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1
The Son, Ninh. "Secondary Metabolites of Genus Pandanus: An Aspect of Phytochemistry." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 7 (October 8, 2019): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x16666181206102740.
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Genus Pandanus belongs to the family Padanaceae, which is widely distributed in old world tropics and subtropics, and has been applied in traditional herbal medicines, pharmacological uses, food chemical products and handicrafts. Original research articles related to this genus are available but an insight account highlighted phytochemical aspects of secondary metabolites is now insufficient. The reliable sources of literature data for this systematic manuscript were obtained from the literatures published from 1960s to now, utilizing data information from ACS journals, Taylor Francis, Springer, IOP Science, SCI-finder, Chemical Abstracts, the Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Googlescholar. A vast amount of data showed that genus Pandanus contained various classes of the secondary metabolites. Herein, approximately 180 constituents were isolated, comprising alkaloids, phenols, lignans, steroids, terpenoids, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins, lactones and amino acids. In addition, the crucial information involved in food chemistry suggests that Pandanus species can also be a good candidate to provide essential oils and nutrient contents of vitamins and sugars.
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Lima, Renato Abreu, Fernanda Bay Hurtado, Dionatas Ulisses Meneguetti, João Bezerra Facundo, Júlio Sancho Militão, and Valdir Alves Facundo. "APPROACH PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF MAYTENUS GUIANENSIS KLOTZSCH EX REISSEK (CELASTRACEAE)." Ciência e Natura 38, no. 3 (September 28, 2016): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x22021.
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The Brazilian Amazon rainforest, even for its richness and biological diversity, can offer the oppotunity for innovative and efficient discovery of molecules with potential use in large scale. The interest in secondary metabolites have grown tremendously in recent amazonian essential oils and plant extracts, the Maytenus guianensis is a shrub native to our region, being popularly known as fruit-werewolf. The leaves are used as anti-inflammatory and infections is also indicated in the treatment of arthritis and hemorrhoids. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the classes of secondary metabolites from the ethanol extract of the fruits, leaves and shell of M. guianensis. We carried out the identification of secondary metabolites with plant extract using specific reagents alkaloids, glycosides cardiotonic, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenes, based on coloration and precipitation. It was found that all the studied structures show botanical alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids and tannins using any specific reagents. However, the absence of a secondary metabolite which can serve as raw material for synthesis of bioactive substances, particularly drugs and are used in many preparations to benefit human health, such as in the production of food and biological activity against microrganisms.
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Metwaly, Ahmed M., Zhu Lianlian, Huang Luqi, and Dou Deqiang. "Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101856.
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Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.
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Lalitha, Pottail, Shubashini K. Sripathi, and Ponnusamy Jayanthi. "Secondary Metabolites of Eichhornia crassipes (Waterhyacinth): A Review (1949 to 2011)." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 9 (September 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700939.
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Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Waterhyacinth), an aquatic perennial herb present throughout the world, has a myriad of metabolites. Phenalenone compounds and sterols have been isolated from this plant. Extracts, as well as pure compounds isolated from this plant, have been demonstrated to possess pharmacological activities. An account of the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and several applications of waterhyacinth are included in this review.
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Sun, Cheng-Peng, Zi-Li Jia, Xiao-Kui Huo, Xiang-Ge Tian, Lei Feng, Chao Wang, Bao-Jing Zhang, Wen-Yu Zhao, and Xiao-Chi Ma. "Medicinal Inula Species: Phytochemistry, Biosynthesis, and Bioactivities." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 49, no. 02 (January 2021): 315–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x21500166.
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As a genus of the Asteraceae, Inula is widely distributed all over the world, and several of them are being used in traditional medicines. A number of metabolites were isolated from Inula species, and some of these have shown to possess ranges of pharmacological activities. The genus Inula contains abundant sesquiterpenoids, such as eudesmanes, xanthanes, and sesquiterpenoid dimers and trimers. In addition, other types of terpenoids, flavonoids, and lignins also exist in the genus Inula. Since 2010, more than 300 new secondary metabolites, including several known natural products that were isolated for the first time from the genus Inula. Most of them exhibited potential bioactivities in various diseases. The review aimed to summarize the advance of recent researches (2010–2020) on phytochemical constituents, biosynthesis, and pharmacological properties of the genus Inula for providing a scientific basis and supporting its application and exploitation for new drug development.
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He, Pingya, Yi Zhang, and Ning Li. "The phytochemistry and pharmacology of medicinal fungi of the genus Phellinus: a review." Food & Function 12, no. 5 (2021): 1856–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02342f.
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Naceiri Mrabti, Hanae, Latifa Doudach, Naoual El Menyiy, Mohammed Bourhia, Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah, Mohamed Reda Kachmar, Omar Belmehdi, et al. "Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Thymus broussonetii Boiss." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6350035.
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Thymus broussonetii Boiss (T. broussonetii) is a rare medicinal and aromatic plant. It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases, including diarrhea, fever, cough, irritation, skin diseases, rheumatism, respiratory ailments, influenza, and digestion problems. In this review, we have critically summarized previous data on T. broussonetii about its phytochemistry, botanical and geographical distribution, toxicological investigation, and pharmacological properties. Using scientific research databases such as Wiley Online, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Scopus Wiley Online, and Google Scholar, the data on T. broussonetii were collected and discussed. The presented data regrouped bioactive compounds and biological activities of T. broussonetii. The findings of this work showed that essential oils and extracts of T. broussonetii exhibited numerous pharmacological activities (in vitro and in vivo), particularly antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antipyretic, antinociceptive, and immunological and behavioral effects. While toxicological studies of T. broussonetii essential oils and extracts are lacking, modern scientific tools revealed the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, quinones, carotenoids, and steroids. T. broussonetii essential oils, especially from the aerial parts, exhibited potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects. An in-depth toxicological investigation is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of T. broussonetii extracts and essential oils and their secondary metabolites. However, further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies should be performed to validate its bioavailability.
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Preziuso, Francesca, Vito Alessandro Taddeo, Salvatore Genovese, Francesco Epifano, and Serena Fiorito. "Phytochemistry of the Genus Trichocolea." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 9 (September 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300924.
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The genus Trichocolea (Fam. Trichocoleaceae) comprise 31 species of liverworts, most of which are endemic in a wide geographical area of the southern Pacific Ocean including New Zealand, Tasmania, and South Australia. Although few reports have been reported on the phytochemistry and pharmacognosy of these briophytes, data reported so far show a great pharmacological potential for their secondary metabolites. Phytochemicals isolated from Trichocolea spp. include benzoate esters, flavonoids, and diterpenes. The reported biological activities of these natural compounds refer to cancer cells growth inhibitory, antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant effects. The aim of this short review is to examine in detail from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view what is reported in the current literature about the properties of phytopreparations or individual chemicals obtained from liverworts belonging to the Trichocolea genus.
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Anita, ,., Nakuleshwer Dut Jasuja, and Manas Mahur T. "Evaluation of Primary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential Activity of Cayratia trifolia (Leaf and Stems)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-A (August 30, 2019): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-a.3492.
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Cayratia trifolia Linn. Domin Syn. Vitis trifolia (Family: Vitaceae) is commonly known as Fox grape in English; Amlabel, Ramchana in Hindi and Amlavetash in Sanskrit. It is native to Asia and Australia. This plant is used for chronic fever, rheumatic, anti-inflammatory etc. In the present study, quantitative analysis and free radical scavenging activities of stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia was investigated. The extract was found to possess more secondary metabolites and it exhibit radical scavenging activities, Based on the results it can be concluded that, the stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia which contains high amount of secondary metabolites and exhibits free radical scavenging activities, phytochemistry from leaves and stems using spectral techniques. This research paper provides information mainly on various biological activities like antimitotic, antidiabetic and anti-implantation and several medicinal uses. Biological activities of few of them have been studied maximum concentration of Proteins (58.4mg/gdw) and minimum concentration in total soluble sugar (0.7mg/gdw) and maximum concentration of Lipid peroxidase (5.01mg/gdw) and minimum concentration in FRAP (0.197mg/gdw).
