Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Physiopathologie – Aspect moléculaire'
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Perron, Stéphanie. "Le macrophage et son implication dans la modulation de la réponse asthmatique dans les voies respiratoires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26309.
Full textL’asthme est une affection respiratoire chronique caractérisée par des processus inflammatoires. Ceux-ci sont provoqués par l’interaction de différentes cellules effectrices avec la muqueuse bronchique, ce qui engendre un remodelage des tissus. Le macrophage, étant donné sont implication dans l’autorégulation du processus inflammatoire dans l’asthme, s’est avéré une cible intéressante pour mieux comprendre les bases moléculaires de ce trait. Dans un premier temps, la technologie des puces d’ADN a été utilisée lors de ce projet de recherche pour identifier des biomarqueurs relatifs au rôle du macrophage alvéolaire dans l’asthme, dans le but de mieux documenter le phénotype de cette cellule dans le contexte de l’asthme allergique. D’ailleurs, une famille de gène ayant une implication probable dans la pathologie de l’asthme, les HSP, plus précisément le HSP60, a pu être mis en évidence. Dans un deuxième temps, le potentiel anti-inflammatoire d’un composé isolé d’origine naturelle, la querciméritrine, a pu être testé en utilisant le macrophage comme modèle cellulaire, dans le but de développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. En effet, les recherches ayant pour cible le macrophage ou ses médiateurs pourraient permettre de mieux comprendre sont rôle dans l’asthme et mener au développement de nouvelles thérapies pour le contrôle des maladies inflammatoires.
Youssef, Banora Mohamed. "The plant cystoskeleton : target for plant parasitic nematodes during a susceptible interaction." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4055.
Full textRoot-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne species are one of the most important obligate sedentary endoparasites attacking many plants species. They are competent to modify plant root cells by inducing specialized feeding structures. The genera Meloidogyne is capable to induce abnormal changes in selectes root vascular cells to form complex feeding cells (giant cells) that supply nutrients for the nematodes to enlarge, become sedentary and finally developing into fertile adults. Giant cells are hypertrophied multinucleated acytokinetic cells containing a dense metabolically active cytoplasm filled with proliferating organelles and showing an entirely rearranged actin and microtubular cytoskeleton. Therefore, the plant cytoskeleton might be one of the main targets during nematode infection and its rearrangement seems to be important for the successful completion of the nematode’s life cycle. In order to find out which role the cytoskeleton plays during the fast isodiametric growth of feeding cells and which cytoskeleton components are involved in the cytoskeletal remodelling of nematode feeding site (NFS), we investigated the distribution of the microtubular cytoskeleton and its behaviour during giant cell development. Immunocytochemical analysis of tubulins as well as in vivo observation of GFP-decorates microtubules (MT) revealed that severe changes of the cytoskeleton occur during feeding cell development. Our results provide evidence that cortical microtubules are dense and seemingly disordered and that endoplasmic MT’s probably undergo partial depolymerisation during giant cell ontogeny. On the other hand, large and multiple malformed spindles and phragmoplasts are seen in these giant feeding cells during (incomplete) mitotic events. The rearrangement of the cytoskeleton seems important for the proper initiation and development of galls,. In order to better understand the cytoskeleton rearrangement during feeding cell development we have initiated studies to investigate the involvement of y-tubulins which are required for MT nucleation at MT organizing centers (MTOCs). Our quantitative-RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcripts of Arabidopsis y-tubulin genes (TUBG1 and TUBG2) and two y-tubulin complex proteins genes (GCP3 and GCP4) are upregulated in NFS. By using y-tubulin mutant lines, we demonstrated that both Arabidopsis y-Tubulins are needed for proper feeding cell development and nematode maturity. Immunocytochemical analyses of nematode infected Arabidopsis roots illustrated that y-tubulin-GFP are abundantly present in giant cells, localized to giant cell phragmoplasts and are associated with the cortical and cytosolic MTs. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence of y-tubulins in roots of nematode infected mutant lines indicated that y-tubulin proteins (TUBG1 and TUBG2) localize differently in giant cells : TUBG1 is highly concentrated around the nuclear surface of giant cell whereas TUBG2 is mainly distributed throughout the celle cortex. We have generated transgenic plants expressing the y-tubulin –GFP protein and in vivo observations of root apical meristem revealed abundant protein distributed throughout the cytoplasm and along spindles during mitosis. In giant cells y-tubulin was distributed mainly around the nuclei. Overexpression of y-tubulin also induced roots to skew and to adopt a twisted phenotype. Treatment with cytoskeleton drugs (propyzamide and oryzalin) showed that the twisted phenotype disappeared and roots grew traight as in wild type. Finally, immunolocalization carried out at the light and electron microscope level demonstrated that GCP3 colocalized with y-tubulin along the nuclear surface and in the giant cell cortex suggesting the presence of thze y-tubulin ring complex (yTuRC) in giant cells. This work suggests the presence of MTOCs in giant cells that might responsible for novel MT nucleation at the cell cortex, around the nuclei and during mitosis in giant-feeding cells induced by roots-knot nematodes. Therefore, y-tubulins may be play an important role in the control of cytoskeleton remodelling in nematode induced feeding cells
Roy, Vincent. "Changements physiopathologiques et moléculaires lors de la dysfonction hépatique dans un modèle murin de la tyrosinémie héréditaire de type 1." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26284.
