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1
Sakhnenko, V., and D. Sakhnenko. "The optimization of modern measures of winter wheat protection from pests in the Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 89 (November 11, 2018): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8903.
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The peculiarities of ecology of certain types of pests breeding in field crops are highlighted. The indicators of the influence of a complex of factors on development and mass reproduction of insects under modern agricultural systems are generalized. The species composition of insect phytophages in new crops is specified. More than 20 species of pests were identified that severely damaged this crop according to the results of the monitoring of the wheat entomocomplex. The analysis of influence of temperature, air and soil on the trophic links of phytophages and development and survival of their stages was conducted. A close connection between the level of productivity and the stages of organogenesis of plants with separate stages of development of the main species of phytophages was established. The analysis of efficiency of application of modern monitoring of a complex of pests at new systems of protection of winter wheat has been carried out. Cereal flies, aphids and other pests are found are found on wheat. The basic ecological and biological peculiarities of the formation of the entomocomplex of winter wheat are determined. The peculiarity of monitoring and control of harmful insect species on winter wheat crops in the forest-steppe of Ukraine is highlighted. The analysis of the modeling efficiency of the number of harmful and useful insect for resource-saving systems of winter wheat protection is carried out. The peculiarities of biology and ecology of pests of stem and of the root system of winter wheat in the region of research are specified. The peculiarities of the formation of entomocomplexes in agrocenoses vary according to certain parameters, in particular the number of soil and interstitial phytophages, taking into account the radius of their daily displacement. It is relevant to determine the total demand of pests in feeding at the actual population of individuals at different stages of ontogenesis of grain crops for effective crop management. The application of resource saving models of the calculation of phytophage dynamics on cereal crops by hydrothermal coefficient at different periods of development of plants and phytophages in the production, which allows to determine the quantitative changes of a separate entomocomplex in grain crops in time and space. The development and introduction of integrated methods for the control of winter wheat pests according to modern agricultural systems in the forest-steppe of Ukraine, which determines the expected loss of grain in the crop fields becomes important.
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Van Dam, Matthew H., Analyn Anzano Cabras, James B. Henderson, Andrew J. Rominger, Cynthia Pérez Estrada, Arina D. Omer, Olga Dudchenko, Erez Lieberman Aiden, and Athena W. Lam. "The Easter Egg Weevil (Pachyrhynchus) genome reveals syntenic patterns in Coleoptera across 200 million years of evolution." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e1009745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009745.
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Patterns of genomic architecture across insects remain largely undocumented or decoupled from a broader phylogenetic context. For instance, it is unknown whether translocation rates differ between insect orders. We address broad scale patterns of genome architecture across Insecta by examining synteny in a phylogenetic framework from open-source insect genomes. To accomplish this, we add a chromosome level genome to a crucial lineage, Coleoptera. Our assembly of the Pachyrhynchus sulphureomaculatus genome is the first chromosome scale genome for the hyperdiverse Phytophaga lineage and currently the largest insect genome assembled to this scale. The genome is significantly larger than those of other weevils, and this increase in size is caused by repetitive elements. Our results also indicate that, among beetles, there are instances of long-lasting (>200 Ma) localization of genes to a particular chromosome with few translocation events. While some chromosomes have a paucity of translocations, intra-chromosomal synteny was almost absent, with gene order thoroughly shuffled along a chromosome. This large amount of reshuffling within chromosomes with few inter-chromosomal events contrasts with patterns seen in mammals in which the chromosomes tend to exchange larger blocks of material more readily. To place our findings in an evolutionary context, we compared syntenic patterns across Insecta in a phylogenetic framework. For the first time, we find that synteny decays at an exponential rate relative to phylogenetic distance. Additionally, there are significant differences in decay rates between insect orders, this pattern was not driven by Lepidoptera alone which has a substantially different rate.
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Pivtoraiko, V., V. Kabanets, and V. Vlasenko. "Harmful entomofauna of hemp Cannabis sativa L. (analytical overview)." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 7-9 (September 18, 2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.7-9.20-25.
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Goal. To study the genesis of the harmful hemp entomofauna, to analyze the areas of expansion, features of development and harmfulness of a complex of insect phytophages.
Methods. Information-analytical. Collection and research of information data of Internet resources and available specialized literature.
Results. Hemp plants are damaged by a large number of both polyphage and specialized insect phytophages. With a high level of adaptability and ecological plasticity, they are capable of causing significant damage to hemp crops and sometimes even completely destroying their seedlings. Among the polyphage insects, pests from the families are of particular danger: (Elateridae), (Scarabaeidae), (Curculionidae), (Cerambycidae), (Mordellidae), (Noctuidae), (Pyralidae), (Erebidae), (Nymphalidae), (Lycaenidae), (Agromyzidae), (Orthoptera), (Acrididae), (Tettigoniidae), (Aphidiidae), (Miridae) and (Pentatomidae). The dominant specialized phytophages in the hemp field are: flea beetle — Psylliodes attenuata Koch. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), tumbling flower beetles — Mordellistena micans (Coleoptera, Mordellidae), hemp moth — Grapholitha delineana Walk (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae); hemp aphids — Phorodon cannabis Pass (Homoptera, Aphidiidae).
Conclusions. The genesis of the harmful hemp field entomofauna has been studied. It has been established that, for thousand years, a harmful entomocomplex has been forming on hemp, which, depending on the specific environmental conditions, has been gradually supplemented by introduced, adapted insect species, and at present it is quite numerous. Thus, according to various data, the total entomocomplex of hemp includes 240—300 species and has more than 70 specialized and polyphage insect phytophages, which can cause significant damage to the sprouting seeds, root system, overground vegetative and reproductive part of the plant.
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Muckensturm, Bernard, Bernard P. Riss, Pierre C. Robert, Marie-Thérèse Simonis, and Jean-Claude Kienlen. "Substances antiappétantes pour insectes phytophages." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(86)90096-7.
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TURIENZO, PAOLA, and OSVALDO DI IORIO. "Insects found in birds' nests from Argentina: Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) (Aves: Furnariidae)." Zootaxa 1871, no. 1 (September 8, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1871.1.1.
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Insects found in the nests of Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot) [Aves: Furnariidae] from the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and La Pampa (Argentina) were studied. A total of 20 nests was sampled every 21 days in Buenos Aires, together with the insects found under ritidome of Eucalyptus in the same area. Samples from nests were divided by seasons: end of summer [nest 1]; autumn [nests 2 to 6]; winter [nests 7 to 12]; spring [nests 13 to 16]; summer [nests 17 to 19], and beginning of autumn [nest 20]. A total of 92 species of insects was found, of which only 36 species had been previously reported in the literature from 1943 until 2005. Additional nests were sampled from Santa Fe (3 nests), Entre Ríos (1 nest), and La Pampa (4 nests). Species richness, abundance and diversity per nest are given and discussed. Insects in birds´nests are classified according to their functional guilds (predators; hematophages and parasitoids; detritivores; phytophages and fungivorous); degree of permanence in the nests (temporal inhabitants [hibernants]; permanent inhabitants; accidentals and/or occasionals). Mortality among the insect fauna inside the nests and other dead insects found inside nests, probably prey remains, are cited. The insect fauna under the ritidome of Eucalyptus permits establishment of a habitat gradient: species only found in the nests, species mainly found in the nests and rarely under the ritidome, species found both under the ritidome and in the nests, species mainly found under ritidome and seldom in the nests, and species only found under the ritidome. Comments and remarks are made on selected taxa lacking or with limited biological data. The microhabitat in the tunnels of Ctenomys [Rodentia] is compared with the birds’nests regarding its similar insect fauna. Inquiline birds and mammals are also mentioned.
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Kolombar, T. M., and D. V. Maslova. "Current state of wheat insects entomofauna in Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Poltava regions." Ecology and Noospherology 31, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/032005.
