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Journal articles on the topic 'Phytopathogenic organisms biological control'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Lopes Filho, Luiz Cesar, Willian Marques Pires, Walber Alves Ribeiro, Murillo Lobo Junior, Mônica Francisca Aparecida Araújo Ribeiro, and Janaina Alves De Almeida Moreira. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: A QUICK LOOK IN THE ADVANCES OVER 30 YEARS." Científic@ - Multidisciplinary Journal 5, no. 3 (November 13, 2018): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29247/2358-260x.2018v5i3.p180-186.

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Biological control is still quite debatable and questioned, especially by producers who still do not see it as a viable and cheap alternative to the control of various types of diseases. Its beginning in the Brazilian market was quite contradictory, mainly due to the false premise that biological control could isolatedly control several diseases. It is known today that biological control, like any other form of disease control, must be associated with another or other types of control to be successful, especially over time. Biological control has emerged as an excellent alternative to control some types of diseases, mainly associated to soil, as in the case of phytopathogenic nematodes and soil fungi. It is easily sold for its lower toxicity and similar effectiveness in certain cases to chemical control. Currently several products from reputable companies can deliver excellent results, provided that the rules of use are followed. Thus, this brief look at the advances achieved by biological control over 30 years, aims to synthesize some knowledge and reflect on the state of the art of this type of control and the directions that will probably be taken about the use of living and antagonistic organisms for the control of diseases in plant organisms. Keywords: biological control; technologic advances; alternative control.

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Yazid, Siti Nur Ezzati, Selamat Jinap, Siti Izera Ismail, Naresh Magan, and Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin. "Phytopathogenic organisms and mycotoxigenic fungi: Why do we control one and neglect the other? A biological control perspective in Malaysia." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 643–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12541.

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3

Valdés-Santiago, Laura, José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez, Claudia Geraldine León-Ramírez, and José Ruiz-Herrera. "Polyamine Metabolism in Fungi with Emphasis on Phytopathogenic Species." Journal of Amino Acids 2012 (August 22, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/837932.

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Polyamines are essential metabolites present in all living organisms, and this subject has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide interested in defining their mode of action in the variable cell functions in which they are involved, from growth to development and differentiation. Although the mechanism of polyamine synthesis is almost universal, different biological groups show interesting differences in this aspect that require to be further analyzed. For these studies, fungi represent interesting models because of their characteristics and facility of analysis. During the last decades fungi have contributed to the understanding of polyamine metabolism. The use of specific inhibitors and the isolation of mutants have allowed the manipulation of the pathway providing information on its regulation. During host-fungus interaction polyamine metabolism suffers striking changes in response to infection, which requires examination. Additionally the role of polyamine transporter is getting importance because of its role in polyamine regulation. In this paper we analyze the metabolism of polyamines in fungi, and the difference of this process with other biological groups. Of particular importance is the difference of polyamine biosynthesis between fungi and plants, which makes this process an attractive target for the control of phytopathogenic fungi.

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Pawar, Shraddha, Ambalal Chaudhari, Ratna Prabha, Renu Shukla, and Dhananjaya P. Singh. "Microbial Pyrrolnitrin: Natural Metabolite with Immense Practical Utility." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090443.

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Pyrrolnitrin (PRN) is a microbial pyrrole halometabolite of immense antimicrobial significance for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial implications. The compound and its derivatives have been isolated from rhizospheric fluorescent or non-fluorescent pseudomonads, Serratia and Burkholderia. They are known to confer biological control against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, and thus offer strong plant protection prospects against soil and seed-borne phytopathogenic diseases. Although chemical synthesis of PRN has been obtained using different steps, microbial production is still the most useful option for producing this metabolite. In many of the plant-associated isolates of Serratia and Burkholderia, production of PRN is dependent on the quorum-sensing regulation that usually involves N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer signals. When applied on the organisms as antimicrobial agent, the molecule impedes synthesis of key biomolecules (DNA, RNA and protein), uncouples with oxidative phosphorylation, inhibits mitotic division and hampers several biological mechanisms. With its potential broad-spectrum activities, low phototoxicity, non-toxic nature and specificity for impacts on non-target organisms, the metabolite has emerged as a lead molecule of industrial importance, which has led to developing cost-effective methods for the biosynthesis of PRN using microbial fermentation. Quantum of work narrating focused research efforts in the emergence of this potential microbial metabolite is summarized here to present a consolidated, sequential and updated insight into the chemistry, biology and applicability of this natural molecule.

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Carreras S., Bertha. "Aplicaciones de la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis en el control de fitopatógenos." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 12, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol12_num2_art:222.

