombin-induced 32P-PA formation is held as the most sensitive index of phospholipase C activity, our results indicate that this enzyme displays hyperreactivity in SHR (vs WKY). It is therefore likely that in SHR, the enhanced physiological responses (serotonin secretion, aggregation) that we observed under the same experimental conditions may be related to an increased formation of Phospholipase C products (inosi-toltriphosphate and diacylglycerol) which are the two second messengers responsible for internal Ca2+ mobilization and activation of protein kinase C, respectively. Therefore, these data suggest that the hypersensitivity of Phospholipase C may be involved in the overall alteration of cell calcium handling and hence in the SHR platelet responses.
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Shao, Guangbin, Longqiu Li, Hongtao Zhang, Xinrong Zhou, Tingting Li, and Hualei Dong. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Vision Impairment in Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59433.
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Recently researches have reported the ocular structural and functional changes observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight, which includes optic disk edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, hyperopic shifts and reduction of near visual acuity. This syndrome, which is called the Visual Impairment/Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) Syndrome, is reported due to the alterations of translaminar pressure and some other factors (concentration of CO2, genotype, B-vitamin status, androgens, etc.) in microgravity or in space station. On account of the shortage of measurement and limit of sample size in space experiments, the study of VIIP Syndrome was difficult to make progress. In this research, numerical analysis combined with animal experiment were performed. In the animal experiment, hindlimb suspension (HLS) model was used to simulate the cephalic liquid shifts of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in microgravity, as well as fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were executed to detect the ocular structural changes. For both the experimental group and the control group, the illumination, temperature and feeding were strictly controlled, well the watering was unrestricted, during the long-term hinlimb suspension. The ocular structural changes and the physiological index including weight and intraocular pressure (IOP) were evaluated. A numerical model of eye was established, then finite element analysis was performed to study the biomechanical response of ocular structure due to the changes of translaminar pressure. We observed that the changes of the ocular structure in rats after the long-term hindlimb suspension were consistent with the finite element simulation results. The findings in this research showed the significance of animal experiment and numerical analysis for the study of VIIP Syndrome.
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Prabha, Vijay. "Deciphering Molecular Mimicry Between Spermatozoa and Bacteria: A Potential Trigger for Immune-Mediated Infertility." In World Conference on Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Pediatrics. Eurasia Conferences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62422/978-81-981865-0-8-001.
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Infertility, affecting approximately 48.5 million couples worldwide, is a multifaceted reproductive health challenge with profound physiological and psychological ramifications. While genetic, hormonal, structural, and environmental etiologies are well-documented, immune-mediated infertility has emerged as a pivotal area of research. Among these, antisperm antibodies (ASAs) have been extensively studied for their detrimental impact on sperm function; however, their occurrence in prepubertal children raises compelling questions regarding their origin. Emerging evidence suggests that prior microbial infections may trigger ASA production through molecular mimicry, a mechanism wherein bacterial antigens structurally resemble sperm proteins, eliciting an immune response that compromises fertility. To explore this phenomenon, the present study investigated bacterial receptors that mimic sperm receptors in response to a common Sperm Immobilization Factor (SIF). SIF, isolated from a clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus, exhibited 100% sperm immobilization. SIF exposure led to sperm motility and viability loss, morphological abnormalities, and infertility in female BALB/c mice. Notably, FITC-labeled SIF demonstrated binding not only to mouse spermatozoa but also to various motile and non-motile bacteria, supporting the presence of shared SIF-binding receptors (SBRs) and thereby, reinforcing the hypothesis of molecular mimicry. Purified SBRs from mouse spermatozoa (MS-SBR), Escherichia coli (E-SBR), and Streptococcus pyogenes (S-SBR) were found to ameliorate SIF-induced sperm impairment in-vitro and infertility in-vivo, confirming their protective role. Further, polyclonal antibodies raised against MS-SBR exhibited cross-reactivity with bacterial proteins, providing definitive evidence of antigenic overlap between bacteria and spermatozoa. Collectively, these findings substantiate the role of molecular mimicry in immune infertility, highlighting its potential implications in the pathogenesis of ASA-mediated reproductive dysfunction.
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Pastre, J., I. Ksovreli, J. Taylor, et al. "Antifibrotic Therapy in IPF Patients with Severe Physiologic Impairment." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4551.
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Niederer, Peter F., Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Markus H. Muser, and Felix H. Walz. "The Possible Role of Fluid/Solid Interactions in Minor Cervical Spine Injuries." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25450.
