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1
Milner, David. "Physiotherapy students' knowledge of the diagnosis, assessment and management of concussion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3021.
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Twizere, Janvier. "Epidemiology of soccer injuries in Rwanda: A need for physiotherapy intervention." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Being involved in soccer in Rwanda at both national and international level exposes soccer players to the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to identify common soccer injuries among the 1st and 2nd division soccer teams in Rwanda and to establish the need for physiotherapy intervention. This deals with the first two stages of injury prevention, which included identification and description of the extent of the problem and the identification of factors and mechanisms that play a part in the occurrence of injuries.
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Jakoet, Rashaad. "A cross sectional study to determine whether there are central nervous system changes in football players who have sustained recurrent lateral ankle injuries using the laterality judgement task, two point discrimination test and limb perception testing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20375.
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Background: A chronic ankle sprain injury is a condition that affects professional, amateur and social football players globally. Despite a large amount of research into the medical management of this condition, it remains one of the most frequently experienced injuries in professional football. A previous ankle sprain is a recognised risk factor for future lateral ankle sprain injury. No previous study has investigated the effects of chronic lateral ankle sprains on the cortical representation of the ankle in the brain. Aim: To determine if there are any changes in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices of football players who have a history of recurrent ankle sprain injuries Methods: 25 professional male football players (13 previously injured, 12 noninjured) with an average age of 24.9y (+/- 4.49y) from a national first division club were recruited for the study. . All players included in the study completed an informed consent form before participation in the study and were declared fit to play by the clubs medical staff. Player demographics and training history were collected by means of a questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurements being taken. Tests used in the assessment of complex regional pain syndrome (Laterality Judgement Task recognition, two point discrimination and limb perception drawing) were used to assess for cortical representation changes in both limbs of injured players and uninjured players.
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Rösemann, Christel. "The effect of high intensity training on the angle-torque relationship of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles in a group of well-trained cyclists." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2993.
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Lombard, Rene Naylor. "Preseason risk factors associated with hamstring injuries in club rugby players." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3018.
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Buchholtz, Kim. "An evaluation of gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in endurance runners and low physical activity individuals." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3005.
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Distance running has become increasingly popular in recreational runners. The gastrocnemius is the main muscle used for propulsion in running, and may be at risk for injury due to its morphology. In previous studies, changes in the morphology and architecture of the gastrocnemius muscle have been evident following training, but it is unclear whether these changes are related to training or youth. Previous studies of runners have shown a decrease in gastrocnemius and soleus flexibility, as well as changes in the fascicle length and pennation angle. Gastrocnemius volume has not been compared in low physical activity and active participants. Physiological cross sectional area, based on volume and fascicle length measurements may also provide valuable information about the muscle’s ability to produce force. Ultrasound may be a useful tool in assessing potential training adaptations in the morphology and architecture of the gastrocnemius muscle. The aim of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to assess the differences in architecture and function of the gastrocnemius in endurance runners compared to low physical activity participants. (a) To assess differences in calf function and flexibility between endurance runners and low physical activity individuals, and between male and female participants; (b) To determine differences in gastrocnemius muscle architecture and composition between endurance runners versus low physical activity individuals, and between males and females; and (c) To determine whether there are any relationships between training factors and the structure and function of the gastrocnemius muscle. Thirty participants between 20 and 45 years old were recruited for this study and allocated to groups based on their level of physical activity. The low physical activity group (n = 14) were not participating in any regular physical activity, while the endurance running group (n = 16) were running a minimum of 40 km.wk-1, and had participated in at least one full marathon (42.2 km) in the previous six months. All participants completed informed consent, a physical activity and training questionnaire, and a Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) at the first session. The first session also included body composition measurements; ultrasound imaging to measure gastrocnemius length, thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle and volume; and familiarisation with all physical tests. Physical tests were conducted in the second session, including gastrocnemius and soleus flexibility, calf raise endurance and vertical jump height to assess the function of the components of the triceps surae. There were no significant differences between low physical activity and running groups for gastrocnemius thickness, fascicle length, pennation angle and gastrocnemius length. Gastrocnemius volume (p = 0.02) and physiological cross sectional area (p = 0.01) were significantly greater in the running group compared to the low physical activity group. There were no significant differences between low physical activity and running groups in flexibility or vertical jump height, although male participants had significantly decreased gastrocnemius muscle flexibility (p = 0.046) and significantly greater vertical jump heights (p = 0.01) than females. Calf raise endurance was significantly greater in the running group than in the low physical activity group (p = 0.03). Endurance running leads to specific adaptations in participants in both structure and function. While ultrasound appears to be a reliable measure for assessing architectural components of the gastrocnemius muscle in both active and inactive populations, further cadaver studies may provide valuable information on muscle architecture.
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Spijkerman, Ronel. "Accuracy of the prediction of Ironman performance : relationship to training history, muscle pain and relative perception of effort during, and recovery after the race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12776.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-61).With regards to swimming, cycling and running, several studies have investigated the physiological and genetic contribution of performance in athletes, different training programs and athletes' adaptation to these programs. Other studies have investigated levels of pain and relative perception of effort (RPE) and the athlete's ability to recover after endurance races... The aim of this thesis is to review the literture which discusses the background to the questions outlined above (Chapter 2), followed by a study which attempts to answer these questions (Chapter 3). The aim of the study was to establish whether the training methods in preparation for the Ironman were related to subjective pain and perception of effort during the race, and the recovery time after the race. The study was designed to establish whether there were differences in these variables between triathletes who predicted their finishing time accurately compared to those triathletes wo under-or over-predicted their performance.
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Swart, Michelle. "Difference in the prevalence of lower limb injuries in classical ballet dancers with and without lumbar-pelvic stability." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2995.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-110).The grace and ease with which a dancer entertains an audience is deceptive with respect to the sweat and tears shed to achieve such elegance of movement. Ballet demands great flexibility and strength. This is showcased as a story told through movement, full of emotion and expressed to music. As a physiotherapist on watches a ballet in absolute awe of the stresses the human body has to endure. What adaptations are necessary within the musculoskeletal system to allow such movement? Do these adaptations lead to injury?
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Beukes, Phillo. "A comparison between the effects of hamstring static stretching and active warm-up on range of motion and performance." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3002.
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Greybe, Rykie. "Risk factors for lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in novice runners: a prospective study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15523.
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The aim of this study was to identify the possible risk factors for the development of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in novice runners. The specific objectives of this study were: (a) to describe the demographic and training characteristics of novice runners; (b) to establish the incidence of self-reported running-related injuries in novice runners; (c) to determine if specific intrinsic factors, namely age, gender, body mass index, quadriceps angle, foot alignment, hamstring flexibility, balance, muscle power and a history of previous injury were risk factors for lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in novice runners; and (d) to determine if specific extrinsic factors, namely training frequency, session duration, and intensity were risk factors for developing lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in novice runners.
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Prowse, Tracy. "Intrinsic risk factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2992.
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Scorgie, Inneke. "The epidemiology of injuries in competitive adolescent swimmers attending a Johannesburg swim squad." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21381.
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Background: Swimming is a popular competitive and recreational sport performed worldwide by all generations. Although swimming is associated with many positive health benefits, swimmers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries. In particular, competitive swimmers may be at increased risk of injury, due to regular participation in demanding training regimes. Adolescent swimmers may be at increased risk of injury due to physiological and biological vulnerability associated with growth and development. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the epidemiology of injuries in competitive adolescent swimmers. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between injury incidence and potential risk factors in adolescent swimmers over a 24 - week period. Specific Objectives: (a) To describe the demographic and training characteristics of competitive adolescent swimmers; (b) to establish the incidence and nature of self - reported swimming - related injuries in competitive adolescent swimmers; (c) to determine if any specific intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors were associated with increased risk of injury in competitive adolescent swimmers. Methods: Twenty three competitive adolescent swimmers aged 12 to 18 years were recruited for the study. Swimmers attended a study information session and parents/legal guardians were emailed information sheets and informed consent forms. All participants brought signed informed consent forms from parents/legal guardians to the baseline data collection session. At baseline testing participants signed their own informed assent forms and completed the baseline questionnaire, anthropometry measurements, glenohumeral range of movement measurements, the Beighton score and glenohumeral and knee muscle strength measurements. Participants were advised on how to complete the electronic injury report and training questionnaire. A familiarisation trial - run of the survey was completed in the week following baseline testing. Formal data collection commenced two weeks after baseline testing. Participants were required to submit the injury report and training questionnaire on a weekly basis for the 24 - week study period. Results: The mean age for commencement of swimming training in both the injured and uninjured groups was approximately 7.5 years. The injured group had significantly decreased subscapularis muscle strength (p = 0.02) and significantly higher average training session distances (p = 0.04), compared to the uninjured group. Fourteen participants (60%) sustained injuries during the 24 - week study period. The injury rate was 22.4 per 1 000 athletic exposures (AE's). Sixty injuries were sustained in total; 16 were index, and 44 were recurrent injuries. The most common injury location was the knee joint (n = 20). The only factors associated with increased injury risk in this study were previous injury history (OR: 7.50; 95% CIs 1.02 - 55.00) and reduced percentage of time in breaststroke training (OR: 12.83; 95% C I s: 1.69 - 97.19). Few swimming training sessions were modified or changed due to injury, and the majority of injurie s did not receive any treatment. Conclusion The injury incidence of adolescent competitive swimmers attending a Johannesburg - based swim squad is high. In addition, the high number of recurrent injuries, the minimal adaptation of training loads in response to injury, and the low access to appropriate treatment suggest a lack of knowledge or poor practices regarding swimming - related injuries. Pre - season screening, specific to swimming, could assist in identifying weakness and potential risk factors for injury in this vulnerable age - group. Improving health literacy with education in swimmers, coaches and parents could reduce future injury incidence rates. Therefore, further research is needed regarding injury incidence, risk factors and training profiles of this population. Moreover, consensus regarding injury definitions and training loads in adolescent swimmers is needed to standardise reporting and to facilitate further research in this field.