Full textHereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), the last enzyme of the tyrosine catabolic pathway. This severe metabolic disease is mainly caracterized by liver and kidney dysfuntion, due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Moreover, injuries inflicted on the liver could lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Actually, the only treatment is a daily intake of NTBC combined with a restrictive diet low in tyrosine and phenylalanine. While this treatment increases the life expectancy of patients, the risk of developing HCC remains. The general objectives of this work are to determine the pathophysiological changes of the HT1 phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in cell transformation and progression of liver dysfunction in a mouse model. fah-/- mice were subjected to NTBC withdrawal to investigate the signaling pathways involved in various stages of the disease. The interruption of NTBC induced a degeneration of general physiological conditions. Histological analysis revealed a distortion of the liver’s morphology with hepatocellular lesions, inflammation and steatotic nodules. Western blotting results have shown a chronic and progressive modulation of signaling pathways related to cell survival and proliferation in response to stress. At this point, no cancer has been diagnosed, but a significant activation of the endoplasmic reticulum signaling pathways has been demonstrated during the progression of TH1. This modulation may play a central role in the degeneration of liver cells by creating a microenvironment suitable for future HCC growth and invasion.
Mohsen, Mroueh Fatima. "Diabète et cancer colorectal : épidémiologie et physiopathologie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ117.
Full textDiabetes is a chronic systemic malfunction characterized by persistent metabolic disturbances that culminate in a high rate of complications to which cancer was recently annexed. In fact, diabetes inflates colorectal cancer (CRC) risk by 1.2-1.5 folds. However, the cellular and molecular pathways involved are not well understood. Our results show that AMPK/mTORC1 pathway is deregulated in both diabetes and CRC. This was paralleled by an elevation in the expression of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 leading to an increase in ROS production. Furthermore, our results show that oxidative stress, secondary to alteration in the level and activity of Nox4 is augmented in diabetes and contributes to the progression of CRC. The resulting oxidative stress further led to an alteration in the signaling of the AMPK/mTORC1 pathways culminating in an exacerbated aggressiveness in cancer cell behavior and colon polyp formation. Our project allows the identification of novel molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-induced CRC progression and development of effective therapeutic strategies to reverse the progression of CRC in diabetic patients
El-Mounajjed, Hoda. "Changements physiopathologiques et moléculaires suite au retrait du NTBC des souris du modèle murin de la tyrosinémie héréditaire de type 1." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29234/29234.pdf.
Full textLévesque, Marie-Hélène. "Expression des récepteurs stéroïdiens, des enzymes de la stréroïdogenèse et de biomarqueurs potentiels dans la prostate humaine normale et ses pathologies." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20957.
Full textPeche, Georges Arielle. "Physiopathologie de la myopathie à agrégats tubulaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ008/document.
Full textTubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) is a genetic disorder characterized by tubular aggregates in muscle biopsies of patients. Our team identified for the first time mutations in STIM1 as causative of this disease. STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) is the main calcium (Ca2+) sensor of the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). Following Ca2+ depletion of the ER/SR, STIM1 unfolds, oligomerizes and migrates close to the plasma membrane (PM) to activate the Ca2+ channel ORAI1, leading to Ca2+ entry. This mechanism is the «store-operated Ca2+ entry» (SOCE). Several teams report a mutation in STIM1 (p.R304W) leading to TAM associated with other symptoms, described as Stormorken syndrome. Therefore, this work aims to assess and compare the impact of TAM and Stormorken mutations at different stages of the SOCE pathway. We show that TAM and Stormorken mutations lead to an increase expression of the protein, a constitutive STIM1 clustering near the PM, to ORAI1 constitutive recruitment and to the activation of a Ca2+ -dependent pathway: the NFAT pathway
Dubois, Véronique. "Physiopathologie de l'infection par le virus JC hors du système nerveux central : prévalence, latence et variabilité génomique." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28636.
