Journal articles: 'Phytopathogen'

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Malta, Camilla Martins, Eskálath Morganna Silva Ferreira, Thamar Holanda Da Silva, Divina Anne Batista Oliveira, Filipe Miguel Pereira Da Silva, Juliana Fonseca Moreira Da Silva, and Raphael Sanzio Pimenta. "Isolation of epiphytic yeasts from Eugenia dysenterica DC. fruits and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 14, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v14i2.176.

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Plants commonly interact with microorganisms that may influence their physiology and performance. Epiphytic yeasts are microorganisms that can be found in the phylosphere, in significantly larger numbers in fruits than in other plant tissues due to their higher nutritional content. The present study aimed to contribute to knowledge of epiphytic yeasts associated with Eugenia dysenterica DC. fruits and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. E. dysenterica fruits were collected, washed in saline solution, and sonicated. Each fruit solution was plated in three Petri dishes with NYDA medium. Yeast identification was performed through morphological and physiological criteria, and richness evaluation was performed using the Jackknife 1 estimator. All isolated yeasts were tested for diffusible substances against three phytopathogenic fungi. Only four of 42 isolates were inhibited sporulation of Aspergillus parasiticus, but none was able to inhibit or diminish mycelium growth of any tested phytopathogen. The present study contributes to the characterization of the E. dysenterica microbiome, presenting the first report of in vitro A. parasiticus sporulation inhibition by epiphytic yeasts and suggesting their promising use in biological control of this phytopathogen.

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Foronda, Cervando Gutierrez, Marybel Lozano, and Lily Salcedo Ortiz. "Quinoa saponins, biological controller against Cercospora coffeicola and Moniliophthora roreri." Horticulture International Journal 5, no. 2 (March 12, 2021): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/hij.2021.05.00204.

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An extract rich in saponins obtained from quinoa residues showed in vitro anti-fungal activity against the coffee phytopathogen Cercospora coffeicola, with an antifungal index of inhibition (AI) of 22.39 ± 4.5% at 120 mg/mL, and against the cocoa phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri, with an AI of 55.8 ± 1.6% at 60 mg/mL. The results showed a potential of this saponin-extract for the biological control of these phytopathogens.

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Bulmakova, D. S., G. I. Shagieva, D. L. Itkinaa, O. A. Leninа, M. R. Sharipova, and A. D. Suleimanova. "Antagonistic Strains of <i>Pantoea brenneri</i> as Plant Protectors." Микология и фитопатология 57, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0026364823050033.

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The antagonistic activity of Pantoea brenneri strains against a wide range of phytopathogenic threats was studied. It has been established that the strains are characterized by fungicidal activity against the micromycetes Fusarium sambucinum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria sp., Ascochyta kamchatica, Colletotrichum coccodes as well as antibacterial activity against the phytopathogen Erwinia amylovora, which causes bacterial burn of fruit trees. It has been shown that the cell suspension and supernatant of the culture liquid of Pantoea brenneri strains suppress Fusarium on potato tubers during storage. Pantoea brenneri strains have been found to be safe for model animals. A conclusion was made about the prospects of using P. brenneri strains as objects for the creation of environmentally friendly plant protection products against phytopathogens.

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Oppong-Danquah, Ernest, Martina Blümel, Silvia Scarpato, Alfonso Mangoni, and Deniz Tasdemir. "Induction of Isochromanones by Co-Cultivation of the Marine Fungus Cosmospora sp. and the Phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020782.

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Microbial co-cultivation is a promising approach for the activation of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that remain transcriptionally silent under artificial culture conditions. As part of our project aiming at the discovery of marine-derived fungal agrochemicals, we previously used four phytopathogens as model competitors in the co-cultivation of 21 marine fungal strains. Based on comparative untargeted metabolomics analyses and anti-phytopathogenic activities of the co-cultures, we selected the co-culture of marine Cosmospora sp. with the phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae for in-depth chemical studies. UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking (MN) of the co-culture extract revealed an enhanced diversity of compounds in several molecular families, including isochromanones, specifically induced in the co-culture. Large scale co-cultivation of Cosmospora sp. and M. oryzae resulted in the isolation of five isochromanones from the whole co-culture extract, namely the known soudanones A, E, D (1-3) and their two new derivatives, soudanones H-I (4-5), the known isochromans, pseudoanguillosporins A and B (6, 7), naphtho-γ-pyrones, cephalochromin and ustilaginoidin G (8, 9), and ergosterol (10). Their structures were established by NMR, HR-ESIMS, FT-IR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, polarimetry ([α]D), and Mosher’s ester reaction. Bioactivity assays revealed antimicrobial activity of compounds 2 and 3 against the phytopathogens M. oryzae and Phytophthora infestans, while pseudoanguillosporin A (6) showed the broadest and strongest anti-phytopathogenic activity against Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas campestris, M. oryzae and P. infestans. This is the first study assessing the anti-phytopathogenic activities of soudanones.

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Shestibratov, Konstantin, Oleg Baranov, Natalya Subbotina, Vadim Lebedev, Stanislav Panteleev, Konstantin Krutovsky, and Vladimir Padutov. "Early Detection and Identification of the Main Fungal Pathogens for Resistance Evaluation of New Genotypes of Forest Trees." Forests 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120732.

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The growing importance of forest plantations increases the demand for phytopathogen resistant forest trees. This study describes an effective method for early detection and identification of the main fungal phytopathogens in planting material of silver birch (Betula pendula) and downy birch (B. pubescens), based on the estimation of the size of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) in the 18S-5.8S-28S rDNA gene cluster, which are species-specific for most micromycetes. The electrophoretic assay of the ITS1 and ITS2 loci has allowed us to identify predominant phytopathogenic fungal species in downy and silver birch in planta. This new molecular genetic method can be used to screen birch and other forest trees for different fungal pathogens to evaluate disease resistance. This information can be useful in breeding new genotypes of forest trees, including transgenic clones with modified wood composition.

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Tsers, Ivan, Azat Meshcherov, Olga Gogoleva, Olga Petrova, Natalia Gogoleva, Mira Ponomareva, Yuri Gogolev, Viktor Korzun, and Vladimir Gorshkov. "Alterations in the Transcriptome of Rye Plants following the Microdochium nivale Infection: Identification of Resistance/Susceptibility-Related Reactions Based on RNA-Seq Analysis." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122723.

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Microdochium nivale is a progressive and devastating phytopathogen that causes different types of cereal crop and grass diseases that are poorly characterized at the molecular level. Although rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most resistant crops to most of the phytopathogens, it is severely damaged by M. nivale. The recent high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of rye genome has improved whole-genome studies of this crop. In the present work, the first transcriptome study of the M. nivale-infected crop plant (rye) with the detailed functional gene classification was carried out, along with the physiological verification of the RNA-Seq data. The results revealed plant reactions that contributed to their resistance or susceptibility to M. nivale. Phytohormone abscisic acid was shown to promote plant tolerance to M. nivale. Flavonoids were proposed to contribute to plant resistance to this pathogen. The upregulation of plant lipase encoding genes and the induction of lipase activity in M. nivale-infected plants revealed in our study were presumed to play an important role in plant susceptibility to the studied phytopathogen. Our work disclosed important aspects of plant-M. nivale interactions, outlined the directions for future studies on poorly characterized plant diseases caused by this phytopathogen, and provided new opportunities to improve cereals breeding and food security strategies.

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Гнатюк, Т. Т., Н. В. Житкевич, and В. П. Патика. "Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans — a Pathogen of Small Brown Spot of Legumes." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 86, no. 1 (February 23, 2024): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj86.01.057.

