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Academic literature on the topic 'Physique (UMI : 0494)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Physique (UMI : 0494)"
Wang, Rodrigo. "Systematic construction of models for the exchange hole of density functional theory." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13627.
Full textSkalski, Thomas. "Développement de composés conjugués en étoile de première génération incluant des liens azométhines et études électrochimiques et photophysiques." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9743.
Full textConjugated materials are been used in many applications and fundamental research, owing in part to their high degree of conjugation. They further have opto-electronic properties that are compatible for use as conjugated materials in many devices including solar cells, organic field effect transistors, organic light emitting diodes and electrochromic devices. The latter are of particular interest because their colors that can be changed when a potential is applied. The advantage of these color switching materials compared to other opto-electronic devices is their simple fabrication that can be done under ambient conditions. Electrochromic devices have found many consumer applications including mirrors, tunable windows, camouflage and electronic paper, to name a few examples. The focus of our research group is the preparation of new conjugated materials based on azomethine. Previous efforts from the group demonstrated that azomethines having the required properties for use in electrochromic devices (electrochemical reversibility and air stability) were possible when using a 2,5-diaminothiophene derivative as a building block. It was also demonstrated that color tuning of both the neutral and oxidized states was possible when coupling 2,5-diaminothiophene with various heterocyclic arylaldehydes. Despite the many examples of azomethines studied in our group, fundamental structure-property relationships of these conjugated materials are still not understood. The objective of this thesis was therefore to prepare to new conjugated azomethines from triarylamine aldehydes. The objective was also to examine the opto-electronic properties of these novel azomethines, including the effect of the degree of conjugation and type of triphenylamine aldehyde precursor on the absorbance, electrochemical properties, and fluorescence.
Al, Ahmad Abdel. "Modulation des propriétés de surfaces par des liaisons réversibles." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24149.
Full textAzomethines incorporate covalent bonds that can be reversibly formed between an amine and aldehyde. This reversibility can be exploited to exchange their constitutional components. The intrinsic properties of the azomethines can be modulated by exchanging either the amine or the aldehyde components. Exchanging the constitutional components is possible in solution. However, the exchanged products must be purified to remove the various reagents and undesired exchanged products. It is therefore advantageous to simplify the purification step for isolating the desired exchanged product. A possible means towards this goal is by immobilizing either the amine or the aldehyde on a surface. In such a case, the desired exchanged products can be readily isolated by rinsing the surface following the dynamic component exchange. Towards this end, an electroactive aldehyde monomer derived from triphenylamine was prepared. It was thermally polymerized on a transparent electrode. Polymerization was confirmed by FT-IR ATR and Raman spectroscopies. A series of amines (aminocoumarin and diaminobenzothiadiazole) each with a unique color, emission wavelength and electrochemical oxidation potential were chosen. Their azomethine formation and dynamic exchange with the electroactive aldehyde thin film could therefore be tracked electrochemically, by UV-visible and Raman spectroscopies, and by fluorescence. Model compounds of these azomethine fluorophores were also prepared for benchmarking their electrochemical and spectroscopic properties along with confirming component exchange. It was shown that multiple properties (redox potentials, color, emission wavelength, and emission yield) of the electroactive film could be simultaneously modulated by reversible azomethine formation. By immobilizing the azomethines on a surface, their properties could be reversibly modified by component exchange by either dipping the substrate in an amine solution or coating the surface with a spray of amine followed by rinsing. This straight-forward process provides the means for developing surfaces whose properties can be perpetually modified, while opening the possibility of repairing the surface and restoring desired properties by dynamic component exchange.
Rynne, Olivier. "Poly(éthylène-co-acrylate d’éthyle-co-anydride maléique), un élastomère thermoplastique comme liant d’électrodes pour batteries aux ions lithium de puissance." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23404.