Full textBaranger, Mathilde. "Implication et mode d'action de la cadhérine atypique Mucdhl dans la physiopathologie intestinale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ048.
Full textBecause of its frequency and severity, Colorectal Cancer (CRC) remains an important public health issue. Our objective is to understand mechanisms contributing to intestinal homeostasis through Mucdhl, a poorly characterized atypical cadherin that may play a unusual role in the intestinal , epithelium and be implicated in CRC. lnterestingly, its expression seems to be frequently reduced in CRC, while its retention in colon cancer cells decreases their tumorigenic potential.To better apprehend the mode of action of Mucdhl, a functional characterization of its interaction with oncogen,iç β-catenin was performed and new partners have been identified in intestinal cells.To understand the role of Mucdhl in intestinal physiology, mice genetically-invalidated at the Mucdhl locus were studied. Analysis of the consequences of Mucdhl loss of expression indicates that it is involved in the morphology and function of the mouse intestine, but also in metabolic processes. Moreover, Mucdhl loss of expression increases the sensibility of mice to the development of certain intestinal tumors. Thus, we generated new information on the physiopathological functions of Mucdhl, an intriguing atypical cadherin potentially involved in CRC
Tamim, Mohamed Khalil. "Implication du système GABAergique et des peptides neuromodulateurs dans la survenue des dyskinésies induites par la Lévodopa." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26323/26323.pdf.
Full textHumo, Muris. "Douleur neuropathique et dépression : les modifications moléculaires dans le cortex cingulaire antérieur." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ058.
Full textMood disorders are frequently comorbid with chronic pain and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) appears to be an important region in this relationship. We aimed to investigate the molecular basis of this comorbidity, at both the whole structure and the cell type specific level. A genomic analysis of the ACC in a mouse model displaying chronic pain-induced anxiodepressive consequences evidenced an overexpression of the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Phosphatase 1 (MKP-1). An upregulated ACC MKP-1 was also observed in other models of depression, while decreasing its expression attenuates depressive-like behaviors, showing that MKP-1 is a key factor in the pathophysiology of depression. This was further validated by showing that acute ketamine administration normalizes the disrupted MAPK pathway, alongside producing a transient analgesic and a prolonged antidepressant effect. Finally, to address the role of different cell populations in this comorbidity, we have isolated GABAergic neurons from animals showing depressive- like behaviors, which will be used for genomic analysis in order to reveal important cell-type specific candidate genes
Guimier, Anne. "Identification des bases moléculaires et étude physiopathologique de maladies cardiaques rares en pédiatrie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB241.
Full textRare diseases are defined in Europe by a prevalence of less than 1/2,000 individuals and represent more than 7,000 different diseases of which 80% are genetic. Most have a paediatric onset. My project involved the study of rare cardiac disorders in familial cases with recurrence in siblings, focusing on congenital heart disease in the context of heterotaxia (laterality defects) and sudden unexpected death due to cardiac arrest in infancy and the neonatal period. Whole exome sequencing was used as a tool for disease gene discovery in these families with the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. This strategy led to the identification of 3 novel disease genes. I performed functional validation for two of these genes in different models, confirming their involvement in each disease. 1) Loss of function of MMP21 and cardiac malformations due to left-right patterning defects during embryonic development. MMP21 encodes a metallopeptidase for which I demonstrated a highly specialized role in the generation of left-right asymmetry at the node using zebrafish. This gives new insight into the molecular mechanisms at the origin of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. Interestingly, all mammals have a left-sided heart, but some species have lost the Mmp21 gene, indicating that there are different pathways leading to left-right determination in vertebrates. 2) Hypomorphic mutations in PPA2 cause sudden cardiac arrest in infants. PPA2 is a nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial pyrophosphatase and using a yeast model we showed that this enzyme is essential for the mitochondrial energy transducing system and biogenesis. I described a novel clinical spectrum for a mitochondrial disease responsible for unexpected cardiac arrest in infancy. 3) PLCD3 loss of function and fatal cardiomyopathy by cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in neonates. Exome sequencing in one familial case with 2 siblings presenting fatal cardiomyopathy led to the identification of compound heterozygous mutations in PLCD3, a gene previously implicated in a similar pathology in a mouse model. Identification of further cases with mutations in this gene will be needed in order to confirm the role of PLCD3 in the disease. In total, these studies are crucial from a clinical point of view for the genetic counseling of the affected families and they contribute to the elucidation of biological mechanisms of embryonic development and left-right determination (MMP21), mitochondrial function (PPA2) and post-natal cardiomyocyte survival (PLCD3)
Sarroukh, Rabia. "Etude de la structure et de la toxicité des oligomères du peptide amyloïde-beta: implication dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209874.