Keywords: Cayratia trifolia; Vitaceae; Phytochemistry; Antioxidant.
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Abegaz, Berhanu M., Joan Mutanyatta-Comar, and Mathew Nindi. "Naturally Occurring Homoisoflavonoids: Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Synthesis." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 4 (April 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200418.
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This review covers the phytochemical, biological properties, and synthesis of naturally occurring homoisoflavonoids. Homoisoflavonoids are a very important class of secondary metabolites whose numbers have grown from 20 in 1981 to 157 at the present time. They are found to occur in seven plant families. For the purpose of this review they are classified into five groups: 3-benzylchroman-4-ones, 3-benzylflavans, Δ3,9 and Δ2,3 3-benzylchroman-4-ones, benzocyclobutenes (scillascillins) and rearranged homoisoflavonoids (brazilin and related compounds). Biosynthetically, the 3-benzylchroman-4-ones and the 3-hydroxy-derivatives have been shown to arise from a chalcone precursor (sappanchalcone) and there is strong evidence that this isolable intermediate can be converted into the diverse structures such as the benzocyclobutenes (scillascillins) and the rearranged, brazilin-type compounds. Homoisoflavonoids possess a wide range of biological activities, including, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, etc, properties. The review also surveys the chemical synthesis of natural homoisoflavonoids. Analytical methods for the determination of these important metabolites are also reviewed. The last section is devoted to a brief review of the diagnostic NMR spectroscopic features of homoisoflavonoids. A comprehensive Table has also been compiled listing all known metabolites, their sources, melting points and optical rotation values (where available) and references.
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MassimoCurini, Salvatore Genovese, Luigi Menghini, Maria Carla Marcotullio, and Francesco Epifano. "Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Boronia Pinnata Sm." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 12 (December 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301235.
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Boronia pinnata Sm. (Rutaceae) is a plant that is widespread in New South Wales (Australia). Although there are no reports about the use of this species in the local ethnomedical traditions, recent investigations led to the characterization of several secondary metabolites, most belonging to the class of prenyloxyphenylpropanoids. Some of the compounds extracted from B. pinnata showed valuable biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory activity and in vitro inhibition of growth of Helicobacter pylori. The aim of this review is to cover what has been reported so far in the literature on the title plant from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view.
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Li, Jie, Yan-Li Zhao, Heng-Yu Huang, and Yuan-Zhong Wang. "Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 45, no. 04 (January 2017): 667–736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x17500380.
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Swertia plants have been considered to be medicinal plants useful for the treatment of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This is due to the broad variety of chemical compounds that provide multiple ligands for bonding to different endogenous biomacromolecules for patients. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia plants are summarized in this paper. Approximately 419 metabolites and 40 bioactive compounds have been reported from 30 Swertia species, including xanthones, flavonoids, seco-iridiods, iridiods, triterpenoids, alkaloids, volatiles, and other secondary metabolites. The bioactivities of Swertia plants include anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, gut, and airways modulatory, metabolizing isozymes inhibitory, neuroprotective, HIV-I reverse transcriptases inhibitory, anticholinergic, and CNS-depressant activities, etc. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of xanthones, and seco-iridiods, two most important secondary metabolites for Swertia, are elucidated. The xanthones biosynthetic pathway is a mixed biosynthetic pathway involved the shikimate and the malonate routes, and the seco-iridoid pathway starts with geraniol derived from IPP which is produced either via the MEP or the MVA pathway. This review will offer a reference for future researches on the protection of natural resources, the investigation of therapeutic basis, new drug development, and so forth. Metabolic pathways of some crucial active compounds were also discussed in this review.
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Mamadalieva, Nilufar Z., Davlat Kh Akramov, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Hidayat Hussain, Chunlin Long, Komiljon Sh Tojibaev, Elham Alshammari, Mohamed L. Ashour, and Michael Wink. "The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010132.
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The genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is native to Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. It comprises 44 species, which have been commonly used as herbal medicines for the treatments of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of species from the genus Lagochilus to unveil opportunities for future research. In addition, we provide some information about their traditional uses, botany, and diversity. More than 150 secondary metabolites have been reported from Lagochilus, including diterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, lignans, steroids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile, non-volatile and aromatic compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other secondary metabolites. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from Lagochilus species showed hemostatic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antispasmodic, hypotensive, sedative, psychoactive, and other activities.
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Mamadalieva, Nilufar Z., Davlat Kh Akramov, Ludger A. Wessjohann, Hidayat Hussain, Chunlin Long, Komiljon Sh Tojibaev, Elham Alshammari, Mohamed L. Ashour, and Michael Wink. "The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Diversity, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010132.
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The genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is native to Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. It comprises 44 species, which have been commonly used as herbal medicines for the treatments of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of species from the genus Lagochilus to unveil opportunities for future research. In addition, we provide some information about their traditional uses, botany, and diversity. More than 150 secondary metabolites have been reported from Lagochilus, including diterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, lignans, steroids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile, non-volatile and aromatic compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other secondary metabolites. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds from Lagochilus species showed hemostatic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antispasmodic, hypotensive, sedative, psychoactive, and other activities.
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Prebble, John N. "Jeffrey Barry Harborne. 1 September 1928 — 21 July 2002." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 56 (January 2010): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2010.0012.
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Jeffrey Harborne made a major contribution to the discipline of phytochemistry. Originally an organic chemist, he became an academic leader in the biochemistry of secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids and also other plant phenols. He contributed significantly to areas at the interface between chemistry and traditional areas of plant science, systematics and ecology. His early research was influential on the rise in importance of both plant chemotaxonomy and biochemical ecology.
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Rathore, Deepshikha, Geetanjali, and Ram Singh. "Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Bombax." Natural Products Journal 9, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315508666180831095836.
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Background: The history of traditional systems of medicine goes parallel with the history of human beings. Even today people have faith in traditional systems of medicine based on medicinal plants to meet primary health care needs. Hence, the scientific evaluation and documentation of extracts and active ingredients of medicinal plants always play a supportive role in their medicinal applications. Objective: This review aims to present the phytochemicals isolated from the genus Bombax and their pharmacological applications. Methods: The literature from research and review papers was analyzed and the information was compiled to present the pharmacological applications of various secondary metabolites from genus Bombax. Results: The genus Bombax belongs to the family Malvaceae and known for its therapeutic applications. The crude, semi-purified and purified extracts of different parts of this plant have shown potential therapeutic applications. A total of 96 articles including research and review papers were referred for the compilation of isolated phytochemicals and their chemical structures. Conclusion: We systematically summarized 176 isolated compounds from the genus Bombax. The findings show that this plant shows potential towards pharmacological activities. The activities were found more from extracts than the single isolated compounds.
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Bailie, Anna, Sebastien Renaut, Eliane Ubalijoro, José A. Guerrero-Analco, Ammar Saleem, Pierre Haddad, John T. Arnason, Timothy Johns, and Alain Cuerrier. "Phytogeographic and genetic variation inSorbus, a traditional antidiabetic medicine—adaptation in action in both a plant and a discipline." PeerJ 4 (November 3, 2016): e2645. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2645.