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Benney, Tamlyn. "Differences in five kilometer time trial performance during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3001.
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Athletes require an appropriate balance between training, competition stress and recovery to achieve maximal performance. Previous studies have shown that exercise induced muscle damage has a negative influence on endurance running performance, and that these negative effects may be mediated by an increased perception of effort. There is a lack of evidence regarding the effects of ultramarathon distance races on running performance, and the optimal duration of the recovery period before returning to competitive running. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in running performance during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race. The specific objectives were: (a) to determine differences in running performance between the experimental group (runners participating in the 2011 Comrades Marathon) and a control group (distance runners not taking part in the 2011 Comrades Marathon) during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race; (b) to determine the differences in muscle pain, heart rate and perception of effort during a 5 km time trial between groups and over time before, and during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race; and (c) to determine if there were any relationships between prior experience, training history, and running performance during the recovery period following an ultramarathon race.
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Viviers, Wendy. "Paddle grip : handgrip size ratio and associated factors contributing to the development of lateral elbow tendinosis and DeQuervains tenosynovitis in K1 marathon paddlers during the 2006 Berg River Canoe Marathon." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12115.
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Aim: To determine the relationship between the paddle grip: handgrip size ratio and associated factors contributing to the development of lateral elbow tendinosis and DeQuervains tenosynovitis in K1 marathon paddlers.
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John, Robyn. "The relationship between lumber mobility and hamstring flexibility in paddlers with and without low back pain." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11588.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-72).
There is a lack of evidence regarding the mechanisms underlying and the factors contributing to lower back pain (LBP) in paddlers.The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between lumbar mobility and hamstring flexibility, which are associated with LBP, in paddlers with and without LBP. Thirty endurance paddlers participated, divided equally into a case group (all presented with paddling-associated LBP in the six months prior to testing) and a control group (none with with a history of LBP). Results showed that there were no significant differences in lumbar ROM between paddlers with and without a history of LBP. There was a significant reduction in unilateral hamstring flexibility in the case group. There was a tendency for a negative relationship between average hamstring flexibility and lumbar ROM in the case group.
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Lemke, Hanette. "The use of recovery modalities by endurance runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15605.
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Background: Overtraining and exercise-induced muscle injuries are common in endurance runners. A well-planned recovery protocol is crucial to limit fatigue and prevent injuries. There are multiple modalities available to aid the recovery process and facilitate optimal performance. However, there is limited information regarding the prevalence and pattern of use of recovery modalities in endurance runners, as well as the factors that may influence runners' decisions to use different recovery modalities. This information is important for the promotion of safe and effective use of recovery modalities and to identify potential educational requirements for athletes using recovery modalities. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the use of different recovery modalities and regimes by endurance runners following training and races. The specific objectives of the study were: (a) to obtain information on recovery modalities used by endurance runners, such as the type of modalities, frequency of use, an d use during training and races; (b) to determine the factors that influence endurance runners when selecting recovery modalities; (c) to determine the knowledge endurance runners have of the perceived effectiveness of recovery modalities; (d) to explore associations between the use of recovery modalities in endurance runners and socio-demographic factors, such as, gender, age, body mass index, monthly income, level of education and training and competition history. Methods: This study had a descriptive correlation design. Adult runners who ha d been running for at least six months in the 12-month period preceding the study, and who were training a minimum of 30 km.wk -1 were included in this study. Participants who failed to provide informed consent or did not complete the mandatory sections of the questionnaire were excluded from the study. Participants were recruited at races and by contacting South African running clubs. Participants were required to complete a self-developed questionnaire that included demographic information, training and racing history, and the self-reported use of recovery modalities. The questionnaire was validated by a panel of experts. It was available in both hard copy and electronic format. Results: The study sample consisted of 433 participants (m ales 64%; females 36%), who were mostly well-educated with a tertiary degree or diploma. More than 80% of participants were predominantly road runners. Participants in this study reported using the twelve recovery modalities regularly, with passive recovery (90%), active recovery (76%) and stretches (67%) being the most commonly used modalities. Participants used a mean of 6 ± 2 different recovery modalities. All recovery modalities were commonly used during training and races, while cryotherapy, anti-inflammatory medication, contrast therapy, heat and massage were more commonly used after injury or for the management of pain. A protein supplement was used by 60% of participants, compared to 37% of participants' who reported using carbohydrate supplements. Between 10 % and 19% of participants did not know the proposed mechanism of action of different recovery modalities. Personal experience and information from fellow runners were the two main resources that influenced participants' use of different recovery modalities. Approximately 90% of participants reported that passive recovery and massage were effective recovery modalities, while over 30% of participants thought carbohydrates, compression, vitamins and minerals were less effective in assisting recovery from training and competition. Demographic factors such as gender, age, level of education and monthly income predicted the use of carbohydrates, protein, massage, anti-inflammatory medication, active recovery and compression. Training factors associated with more experience (for example number of marathons) predicted the use of vitamins and minerals, anti-inflammatory medication, active recovery and compression. The presence of a current injury predicted the use of cryotherapy, heat and contrast therapy. Conclusion In conclusion, this study showed there is widespread use of recovery modalities among endurance runners, despite the lack of evidence for their efficacy. Unsafe and inappropriate practices were identified, which may compromise performance, but may also place endurance runners at risk of serious adverse events during both training and competition. A major challenge is the strong influence of personal experience and information from fellow runners on the choice of recovery modalities. Educational initiatives, with a focus on peer-led education, are essential to encourage the safe and effective use of recovery modalities.
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Thomas, Kathryn. "South African rugby coaches' knowledge of the prevention, identification and management of concussion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11239.
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Includes bibliographical references.The incidence of concussion injuries is high irrespective of player ability, from professional to semi-professional and schoolboy rugby players. Concussion injuries are considered difficult to diagnose, particularly in an on field environment, and are often under-reported or unrecognised. In the South African setting medical professionals are often not present at practices and matches and coaches are therefore often required to identify and manage concussed players. Previous studies have identified that the risk of concussion may be reduced through coach education and subsequent implementation of skills training and the education of players. The aim of the study is to determine South African rugby coaches’ knowledge of the prevention, identification and management of concussion.
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Feher, Richard. "The epidemiology of injuries sustained by canoeists during the 2006 Isuzu Berg River canoe marathon." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3014.
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Van, Zyl Elizabeth. "Patellofemoral pain in cyclists." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26183.
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The aim of this thesis was first to review the current literature that deals with patellofemoral pain in cyclists. The second aim was to investigate the possibility of reducing media-lateral deviation during the down stroke of cycling, by altering the biomechanics of the lower limb and, to observe the effect of this reduction on patellofemoral pain in a clinical trail. This thesis is in the format of two papers that is submitted for publication in sports medicine journals. The first paper is a review of the aetiology, biomechanics, diagnosis and management of patellofemoral pain in cyclists. The second is a research paper, titled: correcting lower limb biomechanics decreases patellofemoral pain (PFP) in cyclists.
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Van, Wyk Johan. "The relationship between training/match load and injuries in academy players during a provincial under 19 rugby union season." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16929.
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Includes bibliographical referencesBackground: The influence of professionalism has filtered down to junior levels in rugby union. The increased demands on junior professional rugby players has an impact on their fitness characteristics, training load, match load and injury profiles. Although many studies have been conducted on senior rugby union players, not much is known about junior players as they make the transition into the senior ranks. The aim of this study was to describe the training/match load during the pre-season and competitive in-season in a squad of under 19 academy rugby players and then to relate this to the injuries (contact and non-contact) sustained during the different phases of the season. A secondary aim was to measure the physical ability of the players through the season. Methods: Injury and training data from players in the Western Province under 19 Currie Cup squad (n=34) were recorded on a daily basis throughout the rugby season (42 weeks). The training load was represented by the time (minutes) spend in each activity associated with training, conditioning and match play. The players also underwent measurements of body mass, stature, body fat percentage, upper body muscular endurance (pull ups), and muscular strength (1RM bench press), sprint times (10m and 40m) and anaerobic capacity (5 meter shuttle run). All tests were conducted in January and June, which coincided with the beginning of pre-season and the beginning of the competition phase respectively. Results: Over the season 71 injuries were recorded, comprising 17 pre-season injuries, 18 pre-competition injuries and 36 competition phase injuries. There was no difference between the occurrence of contact and non-contact injuries during the different phases of the season. Although there was no significant difference between the injury rates during the different phases of the season, there was a significant difference between the injury rates in training (4.4/1000 player hours) and matches (74.1/1000 player hours). The most common body parts injured were thighs, hip/groin, ankles and shoulders, with injuries to the hand/finger and knee being the most severe. Muscles and ligaments were the structures that got injured the most. The average duration of days to return-to-play after an injury was 17 days. There were significant changes in the physical characteristics of the players in the six months between the test batteries. In addition to getting taller, players generally improved their fitness characteristics with significant improvements occurring in the bench press (8%), pull ups (113%), vertical jump (13%) and the 5 meter shuttle run (6%). Conclusion: The training load of the junior professional rugby players is similar to the load of senior professional rugby players. This represents a sudden increase compared to the previous year when the players were at school. A long-term research project with a database of rugby schools will assist in bridging the gap between the demands of junior rugby and junior professional rugby. Players joining a professional academy system after school need physical, emotional and tactical fast tracking as they are competing in a highly competitive environment for senior professional contracts. This accounts for the relatively high rate of injury throughout the season. Players need to be carefully monitored and managed during the season to detect symptoms reflecting poor adaptation to the training load.