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Cereals are the basis of world crop production. In Ukraine, winter wheat crop plays a rolea strategic agricultural product. The basis of food security and the formation of the national export potential depend on this crop species. Wheat has a steadydemand on the internal and foreign markets. In the structure of crops, it occupies about 6 million hectares, which is more than 22% of all cultivated areas and almost 42% of grain crops. Like most other crops, cereals serve as food supply for a wide range of insect phytophages. Conventionally, the entire fauna of endangeredspecies can be divided into multiphages, oligophages and monophages. Cereal plants are damaged by insects during the entire growing season, from germination to harvesting. There are more than 230 species of wheat insects. Territory of the steppe zone of Ukraineamounted 17 most common and criticallyendangeredspecies on. The degree of harmfulness of each species in different vegetation periods is not the same. The goal of the paper was to reveal a current state of the most common endangeredspecies (wheat phytophages) within Dnepropetrovsk, Poltava and Zaporizhia Oblasts, and to assess a degree of their harmfulness (according to literature data). Harmful insects were accounted using conventional manual sampling method. The accounting was carried out on plots of 50 × 50 cm (0.25 m2), staggered evenly over an entire field, using a frame placed onto the plants randomly. All wheat stems inside the frame were shaken to a ground surface, and the number of harmful insects was counted. At the same time, the upper layer of soil (0–25 cm) was visually inspectedfor the presence of insect larvae and imagos. 16 samples were collectedon each field. The average number of each insect species per 1 m2 of wheat crops was calculated. As a result of 50 fields survey in Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Poltava Oblast, a list of the most common endangeredspecies (wheat phytophages) in the steppe and forest-steppe zones was created. It includes 17 species belonging to 7 families from three orders. The most recorded representatives of Coleoptera order were 12 species, four species from Hemiptera order and one from Thysanoptera. On average, three species of wheat phytophages belong to each of the families; the largest number of endangeredspecies is represented by Scarabaeidae family. Among the identified phytophages, the most common were Harpalus rufipes (De Geer, 1774) 88% of infected fields, Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777) 78% and Anisoplia austriaca (Herbst, 1783) 72%. Specimenof endangeredspecies as Eurygaster integriceps (Puton, 1881) were found on 34 fields, Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912) on 22 fields, Oulema lichenis (Heyden, 1879) on 21 fields, and Aelia acuminata (Linnaeus, 1758) on 18 fields. A brief description of each of 17 endangeredspecies was presented, taking into account their harmfulness in different periods of wheat vegetation. The degree of harmfulness of each species in different vegetation periods is not a same. A distinction is made between the early period, spring and the second half of the growing season. Early vegetation period is from the seedling emergence to the period of grass tillering. During this period, an impact of harmful insects is particularly dangerous, and a damage they cause can lead to a death of plants over large areas. The species most dangerous for wheat at this time are Harpalus rufipes and Zabrus tenebrioides. It is difficult to establish a clear distinction between the impact of endangeredspecies on plants during different periods of vegetation. With a beginning of spring vegetation, Oulema lichenis, Phyllotreta vittula and Chaetocnema aridula and Tropinota hirta are added to the above-mentioned species. Harmfulness during this period consists will be represented by leaf blade damage. The middle of vegetation coincides with an ear formation and grain filling phases. The most active endangeredwheat species during this period are considered to be Haplothrips tritici, Opatrum sabulosum, Pedinus femoralis and Blaps lethifera. The quality indicators of a cereal crop yield are reduced by Eurygaster integriceps and E. maura, Aelia acuminata and A. rostrata. Before the harvest the grain is damaged by various Scarabaeidae, in particular Anisoplia austriaca, A. agricola , A. segetum. As a result of controlling the number and species composition of endangeredwheat species, it is necessary to adapt the application of integrated methods of wheat protection to the soil and climatic conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine.
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Agasieva, I. S., V. Ya Ismailov, A. S. Nastasiy, and M. V. Nefedova. "Development of methods for application of pheromonic materials for monitoring and managing the number of apple phytophages." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2021-2-47-53.
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Synthetic sex pheromones have found wide application in plant protection as a mean of early detection of pests that allows observation of the phenology of insects to optimise protective measures. Insect sex pheromones can be applied for different purposes in protecting crops such as monitoring, determining the species composition and combating harmful species (by using sex pheromones for disorientation). The present work studies the species composition, dynamics of the number of basic pests of an apple tree, synchronisation of the seasonal and circadian activity of phytophages of an apple tree in the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory. The results of the field assessment of the male complex disorientation method of apple and eastern moths are presented. It was shown that the species-specificity of sex pheromones in the apple orchard depends on the faunistic diversity of Lepidoptera species with similar pheromone systems that develop at a given point in space and time. It was revealed that the behaviour of this complex changes during the season and over years, depending on the climate and natural dynamics of insect populations. The quantitative ratio and species-specificity of pheromones will probably be different in ecosystems with various species composition and different geographic zones. A novelty of this research is the division of the studied Lepidoptera phytophage species into three groups according to a decrease in the absolute species-specificity in the forest biotope in comparison with the garden one. The most widespread and coinciding in terms of summer synchronicity are apple (Cydia pomonella L.), plum (Grapholitha funebrana Tr.), eastern (Grapholitha molesta Tr.) and pomegranate moth (Euzophera bigella Zell.). The disorientation method, applied using a complex system of dispensers with apple and eastern moth pheromones, showed that installing 500 dispensers/ha allowed 99.3 % efficiency to be achieved. Fruit damage amounted to 1.2 % and 2.7 % in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The duration of the disorienting effect of the pheromone formulations lasted for over 4 months.
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Arestova, Natalia, and Irina Ryabchun. "The dynamics of the development of harmful insects on the mother planting of basic grape plants in the Rostov region." BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213404006.
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The study results on prevalence of the main harmful insects on the mother planting of the basic grape plants of the Rostov region: rose leafhopper, buffalo treehopper, tree cricket, tobacco and grape thrips, which are polyphagous phytophages, are presented. As a result of the negative impact of harmful organisms the plant normal development is disrupted. The spread and increase in the insect harmfulness in the Rostov region is facilitated by an increase in the average annual temperature to 9.5-11.6 °C in the last 10-15 years, which is the lower limit for their survival. A close direct relationship was revealed between the average annual temperature and the leafhopper and thrip harmfulness: r=0.72-0.89 and an unobvious dependence of the tree cricket harmfulness on thermal conditions (r=0.59). The phytosanitary control system in the mother planting made it possible to restrain the harmful organism development, with a harmfulness not exceeding 1.3 points for thrips and 2 points for other insects for further reproduction of practically healthy grape planting material while maintaining the status basic plants.
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Ngouajio, Mathieu, and Milton E. McGiffen. "Going Organic Changes Weed Population Dynamics." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.590.
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Organic agriculture is growing in importance worldwide. In the United States, the rate of increase of organic growers was estimated at 12% in 2000. However, many producers are reluctant to undertake the organic transition because of uncertainty of how organic production will affect weed population dynamics and management. The organic transition has a profound impact on the agroecosystem. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties during the transition often impact indirectly insect, disease, and weed dynamics. Greater weed species richness is usually found in organic farms but total weed density and biomass are often smaller under the organic system compared with the conventional system. The improved weed suppression of organic agriculture is probably the result of combined effects of several factors including weed seed predation by soil microorganisms, seedling predation by phytophagus insects, and the physical and allelopathic effects of cover crops.
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Glavendekic, Milka, and M. J. Medarevic. "Insect defoliators and their influence on oak forests in the Djerdap national park, Serbia." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 4 (2010): 1137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1004137g.
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The study of oak phytophagous insects was performed in the period 1992-2010 in the region of the Djerdap National Park. More than a third (36.67%) of the phytophages in oak forests are frequent and can occasionally cause local outbreaks. The early spring defoliator phytophages so far identified in the oak forests of the Djerdap National Park are outbreak species and are significant agents of forest ecosystem degradation and decline. The most frequent species are Tortrix viridana and Operophtera brumata. It was found that Quercus petraea was more affected by dieback then Q. cerris and Q. frainetto.
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Chaplygina, A. B., D. I. Yuzyk, and N. O. Savynska. "The Robin, Erithacus Rubecula (Passeriformes, Turdidae), as a Component of Heterotrophic Consortia of Forest Cenoses, Northeast Ukraine. Part 2." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0056.
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Abstract The role of the robin as a determinant of heterotrophic consortia is considered. The robin is a consort of determinants of autotrophic consortia, which core is represented mostly by dominating species of deciduous trees (Quercus robur Linnaeus, 1753, Tilia cordata Miller, 1768, Acer platanoides Linnaeus, 1753, Acer campestre Linnaeus, 1753), and also by sedges (Carex sp.) and grasses (Poaceae), connected with the determinants by fabric links. The robin also belongs to the concentr of the second and higher orders as a component of forest biogeocenoses and it is also the main determinant in species composition of the insects inhabiting bird nests. As a result of the taxonomic analysis of invertebrates in the robin nests, it has been found out that the most numerous class was Insecta (9 orders and 27 families), with the dominance of Coleoptera (30.7 %). The nidicolous fauna of the robin (38 species) was dominated by zoophages along with parasites and hematophages such as Hippoboscidae (46.4 %). The percentage of phytophages and saprophages among the invertebrate nest inhabitants was somewhat less (21 % each), then followed necrophages (12 %). Zoophages and parasites also dominated according to the number of objects in the nests (42 %; n = 150), the less was the portion of phytophages (34 %), saprophages (18 %), and necrophages (6 %). The highest number of species and objects of zoophages was recorded for climax and mature biocenoses (oak forests in NNP “HL” and pine cenoses in NNP “H””).
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Joy, Jeffrey B., and Bernard J. Crespi. "Island phytophagy: explaining the remarkable diversity of plant-feeding insects." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1741 (May 2, 2012): 3250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0397.
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Plant-feeding insects have undergone unparalleled diversification among different plant taxa, yet explanations for variation in their diversity lack a quantitative, predictive framework. Island biogeographic theory has been applied to spatially discrete habitats but not to habitats, such as host plants, separated by genetic distance. We show that relationships between the diversity of gall-inducing flies and their host plants meet several fundamental predictions from island biogeographic theory. First, plant-taxon genetic distinctiveness, an integrator for long-term evolutionary history of plant lineages, is a significant predictor of variance in the diversity of gall-inducing flies among host-plant taxa. Second, range size and structural complexity also explain significant proportions of the variance in diversity of gall-inducing flies among different host-plant taxa. Third, as with other island systems, plant-lineage age does not predict species diversity. Island biogeographic theory, applied to habitats defined by genetic distance, provides a novel, comprehensive framework for analysing and explaining the diversity of plant-feeding insects and other host-specific taxa.
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Wendt, H. "Zur Kenntnis der Bruchidenfauna Bulgariens. (Col. Phytophaga)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 31, no. 1-3 (April 22, 2008): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19840310126.
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Fayzullaev, B., and O. Mirzamurodov. "Range of main species of phytophages and entomophages of cotton agrobiocenosis in lower reaches of the Zarafshan river." E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126501032.
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Numerous arthropods have adapted to live in various biocenosis in the process of evolutionary transformation, especially under the influence of anthropogenic pressure, in particular cotton, which is widely distributed in Uzbekistan, especially in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan river. Among them there is a large group of phytophages, which causes substantial harm to cotton. It is also home to predatory and parasitic insects, entomophages, which are their effective regulators. The long-term impact of the anthropic factor on the complex of phytophages and entomophages in cotton agrobiocenosis could not but affect their vital activity. Meanwhile, previous studies did not fully open the nature of interaction of individual groups of arthropod animals and did not take into account the changes that occurred in the transformed natural environment. The aim of the research is to study the species composition of arthropods, to determine the main species of phytophages and entomophages, their ecology and biological principles for regulating their numbers in cotton agrobiocenosis.
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Chafaa, Smail, Fateh Mimeche, and Haroun Chenchouni. "Diversity of insects associated with olive (Oleaceae) groves across a dryland climate gradient in Algeria." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 5 (July 5, 2019): 629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.35.
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AbstractThis study investigated insect diversity of olive (Olea europaea Linnaeus (Oleaceae)) groves grown in arid and semiarid climates in northeastern Algeria. Using several sampling techniques, a total of 1326 insect specimens were collected and identified into 151 species, 124 genera, 65 families, and 10 orders. Hymenoptera and Coleoptera were quantitatively the most abundant, whereas the dominant functional feeding groups were phytophages then predators. The entomofauna included several olive pests such as Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Euphyllura olivina (Costa) (Hemiptera: Liviidae), and Liothrips oleae Costa (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Although insect diversity parameters recorded for both observed and expected species richness were higher in olive groves grown under semiarid compared with arid climate, the completeness rate of species richness obtained using the nonparametric incidence estimators was higher in arid olive groves. Generalised linear models showed that the number of individuals and species richness varied significantly between climates (P < 0.01), whereas the variation of the rest of diversity parameters was not significant. Diversity traits of insect assemblage of each climatic region were positively correlated. Besides, the Mantel permutation test revealed similar patterns (r = 0.91, P < 0.0001) between correlation matrices of the two climates. When increasing the number of samples, species richness extrapolation revealed that diversity is expected to increase by 130% in olive groves grown under arid climate and 93% in semiarid climate. These increases are related to continuous appearance of rare and scarce insects as demonstrated by species rarefaction curves. Even with high evenness values of insect communities, similarity was low between climate indicating the rarity and scarcity of populations.
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Chinchilla-Ramírez, Milena, Meritxell Pérez-Hedo, Bart A. Pannebakker, and Alberto Urbaneja. "Genetic Variation in the Feeding Behavior of Isofemale Lines of Nesidiocoris tenuis." Insects 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080513.
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Zoophytophagous predators provide biocontrol services in various major crops of modern horticulture due to the combination of its predatory capacity and the induction of plant defenses derived from its phytophagy. However, under certain conditions of prey scarcity, these natural enemies can inflict plant damage. Exploitation of genetic variation and subsequent selective breeding on foraging traits is a potential alternative to overcome this inconvenience. In this study, we quantified the genetic variation of phytophagy and zoophagy of Nesidiocoristenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), a zoophytophagous predator widely used in tomato crops to suppress key pests. We compared nine isofemale lines on their capacity to produce necrotic rings and wilting on tomato plants as a proxy for phytophagy, as well as their efficacy to prey on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs, as a proxy for zoophagy. Differences between isofemale lines in phytophagy and zoophagy indicated a genetic basis. Variation found in the zoophagy levels was larger than that in phytophagy levels. Our results showed that there is a genetic basis for the variation observed in the feeding behavior of isofemale lines of N.tenuis, highlighting the potential importance of selective breeding for such traits of biocontrol interest.
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Medvid, V. "Entomofauna of winter wheat in the Right-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine." UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 107, no. 3 (2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2020-3(107)-12.
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Entomofauna of winter wheat in the Right-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine The entomofauna of winter wheat in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during the spring-summer vegetation of 2017–2019, which consisted of 46 species from 8 orders of insects, was studied. 32 species from 17 families were identified among the phytophages winter wheat. The greatest diversity of the Coleoptera was shown. The species composition of the entomocomplex of each year is analyzed, the frequency of occurrence of species is determined. It was found that during three years of research in the agrocenosis of wheat most often there were only three species: Haplothrips tritici Kurd., Sitobion avenae F. and Eurygaster integriceps Put. Keywords: entomofauna, species composition, winter wheat, phytophages, entomophages.
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Boivin, Thomas. "Réponses des insectes forestiers phytophages méditerranéens au changement climatique (Résumé)." Revue Forestière Française, no. 6 (2018): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/70318.
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Chaplygina, A. B., D. I. Yuzyk, and N. O. Savynska. "The Robin, Erithacus Rubecula (Passeriformes, Turdidae), As a Component of Autotrophic Consortia of Forest Cenoses, Northeast Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0043.
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Abstract The role of the robin, Erithacus rubecula Linnaeus, 1758 as a consort of autotrophic consortia is considered. It has been found that representatives of 9 higher taxa of animals (Mammalia, Aves, Gastropoda, Insecta, Arachnida, Acarina, Malacostraca, Diplopoda, Clitellata) have trophic and topical links with the robin. At the same time, the robin is a consort of determinants of autotrophic consortia, which core is represented mostly by dominating species of deciduous trees (Quercus robur Linnaeus, 1753 (24.6 %), Tilia cordata Miller, 1768 (17.5 %), Acer platanoides Linnaeus, 1753 (22.8 %), Acer campestre Linnaeus, 1753), and also by sedges (Carex sp.) and grasses (Poaceae). The robin also belongs to the concentre of the second and higher orders as a component of forest biogeocenoses and forms a complex trophic system. In the diet of its nestlings, there have been found 717 objects from 32 invertebrate taxa, belonging to the phylums Arthropoda (99.2 %, 31 species) and Annelida (0.8 %, 1 species). The phylum Arthropoda was represented by the most numerous class Insecta (76.9 %), in which 10 orders (Lepidoptera (46.8 %) dominates) and 20 families were recorded, and also by the classes Arachnida (15.0 %), Malacostraca (5.3 %) and Diplopoda (1.9 %). The invertebrate species composition was dominated by representatives of a trophic group of zoophages (14 species; 43.8 %); the portion of phytophages (7 species; 21.9 %), saprophages (18.7 %), and necrophages (15.6 %) was the less. The highest number of food items was represented by phytophages (N = 717; 51 %), followed by zoophages (34 %), saprophages (12 %), and necrophages (3 %). The difference among study areas according to the number of food items and the number of species in the robin nestling diet is shown. In NNP “HF”, the highest number of food items was represented by phytophages - 47 % (N = 443), whereas zoophages were the most species-rich group (43.3 %, 13 species). In NNP “H”, phytophages also prevailed in food items - 62.3 % (N = 164), but the number of phyto-, zoo- and saprophage species was equal (30.8 %, 13 species). In the forest park, zoophages were more frequent - 45.5 % (N = 110), but phytophages were the most species-rich (42.9 %).
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Marsollier, Laurent, Tchibozo Sévérin, Jacques Aubry, Richard W. Merritt, Jean-Paul Saint André, Pierre Legras, Anne-Lise Manceau, Annick Chauty, Bernard Carbonnelle, and Stewart T. Cole. "Aquatic Snails, Passive Hosts of Mycobacterium ulcerans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 10 (October 2004): 6296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.6296-6298.2004.
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ABSTRACT Accumulative indirect evidence of the epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections causing chronic skin ulcers (i.e., Buruli ulcer disease) suggests that the development of this pathogen and its transmission to humans are related predominantly to aquatic environments. We report that snails could transitorily harbor M. ulcerans without offering favorable conditions for its growth and replication. A novel intermediate link in the transmission chain of M. ulcerans becomes likely with predator aquatic insects in addition to phytophage insects. Water bugs, such as Naucoris cimicoides, a potential vector of M. ulcerans, were shown to be infected specifically by this bacterium after feeding on snails experimentally exposed to M. ulcerans.
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Pal’nikova, E. N., and V. G. Sukhovol’skii. "Phytophage–entomophage interactions at different stages of mass reproduction of forest insects." Contemporary Problems of Ecology 9, no. 7 (December 2016): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995425516070076.
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Martynov, V. V., and T. V. Nikulina. "Penestragania apicalis (Osborn & Ball, 1898) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae, Iassinae) – a new invasive phytophages of honey locust in Eastern Europe." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation 1, no. 157 (January 11, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-4-157-50-55.
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In July 2020, in the course of insect collection by light trapping within the city area of Donetsk, the invasive North American leafhopper Penestragania apicalis (Osborn & Ball, 1898) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) was first recorded for Eastern Europe. This is the third specialized phytophagous species of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) introduced to Europe. The distribution of P. apicalis within Europe is still not known, this species is most likely to be widespread throughout the places of honey locust cultivation. The main vector of invasion of P. apicalis is unintended introduction with planting material and by way of self -spread of adults. The penetration of another one specialized phytophage of honey locust into the steppe zone of Eastern Europe requires additional researching of its distribution. Registration of P. apicalis at a considerable distance from the previously known habitat indicates its wide distribution in Europe. Since it is difficult to survey the crowns of tall trees, we recommend using light traps as the simplest and most effective method for leafhoppers detecting. The level of species harmfulness in the territory of its natural range and in Euro pe has not been assessed so far; therefore, the organization of work on a detailed study of its ecological and biological characteristics is required. The formation of a multispecies complex of specialized pests can have a negative impact on the plantings of honey locust in the zone of its introduction. In this regard, the state of the P. apicalispopulation requires constant monitoring along with other invasive phytophages of Gleditsia – leaf gall midge D.gleditchiae and seed-beetle M. dorsalis.
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Grabovska, T., V. Lavrov, and O. Rozputnii. "Effect of organic farming on insect diversity." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 4 (August 10, 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_174.
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The paper focuses on the insect community as a "link" between ecosystem producers, secondary consumers and decomposers and the mobile and informative indicator of structure, biological stability and productivity. Consortium and other subsystems of agricultural ecosystems are mainly destroyed annually as a result of technological measures - chemical, mechanical, biological. External ecological factors, including the structure of the agrolandscape, in particular field protective forest shelter belts and ecotones between them, also have a certain influence. The research was conducted in organic agrolandscape (Kyiv region, Ukraine), comparing it with the conventional one. Insects were collected in winter wheat fields, ecotones and adjacent forest shelterbelts. The number of orders, families and individuals is greater under organic farming. The highest number of families and individuals was recorded in the forest shelterbelts adjacent to the organic landscape (26.3 and 111.7, respectively). The number of individuals in organic winter wheat fields was twice as large as in conventional fields and amounted to 85.3 individuals on average; the number of families was by 1.8 times larger. Biodiversity indices (Shannon, Menhinick, Margalef, Berger-Parker, and Pielou) confirm the greater diversity of insects in the organic fields of winter wheat. The Sørensen similarity coefficient was higher in the organic fields and forest shelterbelts near the conventional fields (Cs=0.7), which is explained by the largest number of phytophages in these ecosystems. The share of predators and parasites that control pests in the agricultural system was highest in organic ecotones and forest shelterbelts - 26.21% and 33.12% (against 10.24 and 18.16% in conventional, respectively).
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Tsvetkov, V. O., and L. G. Yarullina. "Structural and Functional Characteristics of Hydrolytic Enzymes of Phytophagon Insects and Plant Protein Inhibitors (Review)." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0003683819050156.
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Sakhnenko, V. V., and D. V. Sakhnenko. "Dynamics of the development and reproduction of phytophage insects in winter wheat crops." Taurian Scientific Herald, no. 112 (2020): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32851/2226-0099.2020.112.20.
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Mitter, Charles, Brian Farrell, and Brian Wiegmann. "The Phylogenetic Study of Adaptive Zones: Has Phytophagy Promoted Insect Diversification?" American Naturalist 132, no. 1 (July 1988): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284840.
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Klechkovskyi, Yu, and І. Yudytska. "Population and harmfulness of phytophages in peach orchards in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 66 (December 24, 2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2020.66.111-126.
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Goal. To determine the number and harmfulness of the main phytophages on peach cultivars of different ripening terms in order to plan measures to protect the crop from pest damage.
Methods. Laboratory-field. The research was carried out in peach orchards of the Scientific and Production Site «Naukova» of Melitopol Fruit Growing Research Station named after M.F. Sydorenka of Institute of Horticulture of NAAS according to generally accepted methods. Monitoring of the number of phytophages was performed on peach cultivars of different ripening terms: Iiun`s`kyi rannii, Melіtopol’s’kyi iasnyi, Charivnyk, Zlatodar, Vireneia, Redhaven, Spokusa, Zolotystii, Mriia and Yuvileinyi Sydorenka during bud swelling, inflorescence opening (pink tip), flowering, growth and maturations of the fruits.
Results. Entomoacarocenosis of peach plantations has 15 species of insects pests and 2 species of mites. During the flowering period, the main harmful species was Epicometis hirta Poda., the number of imagoes in different cultivars was 0.3—5.8 specimens/100 flowers. Population intensity of peach trees with green peach aphids (Myzodes persicae Sulz.) for certain cultivars reached the level of 1.9 points, mealy plum aphid (Hyalopterus pruni Geoffr.) — did not exceed 0.8 points. Density of mites, Thrips fuscipennis Haliche and Typhlocyba rosae L. varied in the range of 0.4—2.5; 0.8—2.4; 0.5—1.6 specimen/leaf, respectively. The main fruit-damaging pests in peach orchards were oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta Busck.) and peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zell.). The degree of fruit damage by Lepidoptera pest oriental fruit moth on early-ripening peach cultivars was 3.0—4.0%, increased on medium- and late-ripening cultivars to 6.8% and 11.7%, respectively. The level of fruit damage by peach twig borer compared to the eastern fruit moth was 2.8—10.7 times lower, depending on the cultivar.
Conclusions. In the conditions of the South of Ukraine, 15 insect pests and 2 species of mites were recorded in peach orchards. During the growing season, the number of most species of phytophagous, including weevils, leafroller moths, mites, thrips, Typhlocyba rosae on different peach cultivars did not exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness. During the flowering period, Epicometis hirta was the threat to peach orchards. In the summer of 2019, the harmful effects of sucking phytophages, in particular aphids, led to delayed growth and development of shoots, deformation of leaves. The main species of pests that reduced the yield and fruit quality were oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer.
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Düngelhoef, Susanne, and Michael Schmitt. "Genital feelers: the putative role of parameres and aedeagal sensilla in Coleoptera Phytophaga (Insecta)." Genetica 138, no. 1 (September 10, 2009): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-009-9404-9.
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Senewe, Rein Estefanus, Hermanu Triwidodo, Nfn Pudjianto, Aunu Rauf, and Marietje Pesireron. "Gejala dan Intensitas Serangan Serangga Fitofagus pada Sagu [The Symptoms and Intensity Attacks of Phytophagous Insects on Sago]." Buletin Palma 20, no. 1 (June 23, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v20n1.2019.57-68.
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<p>The growth and development of sago palm naturally interact with the organism such as insects. The symptoms of damage to the plant canopy sago indicate a relationship between insects and plants. This study aims to identify phytophagous insects, symptoms of damage and attack rates on sago plants. The study was conducted in the village of Rutong and Tulehu in Maluku, starting in June until September 2016. There are 10 plants/sago clump in each observations in each location determined by purposive sampling. Each sago clump in the growth phase (seedlings, tillers, a trunk stage, and stems / trees), observed symptoms of damage to leaflets and leaf midribs. The results showed four symptoms of attack on the sago canopy with an average intensity of mild attacks. The highest incidence of attack was 37.5% in the phase of a trunk stage with the symptoms of cutout attacks on the leaves. Then seven species phytophag insects were obtained which were associated with sago canopy. Each of the insect imago phases leads to leaf damage with distinctive features, which can potentially cause severe damage to the canopy of the sago plant.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman sagu secara alami berinteraksi dengan organisme diantaranya serangga. Gejala kerusakan tajuk tanaman sagu menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara serangga dan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi serangga fitofag, gejala kerusakan dan tingkat serangan pada tanaman sagu. Penelitian dilakukan pada areal sagu di Desa Rutong dan Tulehu Provinsi Maluku, dimulai bulan Juni – September 2016. Tersedia 10 tanaman/rumpun sagu ditiap lokasi pengamatan yang ditentukan secara <em>purposive sampling</em>. Setiap rumpun sagu pada fase pertumbuhan (semai, anakan, sapihan, dan batang/pohon), diamati gejala kerusakan anak daun dan pelepah daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan empat gejala serangan pada tajuk tanaman sagu dengan rata-rata intensitas serangan ringan. Insidensi serangan tertinggi (37.5%) pada fase sapihan dengan gejala serangan bentuk guntingan pada daun. Selanjutnya diperoleh tujuh jenis serangga fitofagus yang berasosiasi dengan tajuk tanaman sagu. Masing-masing fase imago serangga menimbulkan kerusakan daun dengan ciri khas berbeda, sehingga dapat berpeluang menimbulkan kerusakan berat pada tajuk tanaman sagu.</p>
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Palamarchuk, A., O. Strygun, and Т. Dudchenko. "The species composition of the harmful entomofauna of soybean crops in the conditions of rice paddies." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 66 (December 24, 2020): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2020.66.168-183.
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Goal. To determine the species composition of soybean phytophages under rice checks.
Methods. The main field method with related phenological observations and analyzes. The study of the species composition of soybean pests was carried out in rice paddies of the Institute of Rice of the NAAS by collecting all objects with their subsequent identification. The survey was carried out once every 3—7 days: the first counts were in the third decade of May, when the plants were in the germination phase. Recorded plants were placed diagonally. On the experimental site, five plants were examined in 20 places.
Results. Studies have been carried out to clarify the species composition of harmful entomofauna in soybean crops under the conditions of rice checks in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Found 20 species of phytophagus from 7 rows and 11 families and one species of spider mite: мeadow moth (Margaritia sticticalis L.); thistle, or vanessa thistle (Vanessa cardui L.); grass bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.); alfalfa bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus Boh.); alfalfa stink bug (Piezodorus lituratus F.); tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.); scoop-gamma (Autographa gamma L.); alfalfa moth (Chloridea viriplaca Hfn.); green horse (Tettigonia viridissima L.); Italian Prussian (Calliptamus italicus L.); large cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.); Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.); six-point leafhopper (Macrosteles laevis Kib.); striped leafhopper (Psammotettix striatus L.); nosy tree (Aelia rostrata Bsh.); striped nodule weevil (Sitona lineatus L.); gray bristly weevil (Sitona crinitus Hfn.); cotton scoop (Helicoverpa armigera Hfn.); acacia moth (Etiella zinckenella Tr.), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.).
Conclusions. As a result of research in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, 20 species of phytophagous insects from 7 rows, 11 families and one species of tick were found in soybeans. The vast majority of pests in terms of numbers are among the Lepidoptera — 38%. These species damaged soybeans during the growing season and influenced the formation of the yield.
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Regnault-Roger, Catherine, and Abdelaziz Hamraoui. "Lutte contre les insectes phytophages par les plantes aromatiques et leurs molécules allélochimiques." Acta Botanica Gallica 144, no. 4 (January 1997): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12538078.1997.10515779.
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Curcic, Srecko, D. Topalovic, Jelena Jakovljevic, Miloje Brajkovic, and Z. Nikolic. "Preliminary investigations on accompanied invertebrate fauna of farms of Helix pomatia Linnaeus and Helix aspersa O. F. Müller (Helicidae, Gastropoda) in Serbia and Montenegro." Archives of Biological Sciences 56, no. 3-4 (2004): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0404089c.
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Altogether 18 species of invertebrates were evidented during investigations on snail farms of Helix pomatia Linnaeus and Helix aspersa O. F. M?ller in Serbia and Montenegro. Of these, 9 species from 8 genera were registered from Serbia, and 9 species from 9 genera were collected from Montenegro. Invertebrate material mostly pertained to insects (orders Coleoptera and Heteroptera) and crustaceans (order Isopoda). Data about exact ecological status of all species of collected invertebrates were also presented. Also we notify clear distinctions between all analyzed species in the type of feeding (the cases of helicophagy, zoophagy, phytophagy, and mixophagy).
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Riley, Ian T. "Cryptically galled infructescence: a new sheoak gall type in Allocasuarina luehmannii and Casuarina pauper (Casuarinaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (2020): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19181.
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Insect galls formed within the infructescences (cones) of Allocasuarina luehmannii and Casuarina pauper in southern New South Wales, Australia, are described. The galling was internal within the infested cones, which were small and irregularly developed, but could appear superficially normal except that they had a higher than normal proportion of samaras retained on bracteole dehiscence. Cross-sections revealed abnormal morphology and wasp larval chambers. All exit holes found were between bracteole pairs of either fertile or infertile florets. Emergent wasps were tentatively identified as Eurytoma sp. sensu lato (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). These cryptically galled infructescences represent a previously undescribed gall type in the Casuarinaceae and, for Eurytoma, potentially a rare instance of phytophagy in Australia. Infested cones were found in a season when normal cones in this drought affected area were not easily found. It was concluded that this phytophagy could negatively impact the regeneration potential of two already compromised sheoak species.
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Mishchenko, Andrey Vladimirovich. "Peculiarities of parasitism of Hymenoptera: Eulophidae in the Middle Volga Region." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763102.
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This paper describes all the detected forms of parasitism of eulophid wasps in the Middle Volga Region, based on many years of study of this important group of Hymenoptera and significant factual material. Hymenoptera: Eulophidae is a family of relatively small (no more than 5 mm, usually 1,5-2 mm) parasitic hymenoptera; its larvae develop on the phytophages of various groups (primarily lepidopterans, Diptera, coleoptera). Many species of herbivorous insects that are infected with eulofids are pests in forestry and agriculture, since they are used as fodder plants of various economically important families. A special group of phytophages are leafminers, larvae of which develop secretly in plant tissues (for example, leaf mesophyll), often forming species-specific damage - mines. Eulophid wasps are able to infect leafminers that are inside leafmine and not accessible to other types of entomophages, thereby providing biological protection to cultural and wild plants. During the work parasitic development of more than 200 species of eulophid wasps was analyzed. Representatives of 4 subfamilies Eulophidae (Euderinae, Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae), including more than 40 genera, have been identified in the Middle Volga Region.
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lunderstädt, J. "Zur Steuerung der Populationsdichte von phytophagen Insekten durch ihre Wirtspflanze." Journal of Applied Entomology 103, no. 1-5 (January 12, 1987): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1987.tb00958.x.
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Shchurov, Valeriy, Alexandr Zamotajlov, Mikhail Skvortsov, Anastasiya Shchurova, and Alexandr Belyi. "Study on population characteristics of the alien phytophage insect species (Insecta: Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera) in forests of the Northwestern Caucasus: 2010-2019 practice." Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University 1, no. 79 (2019): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-79-135-158.
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Popov, Igor, Aleksandra Rhyzhaya, Ekaterina Hliakouskaya, and Oksana Kremneva. "Phytophages of linden under the conditions of Grodno Ponemany (Belarus) and Krasnodar (Russia)." BIO Web of Conferences 21 (2020): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202100008.
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Comparative studies of linden phytophages in the urban landscapes of Grodno Ponemany (Belarus) and Krasnodar (Russia) have been carried out. 22 arthropod species were revealed, including 6 species of herbivorous ticks and 16 species of insects. Among these organisms, 18 species are representatives of the native fauna, 4 are invasive, while the invaders in the Grodno Ponemany and in Krasnodar are different (two species each). In Grodno Ponemany, oligophages prevail, in Krasnodar, the proportion of polyphages is high. The invasive species Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) and native species of gall mites are the most harmful in Belarus. The significance of the invaders in Krasnodar is much lower, and Metcalfa pruinosa Say, and Hyphantria cunea Drury cause significant damage to linden only in the years of sharp increase in number. In Krasnodar, linden spider mite – Schizotetranychus tiliarium (Hermann) is the most harmful, populating 100 % of linden trees older than 10 years. Almost all polyphages, with the exception of the invaders identified for Krasnodar, exhibit moderate or low harmfulness.
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Wendt, H. "Bruchiden aus dem Museum A. Koenig Bonn, gesammelt von J. Klapperich (Col. Phytophaga)." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 30, no. 1-3 (April 23, 2008): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19830300110.
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Compton, S. G., M. Stavrinides, C. Kaponas, and P. J. Thomas. "No escape: most insect colonisers of an introduced fig tree in Cyprus come from the plant’s native range." Biological Invasions 22, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02132-4.
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AbstractPlants that become invasive outside their native range often benefit from the absence of their native-range herbivores. Ficus microcarpa is a widely-planted Asian–Australasian species of fig tree that has become invasive in parts of its introduced range. As in most places where it is planted, the pollinator of F. microcarpa has been introduced to Cyprus, together with at least six other Asian fig wasp species. We recorded the other insects feeding on the leaves, buds and stems of this fig tree in southern Cyprus. Eight sap-sucking insects were recorded, and one leaf-galling species, with some present at high frequencies and densities. The insects were a mix of introduced polyphagous species and introduced F. microcarpa specialists. They included the first European record of the fig leaf galling psyllid Trioza brevigenae, which was described from India. Ficus microcarpa has not escaped from its native-range phytophages, but they appear to be free of their own specialist parasitoids and predators. The result is a herbivore load than may be comparable with what the plant experiences in its countries of origin. This is likely to reduce the invasiveness of F. microcarpa, but at the same time makes the plant a less attractive option for future planting.
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Salcedo-Porras, Nicolas, Claudia Umaña-Diaz, Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt, and Carl Lowenberger. "The Role of Bacterial Symbionts in Triatomines: An Evolutionary Perspective." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091438.
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Insects have established mutualistic symbiotic interactions with microorganisms that are beneficial to both host and symbiont. Many insects have exploited these symbioses to diversify and expand their ecological ranges. In the Hemiptera (i.e., aphids, cicadas, and true bugs), symbioses have established and evolved with obligatory essential microorganisms (primary symbionts) and with facultative beneficial symbionts (secondary symbionts). Primary symbionts are usually intracellular microorganisms found in insects with specialized diets such as obligate hematophagy or phytophagy. Most Heteroptera (true bugs), however, have gastrointestinal (GI) tract extracellular symbionts with functions analogous to primary endosymbionts. The triatomines, are vectors of the human parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. A description of their small GI tract microbiota richness was based on a few culturable microorganisms first described almost a century ago. A growing literature describes more complex interactions between triatomines and bacteria with properties characteristic of both primary and secondary symbionts. In this review, we provide an evolutionary perspective of beneficial symbioses in the Hemiptera, illustrating the context that may drive the evolution of symbioses in triatomines. We highlight the diversity of the triatomine microbiota, bacterial taxa with potential to be beneficial symbionts, the unique characteristics of triatomine-bacteria symbioses, and the interactions among trypanosomes, microbiota, and triatomines.