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Mountain ash (Sorbus decoraandS. americana) is used by the Cree Nation of the James Bay region of Quebec (Eeyou Istchee) as traditional medicine. Its potential as an antidiabetic medicine is thought to vary across its geographical range, yet little is known about the factors that affect its antioxidant capacity. Here, we examined metabolite gene expression in relation to antioxidant activity, linking phytochemistry and medicinal potential. Samples of leaf and bark fromS. decoraandS. americanawere collected from 20 populations at four different latitudes. Two genes known to produce antidiabetic substances, flavonol synthase and squalene synthase, were analyzed using quantitative real time PCR. Gene expression was significantly higher for flavonol synthase compared to squalene synthase and increased in the most Northern latitude. Corresponding differences observed in the antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extracts from the bark ofSorbusspp. confirm that plants at higher latitudes increase production of stress-induced secondary metabolites and support Aboriginal perceptions of their higher medicinal potential. Modern genetic techniques such as quantitative real time PCR offer unprecedented resolution to substantiate and scrutinise Aboriginal medicinal plant perception. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into how environmental stress can trigger an adaptive response resulting in the accumulation of secondary metabolites with human medicinal properties.
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Salehi, Bahare, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, Rabin Gyawali, Salam A. Ibrahim, Jovana Rajkovic, Zabta Khan Shinwari, Tariq Khan, et al. "Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 7, 2019): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071364.
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Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.
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Duarte, Luiza De Souza, Mariana Toledo Martins Pereira, Vinicius D’Ávila Bitencourt Pascoal, and Aislan Cristina Rheder Fagundes Pascoal. "Campomanesia genus – a literature review of nonvolatile secondary metabolites, phytochemistry, popular use, biological activities, and toxicology." Eclética Química Journal 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v45.2.2020.p12-22.
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The genus Campomanesia belongs to the Myrtaceae family and has about 30 species. It is characterized by citrus-flavored fruits. Several articles describe the extensive use of its fruit, such as in the food industry, however, other parts of the plants are also used for food or pharmacological purposes such as the leaves, flowers, seeds, and roots. Analyzing works published on the genus in the period 2005-2019, we observed that the classes of main flavonoid compounds present are anthocyanins, chalcones, coumarins, tannins, and saponins. Species of this genus are also used as a medicine in the treatment of wounds, toothaches, fractures, and bruises. Therapeutic activities have also been detected for Campomanesia, such as antimicrobial, antiulcerogenic, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal activity, antiproliferative and antioxidant potential, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and fibrinolytic activities, as well as hypotensive effects. There are a small number of works demonstrating the low toxic potential of plant extracts. Thus, the Campomanesia genus presents pharmacological potential to be explored.
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Hashmi, Muhammad Ali, Afsar Khan, Muhammad Hanif, Umar Farooq, and Shagufta Perveen. "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology ofOlea europaea(Olive)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/541591.
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Aim of the Review.To grasp the fragmented information available on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology ofOlea europaeato explore its therapeutic potential and future research opportunities.Material and Methods.All the available information onO. europaeawas collected via electronic search (using Pubmed, Scirus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) and a library search.Results.Ethnomedical uses ofO. europaeaare recorded throughout the world where it has been used to treat various ailments. Phytochemical research had led to the isolation of flavonoids, secoiridoids, iridoids, flavanones, biophenols, triterpenes, benzoic acid derivatives, isochromans, and other classes of secondary metabolites fromO. europaea. The plant materials and isolated components have shown a wide spectrum ofin vitroandin vivopharmacological activities like antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihypertensive, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antinociceptive, gastroprotective, and wound healing activities.Conclusions. O. europaeaemerged as a good source of traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The outcomes of phytochemical and pharmacological studies reported in this review will further expand its existing therapeutic potential and provide a convincing support to its future clinical use in modern medicine.
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Gabotti, Damiano, Franca Locatelli, Erica Cusano, Elena Baldoni, Annamaria Genga, Laura Pucci, Roberto Consonni, and Monica Mattana. "Cell Suspensions of Cannabis sativa (var. Futura): Effect of Elicitation on Metabolite Content and Antioxidant Activity." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 9, 2019): 4056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224056.
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Cannabis sativa L. is one of the most-studied species for its phytochemistry due to the abundance of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds. In the last decade, fiber-type hemp varieties have received interest for the production of many specialized secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. The interest in these molecules is due to their antioxidant activity. Since secondary metabolite synthesis occurs at a very low level in plants, the aim of this study was to develop a strategy to increase the production of such compounds and to elucidate the biochemical pathways involved. Therefore, cell suspensions of industrial hemp (C. sativa L. var. Futura) were produced, and an advantageous elicitation strategy (methyl jasmonate, MeJA) in combination with precursor feeding (tyrosine, Tyr) was developed. The activity and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) increased upon treatment. Through 1H-NMR analyses, some aromatic compounds were identified, including, for the first time, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP) in addition to tyrosol. The 4-day MeJA+Tyr elicited samples showed a 51% increase in the in vitro assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) radical scavenging activity relative to the control and a 80% increase in the cellular antioxidant activity estimated on an ex vivo model of human erythrocytes. Our results outline the active metabolic pathways and the antioxidant properties of hemp cell extracts under the effect of specific elicitors.
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Popović, Zorica, Dijana Krstić-Milošević, Milena Marković, Vera Vidaković, and Srđan Bojović. "Gentiana asclepiadea L. from Two High Mountainous Habitats: Inter- and Intrapopulation Variability Based on Species’ Phytochemistry." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010140.
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Natural populations of Gentiana asclepiadea L., located at two mountainous sites, were HPLC-analyzed regarding the contents of six representative secondary metabolites. The contents of swertiamarin (SWM), gentiopicrin (GP), sweroside (SWZ), mangiferin (MGF), isoorientin (ISOOR), and isovitexin (ISOV) were determined in six populations (three per study site), and separately for aboveground and belowground plant parts. PCA showed a clear separation of four groups according to the contents of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Out of six analyzed compounds, five were present in all samples and only one (SWZ) was found in Golija populations (belowground parts) but not in Vlasina populations, and its presence can be indicative of the geolocation of populations. Clear separation of groups was mostly affected by the different contents of chemical compounds in plant parts (aboveground versus belowground) and by the differences related to population origin (higher content of SWM and GP in belowground parts of individuals from Vlasina populations and higher content of MGF and ISOOR of individuals from Golija populations). The results of this study contribute to the spatiochemical profiling of G. asclepiadea populations and a better understanding of inter- and intrapopulation variability of pharmacologically important compounds.
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Cherchar, Hanene, Immacolata Faraone, Massimiliano DʼAmbola, Chiara Sinisgalli, Fabrizio Dal Piaz, Patrizia Oliva, Ahmed Kabouche, Zahia Kabouche, Luigi Milella, and Antonio Vassallo. "Phytochemistry and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial Parts of Phagnalon sordidum L." Planta Medica 85, no. 11/12 (July 2, 2019): 1008–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0953-5984.
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AbstractOne new natural monoterpene, 5-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-p-cymene (1), and 11 known compounds were isolated through a biologically oriented approach from the aerial parts of Phagnalon sordidum L. The most active extract and fractions were selected using 3 complementary antioxidant activity assays. Results and the different methods were compared by relative antioxidant capacity index. In addition, the most active extract of P. sordidum was subjected to liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid linear ion trap quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract, and purified 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (3) and nebrodenside A (7) were demonstrated by in vitro cell free model assays, and their protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in a HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cell line was established.
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Ascari, J., J. A. Takahashi, and M. A. D. Boaventura. "The phytochemistry and biological aspects of Caryocaraceae family." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 15, no. 2 (2013): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722013000200019.
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The Caryocaraceae family is constituted of 25 species distributed in two genera (Caryocar and Anthodiscus). Plants of this family have been used in several phytochemical studies for isolation and characterization of chemical compounds. Some of these studies evaluated in vitro and in vivo biological activities of extracts and pure substances isolated from plants of this family. Nine species of Anthodiscus genus have been described, while no phytochemical study related to them has been reported. On the other hand, Caryocar genus presents 16 species with several medicinal uses like for the treatment of colds and bronchitis, in the prevention of tumours, as a regulating agent of the menstrual flow, to treat ophthalmological problems and for the cure of hematomas and bruises. Some species of this genus were targeted by phytochemical studies and presented, in their composition, the following classes of secondary metabolites: triterpenes, fatty acids, tannins, carotenoids, triterpenic saponins, phenolic coumarins, phenolic glycosides, and others. The fruits of Caryocar species are very nutritive, containing in their composition fibers, proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. Seeds have been widely used as oil source with nutritional and cosmetic value. The biological evaluation of some species was carried out by using relevant biological assays such as: antioxidant, allelopathic and antifungal activities against Biomphalaria glabrata and toxicity on Artemia salina.
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Nounagnon, Martial S., Durand Dah-nouvlessounon, Christine N’tcha, Boris Legba, Farid Baba-moussa, Adolphe Adjanohoun, and Lamine Baba-moussa. "PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CRATEVA ADANSONII EXTRACTS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i9.27197.
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Objective: This study aims to search the secondary metabolites of Crateva adansonii (leaves and bark) and evaluate some biological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity’s property) of these extracts.Methods: The phytochemical screening was made with standard method. Agar diffusion method was used for antibacterial activity coupled with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal (MBC) determination. The antifungal test was performed by the mycelial development reduction method. DPPH method was used to evaluate the extracts antioxidant activity. Artemia salina larvae were use as support to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts.Results: The results of the phytochemical screening reveal the presence of polyphenols, triterpenoids, and glycosides in the both organs (leaves and bark) of C. adansonii. All the extracts have low activity on the reference strains with a larger diameter of 17±00 mm (S. oralis). Only the ethanolic and hydroethanolic leaf’s extracts inhibited respectively 20% and 10%, of the clinical strain S. aureus. The ethyl acetate leaf’s extract shows the best antifungal activity (89,19%) with A. clavatus. All extracts present dose-dependent antiradical properties and are non-toxic for the cells of Artemia salina. C. adansonii bark extracts had the best reducing power (23,80±0, 137 mmol/g EqAA EAA) of the DPPH radical.Conclusion: C. adansonii is therefore an active principle source for the development of drugs to antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
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The Son, Ninh. "Genus Miliusa: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (August 14, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8314693.
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Background. Genus Miliusa (family Annonaceae), widely distributed in mainland Asia and Australia to New Guinea, has been employed in both traditional herbal uses and pharmacological medicines. Original research articles related to this genus are now available, but supportive reviews highlighting phytochemical and pharmacological aspects are now insufficient. Objective. This account is an overview of most of the compounds isolated from this genus, along with their pharmacological evaluations. Conclusion. A vast amount of data showed that genus Miliusa contained various classes of secondary metabolites. Herein, more than two hundred constituents were isolated, comprising alkaloids, geranylated homogentisic acids, flavonoids, lignans, neolignans, terpenoids, acetogenins, styryls, lactones, phenolics, amides, alcohols, and furfural derivatives. Novel miliusanes and bicyclic lactones have been remarkable characteristics of Miliusa plants. Essential oils from these plants were also detected, with a high amount of β-caryophyllene. Numerous in vitro biological researches on, for example, anticancer, antifungal, antimycobacterial, anti-inflammation, and cardiac activity, especially in terms of cytotoxicity, using either isolated compounds or plant extracts, implied that Miliusa phytochemical components now set out to have a key role in pharmacological development. M. smithiae ethyl acetate extract and its flavonoid ayanin (75) inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cell line comparable with positive control ellipticine. (+)-Miliusol (72) stimulated in vivo anticancer experiment against HCT116 xenograft mouse tumor following the p21-dependent induction of cellular senescence mechanism.
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Hossain, Sanower, Zannat Urbi, Hidayah Karuniawati, Ramisa Binti Mohiuddin, Ahmed Moh Qrimida, Akrm Mohamed Masaud Allzrag, Long Chiau Ming, Ester Pagano, and Raffaele Capasso. "Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: An Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Pharmacology, and Clinical Safety and Efficacy." Life 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040348.
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Infectious disease (ID) is one of the top-most serious threats to human health globally, further aggravated by antimicrobial resistance and lack of novel immunization options. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and its metabolites have been long used to treat IDs. Andrographolide, derived from A. paniculata, can inhibit invasive microbes virulence factors and regulate the host immunity. Controlled clinical trials revealed that A. paniculata treatment is safe and efficacious for acute respiratory tract infections like common cold and sinusitis. Hence, A. paniculata, mainly andrographolide, could be considered as an excellent candidate for antimicrobial drug development. Considering the importance, medicinal values, and significant role as antimicrobial agents, this study critically evaluated the antimicrobial therapeutic potency of A. paniculata and its metabolites, focusing on the mechanism of action in inhibiting invasive microbes and biofilm formation. A critical evaluation of the secondary metabolites with the aim of identifying pure compounds that possess antimicrobial functions has further added significant values to this study. Notwithstanding that A. paniculata is a promising source of antimicrobial agents and safe treatment for IDs, further empirical research is warranted.
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Lodhi, Rachana, and Pradeep Kumar Mohanty. "Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Croton bonplandianum - A review." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i3.1810.
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Croton bonplandianum L. (Euphorbiaceae) has been widely used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments likejaundice, acute constipation, abdominal dropsy, dysentery, external wounds, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and infectious disorders. This aim of the present study is to comprehend the fragmented information available on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology of C. bonplandianum to explore its therapeutic potential and futureresearch opportunities. All the available information on C. bonplandianum was collected via electronic search (using Google Scholar, Scopus, Pubmed, and SciFinder) and a library search. Traditional uses of C. bonplandianum are recorded throughout the Asia and South America, where it has been usedfor about various types of disease. The research on bioactive compounds had led to the isolation of diterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroid glycosides, volatile componentsand some other classes of secondary metabolites fromC. bonplandianum. Extracts and bioactive constituents of C. bonplandianum exhibited a wide range of pharmacological activitieslike, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, wound healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-tumor.C. bonplandianum emerged as a rich source of traditional medicine for the treatment of various disease although variousin vitro and in vivo studies validated its traditional medicinal uses.
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Tran, Trong D., Malin A. Olsson, David J. McMillan, Jason K. Cullen, Peter G. Parsons, Paul W. Reddell, and Steven M. Ogbourne. "Potent Antibacterial Prenylated Acetophenones from the Australian Endemic Plant Acronychia crassipetala." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080487.
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Acronychia crassipetala is an endemic plant species in Australia. Its phytochemistry and therapeutic properties are underexplored. The hexane extract of the fruit A. crassipetala T. G. Hartley was found to inhibit the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Following bio-activity guided fractionation, two prenylated acetophenones, crassipetalonol A (1) and crassipetalone A (2), were isolated. Their structures were determined mainly by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. This is the first record of the isolation and structural characterisation of secondary metabolites from the species A. crassipetala. Their antibacterial and cytotoxic assessments indicated that the known compound (2) had more potent antibacterial activity than the antibiotic chloramphenicol, while the new compound (1) showed moderate cytotoxicity.
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Kharchouf, S., A. Bouchador, A. Drioiche, Z. Khiya, F. El Hilali, and T. Zair. "Phytochemistry and Antioxydante Activity of Stevia rebaudiana." Phytothérapie 17, no. 2 (April 2019): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2019-0139.
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Stevia rebaudiana is a perennial shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family. Recently, it has been introduced to Morocco from its native Paraguay; its molecules have a sweetening power that is about 300 times sweeter than sucrose. This characteristic makes of this plant a considerable natural noncalorific sweetener in case of hypoglycemic or low carbohydrate diet. This important interest has prompted us to make further studies on this plant. The objective of this work is to show the value of Stevia rebaudiana grown in the Larache region of Morocco by the chemical characterization and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of its extracts. A phytochemical screening was carried out to highlight the qualitative composition of secondary metabolites. This analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, oses and holosides, sterols, triterpenes, and free anthraquinones. However, the absence of alkaloids and reducing compounds has been observed. In addition, extraction of the total polyphenols was carried out by maceration using a 70% methanol–water mixture. The yield is of the order of 28.6%. Subsequently, fractionation of the crude extract was carried out by successively using three organic solvents of different polarities: chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. Polyphenol dosage with Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent showed that ethyl acetate fraction is richer in phenolic compounds (26.4%) than the other fractions. Flavonoids dosage with aluminum trichloride showed the richness of this plant in these compounds. The antioxidant activity of different fractions was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing/antioxidant power method; the values of the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined graphically. It is equal to 0.32 mg/ml for the ethyl acetate fraction, compared to 0.08 mg/ml for the ascorbic acid used as a reference. In this study, we have shown that Stevia rebaudiana is very rich in phenolic compounds and possesses a very important antioxidant power.
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Ninh The, Son. "A Review on the Medicinal PlantDalbergia odoriferaSpecies: Phytochemistry and Biological Activity." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7142370.
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The crucial medicinal plantDalbergia odoriferaT. Chen species belongs to genusDalbergia, with interesting secondary metabolites, consisting of main classes of flavonoid, phenol, and sesquiterpene derivatives, as well as several arylbenzofurans, quinones, and fatty acids. Biological studies were carried out on extracts, fractions, and compounds from this species involved in cytotoxic assays; antibacterial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiplatelet, antiosteosarcoma, antiosteoporosis, antiangiogenesis, and prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme inhibition activities; vasorelaxant activities; alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities; and many other effects. In terms of the valuable resources for natural new drugs development,D. odoriferaspecies are widely used as medicinal drugs in many countries for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, blood disorders, ischemia, swelling, necrosis, or rheumatic pain. Although natural products from this plant have been increasingly playing an important role in drug discovery programs, there is no supportive evidence to provide a general insight into phytochemical studies onD. odoriferaspecies and biological activities of extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds. To a certain extent, this review deals with an overview of almost naturally occurring compounds from this species, along with extensive coverage of their biological evaluations.
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Ojekale, Anthony B., Oladipupo A. Lawal, Adedoyin K. Lasisi, and Tajudeen I. Adeleke. "Phytochemisty and Spermatogenic Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Cissus populnea (Guill. and Per) Stem Bark." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 2140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.343.
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In vivoclinical trials involving the administration of crude extracts of Cissus populnea to male subjects (normospermic, oligospermic, and azoopermic) in a 72-day study revealed that continuous exposure of the subjects to the extracts over this period did not significantly (p ≤ 0.05) alter sperm count, morphology, motility, or volume. Antimicrobial screening of the extract against some selected microbial isolates secondarily implicated in male infertility revealed total inactivity against the microbial isolates screened, i.e.,Staphylococcus aureus,Salmonella paratyphi,Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Candida albicans, andKlebsiellasp. Phytochemistry revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The presence of these secondary metabolites was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. We conclude that oral administration of aqueous extracts of the stem bark of Cisssus populnea over a 72-day period to human subjects apparently had no fertility enhancement effects on sperm parameters monitored in this study.
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Shu, Zhiheng, Jiang Pu, Ling Chen, Yuanbin Zhang, Khalid Rahman, Luping Qin, and Chengjian Zheng. "Alisma orientale: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of an Important Traditional Chinese Medicine." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 44, no. 02 (January 2016): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x16500142.
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Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep. (Alismataceae) is a traditional and famous Chinese medicinal herb. Its rhizomes, which possess versatile bioactivities, are commonly used to treat oliguria, edema, gonorrhea with turbid urine, leukorrhea, diarrhea and dizziness. Approximately 120 compounds have been isolated from A. orientale. Terpenoids have been identified as A. orientale’s characteristic constituents, which include protostane triterpenoids and guaiane sesquiterpenoids. The traditional medical uses of A. orientale in TCM have been evaluated in modern pharmacological studies, which have shown that A. orientale and its active constituents exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, such as diuretic, anti-urolithiatic, antinephritic, anti-atherosclerotic, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective activities. The medicinal potential of A. orientale makes it an ideal candidate for new drug development. Further studies are still required to identify its bioactive constituents, and elucidate the structure–activity relationship and detailed mechanisms of action. Additionally, the use of the other medicinal parts of A. orientale may reduce resource waste and afford novel secondary metabolites.
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Benziane, Mohammed Nasir Assam, Kamel Acem, Hbib Aggad, and Mustapha Abdali. "Phytochemistry, HPLC profile and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) seeds grown in arid zones of Algeria." Acta Scientifica Naturalis 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2019-0020.
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Abstract Fenugreek is an herb that has the ability to resist multiple environmental insults, pests, diseases and many pathogens through the synthesis of substances allowing this plant protection, these substances are called phytochemical compounds or secondary metabolites. The aim of this study is to characterize these secondary metabolites in the extracts of fenugreek seeds grown in Algeria and compare the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts obtained by maceration and decoction. We carried out a “phytochemical screening” on both types of extracts in order to highlight the different classes of secondary metabolites and assaying total polyphenols by the method of Follin ciocaltchu, total alkaloids and tannins contained in these aqueous extracts and appreciate their antioxidant activity using the FRAP technique. A characterization of phytochemical molecules of the two types of Fenugreek extracts was done by chromatographic method with HPLC. Several phytochemical groups were identified in the extracts of fenugreek: tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes and reducing nitrogen compounds. Chromatographic analysis of the samples show that 4 phytochemical molecules were identified in the aqueous maceration extract: kaempferol, genistein, vanillin and myrecitine and 3 molecules for the aqueous extract of decoction are: rutin, kaempferol and vanillin. The aqueous extract of decoction was characterized by the total polyphenols content (31.7 ± 0.031 mg GAE / 100 g of extract), total alkaloids (2.12 ± 0.015%) and tannins (9.75 ± 0.06%) that are higher than those obtained in the aqueous extract of maceration: total polyphenols (18.9 ± 0.12 mg GAE / 100g of extract), total alkaloids (1.71 ± 0.02%) and 8.69 ± 0.02% for the tannins. A non-significant difference was marked for antioxidant activity found in both types of extracts (56.90 ± 0.013 mg AAE / 100g decoction extract against 56.37 ± 0.24 mg AAE / 100g maceration extract). In the end we conclude that fenugreek may be a promising plant genetic resource responsible for an important biological activity, except its nutritional and therapeutic properties due to their phytochemical compounds.
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Maroyi, Alfred. "DICOMA ANOMALA SOND.: A REVIEW OF ITS BOTANY, ETHNOMEDICINE, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.25538.