Full textNotre étude structurale minutieuse du processus d’agrégation du peptide Aβ démontre la formation d’agrégats dont le degré d’assemblage augmente au cours du temps. Nous avons montré que les agrégats identifiés comme étant des oligomères adoptent une structure en feuillets β antiparallèles. Tandis que l’interconversion de la structure β d’antiparallèle à parallèle conduit à la formation de fibrilles. Sur base de l’interprétation des spectres infrarouges analysés par corrélation à 2 dimensions, nous suggérons que ce changement de conformation est rendu possible grâce aux modifications des liens hydrogènes. En effet, les liens hydrogènes intramoléculaires qui stabilisent la structure antiparallèle des brins β disparaissent en faveur de liens intermoléculaires conduisant à la formation de feuillets β parallèles. De plus, ce changement de conformation requière la rotation des brins β le long de leur axe respectif.
Notre travail a pu mettre en avant le rôle central des oligomères dans la pathologie d’une part par leur rôle d’intermédiaires transitoires nécessaires et obligatoires à la formation des fibrilles mais également par la relation étroite qui existe entre leur structure en feuillets β antiparallèles et leur toxicité cellulaire. La modulation et/ou suppression de cette conformation est requise spécifiquement pour réguler leur toxicité et empêcher le processus de mauvais reploiement du peptide conduisant au développement de la maladie.
Enfin, nous avons également apporté de nouvelles informations concernant l’implication des membranes biologiques dans le mécanisme de toxicité des oligomères. Nos résultats démontrent que l’interaction du peptide avec un modèle de la membrane biologique ne conduit pas à la déstabilisation de cette dernière. L’hypothèse suggérant la formation de pores et/ou de canaux ioniques comme mécanisme de cytotoxicité est de facto réfutée par notre travail. Néanmoins, nous suggérons que l’interaction du peptide avec les lipides modifie le processus d’agrégation décrit dans la première partie de notre travail. Elle accélère l’étape de nucléation permettant la formation rapide d’oligomères à la surface de la membrane et accentuant ainsi leur probabilité d’interaction avec les protéines membranaires neuronales telles que les récepteurs de neurotransmetteurs./
Aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) leads to formation of heterogeneous
toxic species, oligomers and fibrils, implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. As oligomers were
identified as the most cytotoxic entities, our research did focus on their implications in
pathology and the Aβ aggregation process which are currently not fully understood.
Using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that Aβ oligomers adopt an antiparallel β-
sheet structure. β-sheet interconversion from antiparallel to parallel seems to be an important
step in the Aβ oligomers-to-fibrils transformation. Furthermore, 2-D correlation analysis of
infrared spectra recorded during aggregation showed that Aβ isoforms undergo different β-
sheet reorganizations explaining their distinct aggregation kinetics. Aβ1-40 misfolding seems
to be related to a greater extent of secondary structure changes (increase of β-sheet structure
while α-helices and random coil structures content decrease). On the contrary, the same
analysis for Aβ1-42 suggests that a possible β-strand ‘rotation’ triggering inter-H bonding
formation and stabilizing fibrils may probably explain the antiparallel to parallel β-sheet
conversion.
We also provided evidence that cytotoxicity is strongly related to the oligomeric antiparallel
β-sheet structure of Aβ. The concomitant absence of antiparallel β-sheet structure due to
incubation with whey protein-derived peptide hydrolysate strongly suggests that cytotoxicity
and β-sheets organization are related.
Formation of β-barrel spanning the lipid membrane has been proposed to explain this Aβ
structure-toxicity relationship. In the last part of our work, we demonstrated that the
interaction of Aβ1-42 with anionic lipid membranes creates and/or stabilizes specific-size
oligomers. These oligomers, especially the dodecamer, are known to be the most toxic.
Nevertheless, we could not show that these specific oligomers are implicated in membrane
destabilization. Further works are needed to separate and study the individual properties of
each oligomer.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Araujo, de Abreu Paula. "Role of p53 in muscle wasting." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ065/document.