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Yudytska, Iryna, and Yurii Klechkovskyi. "Species composition of harmful entomocomplex in peach orchards of Southern Ukraine." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(1).2021.61-67.
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Studies of the dynamics of changes in the species composition of pests in fruit orchards in the context of climate change became especially relevant. Monitoring of phytophagous insects in gardens with the isolation of dominant species is a key component for building an effective system of protection of perennial plantings. The study was conducted in 2018-2020 on the basis of the Melitopol Experimental Station of Horticulture named after M.F. Sidorenko IS NAAS. The purpose of the study was to establish the species composition of phytophages and the level of their colonisation of peach orchards to optimise measures to protect this crop from pest damage. Conducting route and detailed surveys in different phases of tree development (swelling of buds, pink bud, flowering, end of flowering, forming, growth and ripening of fruits) showed that the entomocenosis of peach orchards consisted of 15 species of phytophagous insects belonging to 4 orders, 10 families, and 2 species of mites. The species composition and level of pest colonisation of peach orchards changed under the influence of weather conditions and protection measures. Lepidoptera insects were represented by 7 species of pests, among which the main carpophages were Grapholitha molesta Busck., to a lesser extent Anarsia lineatella. The attack density of these pests each year was at a high and medium level, respectively. Throughout all the years of study most harmful of insects from the order Coleoptera was polyphagous Epicometis hirta. The main Homoptera pest in 2018 was Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst., while the prevalence of other catfacing insects was weak. During the vegetation periods of 2019-2020 the development of insects such as aphids and increase in the colonisation of leaves by mites, Thrips fuscipennis Haliche and Typhlocyba rosae L. was recorded in peach orchards
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Shil, Rajib Kumar, Suman Mojumder, Faozia Faleha Sadida, Myn Uddin, and Dwaipayan Sikdar. "Isolation and Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Gut of Three Phytophagus Insect Species." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 57, no. 6 (December 2014): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-8913201402620.
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Kolombar, T. M. "Hardware – wheat pests as elements of the species consortium." Ecology and Noospherology 30, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031918.
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Annually in the world, insect pests kill 10–15 % of the crop yield, which in the face of increasing humanity creates a global problem for food security. For the territory of Ukraine in some years, the loss of wheat yields reach 25 % and, in the face of this tendency, real risks to the security of the state are created. Considering that the agrarian trend of the state development has been increasing in recent years, the development of grain-adapted to the ecological and climatic conditions of Ukraine is a priority direction of the development of domestic agriculture. And the development of new environmentally friendly methods of controlling pests of wheat using parasitic organisms will become a fundamentally new and pressing issue in the development of organic production in the country. The general list of pest species that can cause serious wheat yield and forage reduction in Ukraine includes more than 230 names, but only 18 species are able toentail the biggest losses. Among them belong to the order Coleoptera. One insect species is usually a host of several species of mites, nematodes and up to ten species of gregarines and microsporidia. Unfortunately, the taxonomic composition of parasites of phytophagous pets of wheat in Ukraine has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the interrelation between parasites of 4 phytophagous insects of wheat as well as of 14 insect species found in granaries. The study of the species composition of parasitic organisms of wheat and grain pests is based on the study of the elementary part of the consortium ecosystem, where they act as second order consortia. Phytophagous parasites of wheat and collar pests of cereals, as second-order consorts, have been fragmented worldwide. The purpose of this work is to determine the species composition of gregarine as a component of wheat consortium for their further use in the creation of integrated methods of protection of wheat and products of its processing. As a result, 28 species of gregarines were registered, which belong to seven families (Didymophyidae, Ophryocystidae, Hirmocystidae, Lipotrophidae, Stylocephalidae, Actinocephalidae and Gregarinidae). On the average, 1–2 species of gregarines parasitize in one pest species. 7–10 species of parasites were identified in some insects of the family Tenebrionidae (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863). Each presented parasite is characteristic of 1–2 species of pests, but there are species of gregarines that infect up to four species of model species, such as Gregarina cuneata Stein, 1848. The largest number of individuals who are infested with gregarines belong to such families as Tenebrionidae and Dermestidae (38,6 % and 36,0 % of the total number of species, respectively). On pests – phytophages parasitizes about 8 species of gregarine families Stylocephalidae, Gregarinidae, Actinocephalidae. For barns pests are recorded barnacles of all 7 families.
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Turmuhametova, Nina Valeryevna. "Assessment of deciduous trees state and phyllophagous composition in Yoshkar-Ola." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201764116.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the results of long-term observations of the state of plantations of Betula pendula Roth and Tilia cordata Mill. in Yoshkar-Ola. Assessment of trees state was carried out by morphological analysis of the leaf blade, since the plants assimilation organs are most exposed to atmospheric toxicants, attacks of insects and pathogenic microorganisms. Based on the assumption that pollutants affect directly phytophages or through the forage resource, the species composition of the phyllophagous insects and mites was studied in the gradient of the increase in industrial transport emissions. Morphological changes in leaves and an increase in the area of damage in the pollution gradient are described. In this case, the area of the leaf blade can both increase in B. pendula , and decrease in T. cordata . Determination of the arachnoentomological material and the establishment of herbivorous insects and mites for characteristic lesions made it possible to describe in the crowns of B. pendula 84 dendrobiotic species, T. cordata - 100 species. Among the phyllophagous there are gnawing and sucking leaves, miners and gall producers. The representatives of Coleoptera predominate. Under environmental conditions, the proportion of arthropods that are monophages and form protective devices increases. Under the conditions of the urban ecosystem, a decrease in the variety of phyllophages was revealed, but an increase in the relative abundance of the most protected species Aphidoidae (Homoptera), Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), Eriophyidae (Acarina). The calculation of the number of insects per unit volume of the crown was carried out. As a bioindicative indicator of the quality of habitat, it is suggested to use the state of tree leaves, the diversity and relative abundance of insects and mites of phyllophages.
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Catling, David, and Zahirul Islam. "Diversity and Seasonal Fluctuations of Arthropod Fauna in Bangladesh Deepwater Rice." Bangladesh Rice Journal 17, no. 1-2 (November 18, 2014): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20903.