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Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans is known as an obligate phytopathogen — the pathogen of small brown spot of beans that gradually expands the range of host plants and spreads worldwide on legumes. The review provides data on the problems of the pathogen’s systematics and its change depending on the new research and improvement of methods for studying biological properties. Historical data on the first stages of isolation of X. fuscans subsp. fuscans from bean and new stages of its spread and isolation from soybean in Ukraine, after which the pathogen moved from the monophage to polyphage status within the same plant family. The importance of X. fuscans subsp. fuscans as a potentially dangerous phytopathogen, as evidenced by the presence of its samples in many collections of living microorganisms in the world and the quarantine status of the pathogen in a number of European countries are underlined. It has been shown that the phytopathogen X. fuscans subsp. fuscans does not differ significantly from other xanthomonads in terms of its cultural, morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, especially those that cause diseases of leguminous plants. At the same time, the only but the main feature of this bacterial culture is emphasized — the increased amount and activity of the intracellular enzyme tyrosinase, which distinguishes X. fuscans from all other bacterial phytopathogens and not only among xanthomonads. The variants of the stage of synthesis of tyrosinase and melanin in bacteria, due to which the black-brown pigment is formed, and the lack of research on the pathway of tyrosinase synthesis in phytopathogenic bacteria, in particular X. fuscans subsp. fuscans, are analized. The data on genotypic properties of X. fuscans subsp. fuscans, its affinity with other pathogens of the genus Xanthomonas that cause diseases of leguminous plants, and the possible role of the phenomenon of «horizontal gene transfer» in their affinity along with differences in biological properties are considered. The analyzed literature indicates the potential danger of the causative agent of small brown spot of legumes and the need for constant monitoring of the spread and study of its biological properties to develop methods for controling the spread of X. fuscans subsp. fuscans.

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Vega, Clara, Miguel Rodríguez, Inmaculada Llamas, Victoria Béjar, and Inmaculada Sampedro. "Silencing of Phytopathogen Communication by the Halotolerant PGPR Staphylococcus Equorum Strain EN21." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010042.

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Increasing world food demand together with soil erosion and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilization highlight the need to adopt sustainable crop production strategies. In this context, a combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and pathogen management represents a sustainable and efficient alternative. Though little studied, halophilic and halotolerant PGPR could be a beneficial plant growth promotion strategy for saline and non-saline soils. The virulence of many bacterial phytopathogens is regulated by quorum sensing (QS) systems. Quorum quenching (QQ) involves the enzymatic degradation of phytopathogen-generated signal molecules, mainly N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). In this study, we investigate plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity and the capacity of the halotolerant bacterium Staphylococcus equorum strain EN21 to attenuate phytopathogens virulence through QQ. We used biopriming and in vivo tomato plant experiments to analyse the PGP activity of strain EN21. AHL inactivation was observed to reduce Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infections in tomato and Arabidopsis plants. Our study of Dickeya solani, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Erwinia amylovora bacteria in potato tubers, carrots and pears, respectively, also demonstrated the effectiveness of QS interruption by EN21. Overall, this study highlights the potential of strain S. equorum EN21 in plant growth promotion and QQ-driven bacterial phytopathogen biocontrol.

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Mironov, Vladimir, Anna Shchelushkina, Olga Selitskaya, Yury Nikolaev, Alexander Merkel, and Shenghua Zhang. "Introducing Autochthonous Bacterium and Fungus Composition to Enhance the Phytopathogen-Suppressive Capacity of Composts against Clonostachys rosea, Penicillium solitum and Alternaria alternata In Vitro." Agronomy 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2023): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112841.

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Given their numerous positive characteristics, composts are widely used agriculturally in sustainable development and resource-saving technologies. The management of phytopathogen-suppressive potential and the fertilizing capacity of composts are of great interest. This study examines the impact of introducing the autochthonous compost species Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus corrugatus, both individually and in combination, to composts containing dry matter comprising 36% solid compost and 7% compost suspensions to study their phytopathogen-suppressive and phytostimulation activity. The test phytopathogens were Clonostachys rosea, Penicillium solitum, and Alternaria alternata. This is the first report on compost’s potential to biologically control C. rosea and P. solitum. Classical microbiological and molecular biological methods were used to evaluate the survival rate of microorganisms in compost and validate these results. Test plant (Raphanus sativus) germination indexes were determined to evaluate the phytotoxic/phytostimulation effects of the substrates. To assess the effectiveness of biocontrol, mycelial growth inhibition was measured using in vitro tests. The introduction of composition increased the composts’ fertilizing properties by up to 35% and improved antagonistic activity by up to 91.7%. Autochthonous bacterial–fungal composition can promote resistance to fungal root and foliar phytopathogens and raise the fertilizing quality of compost.

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Valiullin, Lenar, Rishat Mukhammadiev, Rinat Mukhammadiev, Nikolay Budenkov, Alina Mukhammadieva, Marat Mukhamedyarov, and Tatiana Bagaeva. "Comparative characterization of lectins of pathogenic and saprophytic filamentous fungi Fusarium solani." E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346202022.

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In the present study, we isolated, purified and characterized the lectin of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani 6 and compared it with the properties of the lectin of the saprophytic strain Fusarium solani 4. Electrophoretically homogeneous lectin was obtained from the mycelium of the fungus F. solani 6 by hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weight of the native lectin molecule was established to be 30.0 kDa, and it was found that it consists of two identical subunits. Comparison of the physicochemical properties of the lectin of the phytopathogenic strain with the lectin of the saprophytic strain showed that the F. solani 6 lectin was a more thermostable and alkali-resistant protein. F. solani 6 lectin showed affinity for simple sugars, and F. solani 4 lectin - for glycoproteins. In contrast to the lectin of a saprophytic fungus, the treatment of pea seedling roots with F. solani lectin 6 before they were infected with the phytopathogen led to a decrease in the degree of damage to the plant root system and the prevalence of Fusarium. These results open up prospects for further study of the phytopathogen lectin and its potential application as a means of eliciting action.

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Beliën, Tim, Steven Van Campenhout, Maarten Van Acker, Johan Robben, Christophe M. Courtin, Jan A. Delcour, and Guido Volckaert. "Mutational Analysis of Endoxylanases XylA and XylB from the Phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum Reveals Comprehensive Insights into Their Inhibitor Insensitivity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 14 (May 18, 2007): 4602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00442-07.

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ABSTRACT Endo-β-1,4-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8; endoxylanases), key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, are considered to play an important role in phytopathogenesis, as they occupy a prominent position in the arsenal of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by phytopathogens to breach the cell wall and invade the plant tissue. Plant endoxylanase inhibitors are increasingly being pinpointed as part of a counterattack mechanism. To understand the surprising XIP-type endoxylanase inhibitor insensitivity of endoxylanases XylA and XylB from the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum, an extensive mutational study of these enzymes was performed. Using combinatorial and site-directed mutagenesis, the XIP insensitivity of XylA as well as XylB was proven to be solely due to amino acid sequence adaptations in the “thumb” structural region. While XylB residues Cys141, Asp148, and Cys149 were shown to prevent XIP interaction, the XIP insensitivity of XylA could be ascribed to the occurrence of only one aberrant residue, i.e., Val151. This study, in addition to providing a thorough explanation for the XIP insensitivity of both F. graminearum endoxylanases at the molecular level, generated XylA and XylB mutants with altered inhibition specificities and pH optima. As this is the first experimental elucidation of the molecular determinants dictating the specificity of the interaction between endoxylanases of phytopathogenic origin and a plant inhibitor, this work sheds more light on the ongoing evolutionary arms race between plants and phytopathogenic fungi involving recognition of endoxylanases.

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Steglińska, Aleksandra, Anastasiia Bekhter, Paweł Wawrzyniak, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, Konrad Jastrząbek, Michał Fidler, Krzysztof Śmigielski, and Beata Gutarowska. "Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Extracts against Solanum tuberosum L. Phytopathogens." Molecules 27, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051579.

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The purpose of the study was to select an environmentally friendly plant biopesticide to protect seed potatoes against phytopathogens. The scope included the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of 22 plant water extracts, 22 water-glycol extracts, and 3 subcritical carbon dioxide extracts using the agar diffusion method against 10 potato phytopathogens. For the most effective extracts, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and in situ assays on seed potatoes were performed. Garlic water extract was finally selected as the most effective in phytopathogen growth inhibition, both in vitro and in situ, with MIC values ranging between 6.3–25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was determined to be the main component of this extract (33.24%). Garlic water extract was proposed as a potential biopesticide against potato phytopathogens.

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Jones, Tara-kay L., and Raul F. Medina. "Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect–Microbial–Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2020): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060747.

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Over 700 plant diseases identified as vector-borne negatively impact plant health and food security globally. The pest control of vector-borne diseases in agricultural settings is in urgent need of more effective tools. Ongoing research in genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and vector behavior has begun to unravel new insights into the transmission of phytopathogens by their insect vectors. However, the intricate mechanisms involved in phytopathogen transmission for certain pathosystems warrant further investigation. In this review, we propose the corn stunt pathosystem (Zea mays–Spiroplasma kunkelii–Dalbulus maidis) as an ideal model for dissecting the molecular determinants and mechanisms underpinning the persistent transmission of a mollicute by its specialist insect vector to an economically important monocotyledonous crop. Corn stunt is the most important disease of corn in the Americas and the Caribbean, where it causes the severe stunting of corn plants and can result in up to 100% yield loss. A comprehensive study of the corn stunt disease system will pave the way for the discovery of novel molecular targets for genetic pest control targeting either the insect vector or the phytopathogen.

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Tomoshevich, Mariya A., Irina G. Vorob’eva, and Evgeny V. Banaev. "On foliar fungal pathogens at species of the genus Alnus Mill. in Siberia." BIO Web of Conferences 38 (2021): 00131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213800131.

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The article determines the species composition of causative agents of plant leaf diseases of the genus Alnus Mill. for the Siberian region, that grow in the arboretum collections and urbanized environment. The author has identified four phytopathogens, their spread and harmfulness are specified; established the confinement of foliar fungal pathogens to the host plant species, its ontogeny phase, and abiotic environmental factors. It had been found a hyperparasite Ramularia uredinis (W. Voss) Sacc. on a causative agent of alder rust (Melampsoridium alni (Thum.) Dietel), for which this phytopathogen is a new host.

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Natsiopoulos, Dimitrios, Apostolos Tziolias, Ioannis Lagogiannis, Spyridon Mantzoukas, and Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos. "Growth-Promoting and Protective Effect of Trichoderma atrobrunneum and T. simmonsii on Tomato against Soil-Borne Fungal Pathogens." Crops 2, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops2030015.

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Trichoderma fungi are promising candidates for biocontrol agents and plant growth promoters. Trichoderma atrobrunneum and T. simmonsii were evaluated for the control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi, in the present study. Dual culture tests with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici were used to conduct in vitro evaluation. In the presence of Trichoderma, phytopathogen’s growth rate was inhibited up to 59.70% for R. solani and 42.57% for F. oxysporum. Greenhouse trials with potted tomato plants demonstrated that Trichoderma caused a significant increase of stem height and fresh stem weight in pathogen-inoculated plants, compared with the negative control (plants artificially inoculated with the phytopathogen only). Except for T. simmonsii, plant growth was not significantly enhanced by a Trichoderma presence in the positive control (healthy plants). The overall performance of the two Trichoderma species studied was equivalent to that of the T. harzianum T22 commercial strain. All the tested species were found to be effective in suppressing colony growth and disease development of the soil borne pathogens in dual cultures and potted plants, indicating that they could be used as biocontrol agents. Our findings are discussed in the context of enhancing endophytic microorganisms’ application in crop production systems.

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Gajewska, Joanna, Nur Afifah Azzahra, Özgün Ali Bingöl, Karolina Izbiańska-Jankowska, Tomasz Jelonek, Joanna Deckert, Jolanta Floryszak-Wieczorek, and Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek. "Cadmium Stress Reprograms ROS/RNS Homeostasis in Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (November 8, 2020): 8375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218375.

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Heavy metal pollution causes many soils to become a toxic environment not only for plants, but also microorganisms; however, little is known how heavy metal contaminated environment affects metabolism of phytopathogens and their capability of infecting host plants. In this study the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the most harmful pathogen of potato, growing under moderate cadmium stress (Cd, 5 mg/L) showed nitro-oxidative imbalance associated with an enhanced antioxidant response. Cadmium notably elevated the level of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite that stimulated nitrative modifications within the RNA and DNA pools in the phytopathogen structures. In contrast, the protein pool undergoing nitration was diminished confirming that protein tyrosine nitration is a flexible element of the oomycete adaptive strategy to heavy metal stress. Finally, to verify whether Cd is able to modify P. infestans pathogenicity, a disease index and molecular assessment of disease progress were analysed indicating that Cd stress enhanced aggressiveness of vr P. infestans towards various potato cultivars. Taken together, Cd not only affected hyphal growth rate and caused biochemical changes in P. infestans structures, but accelerated the pathogenicity as well. The nitro-oxidative homeostasis imbalance underlies the phytopathogen adaptive strategy and survival in the heavy metal contaminated environment.

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Lee, Ju-Hoon, Hakdong Shin, Samnyu Ji, Shweta Malhotra, Mukesh Kumar, Sangryeol Ryu, and Sunggi Heu. "Complete Genome Sequence of Phytopathogenic Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Bacteriophage PP1." Journal of Virology 86, no. 16 (July 27, 2012): 8899–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01283-12.

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Pectobacterium carotovorumsubsp.carotovorumis a phytopathogen causing soft rot disease on diverse plant species. To control this plant pathogen,P. carotovorumsubsp.carotovorum-targeting bacteriophage PP1 was isolated and its genome was completely sequenced to develop a novel biocontrol agent. Interestingly, the 44,400-bp genome sequence does not encode any gene involved in the formation of lysogen, suggesting that this phage may be very useful as a biocontrol agent because it does not make lysogen after host infection. This is the first report on the complete genome sequence of theP. carotovorumsubsp.carotovorum-targeting bacteriophage, and it will enhance our understanding of the interaction between phytopathogens and their targeting bacteriophages.

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DUMITRIU, DIANA GRETA, and RODI MITREA. "RESULTS REGARDING ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE ATTACK OF THE PATHOGEN UNCINULA NECATOR IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE YEAR 2021,IN THE SEGARCEAS WINE FARM-ARCHDIOCESE CRAIOVA,DOLJ COUNTY." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology,Cadastre Series " 51, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.2021.01.15.

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The Archdiocese of Craiova cultivated 40 ha with vines within in the locality of Segarcea the main varieties being both varieties for Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Romanian Tămâioasă and Chardonnay.The phytopathogenic agent of the wine Uncinula necator,was monitored in terms of the evolution of the attack on the crop,in correlation with the climatic conditions and the way of reaction of the varieties to the attack of the phytopathogen was observed. The National Phytosanitary Authority,through the Dolj Phytosanitary Office,in the climatic conditions of year 2021,issued warning bulletins based on the basic criteria:biological,phenological and ecological of the vine.

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Moreira, Keila Aparecida, João Tiago Correia Oliveira, Euzanyr Gomes da Silva, Alexandre Tavares da Rocha, Erika Valente de Medeiros, Josabete Salgueiro Bezerra de Carvalho, and José Romualdo de Sousa Lima. "Resistance induction anthracnose control in pepper plants using acibenzolar-S-methyl." Diversitas Journal 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 2011–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-journal-v6i2-1767.

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ABSTRACT: The resistance induction becomes an alternative to control microorganisms that attacks like plants. Little is known about the dose and its effect on the enzymatic activities associated with the induction of resistance of pepper plants under anthracnose attack. The objective of this study was to evaluate the severity and to estimate the enzymatic activity of Arcade F1 hybrid peppers infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and submitted to different doses of the abiotic acibenzolar-S-methyl inducer. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with five treatments, four doses of acibenzolar-S-methyl (0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 g.L-1), and the control with distilled water only. The evaluation of leaf severity and collection for enzymatic activity of β-1,3-glucanase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were performed on the 4th, 8th and 12th day after inoculation of the phytopathogen. The application of acibenzolar-S-methyl provided a reduction in anthracnose severity, with an increase in all the enzymatic activities evaluated, but there was no prevalence of a specific dose. However, all doses of the evaluated inducers were able to delay the development of the phytopathogen with elevated activity of one or more antioxidant enzyme. KEYWORDS: Antioxidant enzymes, phytopathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

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Boraston, Alisdair B., and D. Wade Abbott. "Structure of a pectin methylesterase fromYersinia enterocolitica." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 68, no. 2 (January 21, 2012): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1744309111055400.

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Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are family 8 carbohydrate esterases (CE8s) which remove the methyl group from methylesterified galacturonic acid (GalA) residues within pectin. Although the role of pectinases such as PMEs within dedicated phytopathogens has been well established, the significance of homologous enzymes found within the genomes of human enteropathogens remains to be determined. Presented here is the low-resolution (3.5 Å) structure of the CE8 fromYersinia enterocolitica(YeCE8). The high degree of structural conservation in the topology of the active-site cleft and catalytic apparatus that is shared with a characterized PME from a bacterial phytopathogen (i) indicates thatYeCE8 is active on methylated pectin and (ii) highlights a more prominent role for pectin utilization inYersiniathan in other enteropathogenic species.

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DUMITRIU, DIANA GRETA, and RODI MITREA. "RESULTS REGARDING ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE ATTACK OF THE PATHOGEN PLASMOPARA VITICOLA IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE YEAR 2021, IN THE SEGARCEA WINE FARM - ARCHDIOCESE CRAIOVA, DOLJ COUNTY." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology,Cadastre Series " 51, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.2021.01.14.

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The Archdiocese of Craiova cultivated 40 ha with vines within in the locality of Segarcea, the main varieties being both varieties for Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Romanian Tămâioasă and Chardonnay.The phytopathogenic agent of the wine Plasmopara viticola, was monitored in terms of the evolution of the attack on the crop, in correlation with the climatic conditions and the way of reaction of the varieties to the attack of the phytopathogen was observed. The National Phytosanitary Authority, through the Dolj Phytosanitary Office, in the climatic conditions of year 2021, issued warning bulletins based on the basic criteria: biological, phenological, and ecological of the vine.

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Villamizar-Gallardo, Raquel Amanda, Oscar Orlando Ortíz-Rodriguez, and Jhon Wilmer Escobar. "Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens." Summa Phytopathologica 43, no. 2 (June 2017): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2175.

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ABSTRACT Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical tree, seriously affected by fungal diseases. To control several pathogens, biological methods are prescribed since they are friendly to the environment and easy to use. The main objective of this study was to assess the biocontrol effect of two native strains, Trichoderma viride and Botryosphaeria quercum, on phytopathogens such as Phytophthora palmivora and Moniliophtora roreri, causal agents of black pod and frosty pod rot diseases, respectively. In addition, biocontrolers were faced on potential mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergills flavus and Fusarium solani, which are very common on cocoa. The Bio-Control Index (BCI) was calculated to determine the in vitro biocontrol effect against the four phytopathogens. Results indicated that the best biocontrol agent of phytopathogens was B. quercum, showing BCI of 82.3%, 80.7%, 63.3% and 59.7% for each tested phytopathogen, respectively. Competition for substrate was the dominant biocontrol strategy. As to the origin of strains, those coming from the Department Norte de Santander and Santander showed the highest average inhibition percentage. This study provides an initial screening to the endophytic and antagonistic potential of fungi, specifically those capable of colonizing cocoa pods and soils. Thus, these strains can be used as an efficient biological control alternative against several known phytopathogens of cocoa in the field.

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Frampton, Rebekah A., Andrew R. Pitman, and Peter C. Fineran. "Advances in Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Plant Pathogens." International Journal of Microbiology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/326452.

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There is continuing pressure to maximise food production given a growing global human population. Bacterial pathogens that infect important agricultural plants (phytopathogens) can reduce plant growth and the subsequent crop yield. Currently, phytopathogens are controlled through management programmes, which can include the application of antibiotics and copper sprays. However, the emergence of resistant bacteria and the desire to reduce usage of toxic products that accumulate in the environment mean there is a need to develop alternative control agents. An attractive option is the use of specific bacteriophages (phages), viruses that specifically kill bacteria, providing a more targeted approach. Typically, phages that target the phytopathogen are isolated and characterised to determine that they have features required for biocontrol. In addition, suitable formulation and delivery to affected plants are necessary to ensure the phages survive in the environment and do not have a deleterious effect on the plant or target beneficial bacteria. Phages have been isolated for different phytopathogens and have been used successfully in a number of trials and commercially. In this paper, we address recent progress in phage-mediated control of plant pathogens and overcoming the challenges, including those posed by CRISPR/Cas and abortive infection resistance systems.

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Grodetskaya, Tatiana A., Peter M. Evlakov, Olga A. Fedorova, Vyacheslav I. Mikhin, Olga V. Zakharova, Evgeny A. Kolesnikov, Nadezhda A. Evtushenko, and Alexander A. Gusev. "Influence of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Gene Expression of Birch Clones In Vitro under Stress Caused by Phytopathogens." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050864.

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Recently, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention as promising components for the protection and stimulation of plant microclones in tissue culture in vitro. However, the effect of NPs on the genetic mechanisms underlying plant adaptive responses remains poorly understood. We studied the effect of column-shaped CuO NPs 50 nm in diameter and 70–100 nm in length at a concentration of 0.1–10 mg/L on the development of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium avenaceum in culture, as well as on the infection of downy birch micro-clones with phytopathogens and the level of genes expression associated with the formation of plant responses to stress induced by microorganisms. CuO NPs effectively suppressed the development of colonies of phytopathogenic fungi A. alternata and F. avenaceum (up to 68.42% inhibition at 10 mg/L CuO NPs) but not the development of a colony of F. oxysporum. Exposure to the NPs caused multidirectional responses at the level of plant genes transcription: 5 mg/L CuO NPs significantly increased the expression level of the LEA8 and MYB46 genes and decreased the expression of DREB2 and PAL. Infection with A. alternata significantly increased the level of MYB46, LEA8, PAL, PR-1, and PR-10 transcripts in birch micro-clones; however, upon exposure to a medium with NPs and simultaneous exposure to a phytopathogen, the expression of the MYB46, PR-1, and PR-10 genes decreased by 5.4 times, which is associated with a decrease in the pathogenic load caused by the effect of NPs and the simultaneous stimulation of clones in vitro. The results obtained can be used in the development of preparations based on copper oxide NPs for disinfection and stimulation of plant phytoimmunity during clonal micropropagation of tree crops.

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Anees, Muhammad, Muhammad Abid, Shafiq ur Rehman, Nadeem Ahmed, Muhammad Ashraf, Lixin Zhang, and Kil Yong Kim. "Antifungal activity of various chitinolytic bacteria against Colletotrichum in pepper." Plant Protection Science 55, No. 2 (February 17, 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/72/2018-pps.

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Colletotrichum gleosporioides causes the anthracnose disease in plants including vegetables and fruits. The pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by using pepper fruit inoculation assays. The chitinolytic bacterial strains Paenibacillus elgii HOA73, Lysobacter capsici HS124, Streptomyces griseus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Paenibacillus ehimensis MA2012 were evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungal strains. The bacteria significantly inhibited C. gleosporioides strain 40003, the inhibition ranging from 17% to 37%. Similarly, 5–41% inhibition of C. gleosporioides 40896 was noticed. Moreover, C. gleosporioides 40965 and 42113 were also inhibited. The n-butanol extracted crude compound of P. ehimensis MA2012 completely inhibited the spore germination of the phytopathogen. Hence the chitinolysis may be considered as an important trait for screening the biocontrol bacteria against anthracnose.