Full textLi-ion batteries are one of the driving forces of everyday mobility since they were introduced on the market in 1991 by Sony to power portable cameras. Today, electrification is ubiquitous. We are always connected to the Internet with our phones and we can travel in vehicles that do not emit greenhouse gases. The ever-growing research in the field is certainly powering this revolution, with improvements towards the maximum energy in a device, as well as increasing their safety or mitigating the carbon footprint related to their manufacture. Indeed, electrodes are usually tape-casted, a process that requires huge quantities of solvents. These solvents are often organic and hence very toxic. They are also necessary to create the porosity in the composite membranes and to provide a continuous medium to homogeneously disperse the electrode’s components. This manuscript details the work that was conducted in collaboration with a private industrial partner who developed a new and solvent-free process to manufacture electrodes based on powder extrusions and melted polymers. The main constraint to this process is the need to employ elastomers, a class of materials seldom used in the Li-ion battery community. Here, the use of a commercial thermoplastic elastomer in the new dry process was thus validated through chemical and electrochemical stability studies. Designs of Experiments were first formalized to optimize the Li-ion battery electrodes’ formulations before applying it to two systems. It was found that it is necessary to maximize the active material weight content and keep a very small fraction of carbon additives to maximize the capacity retention. Finally, by extruding these optimal formulations, it was discovered that the dry process has a significant impact on the electronic network’s quality, and changes to both formulation and mixing protocol ought to be carried out. This project certainly opens the way to a more systematic use of predictive and statistical methods to optimize and study new materials and composites.
Vanhorenbeke, Béatrice. "Design of carbon nanotube-based sensors for the detection of catalytic activity." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18439.
Full textLes nanotubes de carbone possèdent des propriétés uniques qui en font des matériaux prometteurs dans de nombreux domaines. En particulier, leur structure quasi-unidimensionnelle et leur rapport surface/volume élevé font de ces matériaux des candidats de choix pour leur utilisation comme senseurs. A ce jour, les études concernant l'utilisation des nanotubes de carbone pour la conception de senseurs se concentrent principalement sur la détection de gaz, de molécules biologiques ou chimiques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'utilisation des nanotubes de carbone comme senseurs pour détecter en temps réel une transformation chimique, au travers d'une réaction catalytique. Pour ce faire, des catalyseurs supportés sur nanotubes de carbone sont préparés grâce à des méthodes de fonctionnalisation appropriées de ces matériaux. En pratique, nous développons dans ce travail deux approches distinctes pour la préparation de catalyseurs supportés sur nanotubes de carbone. D'une part, nous mettons au point une méthode de fonctionnalisation monovalente des nanotubes de carbone, permettant de déposer des nanoparticules métalliques à la surface des nanotubes en vue de la préparation de catalyseurs hétérogènes supportés. A cette fin, les nanotubes sont dans un premier temps fonctionnalisés par des sels de diazonium. Cette première étape permet d'établir un point d'accroche sur les nanotubes permettant une post-fonctionnalisation ultérieure, en vue de l'ancrage de clusters métalliques. Une étape d'activation thermique permet ensuite de former des nanoparticules métalliques, au départ de ces précurseurs moléculaires. D'autre part, un catalyseur homogène supporté est préparé via l'ancrage de complexes à base de Pd(0) sur des nanotubes de carbone fonctionnalisés de manière à présenter des liaisons triples. Pour ce faire, les nanotubes de carbone sont fonctionnalisés de façon divalente, par la réaction de Bingel-Hirsch. Cette approche divalente assure l'ancrage covalent des sites actifs, tout en préservant la conductivité électrique des nanotubes de carbone. Quelle que soit l'approche envisagée, la préparation de ces catalyseurs est attentivement suivie par des méthodes classiques de caractérisation telles que la spectroscopie Raman, la spectroscopie des photoélectrons X et l'analyse thermogravimétrique. En outre, une caractérisation électrique est également effectuée à chaque étape de la préparation des catalyseurs, afin d'étudier l'influence des différentes étapes de fonctionnalisation sur les propriétés électriques du nanotube. Ces matériaux sont ensuite testés en catalyse, pour la transformation hydrolytique du diméthylphénylsilane en diméthylphénylsilanol ou pour la réaction de couplage croisée de Suzuki-Miyaura, respectivement pour les catalyseurs hétérogènes et homogènes supportés. L'activité de ces catalyseurs, ainsi que leur recyclabilité, est étudiée grâce à un suivi réactionnel par chromatographie gazeuse. Enfin, nous démontrons dans cette thèse la possibilité d'utiliser les nanotubes de carbone comme senseurs pour détecter in situ l'activité catalytique. A cette fin, des mesures électriques en temps réel sont enregistrées au cours de la réaction de catalyse. L'activité catalytique se traduit par des changements de la conductivité des nanotubes au cours du temps.