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Dicoma anomala is used as herbal medicine to treat and manage fever, coughs, colds, sore throats, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, intestinal worms, and sexually transmitted infections in tropical Africa. The aim of this study was to summarize the research that has been done on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of D. anomala in tropical Africa. The literature search for information on ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of D. anomala was undertaken using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, BioMed Central, PubMed, and Springer link. Other relevant literature sources included books, book chapters, websites, theses, conference papers, and other scientific publications. This study showed that D. anomala is used as herbal medicine in 57.1% of the countries in tropical Africa where it is indigenous. The species is used to treat 66 and five human and animal diseases, respectively. Several classes of secondary metabolites including acetylenic compounds, diterpene, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, sesquiterpenes, tannins and triterpenes have been isolated from D. anomala. Different aqueous and organic extracts of D. anomala exhibited anthelmintic, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, and hepatoprotective activities. The documented information on the botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of D. anomala provide baseline data required for further ethnopharmacological studies on the species.
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Wei, Chaoling, Hua Yang, Songbo Wang, Jian Zhao, Chun Liu, Liping Gao, Enhua Xia, et al. "Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 18 (April 20, 2018): E4151—E4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719622115.
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Tea, one of the world’s most important beverage crops, provides numerous secondary metabolites that account for its rich taste and health benefits. Here we present a high-quality sequence of the genome of tea, Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (CSS), using both Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies. At least 64% of the 3.1-Gb genome assembly consists of repetitive sequences, and the rest yields 33,932 high-confidence predictions of encoded proteins. Divergence between two major lineages, CSS and Camellia sinensis var. assamica (CSA), is calculated to ∼0.38 to 1.54 million years ago (Mya). Analysis of genic collinearity reveals that the tea genome is the product of two rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) that occurred ∼30 to 40 and ∼90 to 100 Mya. We provide evidence that these WGD events, and subsequent paralogous duplications, had major impacts on the copy numbers of secondary metabolite genes, particularly genes critical to producing three key quality compounds: catechins, theanine, and caffeine. Analyses of transcriptome and phytochemistry data show that amplification and transcriptional divergence of genes encoding a large acyltransferase family and leucoanthocyanidin reductases are associated with the characteristic young leaf accumulation of monomeric galloylated catechins in tea, while functional divergence of a single member of the glutamine synthetase gene family yielded theanine synthetase. This genome sequence will facilitate understanding of tea genome evolution and tea metabolite pathways, and will promote germplasm utilization for breeding improved tea varieties.
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Gemechu, Worku, Samuel Woldekidan, Firehiwot Teka, Jemal Mohammed, Rekik Ashebir, Bihonegn Sisay, Abiy Abebe, and Asfaw Meresa. "Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemisty and pharmacological activities of Rumex nervosus." Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2021.10.00367.
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The genus Rumex is cosmopolitan plants consisted of about 200 species. Rumex nervosus that is known as nutraceutical plants widely distributed around the world. This review documents fragmented information on the ethnomedicial uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of R. nervosus. The review articles are carried out by searching in PubMed, Google scholar and Google search up to December 2020. R. vernosus is traditionally used to treat eye disease, headache, teaniacapitis, haemorrhoids, dysentery, stomach-ache, diarrhoea, pharyngitis, arthritis, eczema, abscess and gynecological disorders. Secondary metabolites such as anthraquinones, naphthalenes, flavonoids, stilbenoids, triterpenes, carotenoids, and phenolic acids have been identified for this herb. The extracts of R. nervosus exhibited a wide range of pharmacological effects including antimicrobial, anti -inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, anticoccidial and antileishimanial activities. These pharmacological studies have established a scientific basis for therapeutic uses of R. nervosus.
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Vélez, Elington, Haydelba D’Armas, Carmita Jaramillo-Jaramillo, Ana Paola Echavarría-Vélez, and Chinwe Christy Isitua. "Fitoquímica De Lippia Citriodora K cultivada en Ecuador y su actividad biológica.// Phytochemistry of Lippia citriodora K grown in Ecuador and its biological activity." CIENCIA UNEMI 12, no. 29 (January 31, 2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol12iss29.2019pp9-19p.
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Se realizó un estudio fitoquímico de metabolitos secundarios, actividad antimicrobiana y letal del extracto metanólico de las partes botánicas de Lippia citriodora K (cedrón). Se detectó la presencia taninos, polifenoles, triterpenos y esteroles insaturados para las hojas, flores y tallo; fenilpropanoides y catequinas para tallos y flores; alcaloides para hojas y flores; saponinas para hojas y tallos. Además, las flores exhibieron la presencia de cumarinas y metilencetonas. Todos los extractos metanólicos mostraron una acción bactericida alta contra cepas de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a excepción del extracto de las flores que exhibió una actividad antibacteriana moderada o mediana contra cepas de S. aureus. Además, se observó un efecto antifúngico moderado del extracto de las hojas, y una actividad alta de los extractos del tallo y flores, contra la cepa del hongo Candida albicans. Todos los extractos mostraron letalidad significativa (<1000 µg/ml) frente a nauplios de Artemia salina a las 24 h de exposición (168,77, 82,19 y 172,76 µg/ml para las hojas, tallo y flores, respectivamente); donde el extracto del tallo presentó mayor letalidad con CL50 de 82,19 µg/ml, considerado altamente tóxico según CYTED. Se puede inferir que la especie L. citriodora es una fuente promisoria de metabolitos secundarios bioactivos con actividad farmacológica.AbstractThis research was based on a phytochemical study of secondary metabolites, lethal and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of botanical organs Lippia citriodora K (lemon verbena). It was detected the presence of tannins, polyphenols, triterpenes and unsaturated sterols for leaves, flowers and stem; phenylpropanoids and catechins for stems and flowers; alkaloids for leaves and flowers; saponins for leaves and stems. In addition, the flowers exhibited the presence of coumarins and methylenketones. Methanolic extracts showed high bactericidal action against strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the antimicrobial bioassay, except for the flowers which exhibited moderate activity against S. aureus strains. Furthermore, moderate antifungal effect was observed for leaves extract and high activity for stem and flowers extracts against the strain of Candida albicans fungus. All extracts showed significant lethality (<1000 μg/ml) against A. salina nauplii at 24 h of exposure (168.77, 82.19 and 172.76 μg/mL for leaves, stems and flowers, respectively); where the methanolic extract of the stem showed the highest lethality with LC50 value of 82.19 μg/ml, considered highly toxic according to CYTED. It can be inferred that L. citriodora is a promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites with pharmacological activity.
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Tungmunnithum, Duangjai, Darawan Pinthong, and Christophe Hano. "Flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., a Medicinal Plant: Uses in Traditional Medicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities." Medicines 5, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines5040127.
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Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. has been used as an important ingredient for traditional medicines since ancient times, especially in Asian countries. Nowadays, many new or unknown phytochemical compounds from N. nucifera are still being discovered. Most of the current research about pharmacological activity focus on nuciferine, many other alkaloids, phenolic compounds, etc. However, there is no current review emphasizing on flavonoids, which is one of the potent secondary metabolites of this species and its pharmacological activities. Therefore, following a taxonomic description, we aim to illustrate and update the diversity of flavonoid phytochemical compounds from N. nucifera, the comparative analysis of flavonoid compositions and contents in various organs. The uses of this species in traditional medicine and the main pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activities are also illustrated in this works.
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Mustaqim, Wendy A. "Non-Nepenthes Carnivorous Plants in Indonesia: Current Knowledge on Diversity, Ethnobotany, and Phytochemistry." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i2.2696.