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Gejdoš, Miloš, and Martin Lieskovský. "Wood Chip Storage in Small Scale Piles as a Tool to Eliminate Selected Risks." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030289.

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Massive use of wood biomass is usually associated with its long-term, large-scale storage in power plants and heating plants. Long-term storage of wood biomass (more than 3 months), in large volumes, brings risks from the point of view of human health or property treatment. This work aimed to verify how the long-term storage of wood chips from beech wood in small piles affects their energy properties and whether in this way it is possible to reduce the risk of fire by self-heating in piles and the volume of phytopathogenic spore production. Four experimental piles, each with a base of 4 × 4 m and a height of 2 m, were established. After 6 months, one of the piles was disassembled and samples from 0.5 m, 1.0 m, and 1.5 m height levels were taken for analysis. The results of the experiment confirmed that the energy properties of wood chips stored in small piles significantly deteriorate after more than half a year of storage. It has also been confirmed that the choice of this method of storing in smaller, spatially divided piles can lead to a significant minimization of the risk of spontaneous combustion and fire. The length of the storage period did not have a positive effect on the abundance of phytopathogen content in the stored piles. With the length of storage, only the number of identified harmful species of phytopathogens were changed and, at the same time, their number of colonies increased.

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Zaman, Nazia R., Umar F. Chowdhury, Rifath N. Reza, Farhana T. Chowdhury, Mrinmoy Sarker, Muhammad M. Hossain, Md Ahedul Akbor, Al Amin, Mohammad Riazul Islam, and Haseena Khan. "Plant growth promoting endophyte Burkholderia contaminans NZ antagonizes phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina through melanin synthesis and pyrrolnitrin inhibition." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): e0257863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257863.

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The endophytic bacterium Burkholderia contaminans NZ was isolated from jute, which is an important fiber-producing plant. This bacterium exhibits significant growth promotion activity in in vivo pot experiments, and like other plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria fixes nitrogen, produces indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. B. contaminans NZ is considered to exert a promising growth inhibitory effect on Macrophomina phaseolina, a phytopathogen responsible for infecting hundreds of crops worldwide. This study aimed to identify the possibility of B. contaminans NZ as a safe biocontrol agent and assess its effectiveness in suppressing phytopathogenic fungi, especially M. phaseolina. Co-culture of M. phaseolina with B. contaminans NZ on both solid and liquid media revealed appreciable growth suppression of M. phaseolina and its chromogenic aberration in liquid culture. Genome mining of B. contaminans NZ using NaPDoS and antiSMASH revealed gene clusters that displayed 100% similarity for cytotoxic and antifungal substances, such as pyrrolnitrin. GC-MS analysis of B. contaminans NZ culture extracts revealed various bioactive compounds, including catechol; 9,10-dihydro-12’-hydroxy-2’-methyl-5’-(phenylmethyl)- ergotaman 3’,6’,18-trione; 2,3-dihydro-3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one; 1-(1,6-Dioxooctadecyl)- pyrrolidine; 9-Octadecenamide; and 2- methoxy- phenol. These compounds reportedly exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory, antifungal, and antibiotic activities. Using a more targeted approach, an RP-HPLC purified fraction was analyzed by LC-MS, confirming the existence of pyrrolnitrin in the B. contaminans NZ extract. Secondary metabolites, such as catechol and ergotaman, have been predicted to inhibit melanin synthesis in M. phaseolina. Thus, B. contaminans NZ appears to inhibit phytopathogens by apparently impairing melanin synthesis and other potential biochemical pathways, exhibiting considerable fungistatic activity.

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Rezzonico, Fabio, Christian Binder, Geneviève Défago, and Yvan Moënne-Loccoz. "The Type III Secretion System of Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens KD Targets the Phytopathogenic Chromista Pythium ultimum and Promotes Cucumber Protection." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 9 (September 2005): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-0991.

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The type III secretion system (TTSS) is used by Proteobacteria for pathogenic or symbiotic interaction with plant and animal hosts. Recently, TTSSgenes thought to originate from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae were evidenced in Pseudomonas fluorescens KD, which protects cucumber from the oomycete Pythium ultimum (kingdom Chromista/Stramenopila). However, it is not known whether te TTSS contributes to plant protection by the bacterium and, if so, whether it targets the plant or the phytopathogen. Inactivation of TTSS gene hrcV following the insertion of an omega cassette strongly reduced the biocontrol activity of the pseudomonad against P. ultimum on cucumber when compared with the wild type, but had no effect on its root-colonization ability. Analysis of a plasmid-based transcriptional hrpJ′-inaZ reporter fusion revealed that expression in strain KD of the operon containing hrcV was strongly stimulated in vitro and in situ by the oomycete and not by the plant. In vitro, both strain KD and its hrcV mutant reduced the activity level of the pectinase polygalacturonase (a key pathogenicity factor) from P. ultimum, but the reduction was much stronger with the wild type. Together, these results show that the target range of bacterial TTSS is not restricted to plants and animals but also can include members of Chromista/Stramenopila, and suggest that virulence genes acquired horizontally from phytopathogenic bacteria were functionally recycled in biocontrol saprophytic Pseudomonas spp., resulting in enhanced plant protection by the latter.

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Khutsishvili, Spartak S., Alla I. Perfileva, Tatyana V. Kon’kova, Natalya A. Lobanova, Evgeniy K. Sadykov, and Boris G. Sukhov. "Copper-Containing Bionanocomposites Based on Natural Raw Arabinogalactan as Effective Vegetation Stimulators and Agents against Phytopathogens." Polymers 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2024): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050716.

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Novel copper-containing bionanocomposites based on the natural raw arabinogalactan have been obtained as universal effective agents against phytopathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus and development stimulants of agricultural plants. Thus, the use of such nanosystems offers a solution to the tasks set in biotechnology while maintaining high environmental standards using non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable natural biopolymers. The physicochemical characteristics of nanocomposites were determined using a number of analytical methods (elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopic parameters of electron paramagnetic resonance, UV–visible, etc.). The results of the study under the influence of the nanocomposites on the germination of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) and the vegetation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) showed the best results in terms of biometric indicators. It is especially worth noting the pronounced influence of the nanocomposite on the development of the root system, and the increase in the mass of the potato root system reached 19%. It is also worth noting that the nanocomposites showed a stimulating effect on the antioxidant system and did not have a negative effect on the content of pigments in potato tissues. Moreover, the resulting bionanocomposite showed a pronounced antibacterial effect against the phytopathogenic bacterium. During the co-incubation of phytopathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus in the presence of the nanocomposite, the number of cells in the bacterial suspension decreased by up to 40% compared to that in the control, and a 10% decrease in the dehydrogenase activity of cells was also detected.

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Thynne, Elisha, Megan C. McDonald, and Peter S. Solomon. "Phytopathogen emergence in the genomics era." Trends in Plant Science 20, no. 4 (April 2015): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.009.

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Gautam, Nitu, Neha Salaria, Kajal Thakur, Sarvjeet Kukreja, Neha Yadav, Rakesh Yadav, and Umesh Goutam. "Green Silver Nanoparticles for Phytopathogen Control." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 90, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-019-01115-8.

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Staiger, Christopher J. "MAPping the Function of Phytopathogen Effectors." Cell Host & Microbe 19, no. 1 (January 2016): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.014.

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Hewezi, Tarek, Vince Pantalone, Morgan Bennett, C. Neal Stewart, and Tessa M. Burch-Smith. "Phytopathogen-induced changes to plant methylomes." Plant Cell Reports 37, no. 1 (July 29, 2017): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-017-2188-y.

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Paquette, Leo A, Xiaowen Peng, and Jiong Yang. "Asymmetric Synthesis of the Phytopathogen (+)-Fomannosin." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46, no. 41 (October 15, 2007): 7817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200702056.