Due to their outstanding properties, carbon nanotubes are being considered as promising materials in various fields. Namely, their quasi-one-dimensionality and their high surface/volume ratio make them ideal candidates for sensing applications. To date, studies dealing with the use of carbon nanotubes in sensing mainly focus on gas, biological and chemical molecules detection. In this thesis, we aim to use carbon nanotubes as sensors for the real-time detection of a chemical transformation through a catalytic reaction. In order to do this, carbon nanotube supported catalysts are prepared thanks to appropriate functionalization methods. In practice, we develop in this work two distinct approaches for the preparation of carbon nanotube supported catalysts. On one hand, we develop a monovalent functionalization pathway for the deposition of metallic nanoparticles on carbon nanotube surface. For this purpose, carbon nanotubes are first functionalized by diazonium salts. This first step allows to bind a tethering point for a subsequent post-functionalization. Metallic clusters are then coordinated on these functionalized moieties. A thermal activation step ensures the formation of metallic nanoparticles from these nanoparticle molecular precursors. On the second hand, a homogeneous supported catalyst is prepared by anchoring Pd(0) complexes on carbon nanotube surface. In order to do this, carbon nanotubes are divalently functionalized by Bingel-Hirsch reaction to present dangling triple bonds at their surfaces. This divalent approach ensures a covalent anchoring of the active sites on the nanotube surface, while preserving their electrical conductivity. Whichever the considered approach, the catalyst preparation is carefully analyzed by common characterization techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the materials are also electrically characterized at each step of the catalyst preparation process. This electrical characterization allows to study the influence of the different steps of the functionalization strategy on the nanotube electrical properties. These materials are then tested in catalysis, for the hydrolytic transformation of dimethylphenylsilane in dimethylphenylsilanol or for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, respectively for heterogeneous and homogeneous supported catalysts. The activity and recyclability of these catalysts is monitored by gas chromatography. Finally, we demonstrate in this thesis the possibility of using carbon nanotubes as sensors for the in situ detection of catalytic activity. For this purpose, real-time electrical measurements are recorded during the catalytic reaction. The catalytic activity is revealed by fluctuations of the nanotube conductivity over time.
Gautier, Yohan. "Etude électrochimique et spectro-électrochimique de nouveaux composés électrochromes." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23928.
Full textIntensive research on conjugated materials over the past few decades has highlighted the plethora of opto-electronic properties that these can present. Their compatibility with various electronic devices make them alternatives to inorganic materials, and the fact that they open the path to plastic electronics assures that research about them is not about to diminish soon. Use of azomethine links instead of “all-carbon” vinylene-type double bonds, for the design and conception of conjugated molecules, is a very interesting alternative to the conventional methods, not very eco-friendly, usually employed, mostly due to their relative simplicity in terms of synthesis and purification. Following on previous work, this thesis aim to analyze the electro and spectro-electrochemical properties of a series of new azomethine-oligomeres that are functionalized with amides. Particular emphasis is placed on their electrochromism.. The influence of various electro-donating and electro-attracting groups in the core of the molecules as well as at their termini on the optical and electrochemical properties is presented. The emphasis is placed on demonstrating their robustness and the durability of their color change when undergoing multiple oxidation-neutralization cycles.