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<p>El uso excesivo de plaguicidas químicos provoca resis tencia en los fitopatógenos, influencia negativa sobre el ambiente y la salud humana, por lo que se impone la implantación de estrategias de control de microorganismos benéficos, como Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. y otros agentes promisorios. Bacillus thuringiensis es el insecticida biológico más utilizado en el mundo para controlar diversos insectos y organismos plaga que afectan la agricultura, la actividad forestal y que transmiten patógenos a humanos y animales. En Cuba, los productos a base de B. thuringiensis se obtienen y se utilizan desde la década de los setenta del pasado siglo, y representan más del 40% de todos los controles biológicos. Actualmente, en el Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal (INISAV) se cuenta con cepas de esta especie con efectos contra diferentes insectos y organismos plaga, lo cual permite disponer de una colección que cubre un espectro de numerosas plagas que afectan varios cultivos agrícolas; sin embargo, a pesar de la especificidad, virulencia, seguridad y potencia de estas cepas contra organismos patógenos, su potencial antifúngico es desconocido, aunque se sabe que esta bacteria produce una gran diversidad de metabolitos que resultan inhibitorios de hongos fitopatógenos. En esta revisión se citan las aplicaciones de B. thuringiensis en el control de organismos fitopatógenos y de la misma se deriva la importancia de explorar estas potencialidades en las cepas que conforman la colección de B. thuringiensis del INISAV como una alternativa más al control de fitopatógenos en Cuba.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Applications of entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis to control phytopathogens.</strong></p><p>The overuse of chemical pesticides causes esistance in phytopathogens and negative influences on the environment and human health; therefore, the implementation of control strategies of beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and other promising agents is compelling. Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biological insecticide in the world; it controls various insects and pests that affect agriculture and forestry and transmit pathogens to humans and animals. In Cuba, products based on B. thuringiensis were obtained and have been used since the 1970s, and they represent over 40% of all biological controls. Currently, the Plant Health Research Institute (INISAV) has various strains of this species that affect insects and pest organisms in different ways. This means they have a collection that covers a wide spectrum of the many diseases affecting various agricultural crops at their disposal. However, in spite of the recognized specificity, virulence, safety, and potency of these strains against pathogens, their antifungal potential is unknown, although it is known that this bacterium produces a variety of metabolites that inhibit fungal pathogens. In this review, we explore applications B. thuringiensis to control plant pathogenic organisms; from this, we derive the importance of exploring this potential in strains that make up the INISAV collection of B. thuringiensis as an alternative method to control plant pathogens in Cuba.</p>

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6

Kolomiets, T., L. Pankratova, Z. Mukhina, D. Kassanelly, T. Matveeva, D. Bogomaz, and D. Berner. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Periconia igniaria on Yellow Starthistle in Russia." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0983a.

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Yellow starthistle (YST), Centaurea solstitialis L., is a weedy plant that is widely distributed in the Krasnodar Region of Russia. It is also an aggressive invasive weed in the western United States and a target of biological control efforts. In the summer of 2006, several hundred diseased plants were found near Taman, Russia. Symptoms of the disease were yellow, water-soaked leaf spots. Diseased leaves were collected, air dried, and sent to the Russian State Collection of Phytopathogenic Organisms at the All Russia Institute of Phytopathology (ARIP). The fungus isolated from the diseased leaves conformed to Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis (teleomorph Didymosphaeria igniaria C. Booth) (1). Colonies of the fungus grew rapidly on potato glucose nutrition medium with aerial mycelium from fluffy to pressed and colorless at the beginning and darkening to black with age. The medium side of the colonies gradually became violet purple to wine colored. Conidiophores had aerial mycelia as much as 550 μm long and 9 to 13 μm wide tapering to 6 to 10 μm. Conidiophores were dark with short, swollen branched stipes. Conidia, formed in short twisted chains, were spherical, dark brown, 7 to 9 μm in diameter, and covered by 1 μm long spines. Yellow starthistle plants were grown in growth chambers with day/night air temperatures of 26 to 28/20 to 22°C, 60 to 70% relative air humidity, and 10,000 lx light for 16 h. Fifteen plants in the rosette stage were spray inoculated with an aqueous suspension of P. igniaria conidia at 5 × 106 conidia/ml and 5 ml per plant. Disease on leaves was observed on all plants 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation when the plants started to bolt. When the plants reached flowering stage, diffused yellow spots were observed on stems and inflorescences and all flowers died. Diseased leaves were surface disinfested and put on potato saccharose nutrition medium. P. igniaria was reisolated from 3 to 5 leaves of each plant and from flowers and stems that developed from 10 inoculated rosettes. Flowers of 10 YST plants were also inoculated with P. igniaria isolated from the previously inoculated plants. Disease developed in the flowers of all inoculated plants, and the symptoms were identical to those observed when rosettes were inoculated and disease followed bolting and flowering. No symptoms developed on four noninoculated plants included in each test. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the fungus were obtained and compared with sequences from GenBank. An uncultured soil fungus and three isolates of P. macrospinosa Lefebvre & Aar.G. Johnson produced the best homology (96%). No sequences for P. igniaria were available for comparison, but the description of P. macrospinosa (conidia 18 to 32 μm in diameter with 2.5 to 6 μm long spines) is clearly different than our isolate. ITS sequences for our isolate have been deposited in GenBank (Accession No. EU367468) and a voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 878355). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. igniaria causing disease on YST. Live cultures are being maintained at the Russian State Collection of Phytopathogenic Organisms in ARIP. Reference: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, UK, 1971.

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7

Eskandari, F. M., D. K. Berner, J. Kashefi, and L. Strieth. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by a Cercosporella sp. on Centaurea solstitialis in Greece." Plant Disease 88, no. 12 (December 2004): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1382a.