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Paquette, Leo A, Xiaowen Peng, and Jiong Yang. "Asymmetric Synthesis of the Phytopathogen (+)-Fomannosin." Angewandte Chemie 119, no. 41 (October 15, 2007): 7963–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200702056.

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Golembiovska, S. L., L. V. Polishchuk, and O. I. Bambura. "BIOCIDAL EFFECTS OF METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES GLOBISPORUS 3-1 AND STREPTOMYCES CYANOGENUS S136 STRAINS." Microbiology&Biotechnology, no. 1(54) (April 18, 2022): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4663.2022.1(54).254323.

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Research of the biocide action of streptomycete-antagonist metabolites on the causative agent of bacterial canker of tomato and on the host-plant fertility is the actual question. Aim. To determine the action of metabolites of Streptomyces globisporus 3-1 and Streptomyces cyanogenus S136 on the phytopathogen Clavibacter michiganensis 102 in vitro and on seed germination, growth and yield of tomatoes in vivo. Methods. Microbiological methods in laboratory conditions and descriptive-comparative analysis of growth and development of tomatoes in hothouse conditions were used. Results. S. globisporus 3-1 and S. cyanogenus S136 metabolites inhibited the growth of the phytopathogen C. michiganensis 102 with the formation of clean zones 45 and 35 mm in vitro, respectively. Pre-sowing treatment with metabolites of S. globisporus 3-1 and S. cyanogenus S136 of tomatoes Lana seeds reduced germination by 27% for both and led to defects in leaf shape and plant sterility, respectively. Treatment by metabolites of both Streptomyces strains of phytopathogen infected seeds did not improve germination, growth, and yield compared to grown plants from infected seeds, though it were visually not defective, sterile and with signs of bacterial canker of tomato. Conclusion. It was found that metabolites of S. globisporus 3-1 and S. cyanogenus S136 had a biocide action on the phytopathogen C. michiganensis 102 in vitro and on Lana tomatoes in hothouse conditions.

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Mesas, Florencia Anabel, María Cecilia Terrile, María Ximena Silveyra, Adriana Zuñiga, María Susana Rodriguez, Claudia Anahí Casalongué, and Julieta Renée Mendieta. "The Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivative, N-Methylene Phosphonic Chitosan, Is an Effective Fungicide against the Phytopathogen Fusarium eumartii." Plant Pathology Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2021.0090.

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Chitosan has been considered an environmental-friendly polymer. However, its use in agriculture has not been extended yet due to its relatively low solubility in water. N-Methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC) is a water-soluble derivative prepared by adding a phosphonic group to chitosan. This study demonstrates that NMPC has a fungicidal effect on the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (F. eumartii) judged by the inhibition of F. eumartti mycelial growth and spore germination. NMPC affected fungal membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species production, and cell death. Also, this chitosan-derivative exerted antifungal effects against two other phytopathogens, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora infestans. NMPC did not affect tomato cell viability at the same doses applied to these phytopathogens to exert fungicide action. In addition to water solubility, the selective biological cytotoxicity of NMPC adds value in its application as an antimicrobial agent in agriculture.

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de O. Manes, Carmem-Lara, Marc Van Montagu, Els Prinsen, Koen Goethals, and Marcelle Holsters. "De novo Cortical Cell Division Triggered by the Phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians in Tobacco." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 2 (February 2001): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.2.189.

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Plant growth, development, and morphology can be affected by several environmental stimuli and by specific interactions with phytopathogens. In many cases, plants respond to pathogenic stimuli by adapting their hormone levels. Here, the interaction between the phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians and one of its host plants, tobacco, was analyzed phenotypically and molecularly. To elucidate the basis of the cell division modulation and shoot primordia initiation caused by R. fascians, tobacco plants were infected at leaf axils and shoot apices. Adventitious meristems that gave rise to multiple-shoot primordia (leafy galls) were formed. The use of a transgenic line carrying the mitotic CycB1 promoter fused to the reporter gene coding for β-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli (uidA), revealed that stem cortical cells were stimulated to divide in an initial phase of the leafy gall ontogenesis. Local cytokinin and auxin levels throughout the infection process as well as modulation of expression of the cell cycle regulator gene Nicta;CycD3;2 are discussed.

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Ramírez-Reyes, Thalía, Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva, Oscar D. Jiménez-Martínez, Ángel S. Aguilar-Colorado, Israel Bonilla-Landa, Norma Flores-Estévez, Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez, and José A. Guerrero-Analco. "Sesquiterpene Lactones and Phenols from Polyfollicles of Magnolia vovidessi and their Antimicrobial Activity." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 5 (May 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300502.

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Bioassay-guided fractionation of an active crude extract (EtOAc) of polyfollicles of Magnolia vovidessi, an endemic medicinal plant of the cloud forest of Mexico, led to the isolation and identification of shizukolidol (1), an eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid lactone that showed antibacterial activity against the economically important phytopathogenic bacterium Chryseobacterium sp. (MIC= 400 μg/mL). In addition, 4α,8β-dihydroxy-5α(H)-eudesm-7(11)-en-8,12-olide 8 (2), rutin, scopoline and scopoletine were also isolated as were mexicanin, parthenolide, costunolide, astragalin, quercetin, hesperidin, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and shikimic acid identified by a dereplication-like procedure using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Rutin displayed mild anti-oomicite activity against phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.

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Hernández-Huerta, Jared, Patricia Tamez-Guerra, Ricardo Gomez-Flores, Ma Carmen E. Delgado-Gardea, Loreto Robles-Hernández, Ana Cecilia Gonzalez-Franco, and Rocio Infante-Ramirez. "Pepper growth promotion and biocontrol against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis formulations." PeerJ 11 (January 24, 2023): e14633. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14633.

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Background Bacillus genus has been used in horticultural crops as a biocontrol agent against insect pests, microbial phytopathogens, and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), representing an alternative to agrochemicals. In particular, B. cereus (Bc) and B. thuringiensis (Bt) have been studied for their fungicidal and insecticidal activities. However, their use as biofertilizer formulations and biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic bacteria is limited. Objective To evaluate Bc and Bt formulations as PGPB and biocontrol agents against the bacterial spot agent Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) in greenhouse-grown chili peppers. Methods Bc and Bt isolates obtained from soil samples were identified and characterized using conventional biochemical and multiplex PCR identification methods. Bioassays to determine Bc and Bt isolates potential as PGPB were evaluated on chili pepper seedlings in seedbeds. In addition, formulations based on Bc (F-BC26 and F-BC08) and Bt (F-BT24) strains were assessed as biofertilizers on pepper, under controlled conditions. Furthermore, in vitro antagonism assays were performed by confronting Bc and Bt isolate formulations against Xe isolates in direct (foliage) and indirect (resistance induction) phytopathogen biocontrol assays on pepper plants, which were grown under controlled conditions for 15 d after formulations treatment. Results Isolates were identified as Bc and Bt. Formulations significantly improved pepper growth in seedbeds and pots, whereas in vitro bioassays demonstrated the bactericidal effect of Bc and Bt strains against Xe isolates. Furthermore, assays showed significant plant protection by F-BC26, F-BC08, and F-BT24 formulated strains against Xe. Conclusion Results indicated that F-BT24 and F-BC26 isolates formulations promoted pepper growth and protected it against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria.

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Costantin, Clarice Rech, Helena Gil de Oliveira, Luiza San Martins Roese, Márcia Regina Pancera, Wendel Paulo Silvestre, Gustavo Rubbo Siqueira, Nadilson Roberto Ferreira, and Valdirene Camatti Sartori. "Evaluation of the antifungal activity of propolis extracts from stingless bees on phytopathogenic fungi." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 16 (December 14, 2022): e445111638445. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i16.38445.