Azouz, Mehdi. "Vers une compréhension des modes d’action des peptides impliqués dans la maladie d’Alzheimer sur des membranes modèles." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24627.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease is a complex neuropathological disorder that constitutes the prime form of dementia. Intimately related to ageing, it is associated to the gradual loss of memory and cognitive functions in individual suffering from the pathology. With nearly 30 million people concerned today, and the alarming trends predicting this figure to increase fourfold by 2050, Alzheimer’s disease will constitute a major burden for our societies in the upcoming decades. The cerebral atrophy occurring within the brain results from slow and progressive neurodegenerative mechanisms triggered many years before the appearance of the first symptoms. Two histopathological markers have been identified as strongly associated to the neurodegeneration: the senile plaques, majorly composed of the amyloid peptide Abeta1-42, and the neurofibrillary tangles, constituted of the abnormally phosphorylated form of Tau protein. These two molecules, hence considered as the main culprits of the disease, are therefore under the spotlight of researchers who try to better understand their respective roles in the neurodegeneration process and uncover therapeutic solutions to a still uncurable disease. One of the promising research axis is focusing on the interplay between these molecules and the plasma membrane as potential interactions could convincingly rationalize the neural cell deaths if they happened to be deleterious. Therefore, investigate these interactions in detail is of primary importance to identify the factors that might drive Abeta1-42 and Tau to cause damages on membranes. A strong body of evidences has demonstrated that certain lipids could promote these interactions and are then suspected to be involved into detrimental phenomena. However, numerous results appear to be contradicting and consensual conclusions are still lacking. This PhD was dedicated to the investigation of the effects of Abeta1-42 and K18, a key peptide fragment of Tau protein, on membranes with a particular focus on the influence of lipids. The aim of this work was to elucidate the action mechanisms of these peptides. To first comprehend how membrane damages can be induced, we first focused on the solubilising ability of extensively used amphiphile agents: detergents. As a first study, we revealed that the membrane composition and the physicochemical properties of lipids play an important role in driving the solubilisation of the bilayer, a process that can even lead to a selectivity during the lipid extraction. The core part of the project was to visualize the effects of the amyloid peptides Abeta1-42 and K18 on supported lipid bilayers, used as membrane models, using atomic force microscopy as an investigation technique. With its high spatial resolution and its ability to operate in physiological milieu, this approach has shown that the membrane composition could promote membrane disruption induced by Abeta1-42 oligomers in a lipid-dependent manner. More importantly, we propose that packing defects at the interface of membrane domains act as adsorption and nucleation sites leading to membrane damages. Using the same strategy, we observed that K18 could also induce solubilisation phenomenon and demonstrated to be sensitive to the lipid nature. In both cases, we have highlighted that these peptides could be detrimental to supported lipid bilayers and that their disruptive abilities, associated to detergent-like mechanisms, were intimately dependent of lipids. We also show that the aggregation, a phenomenon that can lead to the peptide fibrillation can only be triggered in presence of certain lipids. This work provides important insights about the decisive role of the membrane composition in modulating interactions with the Abeta1-42 and K18. This interplay could constitute one of the numerous factors that promote neurotoxic phenomena, taking part in the complex neurodegenerative processes associated to Alzheimer’s disease.
Madoda-Nsiambote, Doudou. "Étude de l’effet d'agents potentiellement perturbateurs de la structure des biofilms sur la diffusion des macromolécules dans les biofilms de Streptococcus mutans : cas de l’EDTA et de l’aspirine." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11008.