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Centaurea solstitialis L. (yellow starthistle [YST]), family Asteraceae, an invasive weed in California and the western United States is targeted for biological control. During the spring of 2004, an epidemic of dying YST plants was found near Kozani, Greece (40°22′07″N, 21°52′35″E, 634 m elevation). Rosettes of YST had small, brown leaf spots on most of the lower leaves. In many cases, these spots coalesced and resulted in necrosis of many of the leaves and death of the rosette. Along the roadside where the disease was found, >100 of the YST plants showed disease symptoms. Diseased plants were collected, air dried, and sent to the quarantine facility of the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU), USDA, ARS, Fort Detrick, MD. Diseased leaves were surface disinfested and placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes. Conidiophores and conidia were observed after 48 h. The fungal isolate, DB04-011, was isolated from these diseased leaves. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spray inoculating the foliage of 20 4-week-old YST rosettes with an aqueous suspension of 1 × 106 conidia per ml. Conidia were harvested from 2-week-old cultures grown on modified potato carrot agar (MPCA). Inoculated plants were placed in an environmental chamber at 23°C with 8 h of daily light and continuous dew for 48 h. Inoculated and control plants were moved to a 20°C greenhouse bench and watered twice per day. After 7 days, leaf spots were observed first on lower leaves. After 10–12 days, all inoculated plants showed typical symptoms of the disease. No symptoms developed on control plants. The pathogen, DB04-011, was consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves of all inoculated plants. Disease symptoms were scattered, amphigenous leaf spots in circular to subcircular spots that were 0.2 to 7 mm in diameter and brownish with distinct dark green margins. Intraepidermal stromata, 14 to 77 μm in diameter and pale yellow to brown, were formed within the spots. Conidiophores that arose from the stromata were straight, subcylindrical, simple, 70 to 95 × 2.8 to 4 μm, hyaline, smooth, and continuous or septate with conidial scars that were somewhat thickened, colorless, and refractive. Primary conidia were subcylindrical, slightly obclavate or fusiform, ovoid, 21 to 49 × 5 to 7.5 μm, 0 to 5 septate, hyaline, smooth, had a relatively rounded apex, and the hilum was slightly thickened. Conidial dimensions on MPCA were 11.2 to 39.2 × 4.2 to 7 μm (average 25.5 × 5.5 μm). Koch's postulates were repeated two more times with 20 and 16 plants. On the basis of fungal morphology, the organism was identified as a Cercosporella sp., (1,2; U. Braun and N. Ale-Agha, personal communication). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this genus of fungus parasitizing YST. Results of host range tests will establish if this isolate of Cercosporella has potential as a biological control agent of YST in the United States. A voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 844247). Live cultures are being maintained at FDWSRU and European Biological Control Laboratoryt (EBCL), Greece. References: (1) U. Braun. A Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera (Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes) Vol. 1. IHW-Verlage, Eching-by-Munich, 1995. (2) U. Braun. A Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera (Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes) Vol. 2. IHW-Verlage, 1998.

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8

Semenchenko, H. I., A. V. Melnyk, and V. F. Zavertalyuk. "The effectiveness of compatible agrophytocenoses depending on the allelopathic interaction of plants." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_167.

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The main criteria for the functioning of agronomic phytocoenosis are indicators of their economic and energy efficiency. In particular, the issues of manufacturability and rational use of sown areas during the growing season characterize the level of agronomic culture in a particular geographical area. Under these conditions, it is important to study the possibility of joint cultivation of agricultural plants, which will reduce energy consumption, improve the phytosanitary condition of crops and increase the profitability of agricultural production. When growing tomatoes in compatible crops, it is necessary to take into account not only aspects of technology, but also the interaction of plants with each other at the level of physiological and biochemical processes. That is why allelopathic relationship between plants, due to the physiologically active substances they secrete at the initial stage of ontogenesis, is not without the interest. It is the scientific basis for the development of sound crop rotation and mixed (compacted) crops, and also helps to increase the productivity of agro- and natural coenoses in order to prevent soil fatigue in monoculture, control weeds, pests, phytopathogenic organisms, etc. Allelopathic substances (collins) of some plant species cause different reactions to other species: some of them have active growth, others have suppressed growth processes, and still others remain neutral to such effects. The stimulating effect is manifested in the awakening of seeds, strengthening of growth processes and the formation of seedling organs. In future this fact will lead to the activation of plant development and an increase in their productivity. At the same time, mutual oppression of plants cannot be ruled out, which can be detected during laboratory studies using biological tests. Field studies of compatible (compacted) crops of tomato with other plants (sugar corn, shallots) were performed using allelopathic testing methods according to Grodzinsky. The expediency and economic efficiency of growing tomatoes in compatible crops with shallots on a green feather have been experimentally proved using statistical methods.

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Liu, Siyun, Weibin Ruan, Jing Li, Hua Xu, Jingan Wang, Yubao Gao, and Jingguo Wang. "Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi by Fatty Acids." Mycopathologia 166, no. 2 (April 29, 2008): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-008-9124-1.