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Abstract Minor soft tissue injuries of the cervical spine pose increasing problems in public health. Such injuries are conveyed particularly often in rear-end automobile collisions at low impact speeds and it has been established that they may be associated with long-term impairment Among the hypotheses put forward in order to explain the occurrence of potentially harmful neck injuries at loading levels whose severity is generally considered well below tolerance limits which hitherto have assumed to be valid, interactions between fluid and solid structures have been postulated as injury mechanism. As the solid structures of the human body, i.e., skeleton, muscles, etc., are being accelerated and deformed through the action of impact forces, the fluids contained therein (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluids) are gradually dragged along or displaced because of viscosity or pressure gradients which are built up in the deforming solids. Ensuing relative motions and changes of fluid volumes cause viscous shear stresses and pressure peaks which may have an adverse influence, e.g., on cellular membranes. This hypothesis is supported by a number of experimental findings. In this communication, mathematical modeling approaches are presented which are aimed at a quantification of fluid/solid interactions under loading conditions which approximate the impact situations of interest here. For this purpose, idealized fluid and solid systems are first considered which are exposed to a constant acceleration. The geometries are chosen such that analytic solutions can be obtained. Second, a detailed neck model is presented which includes vertebrae, discs, muscles, tendons as well as a representative fluid space (plexus venosus). The models are subjected to boundary conditions which correspond to typical low-speed rear-end impacts. It is found, that the level of shear stresses caused by fluids and acting on surfaces in fluid-filled bodies depends essentially on the size of the fluid spaces under consideration. Accelerations thereby exhibit a stronger influence than the duration during which they act. It cannot be excluded that critical levels are reached even in a low speed impact scenario. Calculated pressure peaks, in turn, remain within physiological limits.
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Paradiso, Rita, Eefke Krijnen, and FEderica Vannetti. "Wearable System for the evaluation of Well-Being in the Workplace." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004702.
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Healthcare workers experience physically, emotionally stressful situations, are exposed to human suffering, experience pressure from interactions with patients and family members, and are under constant threat of infection, injury and stress. Healthcare workers are at greater risk of developing stress-related mental disorders, such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (Braquehais et al., 2023, doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.04.004). The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for healthcare organizations to ensure the well-being of healthcare workers. Indeed, more stressful working hours, the fear of being infected and the need to ensure immediate decision-making have significantly increased the risk of burnout, depression, anxiety and insomnia. In the USA and Europe, a series of regulations have been issued to preserve the health of workers, specific to the workload linked to the various tasks and in the literature work-related stress indices have been evaluated in the healthcare sector, linked to muscle disorders skeletal injuries due to patient handling, for nurses and personal care/assistance workers. However, biomechanical overload and the risk of damage to the musculoskeletal system are only one aspect linked to the health of the worker: the dimension of work stress has a significant role in the general well-being of the worker during his activities and a methodology for the objective assessment of mental and physical workload in work environments.In this study we propose the use of a wearable system (WWS by Smartex) compatible with work activity, to monitor and extract significant information on the workload, due to the physical demand and the physiological response to stress, on a sample of physiotherapists. The system consists of a t-shirt for the continuous detection of a cluster of physiological parameters, that can be stored and processed during work. The system detects an ECG lead via integrated textile electrodes, the respiratory signal through the measurement of thoracic movement, posture, and physical activity recognition, via an Inertial and Magnetic Measurement Unit (IMMU), integrated into the RUSA device, a portable data logger dedicated to the acquisition, processing, storage and/or transmission of data.The RUSA is connected to the garment through a simple plug and can be easily unplugged when necessary. The T-shirt is absolutely similar to a common underwear. The base yarn is composed by antibacterial materials to guarantee a safe and prolonged use. The sensors are made of fibers that are directly woven during the production process to be fully integrated in the garment without discontinuity. The shirts come in male and female version and in several sizes to fit the largest number of users. The data acquired by the RUSA are processed on board to extract the following parameters: Hearth Rate (HR), HR Variability, RR interval, signal quality, Breathing rate, activity classification, activity intensity. The RUSA can save data on a Flash Memory (microSD), transmit data via Bluetooth® 2.1), save and transmit them simultaneously, without losing information in case of interruption of wireless transmission.A pilot study has been performed on 11 physiotherapists, engaged in XX sessions. During the study, the cluster of physiological data have been combined with a set of meta-data related to the work session such as the type of intervention (i.e. neurological rehabilitation, orthopaedic rehabilitation, etc), the level of physical impairment of the patient (according to modified Rankin score and Communicative disability scale), the working place etc.). As well as to the results of NASA questionnaire that has been administrated after each acquisition section to the physiotherapists. Preliminary results on the stress level will be presented, in parallel to evaluate the use of the IMMU platform for the overload of the musculoskeletal system, research on the posture evaluation in the rehabilitation workplace has been performed. The accuracy of a single IMMU to retrieve trunk angles was assessed by comparison with stereophotogrammetry. The results revealed that the IMMU is adequately effective in determining sagittal angles but has limitations in assessing lateral and transverse angles in a natural and uncontrolled environment.
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Saremi, Amin, Stefan Stenfelt, Christopher A. Shera, and Elizabeth S. Olson. "A Physiological Signal Transmission Model to be Used for Specific Diagnosis of Cochlear Impairments." In WHAT FIRE IS IN MINE EARS: PROGRESS IN AUDITORY BIOMECHANICS: Proceedings of the 11th International Mechanics of Hearing Workshop. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3658113.
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Kim, Jung-Yeon, Yunyoung Nam, and Seong-A. Lee. "Classification of Rehabilitation Participation in Elderly In-patients with Mild Cognitive Impairments Utilizing Physiological Responses *." In 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856370.
Full textReports on the topic "Physiological impairment"
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Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller, and Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.
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The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.
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Elliott, Jane, Maureen Muir, and Judith Green. Trajectories of everyday mobility at older age. Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58182/bnec3269.
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Background: This review and exploratory data analysis focuses on everyday mobility at older age; that is, travel outside the house for routine activities. Everyday mobility is an important determinant of health and wellbeing. Although there can be physiological reasons for declines in an individual’s capacity for mobility, trajectories are uneven. A social model of mobility at older age assumes that impairments due to bodily ageing do not inevitably lead to reduced mobility, and that policy and environmental interventions (such as transport provision, quality of built environment) can and should support mobile later lives. We scope the potential for a study of the conditions which foster trajectories of maintained or increased mobility over time, in an equitable way. Aims: With a focus on corporeal mobility in the UK (in particular England), and on social and environmental, rather than physiological factors, our aims were to: 1) scope the existing evidence on trajectories of mobility at older age; 2) assess the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) as a possible source of data on changes in mobility over time; 3) outline the potential for further research through identifying candidate analytical approaches and; draft an initial logic model to inform a study. Literature review findings: Literature on mobility at older age documents physiological, lifecourse, social, and environmental factors that shape trajectories of declining mobility, and the health and wellbeing consequences. There are complex and bidirectional relationships between determinants and consequences of mobility. Points of disruption in the lifecourse are points where mobility practices may change and are therefore potential points for interventions to promote greater mobility. A body of research demonstrates this through the case of concessionary bus travel for older adults in the UK, which both promotes greater mobility and appears to improve health status. There is a more mixed body of research on the environmental factors that can foster greater mobility: more research is needed on how to support mobility in place in the UK, particularly in settings outside urban centres. Compared to research on physiological factors, there is a relative dearth of evidence on population level interventions, with the exception of free bus travel. ELSA summary: The main strength of using the ELSA for understanding what influences trajectories of everyday mobility is that it is an eighteen-year longitudinal study with data collection every two years, focussing on those aged 50 and over. The sample is drawn from across England, detailed contextual information is available via linked geographical identifiers, and longitudinal and cross-sectional weights enable adjustment of the sample for non-response and attrition. The weaknesses (for studies of mobility) are the lack of fine-grained measures of ‘ability’ for many mobility indicators and the potential for reporting biases that intersect with measures of social and cultural capital. In this descriptive analysis, we document six separate measures of everyday mobility that can be derived from ELSA data, and map these to our logic model. Implications: The review identified the potential for studying the conditions for mobility at older age that could help identify and develop population level interventions. Focusing on points of disruption in the lifecourse is a potentially fruitful and tractable area of investigation. We have mapped indicators available from ELSA as a foundation for future study, and as a resource for other researchers. ELSA has some disadvantages for a study, but also many strengths. Given the complexity of causal pathways linking different conditions for maintained or increased mobility, an analysis approach directed specifically at multiple pathways (such as Qualitative Comparative Analysis) could well be fruitful."