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Oliver, Delphine. "The effect of shoulder pain on the neuromuscular activity of the scapular stabilizing muscles." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2991.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-79).Neuromuscular activity of the scapular stabilizing muscles in subjects with and and without chronic shoulder impingement syndrome. To examine differences in neuromuscular activity of the scapular stabilizing muscles in subjects with and without chronic shoulder impingement syndrome during an abduction movement of the shoulder.
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De, Villiers Elsje. "Neuromuscular control and physical performance following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a semitendinosus." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3011.
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Marsden, Mandy. "The epidemiology and risk associated with lower back pain in cyclists." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12114.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-98).
Aims of this thesis: the research reported in this thesis consists of a literature review and two research parts. In the first research part, a descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted, to investigate 1) the epidemiology and 2) the nature of LBP in cyclists, and 3) possible risk factors associated with LBP in cyclists. In the second research part, a case control study was conducted, to investigate the association between LBP in cyclists and 1) flexibility and 2) anthropometric measurements, and 3) bicycle set-up parameters.
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Beutel, Anita. "The relationship between leisure time physical activity and health-related fitness : a single-blinded study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3003.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Mature adults are at risk of an accelerated age-related reduction in physical function. Declines in aerobic power, functional strength, motor abilities, flexibility and health-related quality of life are thought to be primarily due to reduced physical activity levels with increasing age. Leisure time physical activity (LTPA) has been extensively investigated and is widely advocated for the preservation of function with ageing. However there is a lack of evidence regarding the relationship between LTPA and the individual components of health-related fitness, particularly motor abilities. It is therefore unclear what types of LTPA (endurance, neuromuscular LTPA or games) should be prescribed by health professionals for the development of health-related fitness parameters. Aim: To examine the relationship between LTPA and components of health-related fitness in healthy mature adults. Specific Objectives: (a) To describe the preferred mode(s) and weekly duration of recent LTPA in currently active male and female participants. (b) To describe the preferred mode(s) and years of participation in long term LTPA, in currently active and inactive male and female participants. (c) To determine if there were significant differences in anthropometry and selected health-related fitness components, in currently active and inactive male and female participants. (d) To determine the relationships between recent participation in different types of LTPA (endurance, neuromuscular or games) and total weekly duration of LTPA; and anthropometry and selected components of health related fitness in currently active male and female participants. (e) To determine the relationships between former participation in different types of LTPA (endurance, neuromuscular or games) and years of LTPA participation; and anthropometry and selected components of health-related fitness in currently active and inactive male and female participants. Methods: This study had a descriptive, correlational design. Healthy adults aged between 40 and 60 who either participated in regular LTPA or no LTPA, were recruited for the study. Participants were excluded if they had any acute or chronic injuries; or used any medication that altered heart rate or physical function. Fifty six healthy mature adults between the ages of 40 and 58 years participated in this study. Twenty nine had participated in at least 30 minutes of LTPA, three times per week in the last three months (active group); and twenty seven had not participated in LTPA in the last three months (inactive group). Data were collected in two sessions. In session one, participants gave written informed consent; completed a physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q) to screen for safe exercise participation; and completed health-related quality of life and LTPA questionnaires. Body composition measurements were also performed. In session two, participants completed a battery of physical tests conducted by a blinded assessor, including: cardiorespiratory fitness (2 km walk test); static and dynamic balance (standing on one leg, tandem walking backwards); agility (Illinois agility test); co-ordination (timed bouncing of a ball along a wall from a fixed distance); upper limb function (modified push-up test); lower limb function (vertical jump test); back muscle endurance (static back extension test); and flexibility (sit-and-reach test).Results: Recently active participants had significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.04), body fat percentage (p = 0.003) and sum of seven skinfold (p = 0.004) measurements, compared to inactive participants. In addition, active participants scored significantly better in the tests for cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.0004) and upper limb function (p = 0.01) than inactive participants. Active females had significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.0002) and agility (p = 0.0004) compared to inactive females. Of the health-related fitness components, only cardiorespiratory fitness and back muscle endurance were related to recent LTPA participation. Motor abilities such as agility and dynamic balance, upper- and lower limb function were associated with long term rather than recent LTPA, particularly with long term endurance, games and years of long term LTPA participation. Discussion and conclusion: Active participants had significantly improved body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and upper limb function compared to inactive participants in this study. These results support previous research suggesting that regular participation in LTPA may help to slow the age-associated decline in physical function. However no significant differences were found in motor abilities between recently active and inactive participants, and no significant relationships were found between recent LTPA participation and motor abilities. Based on the findings in this study, long term LTPA and participation in games are advised for the development of motor abilities and functional strength, in healthy mature adults. As this study sample reported mainly endurance LTPA recently and on the long term, future research should aim to explore the independent contributions of different types of LTPA (endurance, neuromuscular or games) on aspects of health related fitness. Such information may be very useful clinically to improve the accuracy of exercise prescription. There is also a need to further evaluate the relationship between long-term LTPA and health-related fitness in a larger sample of mature adults.
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Lewis, Grant. "Incidence, prevalence and aetiology of chronic exercise induced lower back pain in runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26924.
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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) in the running population and any initiating or aggravating factors. The aetiology of low back pain in runners was also investigated. A random sample population of 225 roadrunners were interviewed following the completion of six local road races. A further subgroup (n = 52) (LBP group as well as control group) of these runners was evaluated to determine if there were any biomechanical; muscle strength, flexibility and stability measures; as well as any training protocols which were more commonly associated in those runners who complained of LBP. Questionnaires were completed by 225 runners and a detailed clinical evaluation was performed to identify the incidence and aetiology of running-related lower back pain. Attention was focussed on the lumbar-pelvic muscles in terms of their flexibility, strength and coordinating ability as well as static biomechanical measures of the lower limb. LBP in runners was found to be common with an injury risk of 1.42 injuries per 1000 running hours. This running-related LBP seldom forced the athlete to stop running yet did affect running performance. It was associated with any increase in the running load. Hip flexor inflexibility on the left (p = 0.07); short hip adductor muscle length (p = 0.055), hamstring inflexibility (p = 0.09) and iliotibial band inflexibility (p = 0.036) on the right were found to be more common in the LBP group. The abdominal muscles were weaker in the LBP group when assessed in the trunk curl-up test (p = 0.0085) and the stabilising ability (p = 0.032) for this group was judged to be poor. Biomechanically, only a marginal difference was found between those with and without LBP (p = 0.077) with regard to the hindfoot and forefoot postures which were valgus and varus respectively for the lower back pain group. Lumbar intervertebral joints were mostly hypomobile (p = 0.004) in the LBP group. Adherence to a poor training regime (excessive running distances and frequencies) was associated with the LBP group. Attention to correct training patterns and adequate muscle control (strength, coordination and flexibility) is suggested to protect from this running-related LBP. Further research into a comparison of rehabilitation protocols is required to validate these findings.
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Millson, Helen. "Bone stress injuries in the lower back of cricket fast bowlers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3020.
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Garnett, Daniel. "The relationship between reported coaching behaviours and learning resources on youth rugby players' attitudes towards injury prevention and performance in the tackle." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29662.
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Background: Involvement in sports has numerous well-documented physiological and psychological benefits but also carries a risk of injury. Due to the contact nature of Rugby, involvement in the game carries a greater risk of injury compared to other sports. The tackle phase of the game has resulted in the most number of injuries in all levels of the game. Coaches are key elements in developing players and implementing injury prevention programmes. Certain coach behaviours may influence a player’s attitude, in turn the player’s behaviours, when implementing tackle techniques during training sessions and matches. Player behaviour has previously been identified as a risk factor for sustaining, or causing, an injury during a tackle. Objective: To examine the relationship between reported coaching behaviours and learning resources on players’ attitudes and behaviours towards injury prevention and performance in the rugby tackle. Methods: This cross-sectional survey used a questionnaire comprising a 5-point Likert scale to assess junior rugby players’ (n=164) attitudes (importance) and behaviours (frequency and quantity). The main outcome measurements were the relationships between reported tackle coaching methods and the players' tackle training attitudes and behaviours using the χ² test and Cramer's V. Results: Player-rated importance of injury prevention was positively correlated with verbal instruction from the coach to the individual player (29% somewhat important - very important, χ² (16)=30.41, p<0.05, Cramer's V=0.22, moderate) and to the entire team (34% somewhat important-very important, χ² (16)=34.05, p<0.01, Cramer's V=0.23, moderate). The more time spent by the coaches on teaching proper techniques to prevent injuries, the higher players rated the importance of injury prevention (28% somewhat important-very important, χ² (16)=29.13, p<0.05, Cramer's V=0.21, moderate). Training books as a learning resource was positively associated with how important players rated tackle injury prevention (27% somewhat important-very important/much-very much, χ² (16)=28.67, p<0.05, Cramer’s V=0.21, moderate) and performance (32% somewhat important-very important/much-very much, χ² (16)=27.22, p<0.05, Cramer’s V=0.21, moderate). Training videos, as a learning resource, was also positively associated with the importance of tackle performance (32% somewhat important-very important/much-very much, χ² (16)=27.22, p<0.05, Cramer’s V=0.21, moderate) but not injury prevention (39% somewhat important-very important/much-very much, χ² (16)=21.50, p<0.05, Cramer’s V=0.18, weak) Conclusions: This research reports on the association between reported coaching behaviours and learning resources on players’ attitudes and behaviours towards injury prevention and performance in the tackle in rugby. Reported coaching behaviours, which incorporated individual and team verbal instructions when teaching tackle techniques to prevent injuries, resulted in more risk adverse player attitudes towards injury prevention when performing the tackle skill in training and matches. When the goal was to improve tackle performance, more importance is given to training proper technique in the tackle when compared to the goal of preventing injury. Players identified training videos and training books as the most preferential learning resources for improving tackle performance. Training books were also identified as an important learning resource with regards to tackle-related injury prevention attitudes and should be explored further.
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Holroyd, Wayne. "The effect of simultaneous application of contrast temperature therapy and intermittent compression on recovery following exercise induced muscle damage." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11439.
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Objective: To determine the effects of the simultaneous application of contrast temperature therapy with intermittent compression as a recovery strategy for the quadriceps muscle following exercise induced muscle damage in moderately active adult males.
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Vadachalan, Timothy. "The effect of a hamstring contract-relax-agonist-contract intervention on sprint and agility performance in moderately active males." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14313.
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Background: The demands of modern day sport require athletes to reach their optimal sporting performance. Flexibility is an important component of exercise performance. The high incidence of hamstring strain injuries in various sporting codes has been linked to reduced hamstring flexibility. Stretching has been used as the primary method to improve or maintain flexibility as a prophylactic prevention of muscle strains in many sporting codes. While a variety of stretching techniques exist, contract-relax-agonist-contract (CRAC) stretching, a type of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, appears to induce greater flexibility improvements than other forms of stretching. However, the effectiveness of this stretch as a method of enhancing agility and sprint performance, as functional measures of athletic performance, has yet to be determined. Objective: To determine the effect of hamstring contract-relax-agonist-contract stretch on flexibility, agility and sprint performance as functional measures of muscle performance in moderately active adult males. Methods: Forty healthy male volunteers between the ages of 21 and 35 years, who performed between three and five hours of physical activity per week were recruited for this study, which had a true experimental design. Participants provided written informed consent, and completed medical- and exercise-related questionnaires. Body mass, stature and body mass index were measured. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which received the CRAC intervention, or the control group, which did not receive CRAC intervention. Participants attended a total of three testing sessions. During the first session, hamstring flexibility and sprint and agility times were measured. In the second session, pre- and post-CRAC hamstring flexibility was measured and the best of twotimed trials was recorded for the sprint and agility tests. During the final testing session, pre-CRAC hamstring flexibility was recorded and following a standardised warm-up, post-CRAC hamstring flexibility was measured at specifically timed intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 15, and 20 min) on a randomly selected leg (referred to as the "thixotropy" leg). The hamstring flexibility of the opposite leg (the "control" leg) was measured at 0 and 20 min only. A standardised warm-up was performed prior to the hamstring CRAC stretch in all testing sessions. During testing sessions, participants in the control group were asked to rest in supine lying for 6 min, which was equivalent to the time taken to perform the CRAC stretch for participants in the experimental group following the warm-up. Results: There was a significant difference between groups in body mass (p = 0.02), with participants in the experimental group (n = 20) having a significantly higher body mass, compared to participants in the control group (n = 20). There were no significant differences between groups for any other descriptive variables. There was a significant increased percentage change in hamstring flexibility of the experimental group, compared to the control group (p <.001). No significant differences were found in the percentage of change of agility, best 10 m or best 25 m sprint times between groups. There was a significant difference between groups with repeated flexibility measurements conducted over regularly timed intervals (F(7, 266) = 38.95; p <.001). Hamstring flexibility remained significantly increased for the duration of 8 min in the experimental group post-CRAC stretch, compared to the control group (p <.001). There were no significant differences between the knee extension angles of the "thixotropic" and "control" leg in the experimental and control groups at the 20 minute interval when compared to baseline knee extension angles within each group. Conclusion: Hamstring flexibility was significantly increased for up to 8 min following the CRAC stretch. However, the CRAC stretch was ineffective in enhancing agility and sprint performance. The need for further research into the use of CRAC stretching as a method of functional performance enhancement was highlighted. There should be a standardised protocol of CRAC application, and future studies should determine the effects of chronic stretch adaptations following regular, longterm hamstring CRAC application on measures of exercise performance. This study showed that CRAC is an effective, time-efficient method of stretching that does not have a detrimental effect on exercise performance.
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Govender, Ugendrie. "South African physiotherapists' knowledge of the prevention, diagnosis and management of sports-related conccussion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3016.
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Ferguson, Kerry Jean. "The epidemiology of injury and risk factors associated with injury in first league field hockey players." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26984.
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This study investigated the epidemiology of injury in a population of first league field hockey players during a playing season, establishing the true incidence (injuries/ 1000 hours) of injury, as well as the risk factors associated with field hockey injuries. Both the epidemiology of field hockey injuries, and associated risk factors, have not been well investigated on an international level, and no data on Southern African players have been published. A study population of 222 first league hockey players (males n= 111, females n= 111) from one particular region were followed over the duration of a hockey season (7 months). A preseason player profile questionnaire established player characteristics and training methods. A pre-season fitness assessment recorded the flexibility (sit and reach test), muscle power (standing broad jump), speed (40 m sprint) and endurance capacities (double winder) of all the players. Male players performed significantly better in the muscle power (p=0.0001), speed (p=0.0001) and muscle endurance (p=0.0001) tests compared to female players. However, female players recorded significantly better flexibility results (p=0.012) compared with male players. Player position influenced the results of the pre-season fitness assessment. Attacking players (strikers, midfielders) achieved significantly better results in the muscle power (p=0.0704), speed (p=0.0003) and muscle endurance (p=0.002) tests compared with defending players (defenders, goalkeepers). During the prospective study, an injury report form was completed for players that sustained injuries during the season. An injury was defined as physical damage that resulted in (i) a player being unable to complete the match or practise, (ii) a player missing a subsequent match or practise, or (iii) a player requiring medical attention. An overall incidence of injury of 10/1000 hours was reported for the playing population, with an injury risk of 0.59 injuries per player per season. No other study of hockey injuries has recorded the true incidence of injury. A number of factors were associated with field hockey injuries. The incidence of injury was significantly greater in matches compared to practices (p=0.003). The highest incidence of injury was recorded in the beginning of the season (month 2) (16 injuries/1000 hrs). Strikers reported the highest incidence of injury (11/1000 hrs). In certain instances, the player position could be associated with an injury to a specific anatomical area or mechanism of injury. For example, goalkeepers sustained significantly more upper limb injuries than players in outfield positions (p=0.001), which can be attributed to the nature of their play. The activities of a goalkeeper include diving, and fending off the ball with their hands. The most frequently injured anatomical areas were similar to those reported in other studies of field hockey injuries, namely the fingers (1.6/1000 hrs), knee (1.4/1000 hrs) and ankle (1.4/1000 hrs) joints, and hamstring muscle (0.8/1000 hrs). The type of injuries sustained were predominantly muscle strains (2.4/1000 hrs), ligament sprains (2/1000 hrs) and fractures (1.7/1000 hrs). The most frequent mechanism of injury was tackling (2.3/1000 hrs). There was a significantly higher incidence of injury reported on artificial turf (13/1000 hrs) compared with grass (4/1000 hrs) (p=0.015). Players who discontinued hockey due to injury missed an average of four subsequent matches or practices. There was no significant association between past injury history, pre-season training, stretching methods, equipment usage and pre-season fitness assessments and the incidence or epidemiology of injury in hockey players.