Full textThe aim of this study was to investigate the role of biofilm structure disrupting potential agents in the biofilm permeability to macromolecules. The effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetic (EDTA) and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), two potential disrupting agents, on the diffusion of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran in Streptococcus mutans biofilms was investigated. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the global diffusion coefficients, while the local diffusion coefficients were measured using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). On one hand, the results showed that EDTA, at a concentration of 7.5 (w/v) %, increased PEG penetrability and global diffusion coefficient in biofilms. No effect was noticed for the local diffusion coefficient of fluorescent dextran molecules. This difference was associated with, amongst others, the scale of the measurements and the different nature of the diffusing species. On the other hand, aspirin had no effect on the S. mutans biofilm permeability for PEG. The enhanced penetration of PEG in the presence of EDTA was correlated with bacterial cell viability. The bactericidal effect of penicillin G (PenG) alone and in combination with EDTA, was assessed for the biofilms. The results showed that antibiotic effect of PenG was improved by a factor of 3 when the antibiotic was used in combination with EDTA compared to the same antibiotic used alone. Moreover images obtained by epifluorescence microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy indicated that the bacteria in the core of the microcolonies were more affected by PenG when the milieu contained EDTA. These results revealed that the use of disrupting agents of biofilm structure is a promising approach to eradicate biofilms showing resistance to classical antimicrobial agent treatments. More studies should be done to investigate the effect of others potentials disrupting agents on the biofilm permeability to macromolecules.
Drzazgowska, Katarzyna. "Le transfert de graphène sans résidus organiques à l’aide d’un film d’or." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24152.
Full textGraphene is an interesting material thanks to its excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the methods for synthesizing high quality monolayer graphene, growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a metal is one of the most effective and economical for industrial production. However, this method requires a step to transfer graphene from the growth catalytic substrate (generally copper) to the desired substrate. Several methods allow this transfer to be carried out and the most widespread methods generally involve the use of a polymer. The main advantages are simplicity and low cost. However, there are also disadvantages related to the introduction of defects or organic residue on the surface of the transferred graphene. To maintain the quality and properties of graphene after the transfer process, we have developed a method aimed at eliminating the disadvantages of a transfer with polymer. The developed method uses a gold film as a support to facilitate the transfer of graphene onto a silicon wafer. It is a simple way to produce defect-free graphene. To increase the adhesion to the silicon wafer, it was necessary to introduce a step of annealing the graphene samples after the transfer with the gold film. The gold film was then removed by wet chemical etching with an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide, which makes it possible to produce a monolayer of graphene over large dimensions. After optimizing the entire process, our results of graphene transferred on silicon substrate show few defects based on Raman measurements and the absence of organic residues on the surface by AFM topography.
Kriuchkov, Volodymyr. "Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) random copolymers : amphiphilic properties and self-assembly in aqueous medium." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5389.
Full textThe first objective of this research is to synthesize random linear copolymers of ethylene and acrylic acid (AA). The synthesis relies on the deprotection of the functional groups in the copolymer’s precursor, which is represented by poly(ethylene-co-tertbutyl acrylate). The synthesis of the precursor was realized by the catalytic approach, where Pd-based catalytic systems are frequently utilized nowadays. The deprotection was carried out by hydrolysis of the ester functionality using trimethylsilyl iodide agent. The second objective is to investigate and characterize the synthesized polymers in the bulk and in colloidal solution. A set of different precursor polymers with various degrees of molar incorporation of tertbutyl acrylate (from 4 to 12 mol %) was successfully synthesized and deprotected. The resulting poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) copolymers were found to be soluble in tetrahydrofuran THF, when the molar incorporation of AA reaches the value of 12 and more. This aspect gave the possibility to study the self-assembly of this copolymer in aqueous medium by slow THF to water exchange (dialysis). It was found that the copolymers self-assemble into nano-sized structures and these nanoparticles remain stable in colloidal solution for extended periods of time. Moreover, it was shown that the nanoparticles formed by the discussed copolymer possess thermo- and pH-responsive behaviour. The polymers synthesized were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopies (IR) before and after deprotection. The bulk samples were analyzed by conventional differential scanning calorimetry and by X-ray diffraction iv technique. The molar percentages of AA were determined using a combination of NMR and conductimetric titration. Colloidal solutions of pE-co-AA copolymers were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The nanoparticles formed were visualized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy.