Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phytophagan insects'
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Pratis, Samara Brandão Queiroz. "Atividade inseticida de produtos químicos e alternativos sobre insetos-praga da cultura do feijoeiro comum." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1302.
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The study of ecosystem to be handled and the procedures that are realized which limiting the population pest is a determining factor to success of seed production. This analysis aim evaluate the pest fluctuation of beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in two harvest, being submitted to application of chemical and alternative products with insecticide action in differents phenological stages of crop. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with four replications and ten treatments, which were: water, pyroligneous extract, cassava, neem, spiromesifen, imidacloprid + beta-cyflutrin, zeta cypermetrin, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyalotrin, thiamethoxam e teflubenzuron. The entomological estimation were made accounting every living insects, with the aid of magnifying glass (10 times) and a shake cloth (1 m). Regarding the agronomic parameters that were analyzed: number of plants per area, height plant, pod numbers per plant, number of seeds per pod, thousand seeds weight and productivity. Was concluded that both chemical and alternative inseticide products have the potential to influence the populations of insect pests D. speciosa, B. tabaci, P. includens, E. kraemei e Orthoptera spp. in two different bean crop. Although low the population means of E. heros, N. viridula and P. includens, they diverged from the behavior of other species sampled , so why, if presented with rising populations, after receiving treatments spiromesifen, zeta cypermetrin, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyalotrin and teflubenzuron, indicating a possible tolerance to insecticides. Regarding the agronomic analysis showed that the average yields, differ from one another, speculating that there was a phytosanitary control through the use of insecticide products, which indirectly influencing this variable
O estudo do ecossistema a ser manejado e dos procedimentos realizados que limitam a população de pragas é fator determinante para o sucesso da produção de grãos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento da população de pragas no feijoeiro manejadas com inseticidas químicos e alternativos, além de avaliar o comportamento da cultura, manejada com a aplicação dos produtos inseticidas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições, os quais foram: água, extrato pirolenhoso, manipueira, nim, espiromesifeno, imidacloprido + beta-ciflutrina, zeta cipermetrina, tiametoxan + lambda-cialotrina, tiametoxan e teflubenzuron. As avaliações entomológicas foram feitas por meio de levantamentos das pragas, contabilizando-se todos os insetos vivos, com o auxílio de uma lupa (aumento de 10 vezes) e um pano de batida (1 m) de comprimento. Em relação ás variáveis agronômicas, foram analisadas as seguintes características: número de plantas por área, altura de plantas, números de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa de mil grãos e produtividade. Conclui-se que ambos os produtos químicos e alternativos com ação inseticida, têm potencial de influenciar as populações dos insetos-pragas D. speciosa, B. tabaci, P. includens, E. kraemei e Orthoptera spp. na cultura do feijoeiro em duas safras. Apesar de baixas as médias populacionais de E. heros, N. viridula e P. includens, essas divergiram do comportamento das demais espécies amostradas, isso por que, apresentaram-se com populações ascendentes, após receberem os tratamentos espiromesifeno, zeta cipermetrina, tiametoxan + lambda-cialotrina e teflubenzuron, indicando uma possível tolerância aos inseticidas. Em relação as análises agronômicas, observou-se que as médias das produtividades final, diferiram umas das outras, especulando ter havido um controle fitossanitário através do uso dos produtos inseticidas, influenciando indiretamente essa variável.
Dellicour, Simon. "Etude de l'histoire évolutive d'insectes phytophages: approche phylogéographique et développements méthodologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209374.
Full textLamarre, Greg. "Rôle des insectes phytophages dans la diversité des arbres des forêts tropicales humides." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0582/document.
Full textThe mechanisms underlying the maintenance of local diversity of trees in tropical rainforests remain under debate. This dissertation aims to study and understand some biotic and abiotic factors that may influence both tree and insect community assembly in lowland tropical forests of Amazonia. I used an empirical approach to study communities of trees and insects in tropical forests of French Guiana and Peru, to address the extent to which insect herbivores contribute to the turnover of tree species across strong environmental gradients. In Chapter 1, I studied how herbivorous insect communities can influence the composition of tree communities along an environmental gradient by reinforcing tradeoffs between defense and growth that promote habitat specialization (Chapter 1, Appendix 3). The complicated variation in the patterns of growth and defense from this study led me to pursue further observations of an alternative plant defense strategy of time-avoidance of herbivores, which I examined in detail in Chapter 2. I found evidence for coordinated leaf production in some tree species that was consistent with the satiation of herbivores, suggesting that multiple interactions between plants and their herbivores may be responsible for patterns of habitat specialization in trees. In the second part of the dissertation, I examined insect herbivore communities in detail to test for turnover in species composition across geographic and environmental gradients. In Chapter 3, I present evidence for substantial beta-diversity in arthropod communities throughout lowland Amazonian forests. In the discussion I propose research perspectives to complete this research, including the extension of observations to compare tropical and temperate regions and the integration of molecular phylogenetics information to study coevolution of plant lineages and their insect herbivores. I conclude with suggestions for the integration of the results of this thesis in local and regional strategies for the preservation and conservation of tropical forests in the Amazon basin
Bertheau, Coralie Lieutier François. "Mécanismes d'adaptation des insectes forestiers à de nouveaux arbres hôtes une approche intégrative /." S. l. : S. n, 2009. ftp://ftp.univ-orleans.fr/theses/coralie.bertheau_1654.pdf.