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Allan, Christopher. "An investigation of potential kinematic factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome during running." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2999.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common clinical condition affecting physically active individuals. It is characterised by pain behind or around the patella during loading of the lower limb. It is recognised that there are multiple factors that contribute to PFPS; however these factors are not well understood. There is equivocal evidence for differences in lower limb kinematics in participants with PFPS, particularly during the running gait cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate lower extremity kinematics during running in individuals with a history of PFPS compared to those without symptoms. Specific objectives: (a) To describe lower extremity kinematics during running for individuals with PFPS. (b) To determine whether there are differences in pelvis, hip, knee and ankle kinematics during running in participants with and without PFPS. (c) To determine whether there were any kinematic variables at the pelvis, hip and knee joint during stance phase of running that may be associated with an increased risk of developing PFPS. Methods: This study had a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Thirty one physically active individuals, who participated in at least two hours of physical activity per week for at least three months prior to testing, were recruited for the study. Fifteen participants presented with PFPS, and 16 participants without PFPS formed the control group. Participants were also required to have a Q-angle within the normal range for males (8.2º-14.2º) and females (11.4º-20.3º) respectively. Participants in the PFPS group were required to have a history of unilateral anterior or retro-patellar pain of non-traumatic origin that did not exceed a six-month period prior to testing. The participants’ PFPS also needed to be elicited during one or more symptom provocation tests, namely: resisted terminal knee extension, stair descent, or a unilateral partial squat. The PFPS participants had to be able to run without pain for a minimum period of 10 minutes, which allowed the running test to be completed without reproducing symptoms of PFPS. All participants gave written informed consent before taking part in the study. Participants were familiarised with all testing procedures. Participants completed medical and training questionnaires, and body composition measurements were performed. Sixteen retro-reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks of the lower limbs according to the modified Helen Hayes marker set. Participants were then required to perform a running test, which consisted of 10 sets of running at a self-selected speed on a 10 m pathway. Kinematic data of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle were recorded by an eight-camera motion analysis system during each repetition of the test. The specific data extracted included range of motion at heel strike and toe off, peak range of motion during swing phase and stance phase. In addition, the range of motion travelled during stance and swing phases and the percentage of stance phase a participant took to reach the peak range of motion during stance phase were calculated.
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Bauer, Cynthia Moira. "Arnica and the treatment of soft tissue trauma." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3000.
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Brown, Janet. "The effect of medial patellar taping on pain, strength and neuromuscular recruitment in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3004.
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Bibliography: leaves 77-94.Patellofemoral disorders are amongst the most common clinical conditions encountered in the sporting and general population [8, 33, 68]. Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is usually described as diffuse, peripatellar, anterior knee pain [8, 61].
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Clenzos, N. "Sports physiotherapists' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of pain a cross-sectional correlational study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3008.
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Calligeris, Theodore. "The incidence of injury and exposure times of footballers playing in a professional football club in the PS." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10187.
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Includes bibliographical references.Several studies on European players at the elite or professional level have shown a high risk of injury. However, the studies used different data collection methods, making it difficult to compare results. This suggested a need to standardise the definition of an injury and method of data collection. There are no data on injuries associated with football in South Africa, which makes it difficult to develop an evidence-based strategy to manage injuries associated with football. Therefore, in an attempt to address the deficiency on soccer related injuries in South Africa, a Professional Soccer League (PSL) team (AJAX CT) was monitored throughout the season by the medical support staff of the team using the F-MARC data collection system devised by FIFA. The main objective of this study was to undertake a retrospective epidemiological study documenting the incidence of injury in this team and the exposure time (practice and match) of the players over a full season.
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van, Wyk David. "A survey to determine the recovery strategies that medical support staff of rugby teams use to improve recovery of the players." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2997.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-73).
In an attempt to facilitate the recovery of th eplayers, the support staff associated with teams have used a variety of techniques with the goal of ensuring that the muscles of players have the best opportunity to repair before the next training session/match. Several different strategies are used by support staff. These include cryotherapy, contraxt baths, nutrional intervention, compression garments, massage, active recovery and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. Ice/cold water immersion is a relatively new and popular recovery strategy derived from cryotherapy.
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Nunes, Dawn. "Accuracy of prediction of edurance running performance : relationship to training history, muscle pain and relative perception of effort." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13346.
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Includes bibliographical references.Background: Endurance running performance is a complex interaction between training factors, exercise-induced muscle damage, and fatigue. The accuracy of prediction of running performance allows for the consideration of the effects of teleoanticipatory factors such as pacing and prior experience on performance. However, previous studies have not adequately considered the role of predicting performance outcomes before competition, and the potential influence of self-regulated pacing and prior experience on running performance. Aim: The aim of this descriptive analytical correlational study was to determine potential factors associated with the accuracy of prediction of running performance during a marathon race. Specific objectives: (a) To determine whether there were differences in training history, pacing, muscle pain and the relative perception of effort (RPE) in three identified groups that accurately predicted race time, performed faster than the predicted time, or performed slower than the predicted time; and (b) to determine if demographic characteristics, training and competition history, self-identified pacing strategy, muscle pain and the relative perception of effort (RPE) were associated with the accuracy of predicting performance during the marathon. Methods: Sixty-three healthy male and female runners were recruited through a short message service (SMS), word of mouth and at the 2013 Mandela Day marathon registration. Participants were included if they were over the age of 20 years, and were taking part in the marathon race. Participants were required to complete the marathon within the seven-hour cut-off time. Participants who had any lower limb musculoskeletal injury, medical condition or surgical intervention that prevented training for seven consecutive days in the three-month period prior to the race were excluded from the study. Participants who reported any flu-like symptoms during the two weeks preceding the race were also excluded from the study. In addition, participants with any missing race RPE or pain scores were excluded. Participants were allocated to one of three groups depending on their accuracy in predicting their final race time. A margin of two percentage points was considered as a meaningful difference in time. If the participants’ actual race time was accurate within two percentage points of their predicted race time, it was considered accurate, and those participants formed the accurate group (n = 16). Participants on either side of the two percentage points formed the fast (n = 21) and slow (n = 26) groups respectively. All participants completed an informed consent form and a medical and training questionnaire at a familiarisation session before to the race. Participants were also familiarised with the tests and procedures for collecting data during the race. During the marathon, muscle pain and relative perception of effort (RPE) were recorded at 0 km, 10 km, 21.1 km, 30 km, and 42.2 km. A short compliance questionnaire was completed when participants finished the marathon. Official race times were obtained from the Championchip® website. Muscle pain was recorded for seven days after the marathon. Participants were also asked to report when they resumed running training after the race. Results Participants in the slow group were significantly younger (p < 0.05), had faster 10 km PB times (p < 0.01), and trained at a faster pace (p < 0.01) compared to participants in the accurate and fast groups. Participants in the slow group had faster actual (p < 0.05) and predicted (p < 0.01) marathon times (p < 0.01) compared to participants in the accurate and fast groups. There was a significant positive relationship between actual and predicted marathon times (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between groups in muscle pain and RPE during the race; however there were significant main effects of time for pain (p < 0.01) and RPE (p < 0.01) during the race. Muscle pain and RPE were significantly increased at 21 km, 30 km, and 42.2 km, compared to pre-race values. There were no significant differences in post-race pain between groups, but there was a significant main effect of time (p < 0.01) as muscle pain was significantly elevated for three days after the race. This study was also unable to identify any significant demographic, training and competition history, or race factors associated with the accuracy of prediction of marathon performance. Conclusion: Linear increases in muscle pain and RPE were observed during the race in all groups. This study was unable to identify specific factors associated with the accuracy of prediction of running performance during a marathon race. However, it is possible that the slow marathon times and the low relative exercise intensity in all groups may have limited the effects of muscle pain and RPE on self-regulated pacing and performance. Future studies should have more stringent inclusion criteria to ensure runners are competing at moderate to high relative exercise intensities. In addition, future studies should carefully consider route profiles to ensure that the race profile does not potentially confound the accuracy of prediction of performance by limiting actual marathon times.
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Walker, Archibald Brian. "A sports injury clinic : a five year experience." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310348.
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Alexanders, Jenny. "Physiotherapy goal setting in anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation : an exploration of training, practice and beliefs." Thesis, University of Hull, 2018. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16888.
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Despite the growing interest into the role of physiotherapists providing psychological interventions within anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), literature surrounding goal setting practices within this field is minimal. The main purpose of this research was to explore physiotherapists' approaches, training and beliefs into goal setting practices used within ACL rehabilitation. The thesis consisted of seven chapters, two of which were empirical studies. The empirical chapters aimed to gain further insight into physiotherapists understanding on the psychological aspects of patients following ACL surgery, theoretical knowledge of goal setting, experiences of implementing goals, training received on goal setting and future training needs. Study four involved a UK cross sectional online survey of one hundred and twenty four physiotherapists (N=124). The survey provided an insight of perceptions and goal setting approaches used within ACL rehabilitation. These findings were further explored in study five which involved a UK semi-structured interview study including twenty four physiotherapists (N=24), using an inductive approach. Study five provided a much deeper understanding in to physiotherapist's goal setting practices, training and experiences within ACL rehabilitation and also revealed issues surrounding the initial consultation process. The research findings were conceptualised into a theoretical, innovative goal setting model. The goal of this model is to outline a multi-phase conceptual model of an appropriate ACL rehabilitation goal setting strategy for physiotherapists in an attempt to guide both practice, teaching and research.
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Rawlinson, Alice Jane. "Cross sectional study to determine whether there are central nervous system changes in rugby players who have sustained recurrent ankle injuries." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25391.
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Background: Rugby is a popular game played around the world and has one of the highest recorded injury rates in sport. The literature exposes ankle injuries as one of the most common areas injured in sport and this trend carries through in rugby too, with lateral ankle sprains predominating. Recurrent ankle injuries are commonly reported in the literature and account for high economic and social burden. There are many intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors credited with causing lateral ankle injuries but to date the literature does not show conclusive evidence for management and prevention of recurrent injuries. A new area of research that has not previously been explored is the neurological influence on recurrent injury. Central processing is a recognised form of learning seen in adults and children during normal development and training and more recently acknowledged in injury settings. This phenomenon has also been seen in abnormal states of development such as neglect and chronic pain. Central Nervous System Changes In Recurrent Ankle Injuries In Rugby Player 2 Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are changes in the central nervous system of rugby players with recurrent ankle injuries. Methods: An experimental and control group was used for this cross sectional study. Participants were recruited from the Golden Lions Rugby Union. Forty-six players in total were recruited. The control group consisted of 22 players, and the recurrent injury group consisted of 24 players. Medical and Sports History Questionnaire was administered as well as a battery of four physical test procedures. The questionnaire asked participants to provide information regarding demographics, playing position, training and playing history, current general health, current and previous injury history, and specifically ankle injury history. The four testing procedures were: body image testing, laterality testing, two point discrimination testing and pressure-pain threshold testing. Results: The results were collected and recorded. Between group and within group comparisons were made for the control and recurrent injury groups. From the Medical and Sports History Questionnaire the results indicated that the recurrent injury group participated in a significantly shorter preseason training period compared to the control group. The laterality testing within group analysis had a significant difference, the injured side had a slower recognition time [1.4(1.3-1.6)] compared to the uninjured side [1.3(1.15-1.5) Central Nervous System Changes In Recurrent Ankle Injuries In Rugby Player 3 p<0.01]. Pressure pain threshold testing produced a significant difference for the control group on the ATFL test site and the PTFL site. The PTFL site also demonstrated significant difference in the between group comparison analysis. The results from the two point discrimination testing and the body image testing produced interesting results. The two point discrimination tests performed on the both the recurrent injury group and the control group using within group comparison showed significant differences on the anterior talofibular ligament between the affected and nonaffected limbs. The between group test result were also significant for the injured vs control side at the ATFL site. The affected side showed a poorer ability to differentiate between one and two points, needing a bigger area before two points were distinguished from one. Similarly, body image testing showed significant differences in the within group comparison of total area drawn for the recurrent injury group only. In the recurrent injury group, the drawing of the affected foot was significantly larger than the drawing of the unaffected side. The control group showed no differences between sides. Conclusion: The study recommends that there is a relationship between central nervous system changes in recurrent ankle injuries in the sample group of professional rugby players. The data indicates that preseason length is a factor to be considered in recurrent ankle injuries. The clinical tests focussed specifically on central nervous system changes also produced some illuminating results. The recurrent injury group demonstrated significant difference between injured and uninjured sides in both two point discrimination testing of the ATFL ligaments and in the body image drawing of the foot and ankle. The control group in contrast didn't yield any differences between sides for these same tests. The pressure pain testing and laterality testing producing significant results also indicate the central nervous system involvement in recurrent injury.
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Geldenhuys, Alda Grethe. "Investigation of the impact of compression garments on endurance running performance and exercise induced muscle damage in the lower leg." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27874.
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Introduction: Compression garments utilisation is very popular among runners despite the relative lack of consensus in the literature regarding a beneficial impact. Methods: A randomised controlled experimental study was conducted in healthy, uninjured endurance runners (n=41) participating in the Old Mutual Two Oceans 56km race. The experimental group (n=20) trained for six weeks and participated in the race wearing below knee compression garments while the control group (n=21) did not. Participants were tested on four occasions for various markers of exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) and running performance. Six weeks prior to the race, ultrasound scans of the medial gastrocnemius, mid-calf and figure-of-8 ankle circumference baseline measurements were performed. Shortly prior to the race, these measurements were repeated in addition to a countermovement jump (CMJ) test. Immediately following the race, circumference measurements and CMJ testing were repeated in addition to pain ratings on the visual analogue scale (VAS). Race performance times were also obtained. Two days following the race, the ultrasound scans, circumference measurements and VAS pain ratings were repeated. Results: Ankle circumferences measurements increased significantly less (p=0.01, Cohen's d=0.9) in the experimental group from immediately after the race until two days post-race compared to the control group. There were no further statistically significant changes over time in any other objective outcome measure (i.e. mean mid-calf circumference, medial gastrocnemius mean muscle thickness and mean pennation angle, mean CMJ height and estimated peak power output nor in race performance) between the experimental and control groups. Selected pain ratings were statistically significantly worse in the experimental group. Muscle thickness and pennation angles were significantly greater in the control group compared to the experimental group two days following the race. Conclusion: There were limited indications of a beneficial impact of compression garments with minor improvements in ankle circumference measurements, but no further significant effects related to EIMD were detected. Furthermore, no ergogenic impact was detected. Based on the results of the study, there is limited evidence to support the continued utilisation of commercially available below knee compression garments during running.
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Moore, Simon. "Matching the density of the rugby playing population to the medical services available in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27348.
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Background: Rugby Union is a popular contact sport played worldwide. The physical demands of the game are characterized by short duration, high intensity bouts of activity, with collisions between players, often while running fast. The head, neck, upper limb and lower limb are common sites for injury. Although catastrophic injuries are rare in rugby, they do occur. Immediate action (4-hour window) must occur after the injury to minimise the damage incurred from a catastrophic injury. This infers that a well-functioning medical infrastructure should be available to anticipate injuries of this nature and provide treatment for the best possible outcome. Currently there is no system information/map in South Africa describing the medical infrastructure in relation to places where clubs and schools practice and play matches. Such a system may assist providing early and immediate transfer of injured players to the appropriate treatment facility. This would minimise the damaging effects caused by delays in medical treatment. Therefore the aim of this study was to; (i) investigate and report on the location, distance and travel time from rugby playing/training venues in the Eastern Cape to the nearest specialist hospital where a player may be able to receive adequate treatment for a catastrophic injury, and ii) report on safety equipment available at these playing venues to facilitate this transport in a safe manner. Methods: All the clubs (n=403) and schools (n =264) that played rugby in the Eastern Cape were accounted for in the study. However, only 15 clubs and 35 schools were included in the analysis as they had their own facilities for training and playing matches. Distances between clubs/schools and the nearest public, private and specialized hospital (able to treat catastrophic injuries) were measured. In addition driving time was also estimated between the clubs/schools and nearest specialized hospital to determine if an injured player could be transported within four hours to receive medical treatment for a catastrophic injury. In addition medical safety equipment was audited (according to information provided by SA RUGBY)) for each club and school to identify if they were meeting the minimum safety standards as set by SA RUGBY. Results: Twenty schools were identified as being less than one hour away from the nearest hospital equipped to deal with catastrophic rugby injuries; nine schools were between 1-2 hours away and six schools were between 2-3 hours away. All schools were within 100 km driving distance of the nearest public hospital; 28 schools were within 100km driving distance to the nearest private hospital. For seven schools, the nearest private hospital was between 100 and 150 km away. Fourteen schools had spinal boards, eleven had neck braces, ten had harnesses, nine had change rooms, five had floodlights, and twenty-two had trained first aiders. Six schools were located 2-3 hours away and were at higher risk due to a lack of first aid equipment. Ten clubs were less than an hour away from the nearest hospital equipped to treat catastrophic injuries; two clubs were between 1-2 hours away, two were between 2-3 hours away and one was between 3-4 hours away. All clubs were within 100 km driving distance of the nearest public hospital. Nine clubs were within 100km driving distance to the nearest private hospital, three clubs were based between 100 and 150 km from the nearest private hospital and three were based over 150km away from the nearest private hospital. Twelve clubs had a spinal board, eleven clubs had neck braces, ten clubs had harnesses, ten clubs had change rooms, seven clubs had floodlights and twelve clubs had first aid trainers. One club was classified as high risk as it was located 2-3 hours away from the nearest hospital equipped to manage a catastrophic injury and had no first aid equipment. Discussion/Conclusion: No clubs or schools included in the study were more than four hours away from a hospital that was equipped to deal with a catastrophic rugby injury. Therefore, any player who suffers a catastrophic injury should be able to get to treatment within the 4-hour window period. Another finding was that not all clubs or schools possessed the minimum equipment required to host training or a rugby match. SA RUGBY can take appropriate action towards these clubs and schools to ensure that they maintain the safest possible practice to not put their own players at increased risk.
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Ellis, Tracy. "Gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners: a comparative analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25253.