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The bees of the Meliponini tribe, known as stingless bees (SB), elaborate a distinct type of propolis, whose application potential is largely unexplored. Currently, there is some knowledge of the pharmacological activities of the propolis from Apis mellifera, however, little is known about the diversity and antimicrobial activity of Meliponini propolis, especially in relation to pathogens of agricultural importance. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic extract of propolis from T. clavipes (Borá), S. bipunctata (Tubuna), and T. angustula (Jataí), comparing with the ethanolic extract from A. mellifera propolis. The autoclaved and non-autoclaved extracts were evaluated at the concentrations of zero, 1.6 %; 3.2 %; 6.4 %, and 12.0 % v/v. Fungal development was determined by measuring the mycelial diameter up to the fourteenth day of inoculation, with five replicates; the growth inhibition was calculated relative to the control. According to the results, the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was present in the ethanolic extract of A. mellifera propolis when compared to the SB extracts. The results indicated an inhibitory effect on the growth of the phytopathogens Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium sp., Botryosphaeria sp., and Botrytis sp., mainly from 6.4 % and 12.0 % v/v when evaluated in the non-autoclaved medium, followed by the autoclaved medium. The fungus Botrytis sp. was the phytopathogen that suffered greater inhibition from 3.2 mL∙L-1, with the T. angustula propolis extract. The obtained results demonstrate that the alcoholic extracts of propolis from SB have the potential to control phytopathogenic fungi of agricultural interest.

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Gutiérrez-Soto, Guadalupe, Iosvany López-Sandin, Jesús Salvador Hernández Ochoa, Carlos Eduardo Hernadez-Luna, Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero, and Carlos Alberto Hernández-Martínez. "Antagonistic Activity of Macrolepiota sp. CS185 against Post-Harvest Fungi of Fig Fruits (Ficus carica L.)." Microbiology Research 15, no. 1 (March 7, 2024): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15010025.

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Macrolepiota sp. CS185 is a basidiomycete with high potential as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogenic fungi. Regardless of its pronounced potential as a post-harvest fungi biocontrol agent, its activity in tomato seedlings infected with Alternaria alternata has not been well studied. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the cultures and supernatants’ antagonistic activity against fig fruits’ post-harvest fungi and antifungal activity production kinetics. The culture antagonistic characteristics were assessed through multiple confrontations, the supernatant concentration effect, and the kinetics of antagonistic action. The multiple confrontations showed differences (p ≤ 0.05) among phytopathogens and over time, with Colletotrichum sp. 2 being the most susceptible. Based on the 9-day incubation profile, the treatment fractions supplemented with a 50% concentration of Macrolepiota sp. CS185 supernatants showed a higher inhibition percentage (%In). Except for Alternaria alternata 1 and 2, the rest of the isolates showed a similar decrease in antagonistic activity up to a certain extent over time. Among all tested strains, Colletotrichum sp. 2 was found with a higher susceptibility. Regarding the production kinetics of antagonistic activity, a triple interaction was observed between the phytopathogen, the age of the Macrolepiota sp. CS 185 culture, and incubation time. In addition, changes in the mycelium growth rate (p ≤ 0.05) along with the higher activity in the supernatants of 20 and 30 days were observed and suggested the production of multiple bioactive metabolites. These results indicate that Macrolepiota sp. CS185 produces antifungal metabolites at different times and could be a suitable candidate to control fig fruits’ post-harvest fungi issues.

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Amyaga, E. N., and S. P. Isaev. "DETERMINATION OF LARCH SPECIES IN THE JEWISH AUTONOMOUS REGION AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS PHYTOSANITARY STATE." REGIONAL PROBLEM 24, no. 1 (2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2021-24-1-3-9.

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At present, it is especially acute to study valuable forest species at the genetic level in order to ensure their safety, species identification and the origin of wood control. Larch (Larix) is one of the ecologically and economically important conifers in our country. Preservation and study of the forest plant species genetic diversity anywhere, including the Jewish Autonomous Region (EAO), is one of the fundamental challenges of modern botany, ecology, genetics and dendrology. In the article, the author analyzes samples of larch stand needles collected in the Jewish Autonomous Region. Using the necessary loci, selected by means of the genetic method, the author analyzed features of the Larix gmelinii and Larix sibirica species [4] No less urgent is the problem of plant damage by phytopathogens. A phytopathogen is a causative agent of plant disease that releases biologically active substances that have a detrimental effect on metabolism, affecting the root system, disrupting the function of chloroplasts, growth processes, and the supply of nutrients. Violation of metabolism in plant cells and organs, resulted in their productivity decrease or complete death, leads to the disruption of populations’ integrity and causes enormous harm to both agricultural crops and forest-forming species. This work shows the results of analysis of the larch plantations phytosanitary state and the percentage of healthy and affected plantations in the regions. The comprehensive laboratory analysis has shown that the laboratory methods successfully complement each other. It is possible to give a complete and correct description of taxonomic and biological characteristics of a phytopathogen using simultaneously several laboratory techniques for its identification. Ultimately, it should be of help in the development of methods for combating pathogens.

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He, Ya-Wen, Xue-Qiang Cao, and Alan R. Poplawsky. "Chemical Structure, Biological Roles, Biosynthesis and Regulation of the Yellow Xanthomonadin Pigments in the Phytopathogenic Genus Xanthomonas." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 5 (May 2020): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0326-cr.

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Xanthomonadins are membrane-bound yellow pigments that are typically produced by phytopathogenic bacterial Xanthomonas spp., Xylella fastidiosa, and Pseudoxanthomonas spp. They are also produced by a diversity of environmental bacterial species. Considerable research has revealed that they are a unique group of halogenated, aryl-polyene, water-insoluble pigments. Xanthomonadins have been shown to play important roles in epiphytic survival and host-pathogen interactions in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which is the causal agent of black rot in crucifers. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of xanthomonadin chemical structures, physiological roles, biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to provide clues for further in-depth research on xanthomonadins from Xanthomonas and other related bacterial species.

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Chouhan, Divya, Chandrani Choudhuri, Poulami Dutta, Palash Mandal, and Piyush Mathur. "Antifungal Efficacy of Cu-Based Nano-Chitosan on Rhizopus stolonifer, A Virulent Phytopathogen." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 14, no. 1 (2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2022.v14i01.011.

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Agro-scientists are giving endless efforts for synthesizing a bio-derived molecule that can act as a promising antifungal agent for combating a large number of phytopathogens. Harmful phytopathogens decrease crop yield and its quality. Rhizopus stolonifer is one such virulent phytopathogen that causes huge losses during the post-harvest period of crops. This pathogen mainly causes rot disease in fruits, crops, and vegetables. The second most abundantly available biological macromolecule, Chitosan and its metal-based nanoparticles stands as a potential antifungal agent for combating Rhizopus stolonifer. This study includes the synthesis of Cu chitosan nanoparticles (Cu-CNPs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) through the ionic gelation method and its characterization based on UV Vis spectrophotometer, FE-SEM, EDXS, and DLS. Cu-CNPs and CNPs were screened from 100-2000 µg/mL concentration against R. stolonifer for the assessment of its antifungal activity. Spore viability assay and lipid peroxidation of the pathogen using Cu-CNPs and CNPs were also determined. Generation of oxidative stress in the mycelium of the pathogen on the application of Cu-CNPs and CNPs was traced by fluorescence microscopy. Changes in the ultra-structure of the sporangium of R. stolonifer after treatment with Cu-CNPs and CNPs were visualized under SEM. Results showed that Cu-CNPs inhibit the growth of R. stolonifer at 2000 µg/mL and elevate malonaldehyde (MDA) content in the pathogen as a result of lipid peroxidation and produces defined damages on the sporangium membrane as observed under electron microscope. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the emission of high intensity of fluorescence due to the generation of oxidative stress in Cu-CNPs treated fungal mycelium.

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Salvatore, Maria Michela, and Anna Andolfi. "Phytopathogenic Fungi and Toxicity." Toxins 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100689.