Full textRiss, Bernard. "Substances antiappétantes pour insectes phytophages synthèse totale de la bisabolangelone /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376093967.
Full textRiss, Bernard. "Substances antiappetantes pour insectes phytophages : synthese totale de la bisabolangelone." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13030.
Full textPflieger, Dominique. "Antiappétants pour insectes phytophages synthèse d'analogues de l'azadirachtine et de la bisabolangélone /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37617474x.
Full textPflieger, Dominique. "Antiappetants pour insectes phytophages : synthese d'analogues de l'azadirachtine et de la bisabolangelone." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13149.
Full textMuller, Karen. "Influence de la plante hôte sur les performances sexuelles des mâles et conséquences sur le potentiel reproductif des femelles phytophages." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS021/document.
Full textThe abundance of phytophagous insects is determined by numerous interacting biotic and abiotic factors. In capital-breeding phytophagous insects, larval host plant quality is a key determinant of the adult phenotype and the performance of both males and females. Curiously, if the effect of host plant quality on female reproductive success is well-established, little effort has been conducted to determine this effect on male reproductive success. Moreover, in Lepidoptera, males transfer to females a spermatophore containing sperm and accessory gland products rich in nutrients that could be reinvested into female reproduction. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate how male larval nutrition on different host cultivars affects male reproductive traits which could, in turn, influence female reproductive output and mate choice strategies in an important grapevine pest, the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana). During these three years, we found that the host cultivar for the larvae strongly influences the energy reserves of male adult moths, affecting ultimately their reproductive potential through the size and content of spermatophores they transfer to females at mating. Moreover, male investment in the spermatophore declines over consecutives matings, suggesting that spermatophores are energetically expensive to produce in this monandrous capital breeding species. Thus ‘male quality’ depends on both the male larval origin and mating history, and females receiving protein-rich spermatophores at mating have an overall greater reproductive output than females mated with poor quality males producing less nutritionally rich spermatophores. Finally, females are able to discriminate among males and mate more with males having high sperm quality (virgin males or males from certain cultivars or geographical origins) to obtain substantial direct benefits.The results of this thesis confirm the importance of considering the “male effect” when trying to understand the evolution of phytophagous populations. Moreover, identifying the ecological conditions that influence the mating success of male and female in crop-pest species may lead to a better management of these crop pests
Sachet, Jean-Marie. "Décalages temporels, spéciation et coexistance d'espèces au sein d'un groupe d'insectes phytophages : les mouches granivores des conifères Strobilomyia Michelsen (Diptera, Anthomyiidae." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10186.
Full textPhytophagous specialist insects, with their tremendous species diversity, provide useful models for the study of ecological speciation. We used the genus Strobilomyia to evaluate the importance of speciation by temporal (allochronic) isolation in an insect seed predator. It indeed presents a high number of species (20 including several sympatric species specific to the same host) and a large ecological diversity (three host-plant genera, several phonological types). Firstly, we constructed a molecular phylogeny of the whole genus, which reveals an adaptive radiation at its origin, and different speciation modes according to the hosto Speciation by phonological shift seems to occur only in the species specific to larch. Secondly, we concentrated on the three species specific to larch in France, and found that interspecific competition was lower than intraspecific competition. This supports the hypothesis that the phenological gaps between these species evolved by character displacement. Finally, we studied the prolonged diapause of these three species and found two different strategies, and the individual choice is predominantly influenced by the species. These strategies likely influence the coexistence 01 the three species. Ln conclusion, we showed the influence of seasonal and interannual temporal shifts in the speciation and/or the coexistence of species in a very diversified genus of insect seed predators
Pincebourde, Sylvain. "Biophysique environnementale des insectes endophytes." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00108243.
Full textDes mesures de spectrométrie optique ont démontré que la larve modifie profondément les propriétés optiques de la surface de la feuille au cours de son nourrissage. La structure mine absorbe bien plus de radiations dans le proche infrarouge que les tissus foliaires intacts. De plus, une quantité importante de radiations est transmise à l'intérieur de la mine par le tégument supérieur dans les zones prélevées par la larve. Ces radiations induisent une élévation importante de son activité respiratoire (rejet de CO2). En utilisant un analyseur de gaz par infrarouge, nous avons pu montrer par ailleurs que les stomates localisés dans le tégument inférieur de la mine réagissent à la présence de la larve en se fermant. Un modèle de diffusion de CO2 a révélé que les stomates réagissent directement aux variations d'émission de CO2 par la larve. Le budget thermique de la mine a ensuite été modélisé. Le modèle permet de prédire la température à l'intérieur de la mine à partir des modifications des propriétés optiques et de la physiologie des stomates, et à partir des variables climatiques. Ce modèle biophysique a été validé en comparant ses prédictions avec des mesures expérimentales de température de mines réalisées en environnement contrôlé. Le modèle à une précision de 0,8 °C dans l'intervalle de 12 °C à 42 °C. Le modèle prédit un important excès de température dans la mine, atteignant 10 °C au dessus de la température de l'air et 5 °C au dessus de la température des tissus foliaires intacts. Les deux types de modifications – propriétés optiques et comportement stomatiques – ont un impact équivalent sur l'excès de température. Cette approche démontre clairement que la larve contrôle son environnement physique en modifiant son environnement. Nos résultats sont finalement discutés dans une perspective d'écologie évolutive. Plus particulièrement, le rôle du microclimat des insectes endophages dans l'évolution de leurs sensibilités thermiques et de celles de leurs parasitoïdes est détaillé.