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10

Labudova, Ivica, and Luba Gogorova. "Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi through lytic action ofTrichodermaspecies." FEMS Microbiology Letters 52, no. 3 (August 1988): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02594.x.

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11

RICHARDS, IAN C., RICHARD J. MILLING, and JANICE E. PITTIS. "Achieving biological control of phytopathogenic fungi using ß-methoxyacrylates." Biochemical Society Transactions 22, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 66S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst022066s.

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12

Chudasama, Kiran S., and Vrinda S. Thaker. "Biological control of phytopathogenic bacteriaPantoea agglomeransandErwinia chrysanthemiusing 100 essential oils." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 47, no. 18 (February 5, 2014): 2221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.871435.

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13

Edelvio, de B. Gomes, Ruben L. Dias Leo, and de Cassia M. de Miranda Rita. "Actinomycetes bioactive compounds: Biological control of fungi and phytopathogenic insect." African Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 17 (April 25, 2018): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2017.16323.

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14

Tirumale, Sharmila, and Nazir Wani. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI USING DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF CHAETOMIUM CUPREUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26836.

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Objective: This study evaluated the Chaetomium cupreum extracts as biocontrol agents against four plant pathogenic fungi (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis azadirachtae, and Rhizoctonia solani).Method: The antifungal activity of n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. cupreum was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi using food poison method.Result: In n-butanol extract, the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth against C. cladosporoides was 88.3±0.1, F. oxysporum was 59.4±0.2, R. solani was 56.2±0.9, and P. azadirachtae was 52.0±0.1at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively. In ethyl acetate extract, the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth against C. cladosporoides was 86.0±0.5, F. oxysporum was 66.4±0.1, P. azadirachtae was 55.2±0.9, and R. solani was 52.0±0.1 at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: It was found that n-butanol extract is more effective than ethyl acetate extract of C. cupreum. Future studies will focus on the purification and characterization of compounds of C. cupreum and their biocontrol capacity with the mechanism for plant pathological applications.

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15

Johnson, David R., Donald L. Wyse, and Keith J. Jones. "Controlling Weeds with Phytopathogenic Bacteria." Weed Technology 10, no. 3 (September 1996): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040549.

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Until recently, phytopathogenic bacteria have not been considered potential biological weed control candidates because they lack the ability to penetrate intact plants. This deficiency can be overcome by providing entry wounds or using surfactants. Spray application ofPseudomonas syringaepv.tagetis(5 × 108cells/ml) in aqueous buffer with a surfactant produced severe disease in Canada thistle, common ragweed, Jerusalem artichoke, sunflower, and certain other members of the Compositae under field conditions. Spray application of the bacterium without surfactant was ineffective on all reported hosts.Xanthomonas campestrispv.poannuacontrolled annual bluegrass in bermudagrass golf greens when applied by spray during mowing. The bacterium entered through mowing injuries, causing lethal, systemic wilt. Application of the bacterium to annual bluegrass in the absence of fresh mowing injuries failed to produce symptoms. Under field conditions, this previously unknown pathovar's host range was limited to a single subspecies of annual bluegrass, but inundative application to freshly mowed turf resulted in infection of diverse annual bluegrass biotypes. In field trials, six monthly applications resulted in greater than 70% control. The preceding examples are among the first attempts to use foliar phytopathogenic bacteria for biological weed control. Efficacy of these bacterial bioherbicides and of future biocontrol strategies employing bacteria is dependent on facilitated host penetration.

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Hogsette, J. A. "Management of ectoparasites with biological control organisms." International Journal for Parasitology 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00190-8.

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Moreira, Cristiano Daniel, Thamarys Scapini, Siliandra Muller, Jéssica Amroginski, Simone Golunski, Leonardo Pandolfi, Leandro Galon, et al. "Production of compounds by phytopathogenic fungi for biological control of aquatic macrophytes." Bioresource Technology Reports 3 (September 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.05.012.

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18

LIMA, P. J. "USDA pest risk assessment of biological control organisms." EPPO Bulletin 22, no. 3 (September 1992): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1992.tb00531.x.

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19

NISHINO, Tomoki. "Utilization of a Phytopathogenic Bacterium as a Biological Control Agent for Annual Bluegrass." Journal of Pesticide Science 24, no. 3 (1999): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.24.336.

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20

Trotta, A., G. C. Varese, E. Gnavi, A. Fusconi, and G. Berta. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizae as Possible Biological Control agents Against a Soil-Borne Phytopathogenic Fungus." Giornale botanico italiano 130, no. 1 (January 1996): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509609439544.

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Radjacommare, R., S. Venkatesan, and R. Samiyappan. "Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi of vanilla through lytic action ofTrichodermaspecies andPseudomonas fluorescens." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 43, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701650494.

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Rosa-Magri, Márcia Maria, Sâmia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo, and Sandra Regina Ceccato-Antonini. "Mechanisms of action in the biological control of phytopathogenic mold by a yeast." Journal of Biotechnology 150 (November 2010): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.865.

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23

Puopolo, G., S. Tomada, and I. Pertot. "The impact of the omics era on the knowledge and use ofLysobacterspecies to control phytopathogenic micro-organisms." Journal of Applied Microbiology 124, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.13607.

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Billar de Almeida, Angela, Jonathan Concas, Maria Doroteia Campos, Patrick Materatski, Carla Varanda, Mariana Patanita, Sergio Murolo, Gianfranco Romanazzi, and Maria do Rosário Félix. "Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biological Control Agents against Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Alentejo Region." Biology 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9120420.

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Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are the most widespread fungal diseases, affecting grapevines in all the major growing regions of the world, and their complete eradication is still not possible. Aiming to search alternatives to avoid the spread and high incidence of these diseases, the present work intended to molecularly identify the grapevine endophytic community, the phytopathogenic fungi associated with GTDs in vineyards within the Alentejo region, and to test potential antagonist microorganisms as biological control candidates against GTDs-associated fungi. Grapevine endophytic community showed a wide variety of fungi in GTDs’ asymptomatic and symptomatic plants, nine of them previously described as GTDs-associated fungi. GTDs prevalent fungi identified in symptomatic plants were Diaporthe sp., Neofusicoccum sp., and H. viticola. Almost all these fungi were also detected in asymptomatic plants, which shows the importance of investigating the interactions of fungal communities and confirms the need for early diagnosis of these diseases. Direct inhibition antagonism tests were performed among identified endophytes and GTDs phytopathogenic fungi, and all the endophyte fungi showed potential as biocontrol agents. Our findings suggest that endophytes are promising candidates for their use in biological control due to their antagonistic activity against the mycelia growth of some GTDs-associated fungi.

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Mayo-Prieto, Sara, Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez, Sergio Mezquita-García, Álvaro Rodríguez-González, Guzmán Carro-Huerga, Sara del Ser-Herrero, Santiago Gutiérrez, and Pedro A. Casquero. "Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in Trichoderma spp. Development." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020274.

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Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as Trichoderma. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of Trichoderma spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with Trichoderma velutinum T029 and T. harzianum T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both Trichoderma species developed better in AS than in NS, T. velutinum T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than T. harzianum T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the Trichoderma development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in T. velutinum T029 development and pH in the development of T. harzianum T059.

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Al-Qaysi, Safaa A. S., Noor M. Abdullah, M. R. Jaffer, and Zainab A. Abbas. "Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi by Kluyveromyces marxianus and Torulaspora delbrueckii Isolated from Iraqi Date Vinegar." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.23.

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Yeasts are distributed in all environments and have been reported as potential biocontrol agents against various phytopathogenic fungi. To investigate their enzymatic and biological activities, 32 yeasts were isolated from 15 date vinegar samples. Evaluation of the antagonistic activities of isolated yeasts against the plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporium, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Macrophomina phaseolina indicated that there are two yeasts had the highest inhibitory effect against plant pathogens, these yeasts identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus and Torulaspora delbrueckii using traditional and molecular methods. These yeast isolates were tested for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (in vitro), and results indicated that the yeasts had strong protease and amylase enzyme activity and moderate chitinase and cellulase enzyme activity. The antagonistic activities of each yeast were evaluated using a dual culture technique. The results showed that K. marxianus inhibited the mycelial growth of F. oxysporium, S. sclerotiorum, and M. phaseolina by 70.5, 57.5, and 75.5%, respectively, whereas T. delbrueckii inhibited mycelial growth of F. oxysporum, S. sclerotiorum, and M. phaseolina by 55.3%, 66.2%, and 31.11%, respectively. The biofilm production assay indicated that the tested yeast could form biofilms as a mechanism of antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi.

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Costa, Francisco Gheler, Tiago Domingues Zucchi, and Itamar Soares de Melo. "Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi by endophytic actinomycetes isolated from maize (Zea mays L.)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 56, no. 6 (December 2013): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132013000600009.

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Mercado-Flores, Y., I. O. Cárdenas-Álvarez, A. V. Rojas-Olvera, J. P. Pérez-Camarillo, S. G. Leyva-Mir, and M. A. Anducho-Reyes. "Application of Bacillus subtilis in the biological control of the phytopathogenic fungus Sporisorium reilianum." Biological Control 76 (September 2014): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.04.011.

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Pavlov, I. N., Y. A. Litovka, P. V. Makolova, A. A. Timofeev, E. A. Litvinova, and R. Kh Enazarov. "Prospects for using Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. for biological control of phytopathogenic fungi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 848, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/848/1/012162.

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Filajdic, Nenad, Petar Vuksa, Mirko Ivanovic, and Emil Rekanovic. "Biological control in crop protection: Problems and perspectives." Pesticidi 18, no. 2 (2003): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0302069f.

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The idea of fighting pathogens, pests, and weeds by biological measures is not new. Only recently, however, has the need for this aspect of crop protection and related bioproducts arisen. Increasingly stricter legislation concerning pesticides and new information about their potential harmfulness have narrowed the scope of products, offered by large agrochemical companies, thus reducing the prospects of successful and profitable crop protection. In addition, there has been a high risk of resistance of harmful organisms to classical pesticides which throws new light on problems that the industry of chemical pesticides encounters. The control of harmful insects by bioproducts has been a matter of utmost interest, mainly due to a relative success of products, based on Bacillus thuringiensis. However there has been a few more successful attempts of developing biological fungicides, nematocides, and herbicides in the last decade. Still, crop protection products, based on living organisms, represent a small portion of total pesticide industry which amounts to approximately 32 billion dollars per year (Warrior, 2000). The majority of living organisms, been investigated with purpose of biological control, belongs to fungi, bacteria, or arthropods. Commercially, the number of those applied in biopesticides is small, especially because of limitations, imposed on reproduction and stability of organisms in storage and formulation of biopesticides. The aim of this paper is to describe the status of biological control in crop protection, problems encountered, and perspectives of its future development.