Full textAbstract:
An intensive study of the diversity of arthropod fauna in Bangladesh deepwater rice ecosystem from 1977 to 1980 revealed: 139 phytophages, 75 predators, 75 parasitoids and 44 scavengers identified to species level. Adding those forms identified to family/subfamily brought the total to 375 species. Insecta comprised 354 species belonging to more than 100 families. This is a conservative estimate since the main sampling methods used, sweepnetting and the rearing of parasitoids, is fairly effective for mid- and upper canopy forms, but is not effective for collecting fauna in the benthos, neuston and lower plant canopy for which a suction sampler is necessary.There was a marked seasonal fluctuation in numbers and composition of the fauna due mainly to the nature of the deepwater rice plant and the annual flooding pattern. The preflood period was conducive to moderate buildups of some canopy-living insects. In the flooding period the numbers of many arthropods crashed precipitously and never recovered (eg leafhoppers and planthoppers). Those forms adapted to deep flooding continued at moderate levels (eg acridids, green leafhopper), while a few arthropods were able to increase their numbers (eg tettigonids, yellow stem borer and spiders). Spiders, the most abundant predator group, were numerous at all times even during deep flooding and they probably limited the numbers of leafhoppers, planthoppers and some other pests. In addition, 75 parasitoids formed part of the faunal community and attacked many phytophages.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20903Bangladesh Rice j. 2013, 17(1&2): 75-104
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Aistova, Elena V., Vitaliy G. Bezborodov, Tatyana O. Markova, Mikhail V. Maslov, and Lyubov A. Fedina. "THE FORMATION OF THE CONSORTIA RELATIONS OF MOLIPTERYX FULIGINOSA (UHLER, 1860) (HEMIPTERA, COREIDAE) WITH AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA IN THE PRIMORSKII KRAI OF RUSSIA." Ecologica Montenegrina 21 (May 25, 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.21.11.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, invasive species spreading is becoming a key problem on the global scale. Scope of invasive species control get solved at governmental level in many countries; hundreds of billions dollars a year are allocated as financial support; global programs are created. For the first time, biological control of invasive species Ambrosia artemisiifolia using an introduced phytophage insect was applied in Russia (former USSR) in the 60-70s years of the 20th century and it remains a unique large-scale example until to nowadays. Ambrosia leaf beetle (Zygogramma suturalis (Fabricius, 1775) was brought to the Russian Far East for biological control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the 80-90s years of the 20th century for the first time, however the targeted result was not achieved. At present, Zygogramma suturalis were adapted at the Primorskii Krai in the south of the Far East, but due to climatic conditions its numbers are low and, as a result, the impact on ambrosia is minimal. The search for native insect species with capable of effectively suppressing the spread of aggressive quarantine weed in local conditions remains in the area of focus. At the moment, two species of native leaf beetles have been identified, using Ambrosia as an additional element in the diet. Climate changes and the shift of biogeographic boundaries cause the natural expansion of the areals of some East Asian insect species to the north within the Russian Far East. Bug-edge Molipteryx fuliginosa (Uhler, 1860) is one of such species. Expanding the area to the north and east, the species also corrects trophic preferences. As a result of our research in the south of Primorskii Krai, the trophic relations of Molipteryx fuliginosa were studied in the field conditions and in rearing cages. The same work was carried out in places where Ambrosia artemisiifolia were growing in a great number. For insects observing were used standard methods. As a result, firstly was established and confirmed that the bug-edge uses Ambrosia artemisiifolia as a feed plant only in select developmental stages, including imago. The feeding of larvae of IV – V ages was noted in natural conditions. The long-time Molipteryx fuliginosa development cycle on ambrosia leads to break the course of normal plant ontogenesis and causes wilting of individual organs.
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Vlasova, О., M. Sekun, and M. Zatserklyana. "Anti-resistant plant protection system against harmful arthropods." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 66 (December 24, 2020): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2020.66.58-73.
Full textAbstract:
Goal. To substantiate and develop an anti-resistant system of protection of crops and perennials from harmful arthropods.
Methods. The sensitivity of phytophages on natural populations collected on winter wheat, soybean, and rapeseed crops was determined by various methods of their poisoning: immersion of insects on inhabited plants, immersion of insects in gauze bags for 3 seconds. in a suitable solution of insecticide. The methods are based on the study of the pest’s response to a series of doses of the drug — from the minimum, causing mortality of 5—10% of normal-sensitive individuals, to the maximum (mortality of 90% or more). Toxicological parameters were calculated using the PROBAN program.
Results. Different sensitivity of natural populations of arthropods to modern insecticides is revealed. Techniques for the rational use of insecticides populations and the use of alternative biological and immunological methods.
Conclusions. An effective measure to prevent and inhibit the formation of resistant populations of harmful arthropod species to insecticides is an anti-resistant plant protection system. It includes monitoring the resistance of natural populations of harmful phytophagous species, identifying the type of resistance and the rational use of chemicals.
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Badmaeva, Evgeniya N., and Tsydypzhap Z. Dorzhiev. "Seasonal nutrition variability and trophic differentiation of ducks on Baikal." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202093102.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of the food ration of 7 species of ducks from Lake Baikal helped to reveal the features of the seasonal dynamics of ducks feeding. The degree of trophic differentiation was determined for all species and for systematically related forms. All species of ducks in general are polyphages of different ranges, there are no highly specialized species. According to the ratio of plant and animal feed, three trophic groups were identified among ducks: phytophages, mainly phytophages and zoo-phytophages. Ducks plant feed is represented by seeds, vegetative parts and tubers. At the same time, a significant proportion are seeds, especially sedge, which in some species of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos, Anas penelopе, Anas acuta) in some seasons exceed 1520% by volume in the stomach and esophagus. Anas querquedula and Anas clypeata ignore vegetative parts of plants, while mallard consumes them only in summer. Anas penelope selects vegetatic parts of plants and seeds, in spring they are selected by Anas acuta. Animal feed is actively consumed by Anas crecca, Anas querquedula, Anas clypeata, Aythya ferina. It is noted that Anas clypeata consumes mollusks in large numbers, while Aythya fuligula consumes them to a slightly lesser extent. Anas querquedula and Anas clypeata prefer insect larvae. Gammarids are quite common for most species of ducks and in volume they occupy a worthy place. Seasonal nutrition dynamics are well traced for all types of ducks. Ducks prefer to use accessible objects, while showing species selectivity in the choice of feed components and feed biotopes. As a result, we see a low overlap of trophic niches of various types of ducks, including systematically close forms.
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Dolia, Mykola, and Anna Kovalska. "SPECIFIC COMPOSITION OF CHICKPEA PESTS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.001631.
Full textAbstract:
The research aim is to improve the system of chickpea protection from pests, based on clarification of their specific composition and harmfulness under conditions of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
In modern field crop rotations leguminous crops cultivation favors optimization of the phytosanitary condition of agrocoenosis, and new agrarian production is provided by the effective demand for grain at not only internal, but also external markets. At that climate changes with global warming and long droughty vegetation periods of leguminous crops testify to the importance of searching for new adapted crops, resistant sorts and improved technological cultivation methods of crops, especially, chickpea, essentially influencing grain economy in whole both in Ukraine and EU.
Thus, it has been established, that ordinary chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an economically, phytomedically and ecologically expedient crop from both aspects of soil fertility increase and control of the harmful organisms complex that, in its turn, it worth special attention, so sowing areas, occupied by it, are completely important. Soil-climatic conditions of Ukraine are optimal for cultivating native highly productive chickpea sorts, not inferior to foreign ones with the potential yielding capacity as 2.5–3.0 t/ha.
The authors elucidate one of main control peculiarities of the insects-phytophagans under new agriculture systems. It is typical, that chickpea is a comparatively new crop in the Forest-steppe of Ukraine and doesn’t favor the development, propagation and number increase of specialized pests’ species. It is noted, that due to fluffing and extraction of organic acids by leaves, chickpea manifests protective properties as to pests of leaves and generative organs. But chickpea is damaged by polyphagans with harvest losses in several variants up to 50% that testifies to the elaboration topicality of modern system of crops protection from phytophagans at resource-saving cultivation technologies
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Sharmagiy, A. K., E. B. Balykina, N. N. Trikoz, D. A. Korzh, and E. V. Yatskova. "Dynamics of phytophage invasions and peculiarities of their phenology in the parks of the south coast of the Crimea." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125406005.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of the modern process of phytophagous insect invasion on the South Coast of the Crimea showed that since the beginning of the active introduction of woody and shrubby plants of foreign breeding for the 18-year period from 2002 to 2020. Fifteen harmful species previously unregistered in the region have been identified. Since 2008, one or two new species have been identified annually, which has led to significant changes in the taxonomic structure of the phytophagous complex in the parks of the South Coast of the Crimea. Invasive phytophages are represented by five orders, of which 26.4% are species of the order Homoptera, 19.8% are species of the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, 14.2% are phytophages of the order Diptera. It is established that nine species are monophages, three species are oligophages, and three species are polyphages. Icerya purchasi Mask., Cydalima perspectalis Walker, Ceroplastes japonicus Green, Chrysolina аmericana L., Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimic, Bactrocera oleae Rossi and Paysandisia archon Burmeister are the greatest threat to plantings. The terms of detection and the area on the territory of the Crimea, the range of forage plants, the degree of harmfulness, the frequency of occurrence is established, and data on the phenology of the most important species are presented.