Kergoat, Gaël J. "Le genre Bruchidius (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) : un modèle pour l'étude des relations évolutives entre les insectes et les plantes." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066173.
Full textAlvarez, Nadir. "Plantes-hôtes et organisation de la diversité des insectes phytophages, des radiations évolutives aux processus populationnels : Le cas des bruches du genre Acanthoscelides Schilsky (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20127.
Full textCartagena, Juan Carlos. "Contribution à l'étude de la sensibilité des insectes aux maladies infectieuses influence de la fumure sur la sensibilité d'un insecte phytophage, Spodoptera littoralis, Boisduval (Lepideptora, Noctuidae), à la polyédrose nucléaire /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376036493.
Full textCartagena, Juan Carlos. "Contribution a l'etude de la sensibilite des insectes aux maladies infectieuses : influence de la fumure sur la sensibilite d'un insecte phytophage, spodoptera littoralis, boisduval (lepidoptera, noctuidae), a la polyedrose nucleaire." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066152.
Full textQu, Yanyan. "Interactions indirectes médiées par la plante sous contraintes biotiques multiples." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR6035.
Full textIn the agroecosystem, plant crops are the primary trophic producer that can be consumed/parasitized by a plethora of organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and many herbivore insects. On one hand, plants support these organisms as food resources; on the other hand, plants defend themselves against those consumers by employing constitutive and induced defenses. Both features might be involved in plant-mediated indirect interactions when multiple pests share the same host plant. It means that the presence of one pest might have an indirect effect on another plant through the modification of some plant host features (nutritional quality or defense). During my Ph.D. study, I assessed the modulating factors (both abiotic and biotic factors) that might affect the plant-mediated indirect interactions, and also investigated the influences of such indirect interactions at long term and on a tri-trophic system, and finally analyzed the underlying phytochemical mechanisms by mechabolomics analyses. Firstly, sublethal effects of beta-cypermethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide as the abiotic factor, were assessed on the interspecific interactions between the specialist aphid Aphis glycines, and the generalist aphid Aulacorthum solani on soybeans. Sublethal concentration (LC5) of beta-cypermethrin accelerated the interspecific competition between the two species of aphids. Induced susceptibility of soybean plants to one species of aphids caused by the other species would be significantly impaired by the exposure to sublethal beta-cypermethrin.Secondly, various pest species abundance and feeding strategies, i.e. the piercing-sucking aphid, the chewing caterpillar, the plant fungus and the root-knot nematode, were introduced on tomato plants, Solanum lycopersicum to evaluate the plant-mediated indirect interactions among these pests. In the results, insect performances, i.e. the number of aphid individuals and development rate of caterpillar larva, were correlated to the abundance of indirect interactions whether pests attacked tomato plants sequentially or simultaneously. When pests attacked tomato plants at the same time, insect performances were positively correlated to the abundance of indirect interactions. Nevertheless, when pests infested tomato plants in sequence, the insect performances were negatively correlated to the abundance of indirect interactions. However, such a correlation was not detected with the pathogenic organisms (fungi and nematodes). Thirdly, the population dynamic of aphid M. euphorbiae was also monitored under a tri-trophic system. We found that the aphid population, involved in the above-belowground interactions, slowed down in both the short term and long term via reduced survival of nymph aphids and facilitating induction of winged aphids. Furthermore, parasitism efficiency of the natural enemy Aphidius ervi to aphids and tomato yields were also reduced by such above-belowground interactions. Lastly, following an untargeted metabolomic approach, we detected many significant chemical variations between non-infested and infested plants, disregarding the pest infestation. Most of them are probably induced by the presence of nematodes, the only belowground pest. On the opposite, we did not observe many chemical differences in roots metabolome when we compared the different types of infestation, meaning that the presence of nematodes probably lead the metabolomic signal in infested roots, disregarding the presence of other pests aboveground. All the studies may contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the diverse interactions among plants, pesticides, various pests, and natural enemies, and optimizing the integrated pest management in the agroecosystem
Lopez, Valérie. "Impact du microbiote chez un insecte phytophage : interactions entre Delia radicum et ses symbiotes intra et extracellulaires." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B044/document.