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Gardener, Brian B. McSpadden, and Deborah R. Fravel. "Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Research, Commercialization, and Application in the USA." Plant Health Progress 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2002-0510-01-rv.

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In a narrow sense, biocontrol suppresses pest organisms with other organisms. However, the multiple interactions among organisms and their environment can contribute to effective biological control. Future prospects for using biological control of plant pathogens in both conventional and organic agriculture are described. Accepted for publication 3 May 2002. Published 10 May 2002.

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32

Taechowisan, Thongchai, Chunhua Lu, Yuemao Shen, and Saisamorn Lumyong. "Secondary metabolites from endophytic Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 and their antifungal activity." Microbiology 151, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27758-0.

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Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 was isolated from the root tissue of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae). It was an antagonist of Colletotrichum musae and Fusarium oxysporum, the causative agents of anthracnose of banana and wilt of wheat, respectively. Evidence for the in vitro antibiosis of S. aureofaciens CMUAc130 was demonstrated by the zone of fungal-growth inhibition. Microscopic observations showed thickness and bulbous structures at the edges of the inhibited fungal hyphae. The culture filtrate and crude extract from this strain were all inhibitory to tested phytopathogenic fungi. The major active ingredients from the culture filtrate of S. aureofaciens CMUAc130 were purified by silica gel-column chromatography and identified to be (i) 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin and (ii) 5,7-dimethoxy-4-phenylcoumarin by NMR and mass-spectral data, respectively. Bioassay studies showed that compounds (i) and (ii) had antifungal activities against tested fungi, and their MICs were found to be 120 and 150 μg ml−1, respectively. This is the first report of compounds (i) and (ii) from micro-organisms as active ingredients for the control of phytopathogenic fungi.

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Naureen, Zakira, Muhammad Aqeel, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Nahla Bouqellah, Fazal Mabood, Javid Hussain, and Fauzia Y. Hafeez. "Isolation and Screening of Silicate Bacteria from Various Habitats for Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi." American Journal of Plant Sciences 06, no. 18 (2015): 2850–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.618282.

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Parafati, L., A. Vitale, G. Polizzi, C. Restuccia, and G. Cirvilleri. "Understanding the mechanism of biological control of postharvest phytopathogenic moulds promoted by food isolated yeasts." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1144 (November 2016): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1144.13.

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Hashem, Mohamed. "Biological control of two phytopathogenic fungal species isolated from the rhizoplane of soybean (Glycine max)." Czech Mycology 56, no. 3-4 (December 22, 2004): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33585/cmy.56305.

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Acebedo, M. M., M. Navarro, and J. R. Díaz. "DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PEST MANAGEMENT USING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ORGANISMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 659 (November 2004): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.659.37.

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Vanwalleghem, T., D. Dekeyser, D. Nuyttens, A. Tsige, P. Verboven, W. Van Hemelrijck, and D. Bylemans. "Vaporization of biological control organisms in cold storage rooms to control postharvest diseases." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1144 (November 2016): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1144.17.

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Vavrina, Charles S., N. Kokalis Burrell, and J. Kloepper. "654 Vegetable Transplant Biological Control Amendments." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 560D—560. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.560d.

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Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedlings treated with various biological preparations exhibited increased root and shoot growth both in the greenhouse and during subsequent field establishment. Early fruit set and pod development showed signs of possible yield improvement by the treatments, but treatment differences were not apparent at first harvest. Data from subsequent harvests did show yield increases with some preparations. Treatment organisms appeared to activate or induce systemic resistance to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris) infestation though not to the level shown by Actigard (Novartis). Crop/treatment response under soil solarization, fumigation, and compost amended conditions will be discussed.

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Shrestha, Anupama, Sung Hee Park, Bhushan Shrestha, Kangmin Kim, Jong Chan Chae, and Kui Jae Lee. "Biological Control of Oomycetous Plant Pathogens: A Review." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2015): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12033.

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Oomycetes are generally known as water molds, and include diverse plant pathogenic organisms. In this review, wesummarized plant diseases mainly caused by oomycetes and highlighted ongoing trends in controlling and managingthese pathogens using eco-friendly ways.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12033Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 157-166

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Moreno-Gavíra, Alejandro, Victoria Huertas, Fernando Diánez, Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos, and Mila Santos. "Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121746.

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Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.

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Wang, Kai, Pei-sheng Yan, Li-xin Cao, Qing-long Ding, Chi Shao, and Teng-fei Zhao. "Potential of ChitinolyticSerratia marcescensStrain JPP1 for Biological Control ofAspergillus parasiticusand Aflatoxin." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/397142.