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Background: Marathon running involves running long distances and is associated with a high prevalence of running-related injuries. The calf has been identified as one of the most commonly injured structures during running. Running training causes an overload on muscle and stimulates a physiological adaptation to create a training response. Specific adaptations in metabolic and physiological function of a muscle may be further achieved through specificity of exercise training. Resistance training programmes are commonly implemented to enhance specific muscle strength and endurance; and are effective methods of performance and injury prevention. While evidence-based guidelines for resistance training exist, it is unclear whether runners are routinely incorporating evidence-based resistance training into marathon training programmes. If runners are performing habitual resistance training, it is also unknown if the resistance training is of sufficient magnitude or intensity to induce dose-related responses in calf muscle structure or function. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate gastrocnemius muscle structure and function in marathon runners who performed habitual resistance training in addition to regular endurance training, compared to marathon runners who performed traditional endurance running training only. Specific Objectives: • To describe the demographic and training characteristics of habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To determine if there were differences in gastrocnemius endurance, power and flexibility between habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To evaluate if there were differences in the gastrocnemius muscle structure and architecture in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners compared to traditionally running-trained marathon runners. • To establish if there were any differences in the number of calf injuries sustained in habitually resistance-trained marathon runners and traditionally running-trained marathon runners. Methods: Healthy male runners between 20 and 50 years were included in the study. Participants were required to have completed at least one marathon in the 12-month period prior to the study. Runners forming the "traditionally running-trained" group were required to be participating in regular endurance running training only. Runners in the "habitually resistance-trained group" were required to be performing resistance training in addition to regular endurance running training. Runners with any injury at the time of recruitment or runners who reported a calf injury within the six-month period prior to the study were excluded. Participants with any medical abnormalities detected during screening were also excluded from the study. Eight marathon runners participating in habitual resistance training plus standard running training and eleven marathon runners participating in traditional running training only were recruited for this study. Runners who met the criteria attended two testing sessions at least three days apart. During the first session, informed consent was obtained and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was completed to ensure participants could safely complete physical testing. A questionnaire was completed to determine relevant training and injury history. Body mass, height and the sum of seven skinfolds were recorded. Muscle architecture measurements, including fascicle length, pennation angle, thickness and volume, were performed via imaging ultrasound. Participants were then familiarised with the physical testing procedures. In the second testing session, calf muscle flexibility and endurance were assessed; and isokinetic testing was performed for the left and right triceps surae. Results: There were no significant differences in descriptive characteristics between groups. Participants in the habitually resistance-trained group performed in an average of two hours (range 0.5-2.5 hours) of resistance training of between one to four sessions per week. Participants combined upper and lower body training in the form of circuit training, body weight training, core and proprioceptive training. Resistance training sessions were performed at a varied intensity for load (light to high) according to an estimated 1RM. Participants in the habitually resistancetrained group had completed a significantly greater number of 21.1 km races compared to the traditionally running-trained group (p < 0.05); but there were no other differences in running training or competition history between groups. There were also no significant differences in the number of reported injuries between groups. Average pennation angle was significantly increased in the habitually resistance-trained group compared to the traditional running-trained group (p < 0.05). No other significant differences in architectural measurements were identified. There were no significant differences in calf muscle flexibility, strength, power or endurance between the two groups. However, the small sample size limits the interpretation of the study findings. Conclusion: Wide variability in habitual resistance training patterns were identified. While pennation angle was significantly greater in the habitually resistance-trained group; no differences in all other architectural measurements; or calf muscle strength, power, endurance or flexibility between groups were identified. However, one of the key findings emerging from this study is the variable resistance training practices in endurance runners; and that resistance training practices were not aligned to current evidence-based guidelines for resistance training. Resistance training has a critical role in enhancing endurance running performance, injury prevention and rehabilitation. Future research should investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of endurance runners regarding resistance training; to facilitate the development of appropriate education interventions, and to effectively disseminate evidence-based training guidelines to lay communities.
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Language, Sarah. "Prevalence and risk factors of chronic diseases of lifestyles in endurance runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29796.
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Background: Chronic diseases of lifestyle (CDL) are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in South Africa. Although prevalence of CDL has been established in the general population, there is limited research regarding the prevalence and risk factors for CDL in individuals taking part in regular physical activity. Endurance running is a popular sport, with growing levels of participation. Anecdotally, many individuals who participate in endurance running do not undergo formal pre-participation cardiovascular screening. It is also unclear if endurance runners are meeting the World Health Organisation’s recommended weekly moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity hours, or if they have other risk factors for CDL. It is therefore important to establish the prevalence and risk factors of CDL in this active population. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CDL and the associated risk factors in endurance runners in South Africa. The specific objectives of the study were: (a) to determine the presence of risk factors for the development of chronic diseases of lifestyle, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood cholesterol, smoking history, dietary intake and weekly physical activity time in South African endurance runners; (b) to determine the presence of non-modifiable risk factors to the development of CDL, namely age and income, in South African endurance runners; (c) to determine whether South African endurance runners are fulfilling the World Health Organization’s recommended weekly moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity hours; and (d) to assess whether there are any relationships between the running characteristics, namely weekly training hours, running speed and level of competition; and the risk factors for chronic diseases of lifestyle. Methods: This study had an analytical, cross-sectional design. Two hundred participants between the ages of 18 to 69 years old, who reported endurance running as their main sport, and ran at least three kilometres twice a week for the past year were included in the study. Participants were excluded if they were pregnant or within six months post-partum, had an injury that required a minimum of two weeks rest or did not complete the questionnaire or physical testing component of the testing process. Participants were recruited through local running clubs and running races in the areas of Nelspruit, Mpumalanga and Cape Town, Western Cape. All participants gave written informed consent, and completed a questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, running training characteristics, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short questionnaire, the modified Borg scale of perceived exertion, and the five-a-day community evaluation tool. Body mass, stature, skin folds and waist circumference were assessed. Blood pressure was measured using an automatic blood pressure monitor. A finger prick test was used to determine random blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations. Participants were requested to fast for three hours prior to testing to standardise the test in a non-fasted state (20). Results: One hundred and twenty four (62%) participants were found to have at least one risk factor for CDL. A high BMI was the most common risk factor for CDL (n=90; 45%). Nineteen participants (9.5%) did not meet the recommended duration of 150 minutes of physical activity per week. Seven percent of female participants (n=7) smoked, which is equivalent to the female population average of South Africa. Multiple risk factors were identified in fifty seven (28.5%) participants, ranging from two risk factors (n=37; 18.5%) to six risk factors (n=1; 0.5%). The majority of participants had no prior medical diagnosis of CDL or risk factors for CDL. The overall self-reported prevalence of a medically diagnosed CDL was 5.5% (n=11). Type 2 diabetes was the most commonly diagnosed CDL (n=6; 3%). Waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were significantly elevated in the older age group. There were no significant differences in risk factors for CDL according to income status. Female runners had significantly higher average sitting times compared to male runners. In addition, participants with a BMI ≥ 25 kg.m-2 had significantly slower 10 km running speeds and lower average weekly training distance, compared to participants with BMI within normal ranges. Conclusion: A high prevalence of risk factors for CDL was identified in South African endurance runners. The majority of endurance runners included in this sample are fulfilling the World Health Organisation’s recommended weekly moderate to vigorous intensity hours. However, the endurance runners in this study remain at risk for developing a CDL due to the presence of other risk factors for CDL. The knowledge and awareness of risk factors for CDL among South African endurance runners needs to be further investigated. Health care professionals are required to improve the prevention and management of risk factors of CDL through education and promotion of healthy lifestyles. A stronger emphasis on the prevention of risk factors for CDL in South African endurance runners is needed.
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Van, Niekerk Wanda. "A comparison of muscle damage, soreness, morphology, T2 changes and running performance following an ultramarathon race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20374.
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Background: Exercise induced muscle damage collectively describes the response to strenuous or unaccustomed exercise. It is well - established that endurance running causes muscle damage. Indirect indicators of muscle damage include the loss of muscle strength, increased levels of muscle proteins, such as creatine kinase, in the blood and delayed onset of muscle soreness. Magnetic resonance imaging has been used to gain insight in to the underlying mechanisms associated with exercise induced muscle damage. The most common approach has focused on changes in transverse (T2) relaxation times after exercise. Given that inflammation and oedema are proposed as reasons for the changes in T2 times, there may be changes in morphological measurements such as muscle volume and peak cross sectional area. Few studies have utilised MRI morphological measurements to assess the effects of exercise induced muscle damage, and there is a lack of evidence regarding changes in muscle morphology after endurance running. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in transverse (T2) relaxation times and muscle morphology in endurance runners after a 90 km ultramarathon race. Specific objectives: (a) To determine the time course of recovery of muscle pain and plasma creatine kinase activity after a 90km ultramarathon race; (b) to determine changes in 5km time trial performance in an experimental group of endurance runners that took part in a 90 km ultramarathon race compared to a control group of endurance runners that did not take part in a 90 km ultramarathon race; (c) to compare changes in muscle morphology (volume and average cross sectional area) and T2 relaxation times of the quadriceps and hamstrings in an experimental group of endurance runners that took part in a 90 km ultramarathon race and a control group of endurance runners that did not take part in a 90 km ultramarathon race; and (d) to evaluate potential relationships between indicators of muscle damage (plasma creatine kinase levels and muscle pain measurements), morphological muscle changes, and T2 relaxation times in an experimental group of endurance runners that took part in a 90 km ultramarathon race and a control group of endurance runners that did not take part in a 90 km ultramarathon race. Methods: This was a descriptive, correlational study that involved secondary analysis of previously collected data. No new participants were recruited for the study. Participants were allocated to groups, based on whether they took part in a 90 km ultramarathon. The experimental group (n = 11) completed a 90 km ultramarathon. The control group (n = 11) consisted of endurance runners, who ran a minimum of 60 km.wk-1, but did not take part in the ultramarathon. Magnetic resonance images were taken seven days before and 10 - 15 days after an ultramarathon as part of an earlier study. The magnetic resonance images analysis included the digital segmentation and reconstruction of the rectus femoris, combined quadriceps and combined hamstrings muscle groups. Muscle volume and peak cross sectional area was calculated as well as T2 relaxation times. These measurements were correlated with muscle pain and plasma creatine kinase activity measurements obtained during the initial study. Results: There was a significant difference in hamstrings muscle volume between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group had a significantly lower muscle volume compared to the control group (p = 0.03). There was also a significant positive relationship between the T2 relaxation time and plasma CK activity. (r = 0.74; p = 0.04) Conclusion: Changes in muscle morphology in endurance runners are evident after a 90 km ultramarathon. The significant relationship between T2 relaxation times and plasma creatine kinase activity confirms that T2 relaxation time may be used as a non-invasive direct indicator of exercise induced muscle damage.
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Brooker, Heather. "Incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in professional dancers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32453.
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Background: Professional ballet dancers focus on the high levels of discipline, perfection and mobility to achieve the fluid, controlled lines of movement presented on the stage. Dancers undergo long hours of strenuous, repetitive training which increases the risk of developing overuse or traumatic injuries and may compromise the longevity of dancers' careers. Relevant research, particularly in the South African context, is needed to provide recommendations on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to musculoskeletal injuries in professional ballet dancers. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries and their associated risk factors over a three-month period in adult female professional ballet dancers in South Africa. Specific Objectives: The specific objectives of this study were: • To determine the incidence of traumatic and overuse injuries per 1000 dance hours over a three-month training and performance period in South African female professional ballet dancers; • To determine the relationships between a) Functional Lower Extremity Evaluation (FLEE) scores and injury incidence; b) intrinsic factors (amenorrhoea; body mass index; skinfold measurements; caloric intake) and injury incidence; and c) extrinsic factors (training hours; performance hours) and injury incidence respectively, in South African female professional ballet dancers. Methods: This study had a prospective, descriptive design. Eighteen female dancers were recruited from professional dance companies in the Gauteng, Western Cape and North West provinces of South Africa. Data were collected over a three-month period and included a subjective questionnaire, three-day food diary, skinfold measurements and the Functional Lower Extremity Evaluation (FLEE). Injuries were reported using an injury reporting form over the three-month period. Results: Participants had an average age of 22.1 ± 3.0 years. The dancers had an average BMI of 21.4 ± 2.1 kg.m⁻²; LBM of 41.7 ± 4.9 kg and body fat percentage of 24.7% ± 2.9%. Injury incidence was 3.3 injuries per 1000 dance hours with a total of 4605.58 hours reported overall. Of the 15 injuries reported, 13 occurred in the lower limb, with eight in the ankle and foot. Overuse injuries accounted for 93.3% of the total injuries, with only one traumatic injury reported. None of the descriptive characteristics was associated with increased injury risk. The average caloric intake of 1810.0 ± 503.7 calories, while lower than what is recommended for female athletes, also showed no significant relationship to injury. There were also no significant associations between pre-injury FLEE measurements and training loads; and injury incidence over the course of the study. Conclusion: An overall injury incidence of 3.3 injuries per 1000 dance hours was found in professional female ballet dancers in South Africa, which is higher than the injury incidences identified in previous studies in high-income countries. With regards to injury profile, overuse injuries are 86% more prevalent than traumatic injuries among this population type. We were unable to identify any intrinsic or extrinsic risk factors associated with injury incidence; however, we recognise the limitations of the small sample size in this study. With a high level of injury incidence and inconclusive results on injury risk factors, there is a clear need for significant further research in the field of injury prevention in professional ballet dancing. Further, this study identified a strong need for further research in South African dance companies to facilitate injury prevention and management in South Africa.
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Montanus, Munro. "The relationship between performance (tournament progression), daily stress and perceived exertion in male participants of professional squash tournaments." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20341.
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Squash is a popular sport that is played by over 15 million people in 120 countries. Squash is a sport requiring extreme levels of fitness and skill to be proficient at. Squash being a high impact, fast sport that relies on consistency, strength and skill, players often experience stress. This stress is mainly due to the intensity of the matches, but also due to the short duration of the tournaments, which places a lot of pressure on the participants to do well. Stress in sport has been shown to be a critical component in the performance of an individual athlete as well as in team sports. Stress in sport may be categorised as competitive and organisational as well as acute. Not being able to cope with stress may have varied affects for athletes. These include increased anxiety and aggression; decreased enjoyment and self-esteem; and most importantly a decrease in performance expectations and performance difficulties. Furthermore, if an athlete believes he or she cannot resolve the demands of the competitive environment, negative physical and emotions can affect performance. The ability to compete with the presence of different stressors is thus necessary for an athlete to perform at his or her best. Aim and objectives The specific objectives were to establish whether a) Anthropometric and demographic characteristics, b) Daily Stress as measured by the Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) and c) Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) as measured by the Borg Scale were associated with competition performance as measured by winning/losing games in national squash tournaments.
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Chivunze, Edgar. "Motivation and behaviour change in Parkrun participants in Western Cape, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32541.
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Background: Participation in physical activity is a cost effective way to reduce the risks of over 25 chronic diseases. Despite the many dangers of physical inactivity, more than a quarter of the South African population remains inactive. One initiative aimed at increasing engagement in physical activity is parkrun, a free weekly 5 km running/walking based activity. There has been an increase in the number of parkrun participants in South Africa since its inception. An understanding of the motivation for participation and health related behaviour change is important for organisers and public health professionals to increase participation in this weekly mass participation event. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the motivations for participation in parkrun and physical activity related behaviour changes among parkrun participants registered in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Specific objectives The specific objectives of this study were: to identify demographic characteristics of parkrun participants in the Western Cape Province of South Africa; to describe the motivations for participating in parkrun runs in the Western Cape Province of South Africa; and to investigate physical activity related behaviour changes as a result of participating in parkruns in South Africa's Western Cape Province based on pre and post participation physical activity levels Methods: A cross sectional study was performed on 1787 parkrun participants registered at 40 parkrun sites in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Participants from 37 of these sites were invited to participate via the parkrun South Africa mailing list in an online survey. Participants from the remaining three parkrun sites responded on paper-based questionnaires at the parkrun sites. The questionnaire included sections on demographic characteristics including employment status, gym membership and educational level; physical activity programmes before joining parkrun and changes in physical activity after joining parkrun. Results: The median age of participants was 50 (IQR:38-59). Female participants formed 53.3% of the sample. Approximately 80% of participants were educated to diploma or degree level (Technikons/College/University); and participants reported high employment rates (71%). Fifty-one percent of the sample were gym members. A total of 64.8% reported having very good to excellent health. A total of 86.1% reported health/fitness as the biggest motivation for participation in parkrun. Another 71.8% of the sample were motivated by enjoyment. Safe environment (58.7%), earning Discovery Health Vitality Points (46.4%), stress relief (40.8%), cost (40.4%) and socialisation (39.4%) were other common motivations among the sample. After joining parkrun, 24% of participants took up new physical activity programmes, with a further 24% of participant increasing their weekly volume of physical activity. More female participants (50.9%) than male participants (44.7%) increased their physical activity levels or took up new physical activity programmes (χ² =7.331, p=0.007). Running was the widely adopted physical activity attracting 18.2% of the sample as new runners. Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that parkrun in the Western Cape is mostly taken up by participants in their sixth decade of life with half of them being overweight. Most participants are physically active before joining parkrun with more than half exceeding recommended global physical activity levels. These results were described in previous studies in Australia and the UK. We also found health/fitness to be the biggest motivation for parkrun participation followed by enjoyment and the safe environment provided at parkrun sites. Running and walking are the common activities that are taken up by participants after joining parkrun. Further prospective studies are recommended to determine cause and effect models and describe health related physical activity behaviour changes in detail.
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Milligan, James. "An exploration of accelerated pre-registration courses in physiotherapy : perceptions of practitioners." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2010. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9077/.
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The aim of this research study was to explore physiotherapy clinicians’ perceptions of both traditional and accelerated pre-registration physiotherapy training courses with regard to professional practice. The term ‘accelerated courses’ refers to shortened study routes that have no significant loss of content. Applicants to pre-registration accelerated courses in physiotherapy require an existing Honours’ degree to incorporate their prior learning and abilities. A mixed methodology approach was used in three phases. Clinical marks of pre registration physiotherapy students from both courses were compared. Results indicated that those from accelerated courses gained higher marks than their traditional counterparts. Interview data from a purposive sample of fourteen senior clinicians was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings were compared with questionnaire results from a larger purposive sample of fifty-one clinicians having gained a 50% response rate Analysis indicated that these clinicians valued physiotherapists trained from both routes but for different reasons. Two major superordinate themes arose. Within ‘Perceptions of Success’ many clinicians noted the accelerated graduates’ greater confidence. This was associated with their extended academic background and/or additional life skills. Many accelerated graduates were said to ‘hit the ground running’ as they quickly acclimatised into the complex working environment. However in the second superordinate theme entitled ‘A Note of Caution’ over-confidence was noted amongst some accelerated graduates. This caused minor difficulties in team dynamics and/or certain aspects of clinical care. Some needed ‘reining in’ in the early stages of their career. In direct contrast some traditional graduates appeared less confident, passive and lacking initiative. Nonetheless these same clinicians preferred this as they saw opportunities to ‘mould’, influence and develop the traditionally trained graduates as they saw fit. Both perceptions are of interest in light of Quality Assurance Agency expectations of Honours and Masters level outcomes and have implications for training and clinical practice alike.