Full textMuscle atrophy in cachexia results from the imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation due to activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Literature suggests that p53 family members play a role in controlling proliferation, differentiation and death of precursors and muscle fibers. Here we characterize the expression profile of the p53 family members in muscle atrophy in ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and in doxorubicin induced cachexia model. We revealed an increased expression of the p53 family members and atrogenes in a correlated manner on both models and a transcriptional activation of Trim63 by p53, p63 and p73. Importantly, we also show that ROS and ceramide accumulation are important for Trim63 induction by doxorubicin. In addition, we tested whether compounds of tocopherol harboring antioxidant activity might reduce muscle atrophy. We showed that this compound counteracts the induction of the Notch pathway, important to muscle development and regeneration
Jouhault, Quentin. "Modulation de la balance Th17/Treg par l’IL-27 et ICOS dans un modèle animal de Spondyloarthrite." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV008/document.
Full textSpondyloarthritis (SpA) is a frequent chronic rheumatic inflammatory disorder with a prevalence of 0.43% in France and closely associated to HLA-B27. To date, there is no curative treatment and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this pathology remain elusive. To better understand these mechanisms, we studied two crucial cell populations, dendritic cells (DC) and CD4+ T cells in rats transgenic for HLA-B27 and human β2 microglobulin (B27 rats) which spontaneously develop a phenotype closely resembling human spndyloarthritis. Previous studies demonstrated that accumulation of pathogenic IL-17 producing T cells (Th17 cells) and several function defects of DCs are correlated with SpA development in B27 rats.First, we focused on regulatory T cells, whose role is to prevent the establishment of pathogenic immune responses. We discovered that Treg from B27 rats have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. They overexpress IL-17 and underexpress anti-inflammatory IL-10, linked to ICOS overexpression. Furthermore, B27 rats knock-out for ICOS (B27 ICOS KO rats) have reduced severity of clinical symptoms compared to B27 ICOS WT rats. This protective effect is correlated with a reduced proportion of Th17 cells. These results highlight the crucial role of ICOS in rat SpA physiopathology.In the second part of this work we studied the consequences of IL-27 underexpression by B27 DC, a cytokine known to inhibit Th17 development. Addition of exogenous IL-27 reduces IL-17 and increases IL-10 productions by differentiated T cells (Teff and Treg) and by naive T cells polarized in vitro. Interestingly, IL-27 also reduces IL-17 production by circulating CD4+ T cells isolated from blood of SpA patients.This work demonstrate for the first time the key role of IL-27 and ICOS in the control of inflammation in B27 rats and highly suggest that these molecules may be new promising therapeutic targets in SpA
Jaeg, Tiphaine. "Exploring the mitochondrial function in muscle and molecular dysregulation in cerebellum in a mouse model for ARCA2, a recessive ataxia with coenzyme Q10 deficiency." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ082/document.
Full textARCA2, a rare form of recessive ataxia, is characterized by early onset progressive ataxia, cerebellar atrophy and a mild Coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Most of the patients show additional neurological signs such as epilepsy and exercise intolerance. Mutations in the COQ8A gene lead to ARCA2. COQ8A is suggested as being an unorthodox protein kinase like, with a regulatory role in CoQ biosynthesis, in mammals. To better understand ARCA2, a constitutive Coq8a knock-out (KO) mouse model was generated, which recapitulates most of the patient’s symptoms. Here we report the use of cellular models and the affected tissues to uncover the molecular signature of COQ8A loss and CoQ deficit. Despite CoQ deficit in the muscle, no mitochondrial bioenergetics defect was uncovered. In parallel, we have identified, by RT-qPCR, a key set of genes that are dysregulated in cerebellum, very early on in the pathology. We are currently investigating these pathways to uncover the link with COQ8A function. Altogether, our experiments will shed light on the early molecular events that lead to ARCA2 and may help draw a link between COQ8A function, CoQ pools and the symptoms observed in patients
Qureshi, Abdul Wahid. "Les microvésicules splénocytaires effecteurs de la sénescence endothéliale : impact de l'âge et protection par apport nutritionnel d'une formule optimisée d'acides gras poly-insaturés eicosapentaénoïque et docosahexaénoïque, EPA/DHA 6/1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ077.