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Serratia marcescensstrain JPP1 was isolated from peanut hulls in Huai'an city, Jiangsu Province, China. Its potential to inhibit the mycelial growth ofAspergillus parasiticusand the subsequent aflatoxin production was evaluated. The strain JPP1 could produce chitinase to degrade fungal cell walls, which was the main mechanism of strain JPP1 for biocontrol. Scanning electron microscopy of fungi treated with the crude chitinase revealed abnormal morphological changes. While the strain was grown in the peanut hulls-based medium, the chitinase activity reached 7.39 units. RT-PCR analysis showed that the crude chitinase repressed the transcription of genes involved in the aflatoxin gene cluster, such as aflR, aflC (pksL1), and aflO (dmtA) genes. By visual agar plate assay and tip culture method, the strain JPP1 exhibited remarkable inhibitory effect on mycelia growth (antifungal ratio >95%) and subsequent aflatoxin production (antiaflatoxigenic ratio >98%). Anin vitroassay with seed coating agent of bacterial suspension showed that strain JPP1 effectively reduced fungal growth and subsequent aflatoxin production on peanut seeds, and its antagonistic effect was superior to the common agricultural fungicide of carbendazim. These characteristics suggest thatS. marcescensJPP1 strain could potentially be utilized for the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi and aflatoxin in Chinese peanut main producing areas.

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Jackson, T. A., M. O’Callaghan, and T. R. Glare. "Safe Use of Replicating Bacteria in Biological Control." Research Challenges and Needs for Safe Use of Microbial Organisms 79, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706157ar.

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Naturally occurring entomopathogenic bacteria provide an important resource for pest control. Greatest benefit will be obtained from the application of replicating bacteria which can establish in the host's environment and provide long term control. Bacteria developed for pest control are required to be safety tested and registered, yet bacteria are frequently introduced into the environment to enhance plant growth or aid soil processes without regulation. Why then, is the use of insect pathogenic bacteria treated differently? Augmentation of bacteria already present in the environment is unlikely to have any unwanted side effects as application is only changing the spatial and temporal distribution of the microbe and will have little long term effect on the total population. Users of the bacteria, however, will be exposed to the bacterium at a level higher than experienced naturally and potential adverse effects of this interaction should be addressed through Tier 1 safety testing. Non-target organisms should also be tested. If new organisms (exotic strains or modified bacteria) are to be introduced to the environment, their potential effects on the environment should be considered. The question of horizontal gene flow from applied bacteria also needs to be addressed. A better understanding of microbial ecology and Systems for tracking new strains and genes are essential to develop appropriate assessment procedures to ensure the safe utilisation of bacteria in biological control.

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Pretorius, W. A., and C. J. P. Laubscher. "Control of Biological Scum in Activated Sludge Plants by Means of Selective Flotation." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1987): 1003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0277.

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The occasional occurrence of a biological scum of problematic proportions in activated sludge plants, is widespread. The causitive organisms have in Southern African plants been identified as members of the Nocardia and Microthrix species. When causing scum problems, these organisms have the property to be selectively separated from the settleable activated sludge floc by a process of selective flotation. By applying the process of selective flotation a quantitative method for the determination of biological scum has been developed. This method was used to compare the scum intensity of different activated sludge plants and to evaluate the efficiency of scum removal upon treatment. Pilot scale studies were undertaken to evaluate the process of selective flotation as a simple practical method for the control of scum forming micro-organisms in activated sludge plants.

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Volpiano, Camila Gazolla, Bruno Brito Lisboa, Jackson Freitas Brilhante São José, Andreia Mara Rotta de Oliveira, Anelise Beneduzi, Luciane Maria Pereira Passaglia, and Luciano Kayser Vargas. "Rhizobium strains in the biological control of the phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotium (Athelia) rolfsii on the common bean." Plant and Soil 432, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2018): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3799-y.

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Santos, Mila, Fernando Diánez, Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra, Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos, and Francisco J. Gea. "Cladobotryum mycophilum as Potential Biocontrol Agent." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120891.

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A study was conducted to explore the efficacy of potential biocontrol agent Cladobotryum mycophilum against different phytopathogenic fungi. The growth rates of 24 isolates of C. mycophilum were determined, and their antagonistic activity was analysed in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium aphanidermatum and Mycosphaerella melonis. Most isolates grow rapidly, reaching the opposite end of the Petri dish within 72–96 h. Under dual-culture assays, C. mycophilum showed antagonistic activity in vitro against all phytopathogenic fungi tested, with mycelial growth inhibition ranging from 30 to 90% against all the different phytopathogens tested. Similarly, of all the selected isolates, CL60A, CL17A and CL18A significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the disease incidence and severity in the plant assays compared to the controls for the different pathosystems studied. Based on these results, we conclude that C. mycophilum can be considered as a potential biological control agent in agriculture. This is the first study of Cladobotryum mycophilum as a biological control agent for different diseases caused by highly relevant phytopathogens in horticulture.

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Zhidekhina, T. V., V. A. Lavrinova, and T. S. Polunina. "Mycological profiling of raspberry cultivars in storage." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2020-6-40-45.

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Economic losses incurred during raspberry storage are primarily a result of fungal spoilage. This study aimed to characterise the micromycete phytopathogenic complex in stored raspberries. The fungal microbiome was assessed in six Russian raspberry cultivars (Cleopatra, Novost’ Kuzmina, Sulamiph, Fregat, Shakhrazada, Yarkaya) as well as three foreign varieties (Glen Lyon, Cascade Delight, Limonnaya). The economic and biological traits of the cultivars were studied within the “Programme and Protocol for Fruit, Berry and Nut Crops Varietal Testing”. Internal and surfacelevel contamination in infected fruit tissues was detected via the stimulation of microbial growth in a wet chamber. The micromycete species composition was assessed via commonly used methods. The following raspberry spoilage organisms were identified as being predominant. Rots: black (Alternaria alternata (Fr) Keissler), dry (Fusarium Link.), leather (Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. et Cohn) Schroet), grey (Botrytis cinerea Pers.); moulds: black (Cladosporium Link.), green-blue (Penicillium Link.), green-yellow (Aspergillus P. Micheliex Haller), grey capitate (Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb.), capitate (Mucor spp.); drupe rot (Phragmidium rubi Wint.); bacterioses. Microbiotic profiles varied between cultivars in storage. The fungal genera Fusarium and Alternaria prevailed, with the former dominating in almost all samples. The phytopathogenic complex primarily consisted of the fungal genera Fusarium, Alternaria and Penicillium. Raspberry cultivars which had a weak (Sulamiph, Shakhrazada, Novost’ Kuzmina) or strong (Cleopatra) resistance to micromycetes in storage were identified.

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Li, Shujing, and Luoying Zhang. "Circadian Control of Global Transcription." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/187809.

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Circadian rhythms exist in most if not all organisms on the Earth and manifest in various aspects of physiology and behavior. These rhythmic processes are believed to be driven by endogenous molecular clocks that regulate rhythmic expression of clock-controlled genes (CCGs). CCGs consist of a significant portion of the genome and are involved in diverse biological pathways. The transcription of CCGs is tuned by rhythmic actions of transcription factors and circadian alterations in chromatin. Here, we review the circadian control of CCG transcription in five model organisms that are widely used, including cyanobacterium, fungus, plant, fruit fly, and mouse. Comparing the similarity and differences in the five organisms could help us better understand the function of the circadian clock, as well as its output mechanisms adapted to meet the demands of diverse environmental conditions.

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McPartland, John M., and Judith Nicholson. "Using parasite databases to identify potential nontarget hosts of biological control organisms." New Zealand Journal of Botany 41, no. 4 (December 2003): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2003.9512879.

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Fullybright, Rudolf. "Characterization of Biological Resistance and Successful Drug Resistance Control in Medicine." Pathogens 8, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020073.

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It has now been a century that drug resistance has been getting worse in human infectious diseases medicine. A similar trend is observed in veterinary medicine and agriculture. The successful control of drug resistance requires an understanding of biological resistance in general, as a phenomenon taking place in nature. Once we have understood the main characteristics of biological resistance and how it operates in nature, we can then apply that new understanding to its subset that drug resistance in human medicine is. Possession of such an edge can also lead to the successful control of resistance in veterinary medicine, in agriculture, and in other settings of resistance activity by biological organisms. Based on biological resistance data from human medicine, veterinary medicine, and agriculture, some of the fundamental characteristics of resistance as a natural process displayed by all living organisms are established. The consistent, common features characterizing the data are exploited, as is a mathematical model depicting how biological resistance strengthens in living organisms. It is found that biological resistance in general, and drug resistance in particular, is a phenomenon governed by at least two laws: the First Law of Resistance, requiring a threshold to be met before resistance can be prevented and the Second Law of Resistance, causing resistance to strengthen to infinite levels if unstopped. Inference is thereafter made as to the drug design strategy required for the successful control of resistance in medicine. To that end, the blueprint currently applied in the design of infectious diseases drugs needs revising.

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Scortichini, Marco. "The Multi-Millennial Olive Agroecosystem of Salento (Apulia, Italy) Threatened by Xylella Fastidiosa Subsp. Pauca: A Working Possibility of Restoration." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176700.

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In Salento, the olive agro-ecosystem has lasted more than 4000 years, and represents an invaluable local heritage for landscape, trade, and social traditions. The quarantine bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca was introduced in the area from abroad and has been widely threatening olive groves in the area. The successful eradication of quarantine phytopathogens requires a prompt identification of the causative agent at the new site, a restricted infected area, a highly effective local organization for crop uprooting and biological features of the micro-organism that would guarantee its complete elimination. However, at the time of the first record, these criteria were not met. Interdisciplinary studies showed that a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex allowed a consistent reduction of field symptoms and pathogen cell concentration within infected olive trees. In this perspective article, it is briefly described the implementation of control strategies in some olive farms of Salento. The protocol includes spray treatment with the biocomplex during spring and summer, regular pruning of the trees and mowing of soil between February and April to reduce the juvenile of the insect vector(s). Thus far, more than 500 ha have begun to follow this eco-friendly strategy within the “infected” and “containment” areas of Salento.

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