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Perfileva, Alla I., Anastasia R. Kharasova, Olga A. Nozhkina, Alexander V. Sidorov, Irina A. Graskova, and Konstantin V. Krutovsky. "Effect of Nanopriming with Selenium Nanocomposites on Potato Productivity in a Field Experiment, Soybean Germination and Viability of Pectobacterium carotovorum." Horticulturae 9, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040458.

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In recent decades, the use of nanocomposites (NCs) in crop production has been actively studied. We have previously shown that chemically synthesized selenium nanocomposites (Se NCs) based on natural polymeric matrices of arabinogalactan (Se/AG NCs), carrageenan (Se/CAR NCs), and starch (Se/ST NCs) stimulated the growth and development of potatoes in vitro and had an antibacterial effect against the phytopathogen Clavibacter sepedonicus. It is important to confirm that the results obtained in the laboratory are also reproducible in the field conditions of crop cultivation. In addition, the applications of NCs can be expanded if a wider range of their biological activity is revealed, and the effect on other types of cultivated plants and phytopathogens is shown. In this regard, the purpose of this research was to study the effect of nanopriming with Se NCs on the productivity of potatoes in a field experiment, the germination of soybeans, and the viability of the phytopathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum under in vitro conditions. The study included the use of traditional methods of conducting a field experiment in natural growing conditions, also using microbiological cultures and studying the bacterial profile from the endosphere of potato tubers by the imprint method, germinating Glycine max L. soybean seeds after nanopriming in Petri dishes, followed by the measurement of morphometric and biochemical parameters such as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of diene conjugates. Based on the results of field experiments, it was found that the preplant treatment of tubers with Se/AG and Se/CAR NCs stimulated a significant increase in the number of stems in potato plants and tubers per plant, but for Se/AG NC, the increase was observed only in 2020 and 2022, and the stimulating effect of Se/AG and Se/CAR NCs on the weight of tubers was observed only in 2020. In the yield structure, the proportion of marketable seed tubers was increased under the influence of all Se NCs. Endosphere cultures from tubers showed that bacteria were present in only 56% of the tubers in the control, while 78% of the tubers obtained from plants grown from seed tubers treated with Se/AG NC and 100% of the tubers from plants grown from seed tubers treated with Se/ST and Se/CAR NCs contained bacteria. The bacteria were represented by both spore-forming Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of various sizes. The results presented in this article and previously published data showed that the maximum diversity of bacteria was observed after treatment with Se/ST NC. Experiments on potatoes showed that Se/AG NC had the greatest biological effect. In addition, the growth-stimulating effect of these NCs on the biomass of the roots of soybean seedlings was shown. It activated the antioxidant enzymes and reduced the level of diene conjugates (DCs), the amount of which increased significantly after seed biopriming with the phytopathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum. The antibacterial effect of Se/AG NC in relation to the P. carotovorum was observed as a reduction in the growth of the bacterial culture, biofilm formation, and dehydrogenase activity of cells. Thus, it has been shown that Se/AG NC has a stimulating effect on such agriculturally important crops as potatoes and soybeans, as well as an antibacterial effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacteria.

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Pansera, Márcia Regina, Wendel Paulo Silvestre, Luciana Bavaresco Andrade Touguuinha, and Valdirene Camatti Sartori. "Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Cupressus Sempervirens and Cupressus Lusitanica Botanical Fermentates on Colletotrichum Fructicola: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 17, no. 10 (October 6, 2023): e04061. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v17n10-007.

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Purpose: The objective of this work was to verify the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Cupressus sempervirens L. and Cupressus lusitanica Mill botanical fermentates on mycelial growth and germination of Colletotrichum fructicola conidia, as well as the antioxidant activity present in the compounds of the fermented botanicals using the DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical inhibition evaluation. Theoretical framework: Plants are a promising source of several bioactive and multifunctional substances. To minimize the impacts of agrochemicals, which sometimes cause harmful environmental effects, alternative social technologies are being investigated more and more, such as the so-called botanical fermented products to control phytopathogenic fungal diseases of agricultural interest. Methods: The antioxidant activity and contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and individual phenolics were determined by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The mycelial growth and conidia germination of C. fructicola were evaluated in a PDA medium containing the fermentates at zero, 10 % v/v, 20 % v/v, and 40 % v/v. In vivo tests were also conducted using Acca sellowiana leaves inoculated with the phytopathogen. Results and conclusion: The results showed that C. sempervirens fermentate controlled by 100 % the development of the fungal colony in the concentration of 40 vol.% by the dilution method in PDA medium. In the conidia germination, they showed strong antifungal activities against this important phytopathogenic fungus. The active compound identified in the highest concentration from the fermented C. sempervirens was gallic acid and naringin for the fermentate of C. lusitanica. Antioxidant activity varied in the range of 68 – 82 % sweeping depending on the evaluated radical. Research implications: The results of this work show a promising potential for C. sempervirens fermentate to control C. fructicola in the culture of A. sellowiana. Originality value: Assessing the potential use of botanical fermentates to help control fungal diseases in plants is a novel approach and is very important and interesting for organic farming practices, reducing the need for chemical synthetic molecules to control fungal phytopathogens.

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Nejat, N., G. Vadamalai, and M. Dickinson. "Spiroplasma citri: A Wide Host Range Phytopathogen." Plant Pathology Journal 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2011): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2011.46.56.

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Володин, Виталий Александрович, Елена Павловна Странишевская, Светлана Михайловна Гориславец, Надежда Ивановна Шадура, and Валентина Ивановна Рисованная. "Testing the phytopathogen in perennial grape wood." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 1(111) (March 18, 2020): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.22.1.011.

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Эска является одним из наиболее распространенных и вредоносных заболеваний многолетней древесины во всех виноградарских регионах мира. В зависимости от почвенно-климатических условий и сортового состава уровень распространения эски может составлять до 50% и более. Одним из возбудителей эски является гриб Phaeoacremonium minimum, который вызывает трахеомикоз сосудистой системы растения винограда, приводящий к гибели всего растения. Традиционные микробиологические методы идентификации Phaeoacremonium minimum трудоемки и могут давать ложноотрицательные результаты при низких уровнях инфекции. Одним из наиболее эффективных и чувствительных инструментов диагностики грибных фитопатогенов в растениях является метод полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР). Цель исследования заключалась в тестировании Phaeoacremonium minimum в многолетней древесине винограда методом ПЦР. Выделение геномной ДНК проводили методом СТАВ. С целью уменьшения побочных продуктов и увеличения выхода целевых фрагментов выполняли гнездовую ПЦР (nested PCR). В результате тестирования возбудитель Phaeoacremonium minimum был выявлен в штамбах и рукавах растений винограда как с наличием визуальных признаков эски, так и внешне бессимптомных. В результате выполненного исследования оптимизированы некоторые методические аспекты тестирования Phaeoacremonium minimum . Esca is one of the most widespread and harmful diseases of perennial wood in all viticulture regions of the world. Depending on the soil and climatic conditions and varietal composition, the level distribution of esca can be up to 50% or more. One of the causative agents of esсa is the Phaeoacremonium minimum fungus, which causes tracheomycosis of the vascular system of the grape plant, resulting in the death of the entire plant. Conventional microbiological identification methods for Phaeoacremonium minimum are laborious and can give false negative results at low levels of infection. One of the most effective and sensitive diagnostic tools for fungal plant pathogens in plants is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The aim of our study was to test the Phaeoacremonium minimum in perennial grape wood by PCR. Genomic DNA was isolated by the CTAB method. In order to reduce by-products and increase the yield of target fragments, nested PCR was performed. As a result of testing, the pathogen Phaeoacremonium minimum was detected in the trunks and arms of grape plants, both with the presence of visual signs of esca or externally asymptomatic. As a result of the study, some methodological aspects of testing the Phaeoacremonium minimum were optimized.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phytopathogen'

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