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One of the most unique plant groups in the world is carnivorous plants. Indonesia is home to many species of this plant group. Nepenthaceae, represented by single genus Nepenthes, is relatively well known, but the others are not. A literature study and several field trips were conducted to give a summary of the diversity and the potential uses of the non-Nepenthes carnivorous plants in Indonesia. Three families with a total number of 29 species have been reported for Indonesia, namely Lentibulariaceae (20 species), Droseraceae (8 species), and Byblidaceae (1 species). One species, Aldrovanda vesiculosa is listed as Endangered based on IUCN Red List. The results reveal that several species possess ethnobotanical and medicinal uses as well as other potential such as in phytoremediation and nanoparticle biosynthesis. Several bioactivities have been reported such as anticancer, antihypertensive, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, or even hepatoprotective. Among the most important bioactivity is anticancer which is supported by the presence of secondary metabolites named plumbagin, which so far has been found in three species. Our result indicates that this plant group is highly potential and warrants further studies and or development.
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Wagh, Anita S., and Santosh R. Butle. "PLANT PROFILE, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA P. BEAUVAIS (AFRICAN TULIP TREE): A REVIEW." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i5.24096.
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Plants have been used as one of the important source for treating various diseases of human beings since ancient times. Numbers of plants are mentioned in different traditional system of medicine, among them Spathodea campanulata P. Beauvais is one of the important medicinal plant. Different parts of Spathodea campanulata such as flowers, leaves, stem, bark and roots have been reported for possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic and anticonvulsant activity. Phytochemical screening shows the presence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and sterols. Relevant information and literature on Spathodea campanulata from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Web of Science were collected and analyzed. Available literatures evidently show that Spathodea campanulata possess a wide range of pharmacological activities that could be explained by the presence of variety of phytochemicals. The aim of the present review to provide detailed information regarding geographical distribution, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of this plant.
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Haritha, Ch, D. Ramya, R. Naveen, S. V. Prasanna, and P. Salomi. "A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON BERGENIA LIGULATA (PAASHANBHEDA) AND ITS ROLE IN THE TREATMENT OF KIDNEY STONE FORMATION." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, no. 4 (August 28, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1204113.
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Bergenia ligulata, a member of the saxifragaceae family, is a well-known Ayurvedic medicine Paashanbheda. Bergenia ligulata is a highly regarded medicinal herb and one of the most well-known examples of controversial drugs in Indian medicine, commonly referred to as "Paashanbheda." This plant is well-known for its ability to dissolve kidney stones. Bergenia comes in three varieties: B. ligulata, B. ciliata and B. stracheyi. Bergenin is the species' key chemical constituent. Many secondary metabolites belonging to coumarins, flavonoids, benzenoids, lactone, fructose, tannins, phenols, and sterols have been discovered in phytochemical studies. Anti-urolithic, antiviral, free radical scavenging, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, anti-oxaluria, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-implantation and cardio-protective activities have been observed in crude extracts and isolated compounds from B. ligulata. Bergenin, (+) afzelechin, (+) catechin and -sitosterol were discovered in the plant's phytochemistry. Many pharmacological activities of plants have been studied, including antipyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antiurolithic and antimalarial. The aim of this review is to present the most current knowledge on botany, Pharmacognosy, conventional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacopoeial requirements, pharmacology of B. ligulata, as well as the biological activities of Bergenin (active constituent from Bergenia ligulata). It covers the information collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via a library and electronic search (Google Scholar and PubMed).
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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 11087. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13311087.
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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 3, Volume 13, 2021: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Ethnopharmacological utility, traditional knowledge and phytochemistry of Aristolochia species in Assam, India; Pomegranate, fruit of the desert, a functional food, and a healthy diet; Vulvo-vaginal myiasis among rural women in West Bengal, India; Persistence, dissipation and health risk assessment of combi-product profenofos and cypermethrin in/on sapota under sub-tropical agro-climatic conditions in India; Efficacy of different human-elephant conflict prevention and mitigation techniques practiced in West Bengal, India; Diversity and distribution of Asian forest scorpions (Arthropoda, Scorpionidae, Heterometrinae) in Telangana State, India; Moth (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) diversity of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Secondary metabolites of a marine-derived Penicillium ochrochloron etc.
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Clement Inkoto Liyongo, Colette Masengo Ashande, Clarisse Falanga Mawi, Blaise Membo wa Mbembo, Jean-Jacques Amogu Domondo, Mahendra Ilmi S Matondang, Jean-Pierre Kayembe Kayembe, Pius Tshimankinda Mpiana, and Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua. "A Mini-Review on the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Plant Carica Papaya L. (Caricaceae)." Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/bioex.v2i3.306.
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Medicinal plant is an important element of indigenous medical systems all over the world. The ethno botany provides a rich resource for natural drug research and development. Carica papaya is used in Traditional Medicine since a long time. Our investigations started by a search of relevant literature on the plant species. Databases such as Science direct, PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were used successively to retrieve the articles on C. papaya. The chemical structures of isolates compounds from this plant were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 software package. Finally, bibliographical references were made using bibliographical software "Mendeley". Results show that the plant C. papaya contains various secondary metabolites, minerals and vitamins. The plant species is reported to possess various pharmacological properties like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, larvicidal effects, etc. These pharmacological activities could due to the presence of various phytochemicals present in this plant species. The present review can therefore help inform future scientific research towards the development of novel drugs of relevance from C. papaya to combat various ailments including Sickle cell disease.
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G, Panneerselvam, Jothi Narendiran N, Vasanth S, Bupesh G, Prabhu K, and Krishnamurthy R. "Phytochemical Screening, Invitro antidiabetic activity of Muntingia calabura leaves extract on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 1210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1960.
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Muntingia calabura is a medicinal plant broadly used in conventional therapeutic preparation of many pharmacological activities. In the present study, the Invitro antidiabetic property of Muntingia calabura leaves extracts was analyzed by using standard methods. An in vitro anti-diabetic study was done by inhibition of α-amylase and α - glucosidase enzymes. The phytochemical screening of Muntingia Calabura leaves revealed that the extract is rich in the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols and tannins. The in vitro antidiabetic capability of extracts such as Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol and aqueous through α- amylase enzyme and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition studies. The results of the present study concluded that the methanolic extract of Muntingia calabura exhibits 80% in α-amylase and 60% in alpha-glucosidase activity while compared to acarbose. The phytochemistry study portrays the antidiabetic activity of Muntingia calabura is due to the presence of polyphenols.
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Sobeh, Mansour, Esraa ElHawary, Herbenya Peixoto, Rola M. Labib, Heba Handoussa, Noha Swilam, Ahmed H. El-Khatib, et al. "Identification of phenolic secondary metabolites fromSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) and demonstration of their antioxidant activities inCaenorhabditis elegans." PeerJ 4 (November 15, 2016): e2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2404.
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BackgroundSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly studied. The present work aimed at profiling the major phenolics compounds present in the hydro-alcohol extract fromS. brachypetalaleaves (SBE) using LC/HRESI/MS/MS and NMR and prove their antioxidant capabilities using novel methods.MethodsIn vitroassays; DPPH, TEAC persulfate decolorizing kinetic and FRAP assays, andin vivoassays:Caenorhabditis elegansstrains maintenance, Intracellular ROS inC. elegans, Survival assay, GFP expression and Subcellular DAF-16 localization were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity.ResultsMore than forty polyphenols, including flavonoid glycosides, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, isoflavones, dihydrochalcones, procyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, and traces of methylated and acetylated flavonoid derivatives were identified. Three compounds were isolated and identified from the genusSchotiafor the first time, namely gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-L-1C4-rhamnoside. The total phenolics content of SBE was (376 mg CAE/g), followed by flavonoids (67.87 QE/g).In vitroantioxidant activity of SBE was evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50of 9 µg/mL), FRAP ferric reducing activity (5,000 mol Fe2+E/mg) and ABTS peroxide inhibiting activity (1,054 mM Trolox E/mg). The tested extract was able to protect the worms against juglone induced oxidative stress, an increased survival rate (up to 41%) was recorded, when compared with the control group (11%) and attenuate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in dose-dependent and reached up to 72% for the highest tested concentration. SBE was also able to attenuate the levels of heat shock protein (HSP) expression in dose-dependent up to 60% in the 150 µg SBE/mL group. In DAF-16 Subcellular localization SBE treated worms showed nuclear localization pattern up to 78%, while it was only 5% in the untreated control group.DiscussionA pronounced antioxidant activityin vivo, which can be attributed to its ability to promote the nuclear translocation of DAF-16/FOXO, the main transcription factor regulating the expression of stress response genes. The remarkable antioxidant activityin vitroandin vivocorrelates to SBE rich phenolic profile.
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Ramezani, Mahin, Mohammad S. Amiri, Elaheh Zibaee, Zahra Boghrati, Zahra Ayati, Amirhossein Sahebkar, and Seyed A. Emami. "A Review on the Phytochemistry, Ethnobotanical Uses and Pharmacology of Borago Species." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191216152733.
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Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Borago L., (family Boraginaceae) is a small genus of annual or perennial herbs with branched flowers, which is commonly found in the Mediterranean region. Some species known as Gavzabȃn in Asian and some African countries are traditionally used instead of Borago. Aims of the Review: The purpose of this study was to provide comprehensive scientific information on phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological activities of Borago species to provide an insight into further research on the therapeutic potential of these plants. In many studies, it has been shown that different parts of Borago species, including leaves, flowers, seeds, roots and aerial parts possess numerous ethnobotanical values. Materials and Methods: All ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical data were collected from online journals, magazines and books (all of which were published in English, Arabic, and Persian) from 1968 to 2018. Electronic databases such as Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Researchgate, and other online collections were used. Results: The phytochemical studies on five species showed a wide range of phytochemicals belonging to different classes of secondary metabolites. From a pharmacological point of view, different extracts and fractions, essential oils, and pure compounds isolated from various Borago species have shown diverse activities in in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies confirming various traditional uses of Borago genus. Conclusions: Considering the reported activities of the Borago genus both in traditional and modern medicine, further studies on biological aspects and identification of the mechanism of action for drug discovery are highly required.
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Muhammed, Dauda, Ovaiyoza Blessing Adaaja, Iyaji Godwin Otiwa, Yuyu Ezekiel Zaman, and Olayinka Ezekiel Oloyede. "Phyto-pharmacological and safety reports of Khaya senegalensis (Desr) A Juss (Meliaceae), an important multifunctional tropical forest plant." AROC in Natural Products Research 01, no. 01 (July 24, 2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocnpr01012843.
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Medicinal plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances of different compositions, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. Khaya senegalensis (Desr) A Juss is a popular medicinal plant among the Nupes and Yorubas in Nigeria. It belongs to the family Meliaceae (mahogany) and has been reported by several works for its usefulness in the treatment of various diseases. The plant has been studied for its various pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anticancer, hypoglycemic, and antiparasitic properties. A scrutiny of the literature reveals some notable pharmacological activities of the plant. The phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant necessitate a comprehensive review of its prospects as an important therapeutic agent for the management of numerous diseases commonly affecting humans. The present review provides a detailed report of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties carried out on this plant and also throws light on its therapeutic prospects
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Thakur, Rakesh Kr, Vijay Rani Rajpal, S. N. Raina, Pawan Kumar, Anand Sonkar, and Lata Joshi. "UPLC-DAD Assisted Phytochemical Quantitation Reveals a Sex, Ploidy and Ecogeography Specificity in the Expression Levels of Selected Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Tinospora cordifolia: Implications for Elites’ Identification Program." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 8 (April 25, 2020): 698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200124105027.
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Background: Medicinal phytochemistry involving UPLC-DAD in an exhaustive analysis involving quantification of eight commercially important phytochemicals viz. syringin, cordifolioside A, magnoflorine, tinocordiside, palmatine, 20β-hydroxyecdysone, L-tetrahydropalmatine and berberine has been done in 143 accessions from eight states and the union territories of Delhi and Jammu & Kashmir of India representing three different ploidy levels viz. diploid (2x), triploid (3x) and synthetic tetraploid (4x). The study was done to assess the effect of sex, ploidy level and ecogeography on the expression level of secondary metabolites in stems of dioecious, medicinally important shrub Tinospora cordifolia. Methods: Two different UPLC-DAD methods were used for the quantification of eight selected phytochemicals from the alcoholic stem extracts of T. cordifolia accessions. The Waters Acquity UPLC system hyphenated to the QTOF micromass system, equipped with PDA and ESI-Q-TOF detectors was utilized for the quantitative analysis, Mass Lynx v 4.0 software was used for data analysis. Results: Significant quantitative changes were observed in the analysed secondary metabolites among different accessions of T. cordifolia. The triploid (3x) cytotypes revealed higher amounts of seven out of eight analysed secondary metabolites than diploids and only 20β-hydroxyecdysone was observed to be present in significantly higher amount in diploid cytotypes. Further, at the tetraploid level, novel induced colchiploid (synthetic 4x) genotypes revealed increase in the yield of all of the analysed eight phytochemicals than their respective diploid counterparts. The quantity of active principles in tetraploid cytotypes were also higher than the average triploid levels at multiple locations in five out of eight tested phytochemicals, indicating the influence of ploidy on expression levels of secondary metabolites in T. cordifolia. Additionally, at each of the three ploidy levels (2x, 3x and synthetic 4x), a significant sex specificity could be observed in the expression levels of active principles, with female sex outperforming the male in the content of some phytochemicals, while others getting overexpressed in the male sex. The manifestation of diverse ecogeographies on secondary metabolism was observed in the form of identification of high yielding accessions from the states of Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh and the Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Two triploid female accessions that contained approximately two- to eight fold higher amounts of five out of the eight analysed phytochemicals have been identified as superior elites from the wild from the states of Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. Conclusion: The paper shows the first observations of ploidy specificity along with subtle sex and ecogeography influence on the expression levels of secondary metabolome in T. cordifolia.
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Jain, Shagun, Poonam Arora, and Harvinder Popli. "A comprehensive review on Citrus aurantifolia essential oil: its phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects." Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v3i2.101.
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Citrus essential oil, commonly, known as lime oil, has been widely reported in traditional system of medicine. Industrially, oil is isolated by mainly by hydrodistillation from fruit and peel of Citrus aurantifolia, family, Rutaceae. Cultivation practice of citrus plants dates back for over 4000 years and are one of most valuable fruit crops in the world. In this review, we aim to summarise the phytochemical and biological properties of citrus oil. The literature was collected from various online resources such as e journals, books and magazines. The citrus essential oil is globally used in food industry to impart citric flavour and odour to cuisines. Llime juice and oil is known to possess multiple biological properties including anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antityphoid and hepatoprotective properties. Due to potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, citrus oil is becoming important component of skin care products. The medicinal importance of plant is due to presence of various secondary metabolites, alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. The citrus oil is rich in aromatic compounds namely, monoterpenes and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols such as limonene (58.4%), β-pinene (15.4%), γ-terpinene (8.5%), citral (4.4%) and others. The bitter taste and aroma of citrus fruit peels is attributed to limonoids. p-caryophyllene constitute 5.7% of all the sesquiterpenes. On the basis of the available information, we conclude that citrus oil possess huge potential to be developed into pharmaceutical products.