Full textMicrobial symbionts can deeply influence their animal hosts in various ways. Here, we studied the community of microbes of the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and more precisely the role of its gut microbiota and of Wolbachia, an intracellular bacterium. The vertical maternal transmission of Wolbachia was perfect, and we found no evidence of manipulation of reproduction such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization nor male killing. Wolbachia infection had significant but moderate and mutually compensating effects on D. radicum (reduced hatch rate, improved larvo-nymphal viability, longer development time and increased female mortality in stress conditions), suggesting that infection might be nearly neutral in this strain, although we observed an increase in infection frequency in ideal rearing conditions. The influence of the gut microbiota was studied using an antibiotic, tetracycline, with a protocol spanning three generations, which allowed to discriminate the possible direct (toxic) effect of tetracycline from its indirect effects (due to the loss of gut symbionts). Antibiotic treatment of adults led to multiple and mostly negative effects on life history traits of their offspring and grandchildren. Data suggested a larger role of gut microbiota perturbation than of a toxic effect, that the microbiota was partially inherited maternally, and that the “wild-type” gut microbiota was beneficial in this species. Finally, we investigated whether Wolbachia could modify the insect-plant dialogue between D. radicum larvae feeding on roots of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The presence of the symbiont decreased glucosinolate concentrations in the leaves, suggesting that Wolbachia could increase the fitness of its host by decreasing plant cues used by D. radicum conspecifics and/or natural enemies. This study showed the potential of an intracellular bacteria to influence plant-insect relationships, and allowed to discuss the tri-trophic interactions between symbionts, their insect hosts and a third trophic level: the plant. This thesis demonstrates the necessity to consider intracellular and extracellular symbionts in further studies, in order to unravel all the possible relationships between different partners, as well as their ecological or evolutionary implications
BONADE, BOTTINO MICHEL. "Defense du colza contre les insectes phytophages depredateurs : etude d'une strategie basee sur l'expression d'inhibiteurs de proteases dans la plante." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112317.
Full textCostet-Corio, Marie-France. "Modification par le fenpropimorphe du profil stérolique de plantes, et effet sur le métabolisme stéroïdien d'un insecte phytophage, Locusta migratoria." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375968508.
Full textCorio-Costet, Marie-France. "Modification par le fenpropimorphe du profil sterolique de plantes et effet sur le metabolisme steroidien d'un insecte phytophage (locusta migratoria)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13155.
Full textBarat, Myriam. "Interactions plante-insecte, spécialisation et invasion biologique : écologie évolutive des ajoncs (genre Ulex) et de leurs charançons spécifiques (genre Exapion) en Bretagne." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S011.
Full textThree gorse species co-exist in Brittany (France), all of them being parasitised by seed-eating weevils. One of them, Ulex europaeus is an invasive plant. I contributed to a long-term study of Ulex europaeus. We have shown that the parasite pressure has a major impact for the plant, which can explain the areas invaded; where specific grazers are absent, it can have an increased competitive advantage. I have enlarged this study to two other gorse species that occur in Brittany: U. Gallii and U. Minor. These species flower in the autumn, and are also parasitised by weevils. I have identified these weevils by using morphological and molecular characters as Exapion lemovicinum. The life cycles and the cold hardiness of these weevils are intimately linked to the phenology of their host plant. The ecological specialisation of the weevils is therefore probably the origin of their differentiation, which could have taken place by temporal isolation by means of a process of sympatric speciation
Mazet, Isabelle. "Recherches sur les hirsutellines, toxines protéiques produites par "Hirsutella thompsonii" Fisher, champignon pathogène d'acariens phytophages." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20097.
Full textKöhncke, Arnulf. "When and where to lay your eggs?" Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16822.
Full textOvipositing phytophagous insects repeatedly face the decision problem of laying eggs on lower-quality host plants or waiting out for higher-quality ones. These choices carry fitness costs and benefits because larvae develop differentially on different hosts and because, in this inter-temporal optimization task, females may be too choosy and die before laying all eggs (i.e. become time-limited) or not be choosy enough and run out of eggs before their death (i.e. become egg-limited). This thesis employs four approaches to examine how oviposition decision problems arise and how they are strategically solved by female insects. First, I use analytical optimization models to show that a life-history trade-off between survival and reproduction can lead to varying evolutionarily stable levels of egg and time limitation, but that neither egg nor time limitation can be ignored in evolutionary analyses of oviposition. Second, I highlight that such schematic time and egg costs of oviposition as advocated in the past do not match the actual forces of natural selection on egg number as partitioned between egg and time limitation and therefore represent a less useful practice to analyze oviposition strategies. Third, I use optimality and population genetic models to show that spatial heterogeneity in host availability is not a sufficient condition for the evolution of generalism because emergent source-sink dynamics preclude adaptation of insects to marginal habitats unless migration rates are high. Fourth, I employ individual-based simulations built around the case study of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, to show that this species’ larvae’s phenological specialism may drive the adult females’ oviposition generalism. All these findings show the usefulness of theoretical approaches to examine specific questions of strategic oviposition. Moreover, they demonstrate that evolution of generalism more likely results from resource unpredictability in time than in space.
Arnault, Claude. "Relations entre un insecte phytophage et sa principale plante-hôte cas de la Teigne, Acrolepiopsis assectella Z., Lépidoptère, et du Poireau, allium porrum L., Liliacée." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375955417.