Full textAgeing is associated with progressive endothelial senescence favoring endothelial and vascular dysfunction, often associated with cardiovascular diseases. We investigated in young, middle-aged and old rats (Y, MA, O) the impact of ageing on the shedding of spleen-derived leukocytes microvesicles (SMVs) and measured their pro-senescent effects in porcine primary coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Oxidative stress accumulates in spleen tissue and SMVs shedding increases with age. SMVs from MA, O but not Y rats induced premature endothelial senescence, with increased Senescence-Associated-β-galactosidase activity and up-regulated p53, p21, p16. SMVs shifted ECs towards a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherothrombotic phenotype with increased endothelial oxidative stress and down-regulated eNOS. Short-term intake of omega-3 EPA:DHA 6:1 but not EPA:DHA 1:1 reduced age-related oxidative stress and SMVs shedding in MA and O spleen tissues, and abolished SMVs-induced premature endothelial senescence in MA, most probably by reducing oxidative stress and preventing the activation of the local angiotensin system
Carnesecchi, Stéphanie. "Chimioprévention des cancers intestinaux par le géraniol,un monoterpène microconstituant des fruits et plantes aromatiques : Aspects moléculaire, cellulaire et physiopathologique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13137.
Full textOurs studies have shown that geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene found in vegetal essential oil, caused inhibition of human colonic cancer cells (Caco-2) growth (Carnesecchi, 2001). Ours results have shown that geraniol induced membrane depolarization. This membrane perturbation lead to Protein Kinase C inhibition and inhibition of ERK 1&2 phosphorylation (Carnesecchi, 2002). Geraniol induced inhibition of ADN synthesis. Nor apoptosis, nor cytotoxicity has been detected. Then, changes in membrane permeability and cellular effects of geraniol could explain antiproliferative effect of geraniol. It has been shown that Caco-2 cells, at confluency, expressed characteristics of enterocytes differentiation. The presence of these cells could explain the increased resistance of colonic tumors to chemotherapeutic agents (Lesuffleur, 1998). Ours studies have shown that geraniol blocked Caco-2 cell differentiation. Combination of geraniol and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was tested on differentiated Caco-2 cells. These results have shown that geraniol sensitized Caco-2 cells to 5-FU treatment, by increasing its antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects. These effects result from facilitate entry of 5-FU (Carnesecchi, 2001). The effects of geraniol and 5-FU were also evaluated in vivo on the growth of 5-FU-resistant human colonic tumour cells (TC-118) transplanted in Swiss nu/nu mice. The combined intraperitoneal administration of 5-FU (20 mg/kg/day) and geraniol (150 mg/kg/day) caused a 53% reduction of the tumour volume after 7 days compared to a reduction of 26% with geraniol alone. 5-FU alone had no effect on the development of the tumour. We conclude that the combined administration of geraniol and 5-FU sensitizes human colonic tumours to 5-FU treatment. This combination appears as promising approach for optimizing colorectal cancer chemotherapy
Altamimy, Raed Adill Hannon. "Interactions between coronary artery endothelial cells and leukocyte MPs shed in response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide : in-vitro and ex-vivo studies of the impact of vascular ageing and of high glucose." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ024/document.
Full textMicroparticles (MP) are plasma membrane vesicles shed from stimulated cells. We investigated whether leukocyte MP extracted from rat spleen are reliable markers of aging and effectors of high glucose (HG)-induced endothelial senescence and dysfunction. Data indicate that ageing enhances MP shedding from spleen cells of middle-age and aged rats and raises MP release in response to LPS, or to PMA and ionophore A23187. Of note, MP from aged but not young rats induced senescence of porcine coronary artery primary endothelial cells. In young rats, MPLPS, MPPMA/I but not from resting cells (MPCTL) reduced the endothelial-dependent relaxation of coronary artery rings (CAR) in response to bradykinin with down-regulation of eNOS, up-regulation of COX-2, ICAM-1, VCAM-1. HG enhanced early and late MP release from spleen cells. Prolonged exposure to HG potentiated endothelial dysfunction in CAR and altered vasoconstriction in response to U46619l in a SGLT1/2 and EDHF dependent manner
Lotz-Tavernier, Caroline. "Rôle des altérations transcriptionnelles et épigénétiques dans les déficits comportementaux de la maladie de Huntington." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ099.