Full textArnault, Claude. "Relations entre un insecte phytophage et sa principale plante - hôte : cas de la teigne (Acrolepiopsis assectella Z., Lépidoptère) et du poireau (Allium porrum L., Liliacée)." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10041.
Full textBertheau, Coralie. "Mécanismes d'adaptation des insectes forestiers à de nouveaux arbres hôtes : une approche intégrative." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2018/document.
Full textWith the intensification of forestry and global trade (insect introductions or plantations of exotic trees), forest trees have increasingly to face attacks by novel phytophagous insects. Understanding the adaptation mechanisms of these insects to their novel hosts, represents a crucial scientific issue involving many factors and complex biological processes. In this general topic, we focused on the role of two factors: (1) the taxonomic proximity between natural and novel hosts of the insects; (2) the host specificity of the insect. Four complementary approaches (meta-analysis, field inventory, behavioral tests and genetic analyses) at different taxonomic and geographical scales have been developed, the last three approaches focusing on the adaptation of indigenous bark beetles to exotic conifers. The objectives were, firstly to improve knowledge on the ability of forest insects to extend their natural host range, and secondly to provide useful information to forest managers, in order they can assess ecological and economic risks arising from these adaptations. Results from the four approaches agree to demonstrate the importance of both tested factors in the insect-tree relationships in general and conifer-bark beetle in particular. Forest insects with a broad natural host range appear to be better colonizers of novel hosts than insects with a narrow host range. The presence of novel tree species taxonomically related to native hosts seems to favor insect host shift. This work has also contributed to improve knowledge on the evolution of the host range of phytophagous forest insects in presence of novel host trees species, and consequently on the sensitivity of these hosts relatively to native ones
Vogelweith, Fanny. "Effet de la plante hôte sur l'immunité des insectes phytophages : influence du cépage de vigne sur la capacité des vers de la grappe à se défendre contre des bio-agresseurs." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS095/document.
Full textIn tritrophic interactions involving phytophagous insects, host plants and natural enemies, trophic levels are highly dependent on each other. Host plant may strongly affect directly phytophagous insect and indirectly natural enemies growing on these phytophagous insects. When a natural enemy attacks a phytophagous insect, the host immune system constitutes the last chance for the host to survive to an infection. A great variation of insect immune system is generally found in populations for susceptibility to pathogens, suggesting that variable selection pressures may have shaped and driven adaptation of immune traits. This project aims to determine the influence of both host plant and natural enemies on the larval immune system of grapevine moth pests, Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella.During these three years, we have demonstrated a strong influence of grape variety on immune effectors of grapevine moth larvae. In addition, the grape variety modulates a trade-off between the constitutive and induced immune pathways. The variable presence of microbes on the surface of grape berries does not explain the trade-off in immune function. Beyond the grape variety effect, we also demonstrated a strong influence of parasitoids on the immune parameters of the grapevine moth larvae. In France, the most immunocompetent populations of grapevine moth are also the most parasitized. This positive correlation between successful parasitism and larval immune parameters seems not explained by a plastic response of the larval immune system to parasitoids presence, but rather by a local selection of larval immune system in response to parasitism pressure suffered by larvae for several years.The different experiments realized in my thesis confirm the complexity of the tri-trophic interactions between host plant, phytophagous insects and natural enemies. The integration of phytophagous insect immune system seems essential in understanding the interactions linking these three protagonists
Jeavons, Emma. "Stratégies de diversification végétale et interactions entre insectes bénéfiques floricoles : quels impacts sur les communautés d’ennemis naturels et de pollinisateurs et sur le contrôle biologique des phytophages ?" Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B037.
Full textBiodiversity loss affects the functioning of all ecosystems, including agroecosystems, through the loss of essential ecosystem services. Supporting populations of organisms providing those services though vegetation diversification schemes is a promising tool to maintain a high agricultural production as well as ecosystem health. Nevertheless, those schemes show contrasted and unexplained results. This work aims at understanding how increased cultivated diversity impacts pollinator and natural enemy community structure and functioning by considering interactions within and among those groups. Our results show a community shift in response to increased resource diversity, possibly leading to negative interactions. In aphid – parasitoid – hyperparasitoid trophic foodwebs, resource diversification seemed to increase hyperparasitism and competition among primary parasitoids, that could explain the limited aphid control. The intensive use of cultivated flowers by the domestic honeybee seemed to limit wild pollinator use of this resource. Moreover, we highlighted a decrease in aphid parasitism rate in response to high pollinator abundances, suggesting for the first time possible negative interactions among those groups. Rethinking agricultural landscapes considering resource use of each group at different spatio-temporal scales as well as interactions within and among groups is essential to optimize simultaneously several ecosystem services and reach more autonomous and resilient agricultural production
Oberli, Frantz. "Influence de l'hôte végétal et de l'hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle de l'environnement sur l'évolution des traits d'histoire de vie chez les insectes phytophages : exemple du balanin de la châtaigne, Curculio elephas Gyll. (coléoptère, Curculionidae)." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10080.
Full textMarliac, Gaëlle. "Intensification de l'agriculture biologique : conséquences sur la régulation des phytophages en vergers de pommiers." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0661/document.
Full textOrganic agriculture is assumed to achieve more sustainable practices by reducing the negativeenvironmental impacts of intensive agriculture, such as biodiversity decline. While positivelinks between organic agriculture and natural enemy abundance and/or diversity have oftenbeen reported, this was not always the case (little or no difference between the systems, orsometimes in favor of the conventional system) and it appears to be variable depending on thespecies considered (Bengtsson et al. 2005; Garratt et al. 2011; Hole et al. 2005; Winqvist et al.2011). The benefits to biodiversity from organic agriculture are likely to stem primarily fromprohibition of synthetic chemicals but also from the adoption of various other managementpractices (cultural practices, ground cover management, presence of hedgerows). Indeed,organic management strategies are thus defined by a combination of different practices(Zehnder et al. 2007) that can have a different effect on the natural enemy community (Hole etal. 2005; Simon et al. 2007).The objectifs of this thesis are :(i) caracterized the diversity of crop protection strategies on organic agriculture andidentifed the practices led to reduced pesticide usage;(ii) investigated whether these practices have an impact on the natural enemy abundanceand diversity in the canopy;(iii) assess the natural enemy predation activity in apple orchard.First, we identified four crop protection strategies, which were characterized by aspecific combination of different types of practices. We showed that natural enemycommunities and their efficacy were influenced by these strategies.Second, we examined the relationships between the abundance of generalist predatorsand the level of pest control under natural conditions (predation of codling moth eggs). Weused a set of organically farmed commercial orchards with various protection strategies andshowed that the predation rate and the natural enemy communities were different but variableamong the organic apple orchard. We identified the natural enemy correlated with thepredation rate.!Finally, we managed the ground cover and compared the effect of three heights, tall(no cutting), medium (mean height of 20 cm) and short (mean height of 5 cm), of aspontaneous grass cover in an experimental orchard on natural enemy abundance andpredation rates on the canopy (predation of codling moth egg) and on the ground (predation ofcodling moth larvae). The natural enemy community on the canopy was little impact by theheight of the ground cover ; only Forficula pubescens was more abundant in the no cuttingthan in the short ground cover. The egg predation was higher in the short ground cover than inthe two other modalities. The larvae predation was not impacted by the ground cover height.We caracterized a diversity of crop protection strategy on organic agriculture in appleorchard. We identified a variability of the natural enemy communyties on organic appleorchard. This thesis illustrated the complexity of the relationship between agriculturalpractices, natural enemies and predation of pests
Charlery, de la Masselière Maud. "Spécialisation d'hôte au sein d'une communauté d'insectes phytophages : le cas des Tephritidae à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0020/document.
Full textPhytophagous insects are a very diverse group of organisms and most of them are considered as specialized. Patterns of specialization regarding their host plants depend on their ability to interact with their hosts (fundamental niche) and on environmental factors which modulate these interactions leading to observed patterns in the field (realized niche). Fundamental specialization is determined by the joint evolution of two traits: larval performance and female preference. To understand this specialization, we studied a community of eight fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) present in La Réunion.First, we determined the realized niche of each species and showed that they were structured by plant phylogeny with D. demmerezi, D. ciliatus and Z. cucurbitae as Cucurbitaceae specialists, N. cyanescens as Solanaceae specialist and C. catoirii, C. capitata et C. quilicii as generalists feeding on plants belonging to different families. After the invasion of B. zonata in 2000, C. capitata et C. quilicii were subjected to a decrease of their host range.Then, we determined the fundamental niche of these species (except D. ciliatus). We assessed female preferences by measuring their fecundity on 29 fruits, then we tested the presence of a correlation between female preference and larval performance (mother knows best hypothesis). We showed a positive correlation for Cucurbitaceae specialists laying eggs on plants where larvae survive the best, at the opposite of generalist species laying eggs and surviving on many hosts without any correlation between these two traits.Finally, host selection by females being mostly done thanks to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fruits, we showed that fruits infested by generalist species have common VOCs responsible for fruit maturation. On the contrary, the fruits of several Solanaceae emit specific VOCs suggesting their detection by N. cyanescens females. Cucurbitaceae species emit abundant VOCs rarely present in other families suggesting a detection of a specific blend of these VOCS by Cucurbitaceae specialists
Castagneyrol, Bastien. "Rôles fonctionels et structurels de la biodiversité sur les comunautés d'insectes et d'herbivorie associée : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14558/document.
Full textFunctional and structural consequences of plant diversity on insect communities and herbivoryThe relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remains a key issue in ecology. In particular it has been suggested that plant species diversity can trigger plant-insect interactions, ranging from associational resistance (higher herbivory in monocultures than in more diverse plant communities) to associational susceptibility (higher herbivory in plant mixtures). Although it is now widely acknowledged that associational resistance is more frequent than associational susceptibility, the underlying mechanisms are still debated and seem to depend on herbivore specialization and plant species identity. To contribute to this debate we addressed two questions: (1) What are the consequences of plant diversity for insect herbivore diversity? (2) Which component of plant diversity better accounts for herbivory? On the basis of a meta-analysis we show in this report that animal diversity significantly increase with increasing plant diversity, regardless of habitats or taxa. In arthropods, herbivores species richness increases more steeply with plant richness than predator richness. This result raises an apparent paradox: if herbivore diversity is positively correlated with plant diversity, why herbivory decreases with increasing plant diversity (associational resistance)? To solve this paradox we developed an experimental approach focused on pedunculate oak and based on the manipulation of tree genetic and species diversity. We showed that generalist and specialist herbivores respond differently to the two levels of tree diversity. Herbivory by generalist herbivores significantly increased with oak genetic diversity (i.e. associational susceptibility) while specialist herbivores did not respond to the genetic diversity of their host tree. Conversely, tree species diversity triggered associational resistance to specialist insect herbivores but had no effect on generalists. The novelty of this works also lies in the identification of a new mechanism that may account for associational resistance in tree species mixtures: host apparency. More apparent oak trees – those that are taller than their neighbours – are more prone to insect damage. Increasing tree species diversity comes together with higher probability of associating faster growing species (such as pine or birch) than can hide neighbouring oaks, reducing their apparency and then their susceptibility. Our findings suggest that accounting for the diet breadth of insect herbivores and the different components of tree diversity can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to associational resistance or susceptibility in mixed forests
Caillon, Robin. "Biogéographie du microclimat foliaire : mécanismes et conséquences sur les relations plantes-insectes." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4006/document.
Full textPlant performance and leaf-dwelling arthropods are impacted by leaf surface temperatures. Leaf surface temperatures can show important deviation from air temperature and present different levels of heterogeneity depending on the spatial scale. The leaf buffers temperature extremes by getting closer in amplitude to air temperature. However, this physiological response decreases the heterogeneity of temperatures at the leaf surface and the opportunities for arthropods to behavioraly thermoregulate in this microclimate. Mean temperatures at the leaf surface show low buffering abilities in response to warming and locally determine photosynthetic performance. From the leaf to the canopy scale, plants show different responses to warming and scaling is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of global warming
Monard, Annie. "Étude bio-écologique des peuplements acridiens du Bas-Languedoc." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066166.
Full textBuratti, Lionel. "Etude des acides diterpeniques des aiguilles du pin sylvestre, pinus silvestris l. : incidences sur le comportement alimentaire des larves de diprion pini l. (hymenoptere : diprionidae)." Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2019.
Full textPetit, Christophe. "Induction des préférences olfactive et gustative chez les lépidoptères foreurs de graminées en Afrique de l'Est : effet des expériences pré-imaginale et imaginale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS083.
Full textAmong herbivorous insects, the selection of the host plant as an egg laying site and food is crucial for the survival and development of the offspring. The chemical senses - olfaction and gustation – of an insect are crucial in host plant selection. An olfactory-gustatory experience of plant chemical signals allows insects to optimize their search period and host identification. In this study, we tested the effect of pre-imaginal and imaginal experience for a new artificial diet (enriched in vanillin) on the induction of olfactory and food preference for this diet in three species of lepidopteran stem borers with different food spectra, namely Sesamia nonagrioides (polyphagous), Busseola fusca (oligophagous) and Busseola nairobica (monophagous). It was shown that the olfactory preference of females for the odor of the new diet could be induced by pre-imaginal and imaginal experience for this new diet and that this induction was transmitted transgenerationally. It was however not linked to an increase in the sensitivity of the female antennae to vanillin. In addition, it depended on the species studied. It occurred after two generations only in the polyphagous species, after five generations in the monophagous species, and it was absent in the oligophagous species. Although several mechanisms may be involved in this induction, our results validate both the theory of Hopkins, neo-Hopkins principle and the chemical legacy in the species in which the induction occurred. The larvae exhibited generally the same olfactory preference than the adult females for the odors of the new diet but this preference was not correlated with their food preferences, indicating in larvae a discrepancy between olfaction and gustation
Jacquet, Jean-Sébastien. "Impacts des défoliations de la processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) sur la croissance du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14728/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change, forest pest outbreaks, among other biotic disturbances, are expected to be more frequent in response to increasing temperatures. The resulting damage is likely to adversely affect forests net primary production and their contribution to climate mitigation via carbon sequestration. More specifically, insect defoliators are to predicted to be more prevalent in the future but their real impact on forest productivity is difficult to evaluate and interpret. Our main objective was then to improve our understanding of insect defoliation impact on tree growth at different tree ages and under various climatic conditions.First, we assessed the relationship between the intensity of pine processionary moth defoliation and maritime pine growth loss. We carried out a meta-analysis to summarize the outcomes of the 45 published studies that addressed this issue. Then, we took advantage of a severe pine processionary moth outbreak to set up a large field experiment where we controlled for both the age (from 3 to 40 years old) and the defoliation rate (from 25 to 100%) of Pinus pinaster trees. We showed that radial growth losses were proportional to defoliation intensity and more important in older trees.As the combination of several disturbances is likely to be more frequent under climate change, we developed a manipulative experiment to quantify the cumulative impact of water stress and defoliation on maritime pine tree growth. We found additive detrimental effects of water stress and defoliation on maritime pine tree growth.Our results confirm that tree response to defoliation, including various eco-physiological processes, is complex. To decipher the underlying mechanisms we analyzed the dynamics of nutrient and carbohydrates pools in defoliated trees during the growing season. Our findings suggest that defoliation affect tree growth through resource limitation rather than via a reduction of carbon fixation due to altered photosynthesis. Since carbohydrates pools were only affected early in the season, our results support the hypothesis of a nitrogen limitation in trees following defoliation. Additive effects of defoliation and water stress may then be explained by similar adverse consequences on water flow and nitrogen uptake
Amouroux, Paul. "Bio-écologie et dynamique des populations de cécidomyie des fleurs (Procontarinia mangiferae), un ravageur inféodé au manguier (Mangifera indica), en vue de développer une lutte intégrée." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0034/document.
Full textPhytophagous insects and plants are linked by complex relationships. Insect-plant interaction researches involve several biological disciplines at different levels of analysis. These insect–plant relationships are of crucial importance from an applied point of view, notably for agriculture. In this work, an interdisciplinary approach has been used to study on the mango blossom gall midge, Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an invasive insect pest specific to mango causing major economic damages worldwide. The objective was to improve our knowledge of the biology of this species in the subtropical Reunion Island (i) by describing its genetic diversity and investigate the ecological and biological determinants of the genetic structure of its populations, (ii) by carrying out field and controlled experiments to understand the diapause strategies involved in maintaining populations from one flowering season to the next one, (iii) by modeling the arrival and dispersion of females within an orchard in relation with their flight capacity and with the spatial and temporal distribution of the mango susceptible resources. The results showed that the single species P. mangiferae, feeding on both inflorescences and young leaves, was present all year round and in all the sampled sites on the island, regardless of the climatic and cultural conditions. Populations in Reunion Island appeared structured into two clusters in sympatry, one cluster being more frequent in the cultivated mango area. Secondly, we demonstrated the occurrence of facultative diapause all year round, with the highest rate of diapause observed in summer. The diapause allowed a developmental arrest at the 3rd larval instar in the soil, lasting between six weeks to more than one year. The decrease of temperature at the beginning of winter triggered off the emergence of diapausing individuals and synchronized adult emergence with the mango flowering period. Thirdly, non-native female gall midges were able to colonize all the trees of an orchard. Their arrival flight and trivial flight were oriented by the abundance and by the attractiveness of the mango resources, respectively. The knowledge obtained on the biological cycle of P. mangiferae and on its relationships with the mango tree should be useful to develop new agroecological pest management strategies
Parfait, Gisèle. "Influence de l'association mai͏̈s (zea mays) / haricot (phaseolus vulgaris) sur la fructification du haricot et les attaques d'une bruche spécialiste du phaseolus vulgaris, acanthoscelides obtectus." Pau, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PAUU3011.
Full textChuche, Julien. "Comportement de Scaphoideus titanus, conséquences spatiales et démographiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21771/document.
Full textThe Flavescence dorée is an incurable phytoplasma disease of grapevine. This pathology is exclusively transmitted from plant to plant by the leafhopper vector Scaphoideus titanus. Despite the importance of this disease, few studies have been conducted on the vector. This thesis aims to provide knowledge on the biology and ecology of S. titanus but also more broadly on the ecology of phytophagous insects. Three major themes were addressed in this thesis: i) the relationships between the insect and its environment through the influence of winter temperatures on diapausing eggs, ii) the relationships of the insect with its host plant by examining the attractiveness of the plant and the feeding behaviour of the vector, iii) interactions between congeners in the study of the aggregative behaviour of larvae. Our results indicate that 1) cold temperatures are not essential to break the diapause but contribute to protandry through operational sex ratio regulation, 2) the attractiveness of the host plant is largely due to its colour and different instars exhibit differences in behavioural choices, 3) males and females have different feeding behaviour which may explain their different efficiencies at vection, 4) the aggregation of larvae did not seem to result from active recruitment and could contribute to horizontal insect to insect transfer of phytoplasma through the plant. Such knowledge can contribute to the development of alternative S. titanus pest management techniques
Kluth, Stephanie. "Interaktionen zwischen der Ackerkratzdistel, pathogenen Pilzen und phytophagen Insekten: Grundlagen einer biologischen Unkrautkontrolle." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AB58-7.
Full textWipfler, Rosi [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung und Lebensweise phytophager Thripse (Insecta, Thysanoptera) als Verursacher von Austriebsstörungen an Reben als Grundlage zur Entwicklung umweltschonender Bekämpfungskonzepte / vorgelegt von Rosi Wipfler." 2008. http://d-nb.info/988377594/34.
Full textJung, Peter. "Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Kots phytophager Insekten auf die Keimung und das frühe Wachstum von Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris L.), Birken (Betula pendula Roth.) und Eichen (Quercus robur L.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Inhaltsstoff-Musters der Blattorgane." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B133-E.
Full textKlinge, Katrin. "Pflanze-Herbivore-Parasitoid Interaktionen auf Wildrosenarten und ihren Hybriden entlang eines geographischen Gradienten." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F272-C.
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