Full textHuntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric troubles, associated to transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulations, preferentially in the striatum. The causal relationship between these molecular dysfunctions and behavioral deficits is still poorly understood and its characterization is the objective of my thesis. We observed a progressive striatum-dependent procedural memory deficit in the R6/1 HD mouse, which is partially compensated by hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Moreover, our transcriptomic data show that the cognitive deficit of R6/1 mice is correlated to altered striatal transcriptional regulations induced by procedural learning. Particularly, the expression of immediate early genes involved in neuronal plasticity is impaired. To improve these alterations, R6/1 mice were treated with a histone acetyltransferase activator. We observed a partial improvement of the procedural memory deficit of R6/1 mice. Surprisingly, this treatment induces transcriptomics and epigenetics changes, more particularly in the glial cells, and it improves cholesterol metabolism. Thus, our analyzes allows precisly, for the first time, to describe the relationship between the epigenetic, transcriptional and behavioral alterations in HD
Beck, Marine. "Implication et mode d'action de la cadhérine atypique MUCDHL dans la tumorigenèse intestinale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ033.
Full textThe alteration of mechanisms involved in intestinal homeostasis leads to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In France, CRC is the second leading cause of cancer mortality, and it is therefore necessary to improve our knowledge to treat it better. The objective of this project was to understand more precisely mechanisms involved in intestinal homeostasis through the atypical Cadherin MUCDHL whose expression seems decreased in CRC. However, the consequences of this loss, as well as the mode of action and the molecular relays of MUCDHL were largely unknown. Thus, the study of a large cohort of patients and of a murine model confirmed that the loss of MUCDHL enhances intestinal tumorigenesis. In addition, the functional characterization of the interaction between MUCDHL and β-catenin showed that the mode of action of MUCDHL is more complex than a simple membrane sequestration of β-catenin involving different signaling pathways. Finally, new interactants of MUCDHL were identified. The results obtained through this work show, for the first time, the tumor suppressor role of MUCDHL in the colon, and provide informations about its regulation and mode of action
Cherfan, Julien. "La décorine : un nouveau composant de la communication entre les muscles squelettiques et les cellules β pancréatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ066.
Full textType 2 diabetes is a chronic pathology that is increasing rapidly around the world. An over-rich diet combined with a sedentary lifestyle leads to hyperglycemia over time. The increase in body mass of these subjects induces chronic inflammation. This phenomenon ultimately disrupts the physiology of the pancreatic β cell by causing the loss of its insulin secretoryfunction and reducing the pancreatic islet mass, leading to insulin-dependent, last stage of ype 2 diabetes. The "cross-talk" wich is a complex phenomenon exploring the interaction ofdifferent organs through chemical messengers, is disrupted in the pathophysiology of type 2diabetes. In this context, the muscle is able to provide responses through myokine secretions. This study focuses on one myokine in particular, Decorine, secreted mainly bytriceps and having promising characteristics in the protection of the β cell against the deleterious inflammatory phenomena present in type 2 diabetes. We have demonstrated the potentiating role of Decorin on the functionality of the β cell in rats and humans. We have also demonstrated that Décorin has a protective role in an inflammatory context modeled by TNF-α. This work, constituting the first study on the beneficial role of Decorinon cell β, highlights its therapeutic interest in a pharmacological management strategy fortype 2 diabetes
Louvrier, Camille. "Physiopathologie des maladies auto-inflammatoires d’expression cutanée : aspects moléculaires et cellulaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS579.
Full textMonogenic auto-inflammatory diseases (AIDs) are rare diseases characterized by recurrent fevers associated with systemic inflammation. The aim of this work was to identify new diagnostic markers of AIDs and to expand the physiopathological knowledge of these diseases. The first part of this work concerned the study of germline and somatic mosaic mutations of NLRP3, a gene already involved in AIDs. A re-assessment of all the reported NLRP3 mutations in AID patients as well as an in-depth study of five new patients allowed characterizing the specificities of mosaic mutations compared to germline mutations. The second part of this work concerned the identification of a new gene of AID. A genetic approach was conducted in a large family comprising several subjects with chronic urticaria and identified a novel AID gene. Functional assays detected abnormal distribution of the mutated protein in the cytoplasm of the cell, relative to the wild-type protein. A proteomic study associated with an immunoprecipitation of the newly identified protein was performed and identified several protein interactors. Among them, some of which are implicated in innate immunity. This work allowed to better understanding the physiopathology AIDs of skin expression, with the characterization of mosaic mutations of a gene already involved, and the identification of a new AID gene, a diagnostic marker particularly useful in this group of affections
Lee, Hyunho. "Activation de la voie du monoxyde d’azote dans les cellules endothéliales par les anthocyanes du cassis : caractérisation des molécules actives et rôle des co-transporteurs sodium-glucose 1 et 2." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ120/document.
Full textSince last few decades, considerable data have been suggested that the protective effect of anthocyanin on cardiovascular system is likely to involve an improvement of endothelial function by increase nitric oxide (NO) formation. However, comprehensive studies on the subsequent mechanisms of protective effect by anthocyanin intracellular transportation in vascular endothelial cell is poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the possibility that SGLT1 and 2, the two major sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT), contribute to blackcurrant anthocyanins and its major glucoside- and rutinoside-conjugated anthocyanins uptake into endothelial cells that promoting the subsequent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway using isolated blood vessels and cultured endothelial cells. An anthocyanin rich blackcurrant extract (BCE) induced NO-mediated endothelium dependent relaxation in porcine coronary artery rings and activated Akt-eNOS signaling pathway in cultured endothelial cell. Furthermore, additional experiments suggested that such a protective effect of anthocyanin is based on the type of glucoside in anthocyanin structure and contribution of SGLTs for the intracellular transportation of anthocyanins. An ability of anthocyanin against endothelial dysfunction is highly potentiated in the endothelial cell replicative senescence model by the increase anthocyanin efflux according to the high expression of SGLTs. Altogether, the present findings indicate that blackcurrant anthocyanins are potent activator of the endothelial NO pathway in native and cultured endothelial cells. Among blackcurrant anthocyanins, glucose derivatives such as cyanidin and delphinidin -3-O-glucoside are the most potent anthocyanins for activation of NO pathway. In conclusion, anthocyanin can be more prominent by preferentially targeting an early stage of atherosclerotic site by their increase expression of SGLT1 and 2
Jesel-Morel, Laurence. "Sénescence, remodelage tissulaire et membranaire, risque thrombotique au cours de la fibrillation auriculaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ051/document.
Full textOur data evidence that during atrial fibrillation (AF), microparticles (MP) contribute to an enhanced hypercoagulable and pro-inflammatory state. Similar concentrations of MP measured in left and right atria of AF patients highlight the absence of chamber-specific enhanced thrombogenic status. During AF ablation procedures, MP concentrations progress in parallel with cell and platelet activation. We also showed that AF progression is strongly related to human atrial senescence burden pointing toward a possible network that links in human atrium, senescence burden, endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenicity and atrial remodeling. We also developed a model of left atrium endothelial cell replicative senescence providing compelling evidences indicating that atrial endothelial senescence promotes thrombogenicity, inflammation and proteolysis. These data underline the major role of renin-angiotensin system in endothelial atrial cell senescence
Bourgoin, Frédéric. "La contribution du stress oxydatif et de médiateurs inflammatoires dans les complications vasculaires, métaboliques et moléculaires induites chez le rat soumis à une alimentation riche en gras et en sucre, un modèle de résistance à l'insuline." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29180/29180.pdf.
Full textVisceral obesity has been identified as the main cardiovascular disease risk factor that contributes to insulin resistance. Bad eating habits and sedentary lifestyle can contribute to obesity, but can also affect independently and unfavourably the metabolic and vascular insulin actions. The aim of this research project was to determine the impact of a high fat high sucrose diet (HFHS) on endothelial function as well as the establishment of an oxidative stress and inflammatory response in an animal model of dietary-acquired insulin resistance and obesity. Precisely, the objective of chapter 2 was to develop a new animal experimental model, the rat fed with a diet rich in saturated fat and refined sugar, representative of the high-energy diets frequently consumed by a large percentage of North American. The aim of chapter 3 was to determine the effects of a preventive treatment with an antioxidant, tempol, on endothelial function as well as glucoregulatory and hemodynamic actions of insulin in this animal model. The objective of chapter 4 was to study the effects of HFHS diet and tempol on the expression and activity of markers of insulin signalling pathways, oxidative stress and inflammation. We noted that the HFHS diet altered the endothelium-dependent vasodilation, decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport and insulin sensitivity as well as reduced expression and activation of many insulin signalling pathway proteins. We also identified oxidative stress or inflammatory markers that could contribute to endothelial function degradation and take part in vascular and metabolic complications induced by the HFHS diet, in the rat. We demonstrated that many of those alterations could be avoided, attenuated or prevented by an early intervention aimed at controlling oxidative stress. This research project provided a better understanding of the implication and the link between endothelial NO and the oxidative stress as well as the inflammation induced by a HFHS diet, in an animal model of diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity.