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Journal articles on the topic 'Phytophenoles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Roubicek, Cierra, Raghavendra G. Amachawadi, T. G. Nagaraja, Yonghui Li, Jinrong Wang, and Harith M. Salih. "48 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Phytophenols Against Bacterial Pathogens That Cause Liver Abscesses in Feedlot Cattle." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.258.

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Abstract Liver abscesses occur in finishing cattle fed high-grain, low-roughage diets. Cattle with abscessed livers do not show any clinical signs and are detected only at slaughter. Liver abscesses, which account for 67% of all liver abnormalities in cattle slaughtered in the United States, are of major economic concern to the beef industry. Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes, and Salmonella enterica, particularly the serotype Lubbock, are the main etiologic agents. Currently, the control of liver abscesses is based on in-feed use of antibiotics. The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics use in animals is a public health concern. Plant-based phenolic compounds, called phytophenols, are known to have antimicrobial properties. Our objectives were to evaluate antimicrobial activities of phytophenols on the liver abscess bacterial pathogens. Phytophenols extracted from rosemary, green tea, grapeseed, organic goji berry, and green coffee were selected for testing. The phytophenols were extracted using 75% aqueous acetone and total phenolic content was determined by a spectrophotometric analysis. Bacteria were cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth (S. Lubbock and T. pyogenes) or anaerobic brain-heart infusion broth (F. necrophorum with and without phytophenols, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and bacterial concentrations were determined. If phytophenol was inhibitory, a micro-broth dilution method was used to quantify the inhibition. Phytophenols from green tea, grape seed, and rosemary inhibited T. pyogenes. Further studies are ongoing to investigate different concentrations of phenolic compounds on the pathogens. Phytophenols that inhibit the pathogens may have the potential to be used as feed additives to prevent liver abscesses.

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2

Ghazi, Al-Karaki, and Altuntas Ozlem. "Growth, mineral content and antioxidant activity of romaine lettuce in relation to development stage in soilless system." International Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology 1, no. 3 (2021): 27–31. https://doi.org/10.51483/IJAGST.1.3.2021.27-31.

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Lettuce is an important vegetable crop worldwide that widely grown hydroponically and usually consumed raw as salad. Developing an optimal harvest strategy could increase lettuce production and nutritional quality. The aim of the present research was to evaluate growth, mineral content, total phenols and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of soilless (hydroponic) grown romaine lettuce (<em>Lactuca sativa</em> L. var. longifolia) leaves at three growth stages (“S1”-28 days after planting (DAP), “S2”-42 DAP, “S3”-56 DAP). Head fresh weight and number of leaves per head were higher at third growth stage; however, at this stage the size of lettuce head and leaf tissue hydration is highest which might affect the consumer choice for the produce. Regarding leaf chemical composition, the highest content of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were observed during the first two growth stages. Mineral content of leaves generally decreased during plant development with significant highest contents being observed during the first growth stage for N and during the first two growth stages for P, K, Ca and Mg. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that chemical composition of lettuce is highly dependent on plant development stage, and harvest stage might be considering for product biomass and bioactivity content to attain consumer’s acceptance.

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3

Chen, Ban, Xican Li, Xiaojian Ouyang, Jie Liu, Yangping Liu, and Dongfeng Chen. "Comparison of Ferroptosis-Inhibitory Mechanisms between Ferrostatin-1 and Dietary Stilbenes (Piceatannol and Astringin)." Molecules 26, no. 4 (2021): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041092.

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Synthetic arylamines and dietary phytophenolics could inhibit ferroptosis, a recently discovered regulated cell death process. However, no study indicates whether their inhibitory mechanisms are inherently different. Herein, the ferroptosis-inhibitory mechanisms of selected ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and two dietary stilbenes (piceatannol and astringin) were compared. Cellular assays suggested that the ferroptosis-inhibitory and electron-transfer potential levels decreased as follows: Fer-1 >> piceatannol > astringin; however, the hydrogen-donating potential had an order different from that observed by the antioxidant experiments and quantum chemistry calculations. Quantum calculations suggested that Fer-1 has a much lower ionization potential than the two stilbenes, and the aromatic N-atoms were surrounded by the largest electron clouds. By comparison, the C4′O-H groups in the two stilbenes exhibited the lowest bond disassociation enthalpies. Finally, the three were found to produce corresponding dimer peaks through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. In conclusion, Fer-1 mainly depends on the electron transfer of aromatic N-atoms to construct a redox recycle. However, piceatannol and astringin preferentially donate hydrogen atoms at the 4′-OH position to mediate the conventional antioxidant mechanism that inhibits ferroptosis, and to ultimately form dimers. These results suggest that dietary phytophenols may be safer ferroptosis inhibitors for balancing normal and ferroptotic cells than arylamines with high electron-transfer potential.

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4

Liu, Qianru, Xican Li, Xiaojian Ouyang, and Dongfeng Chen. "Dual Effect of Glucuronidation of a Pyrogallol-type Phytophenol Antioxidant: A Comparison between Scutellarein and Scutellarin." Molecules 23, no. 12 (2018): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123225.

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To explore whether and how glucuronidation affects pyrogallol-type phytophenols, scutellarein and scutellarin (scutellarein-7-O-glucuronide) were comparatively investigated using a set of antioxidant analyses, including spectrophotometric analysis, UV-vis spectra analysis, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis. In spectrophotometric analyses of the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+•), and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radicals (PTIO•) and the reduction of Cu2+ ions, scutellarein showed lower IC50 values than scutellarin. However, in •O2−-scavenging spectrophotometric analysis, scutellarein showed higher IC50 value than scutellarin. The analysis of UV-Vis spectra obtained after the Fe2+-chelating reaction of scutellarin showed a typical UV-Vis peak (λmax = 611 nm), while scutellarein showed no typical peak. In UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis, mixing of scutellarein with DPPH• yielded MS peaks (m/z 678, 632, 615, 450, 420, 381, 329, 300, 288, 227, 196, 182, 161, and 117) corresponding to the scutellarein-DPPH adduct and an MS peak (m/z 570) corresponding to the scutellarein-scutellarein dimer. Scutellarin, however, generated no MS peak. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that glucuronidation of pyrogallol-type phytophenol antioxidants has a dual effect. On the one hand, glucuronidation can decrease the antioxidant potentials (except for •O2− scavenging) and further lower the possibility of radical adduct formation (RAF), while on the other hand, it can enhance the •O2−-scavenging and Fe2+-chelating potentials.

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5

Jayaraj, Premkumar, Chandrakala A. Narasimhulu, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Sampath Parthasarathy, and Rajagopal Desikan. "Sesamol: a powerful functional food ingredient from sesame oil for cardioprotection." Food & Function 11, no. 2 (2020): 1198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo01873e.

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6

Zhang, Wenhui, Xican Li, Yujie Hua, et al. "Antioxidant product analysis of Hulu Tea (Tadehagi triquetrum)." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 43 (2021): 20257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj02639a.

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7

Shi, Yimin, Side Yao, Zhongjian Jia, Nianyun Lin, and Rongliang Zheng. "Dietary phytophenols act as scavengers of reducing radicals." Food Chemistry 124, no. 4 (2011): 1322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.075.

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8

Divisha, R., V. Ranganathan, K. Vijayakaran, A. Elamaran, and Senthil Kumar P. "Quantifying phytophenols in Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera leaf extracts." Journal of Phytopharmacology 7, no. 6 (2018): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2018.7604.

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Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu) and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) are some of the commonly available herbs, used for treating a wide range of ailments in man and animals. Both the plants possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects attributed to their various active phytochemical constituents. The present study was undertaken to assess the qualitative phytochemistry and to estimate the total phenolic content of leaf extracts of the two plants by Spectrophotometry and Thin Layer Chromatography. The results thus obtained suggest that the leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera are potential sources of healthy phytochemicals especially phenols

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9

Shah, Kamal, and Gaurav Krishna. "Chemical Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Phytophenols-Etodolac Mutual Prodrugs." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 32, no. 3 (2023): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss3pp49-59.

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Etodolac is choice of drug for pain and inflammation but has major side effects of gastric ulcers that are due to free carboxylic group. Etodolac belongs to the chemical class of non-selective COX-inhibitor but preferentially COX-2 inhibitor. Here the ester linked mutual prodrugs of etodolac with phytophenols like vanillin, carvacrol, umbelliferone, guaiacol, sesamol and syringaldehyde were synthesized. All the prodrugs were characterized by IR-spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. Among the synthesized prodrugs, the Eto-van, Eto-umbe, Eto-sesa and Eto-syr showed improved analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity compared to etodolac. All the synthesized prodrugs showed less ulcerogenic side effects compared to etodolac.

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10

Montagu, Angelique, Patrick Saulnier, Elisabeth Rossines, and Marie-Laure Joly Guillou. "Prevention of Bacterial Infections Using Encapsulated Phytophenolic Actives." Journal of Nanopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery 2, no. 1 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnd.2014.1036.

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11

Cai, D., N. A. Harrison, D. N. Kling, C. F. Gonzalez, and G. L. Lorca. "Blueberries as an additive to increase the survival of Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 to lyophilisation." Beneficial Microbes 10, no. 4 (2019): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2018.0144.

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Effective cultivation methods, total cost, and biomass preservation are key factors that have a significant impact on the commercialisation and effectiveness of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus. Sugar polymers, milk and whey proteins have been suggested as good additives for industrial preparations. Alternative compounds, such as phytophenols, are a more attractive option, given their potential benefits to human health. The overall goal of this study was to determine if the addition of blueberry phytophenols improves the survival of Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 during the freeze-drying process. The addition of blueberry aqueous extract (BAE) stimulated the growth of L. johnsonii under aerobic conditions and improved the stationary phase survival of the bacteria. Furthermore, the addition of BAE to the culture media improved the endurance of L. johnsonii N6.2 to freeze-drying stress, as well as to storage at 4 °C for up to 21 weeks. Moreover, blueberry extract performed more effectively as a lyophilising additive compared to skim milk and microencapsulation with whey protein/sodium alginate. In sum, this study demonstrates that BAE is an effective additive to increase the growth and survival of L. johnsonii N6.2 when added to the culture medium and/or used as a lyophilising preservative. Moreover, BAE or other polyphenols sources might likely enhance growth and increase survival of more probiotic lactic acid bacterial strains.

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12

Liu, Shuqin, Xican Li, Ban Chen, Xiaojian Ouyang, Yulu Xie, and Dongfeng Chen. "Phytophenol Dimerization Reaction: From Basic Rules to Diastereoselectivity and Beyond." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154842.

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Phytophenol dimerization, which is a radical-mediated coupling reaction, plays a critical role in many fields, including lignin biosynthesis. To understand the reaction, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was used to initiate a series of phytophenol dimerization reactions in methanol. The products were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) analysis in situ. The identified products mainly included biphenols, magnolol, honokiol, gingerol 6,6′-dimers, 3,6-dimethoxylcatechol β,β′ dimer, euphorbetin, bis-eugenol, dehydrodiisoeugenol, trans-ε-viniferin, (+) pinoresinol, and (−) pinoresinol. Structure–function relationship analysis allowed four basic rules to be defined: meta-excluded, C–C bonding domination, ortho-diOH co-activation, and exocyclic C=C involvement. The exocyclic C=C involvement, however, required conjugation with the phenolic core and the para-site of the -OH group, to yield a furan-fused dimer with two chiral centers. Computational chemistry indicated that the entire process was completed via a radical coupling reaction and an intramolecular conjugate addition reaction. Similar results were also found for the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed coniferyl alcohol dimerization, which produced (+) and (−) pinoresinols (but no (−) epipinoresinol), suggesting that the HRP-catalyzed process was essentially an exocyclic C=C-involved phytophenol dimerization reaction. The reaction was highly diastereoselective. This was attributed to the intramolecular reaction, which prohibited Re-attack. The four basic rules and diastereoselectivity can explain and even predict the main products in various chemical and biological events, especially oxidase-catalyzed lignin cyclization.

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13

Xiong, Youling L. "Inhibition of hazardous compound formation in muscle foods by antioxidative phytophenols." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1398, no. 1 (2017): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13368.

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14

Gaysinsky, Sylvia, P. Michael Davidson, D. Julian McClements, and Jochen Weiss. "Formulation and Characterization of Phytophenol-Carrying Antimicrobial Microemulsions." Food Biophysics 3, no. 1 (2007): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11483-007-9048-1.

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15

Sharma, Vijeta, Nagarjuna Amarnath, Swapnil Shukla, et al. "Benzoxazine derivatives of phytophenols show anti-plasmodial activity via sodium homeostasis disruption." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 28, no. 9 (2018): 1629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.047.

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16

Álvarez, Andree, Ángel JimÉnez, Jonh Méndez, and Elizabeth Murillo. "CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EUGENIA STIPITATA MC VAUGH COLLECTED IN THE COLOMBIAN ANDEAN REGION." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 12 (2018): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.27253.

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Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical and bioactive properties of Eugenia stipitata (Myrtaceae) fruit seeds collected in the Andean region of Colombia using an ethanolic extract, a dichloromethane fraction (DF), and a hydroalcoholic residue.Methods: E. stipitata seeds were evaluated using bromatological analysis; these were macerated (ethanol 96%) and partitioned (dichloromethane). Phytophenols composition of the samples was tested by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Folin–Ciocalteu method, then calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs). Antiradical capacity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) and inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) was calculated; antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and OH• radical and hemolysis inhibition assays. Anthelmintic activity against Panagrellus redivivus and ovine gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes and toxicity on human blood cells were tested.Results: E. stipitata seeds contain protein, sulfur, boron, iron, and copper. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity against free-living and GI nematodes, which would be associated with the phytophenols content, mostly tannins (29.14 g GAE/100 g). DF displayed the highest antiradical capacity in DPPH• and ABTS•+ (IC50: 2.65 and 0.33 mg/l, respectively) methods, antioxidant capacity, and hemolysis inhibition of human erythrocytes (IC50: 200 mg/l). There were no toxic metabolites to human blood cells.Conclusion: These findings would be useful for promoting the use of E. stipitata seeds, collected in the Colombian Andean region, in biotechnological processes. This is the earliest paper showing a study carried out in Colombia with an interest in evaluating chemical and biological characteristics of E. stipitata seeds.

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17

Morimoto, Masanori, Charles L. Cantrell, Shabana Khan, Babu L. Tekwani, and Stephen O. Duke. "Antimalarial and Antileishmanial Activities of Phytophenolics and Their Synthetic Analogues." Chemistry & Biodiversity 14, no. 12 (2017): e1700324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700324.

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18

Neacsu, M., J. McMonagle, R. J. Fletcher, et al. "Bound phytophenols from ready-to-eat cereals: Comparison with other plant-based foods." Food Chemistry 141, no. 3 (2013): 2880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.023.

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19

Guo, Anqi, and Youling L. Xiong. "Myoprotein–phytophenol interaction: Implications for muscle food structure‐forming properties." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20, no. 3 (2021): 2801–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12733.

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20

Lançon, Allan, Jean-Jacques Michaille, and Norbert Latruffe. "Effects of dietary phytophenols on the expression of microRNAs involved in mammalian cell homeostasis." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93, no. 13 (2013): 3155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6228.

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21

Divakaran, Saratchandran A., and Anitha CT. "Estimation of ferulic acid from selected plant materials by Spectrophotometry and High performance liquid chromatography." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (2021): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2732.

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Ferulic acid is an abundant phytophenolic compound present in plant cell wall. Ferulic acid possess anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. A simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitative estimation of ferulic acid from selected plant materials such as rice bran, wheat bran and bamboo shoot. The blue coloured chromogen obtained after the reaction was measured at wavelength of 718 nm for ferulic acid against the blank reagent. The chromogen obeyed linearity over the range of 1?g/ml - 8?g/ml. An HPLC method was also developed for the estimation of ferulic acid from selected plant materials.

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22

Wagle, B. R., K. Arsi, A. Upadhyay та ін. "β-Resorcylic Acid, a Phytophenolic Compound, Reduces Campylobacter jejuni in Postharvest Poultry". Journal of Food Protection 80, № 8 (2017): 1243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-475.

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ABSTRACTHuman Campylobacter infections, a leading foodborne illness globally, has been linked with the high prevalence of this bacterium on raw retail chicken products. Reduction of Campylobacter counts on poultry products would greatly reduce the risk of subsequent infections in humans. To this end, this study investigated the potential of the phytophenolic compound β-resorcylic acid (BR) to reduce Campylobacter counts on postharvest poultry (chicken skin or meat). Four trials in total, two each on thigh skin or breast meat, were conducted in which chicken skin or meat samples (2 ± 0.1 g; 10 samples per treatment) were inoculated with 50 μL (∼106 CFU per sample) of a cocktail of four wild strains of C. jejuni. After 30 min of attachment, inoculated samples were dipped in a 0, 0.5, 1, or 2% BR solution for 30 s immediately followed by vigorously vortexing the samples in Butterfield's phosphate diluent and plating the supernatant for Campylobacter enumeration. In addition, the effect of BR on the color of skin and meat samples was studied. Moreover, the change in the expression of survival and virulence genes of C. jejuni exposed to BR was evaluated. Data were analyzed by the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (P &lt; 0.05; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). All BR treatments significantly reduced Campylobacter populations on both chicken or meat samples by 1 to 3 log CFU/g compared with non–BR-treated washed controls. No significant difference in the lightness, redness, and yellowness of skin and meat samples was observed on exposure to BR wash (P &gt; 0.05). Real-time PCR results revealed that BR treatment down-regulated expression of select genes coding for motility (motA, motB) and attachment (cadF, ciaB) in the majority of C. jejuni strains. Stress response genes (sodB, katA) were upregulated in C. jejuni S-8 (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, our results suggest that BR could be effectively used as antimicrobial dip treatment during poultry processing for reducing Campylobacter on chicken carcasses.

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23

Sakihama, Yasuko, Ryoko Tamaki, Hisashi Shimoji, et al. "Enzymatic nitration of phytophenolics: evidence for peroxynitrite-independent nitration of plant secondary metabolites." FEBS Letters 553, no. 3 (2003): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01059-7.

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24

Kadoma, Yoshinori, and Seiichiro Fujisawa. "Radical-Scavenging Activity of Dietary Phytophenols in Combination with co-Antioxidants Using the Induction Period Method." Molecules 16, no. 12 (2011): 10457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules161210457.

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25

Yammine, Aline, Amira Namsi, Dominique Vervandier-Fasseur, John J. Mackrill, Gérard Lizard, and Norbert Latruffe. "Polyphenols of the Mediterranean Diet and Their Metabolites in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer." Molecules 26, no. 12 (2021): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123483.

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The Mediterranean diet is a central element of a healthy lifestyle, where polyphenols play a key role due to their anti-oxidant properties, and for some of them, as nutripharmacological compounds capable of preventing a number of diseases, including cancer. Due to the high prevalence of intestinal cancer (ranking second in causing morbidity and mortality), this review is focused on the beneficial effects of selected dietary phytophenols, largely present in Mediterranean cooking: apigenin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin-rutine, and resveratrol. The role of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of colorectal cancer and future perspectives are discussed in terms of food polyphenol content, the effectiveness, the plasma level, and the importance of other factors, such as the polyphenol metabolites and the influence of the microbiome. Perspectives are discussed in terms of microbiome-dependency of the brain-second brain axis. The emergence of polyphenol formulations may strengthen the efficiency of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of cancer.

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Nagaraj, Abhishek Pete, Annegowda Hardur Venkatappa, Jayashree Kallukombari Ramakrishna, Purushotham Karadigere Nagaraju, Bevinahalli Ramesh, and Noor ul Eain. "Mechanistic Role of Phytophenolic Acids in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review." Pharmacognosy Research 17, no. 2 (2025): 416–26. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20250001.

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27

Riasat, Mehrnaz, Hassan Pakniyat, Bahram Heidari, and Ali Jafari. "Variations in Phytophenol Compounds in Association with Morphological Traits in Trigonella spp. Accessions." Annual Research & Review in Biology 25, no. 1 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2018/39533.

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28

Neacsu, Madalina, Jolene McMonagle, Reg J. Fletcher, et al. "Availability and dose response of phytophenols from a wheat bran rich cereal product in healthy human volunteers." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61, no. 3 (2017): 1600202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600202.

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Anoumou, Kodjo, Kosi Mawuéna Novidzro, Essodjolon Prospère Kanabiya, Mamatchi Melila, and Kossi Honoré Koumaglo. "Comparative Study of Phytochemical Composition and in vitro Antioxidant Activities of Pseudocedrela kotschyi Leaf, Trunk and Root Barks." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 40, no. 6 (2025): 1670–80. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/400618.

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The current work aimed to compare phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of leaf versus trunk and root barks of Pseudocedrela kotschyi to discover whether the leave can be used effectively in traditional medicine instead of trunk and root in order to combat the extinction of the plant. Leave, trunk and root barks of P. kotschyi were successively extracted by maceration with hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. Qualitative phytochemical composition and phytophenol contents of three ethanolic extracts were investigated. Antiradical activities and reducing power of the ethanolic extracts were evaluated to appreciate their antioxidant properties. The findings revealed that the leave has almost the same phytochemical composition compared to trunk and root barks of P. kotschyi, but its phenolic compound contents are lower and related to its antioxidant activities. A probable increase in the concentration of leaf recipes can probably allow their effective exploitation instead of trunk and root.

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Palasap, Adisak, Temduang Limpaiboon, Patcharee Boonsiri, et al. "Cytotoxic Effects of Phytophenolics from Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk on Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines through an Apoptotic Pathway." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 15, no. 1 (2014): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.449.

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31

Lim, Ratana, Gillian Barker, Courtney A. Wall, and Martha Lappas. "Dietary phytophenols curcumin, naringenin and apigenin reduce infection-induced inflammatory and contractile pathways in human placenta, foetal membranes and myometrium." MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine 19, no. 7 (2013): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gat015.

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32

Deshpande, Shreyas, та Sirsha Mitra. "β-Cyclocitral-Mediated Metabolic Changes Optimize Growth and Defense Responses in Solanum lycopersicum L." Metabolites 13, № 3 (2023): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030329.

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β-cyclocitral (βCC) is one of the significant oxidative products of β-carotene. It primes plants for multiple stress acclimation without compromising plant growth. Metabolic reorganization is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and defense. However, the βCC-mediated changes in a plant’s metabolic network are unknown. Here, we demonstrate how βCC-induced metabolic changes enable Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) plants to promote defense and maintain growth under stress. An analysis of early (0–240 min) and late (72 h) changes in the tomato metabolome after βCC-treatment using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry identified 57 compounds. A principal coordinate analysis suggested that βCC treatment significantly changes the metabolite profile. A variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis revealed 16 and 19 discriminant metabolites from early and late samples, respectively (VIP ≥ 1.0). Upregulated metabolites were mainly amino acids and phytophenols. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that βCC treatment influenced amino acid metabolism at early and later times; however, phenylpropanoid and isoquinoline biosynthesis were influenced only at the later time. A 66.6% similarity in the upregulated metabolites of βCC- and simulated-herbivory-treated plants confirmed βCC’s role against herbivores. We conclude that βCC steers a temporal separation in amino acids and defense metabolite accumulation that optimizes resource allocation to growth and defense.

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Haseba, Takeshi, Junichi Sugimoto, Shigeo Sato, Yuko Abe, and Youkichi Ohno. "Phytophenols in whisky lower blood acetaldehyde level by depressing alcohol metabolism through inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (class I) in mice." Metabolism 57, no. 12 (2008): 1753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2008.09.003.

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Wall, Courtney, Ratana Lim, Marin Poljak, and Martha Lappas. "Dietary Flavonoids as Therapeutics for Preterm Birth: Luteolin and Kaempferol Suppress Inflammation in Human Gestational TissuesIn Vitro." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/485201.

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Infection/inflammation is commonly associated with preterm birth (PTB), initiating uterine contractions and rupture of fetal membranes. Proinflammatory cytokines induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and prostaglandins which initiate uterine contractions. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator-protein- (AP-)1 have key roles in the formation of these prolabour mediators. In nongestational tissues, dietary flavonoids such as luteolin and kaempferol inhibit NF-κB, AP-1, and their downstream targets. The aim of this study was to determine if luteolin and kaempferol reduce infection-induced prolabour mediators in human gestational tissues. Fetal membranes were incubated with LPS, and primary amnion cells and myometrial cells were incubated with IL-1βin the absence or presence of luteolin or kaempferol. Luteolin and kaempferol significantly reduced LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and prostaglandins (PGE2and PGF2α) in fetal membranes, IL-1β-induced COX-2 gene expression and prostaglandin production in myometrium, and IL-1β-induced MMP-9 activity in amnion and myometrial cells. Luteolin and kaempferol decreased IL-1β-induced NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity and nuclear c-Jun expression. In conclusion, luteolin and kaempferol inhibit prolabour mediators in human gestational tissues. Given the central role of inflammation in provoking preterm labour, phytophenols may be a therapeutic approach to reduce the incidence of PTB.

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Aimvijarn, Parichaya, Witchuda Payuhakrit, Nisamanee Charoenchon, Seiji Okada, and Prasit Suwannalert. "Riceberry Rice Germination and UVB Radiation Enhance Protocatechuic Acid and Vanillic Acid to Reduce Cellular Oxidative Stress and Suppress B16F10 Melanogenesis Relating to F-Actin Rearrangement." Plants 12, no. 3 (2023): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030484.

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Ultraviolet type B (UVB) radiation plays an important role in hyperpigmentation disorder, which induces cellular oxidative stress and causes abnormal melanin production and secretion. The stress condition plays an essential role in actin polymerization relating to F-actin rearrangement and forms dendrite to send melanin pigment to the uppermost layer of the skin. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that mainly synthesize under stress conditions to protect plants from harmful environments and have been reported as effective agents in anti-oxidant and anti-melanogenesis. However, the influence of phenolic compounds on F-actin rearrangement-associated dendrite formation has not been studied so far. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the enhancing phytophenolic targets in riceberry rice (Oryza sativa L.) germination and UVB radiation (RR-GR) to suppress melanogenesis relating to F-rearrangement. As a result, the RR-GR had the potential to enhance phenolic acids such as protocatechuic and vanillic acid, which have been proven to possess anti-oxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase properties. Riceberry rice’s modification showed the potential to reduce cellular oxidative stress and suppress B16F10 melanogenesis relating to F-actin rearrangement that is associated with dendrite formation.

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Li, Xican, Jingyuan Zeng, Rongxin Cai, and Chunhou Li. "New UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS-based Library-comparison method simultaneously distinguishes 22 phytophenol isomers from Desmodium styracifolium." Microchemical Journal 191 (August 2023): 108938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2023.108938.

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Lachenmeier, Dirk W., Fotis Kanteres, and Jürgen Rehm. "The effect of phytophenols in alcoholic beverages on alcohol dehydrogenase 1: is there really evidence for an inhibition of metabolic toxicity of alcohol?" Metabolism 58, no. 6 (2009): 889–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.008.

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Martin, Lynn M., Philip J. Johnson, Juliana R. Amorim та Amy E. DeClue. "Effects of Orally Administered Resveratrol on TNF, IL-1β, Leukocyte Phagocytic Activity and Oxidative Burst Function in Horses: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, № 4 (2020): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041453.

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Resveratrol, a phytophenol, is a commonly used equine nutraceutical supplement touted to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of orally administered resveratrol on tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), leukocyte phagocytic activity or oxidative burst function have not been reported in horses. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available, orally administered resveratrol product on innate immune functions in healthy adult horses. Whole blood was collected from 12 horses prior to and following 3 weeks of treatment with either the manufacturer’s recommended dose of resveratrol or placebo. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst and pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) motif-stimulated leukocyte production of TNF and IL-1β were compared pre- and post-treatment between treatment groups. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity were evaluated via flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β were measured using cytotoxicity and ELISA assays, respectively. There were no significant differences in phagocytosis, oxidative burst or stimulated TNF or IL-1β production between resveratrol and placebo treatment groups. Orally administered resveratrol at a routinely recommended dose for a duration of 3 weeks did not significantly affect phagocytic activity, oxidative burst function or PAMP-stimulated leukocyte cytokine production.

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Toolsee, Naushad Ali, Okezie I. Aruoma, Teeluck K. Gunness, et al. "Effectiveness of Green Tea in a Randomized Human Cohort: Relevance to Diabetes and Its Complications." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/412379.

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Epidemiological studies have argued that green tea could mitigate diabetes and its complications. This study investigated the phytophenolic profile of Mauritian green tea and its antioxidant propensity. The effect of green tea on the risk factors: waist-hip ratio, glucose level, arterial pressure, antioxidant status, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in prediabetics was assessed. The experimental group consumed 3 cups of green tea daily for 14 weeks followed by a 2-week washout period. The control group followed a water regimen. Green tea contained high level of phenolics related to its antioxidant power. Green tea suppressed waist-hip ratio of women from a significant increase and suppressed mean arterial pressure of men and women from a significant decrease after week 14. It reduced ALT level in women by 13.0% (P<0.1) while increasing the antioxidant potential of men and women sera by 2.7% (P<0.1) and 5.1% (P<0.1). The study timescale may have been too short to enable demonstration of effects on fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c outcomes. Green tea regimen could form part of a healthy lifestyle that might ameliorate features of metabolic syndrome and subsequent risks for diabetes and its complications. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT01248143.

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Rodboon, Teerapat, Seiji Okada, and Prasit Suwannalert. "Germinated Riceberry Rice Enhanced Protocatechuic Acid and Vanillic Acid to Suppress Melanogenesis through Cellular Oxidant-Related Tyrosinase Activity in B16 Cells." Antioxidants 9, no. 3 (2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030247.

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The anti-melanogenic bioactivities of phytophenolic compounds have been well recognized. Riceberry rice contains a rich source of phenolic compounds that act as melanin inhibitors through their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties. Germination has been shown to be an effective process to improve targeted phenolic compounds. In this study, germinated riceberry rice extract was tested for antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content was determined while the tyrosinase inhibitory effect was screened by the in vitro mushroom tyrosinase assay. Cytotoxicity of germinated riceberry rice extract was investigated in B16 cells before evaluating its activities on cellular tyrosinase, melanogenesis, melanin excretion, morphological appearance, and cellular oxidants. Germinated riceberry rice extract showed increased potency of antioxidants and was also twice as effective for mushroom tyrosinase inhibition when compared with ungerminated riceberry rice extract. In B16 cells, the extract inhibited cellular tyrosinase, melanogenesis, and cellular oxidants in a dose-dependent manner when compared with untreated cells. Germinated riceberry rice extract also displayed an effect on B16 cells morphology by reducing the number of melanin- containing cells and their dendriticity. Additionally, the germination of riceberry rice dominantly enhanced two phenolic acids, protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid, which have the potential for antioxidant-associated hyperpigmentation control. Thus, the restricted germination of riceberry rice tended to promote protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid, which dominantly displayed antioxidants and tyrosinase-related melanogenic inhibition.

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Li, Xican, Xiaojian Ouyang, Minshi Liang, and Dongfeng Chen. "Comparative Analysis of Radical Adduct Formation (RAF) Products and Antioxidant Pathways between Myricetin-3-O-Galactoside and Myricetin Aglycone." Molecules 24, no. 15 (2019): 2769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152769.

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The biological process, 3-O-galactosylation, is important in plant cells. To understand the mechanism of the reduction of flavonol antioxidative activity by 3-O-galactosylation, myricetin-3-O-galactoside (M3OGa) and myricetin aglycone were each incubated with 2 mol α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and subsequently comparatively analyzed for radical adduct formation (RAF) products using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) technology. The analyses revealed that M3OGa afforded an M3OGa–DPPH adduct (m/z 873.1573) and an M3OGa–M3OGa dimer (m/z 958.1620). Similarly, myricetin yielded a myricetin–DPPH adduct (m/z 711.1039) and a myricetin–myricetin dimer (m/z 634.0544). Subsequently, M3OGa and myricetin were compared using three redox-dependent antioxidant analyses, including DPPH•-trapping analysis, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-trapping analysis, and •O2 inhibition analysis. In the three analyses, M3OGa always possessed higher IC50 values than those of myricetin. Conclusively, M3OGa and its myricetin aglycone could trap the free radical via a chain reaction comprising of a propagation step and a termination step. At the propagation step, both M3OGa and myricetin could trap radicals through redox-dependent antioxidant pathways. The 3-O-galactosylation process, however, could limit these pathways; thus, M3OGa is an inferior antioxidant compared to its myricetin aglycone. Nevertheless, 3-O-galactosylation has a negligible effect on the termination step. This 3-O-galactosylation effect has provided novel evidence that the difference in the antioxidative activities of phytophenols exists at the propagation step rather than the termination step.

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Li, Linqing, Xueyi Pan, Mengjia Chen, and Jianbo Li. "A simple and versatile photothermal dual-curing system design based on phytophenol derivatives and thiol chemistry for potential electronic encapsulant application." Chemical Engineering Journal 503 (January 2025): 158245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.158245.

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Yang, Zijun, Jun Hou, Jun Wu, Guoxiang You, and Lingzhan Miao. "Higher sensitivity to phytophenol inhibition of cyanobacteria in late lag stage is conducive to its control: Insight from biological activity and transcriptomics analysis." Journal of Water Process Engineering 72 (April 2025): 107502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107502.

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Fu, Jine, Lingyun Wan, Lisha Song, et al. "Identification of MicroRNAs in Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser Seeds under Cold Stress." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5585884.

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Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser, a parasitic plant that belongs to the Loranthaceae family, has a long history of being used in the Chinese medicine. We observed that the loranthus seeds were sensitive to temperature and could lose viability below 0°C quickly. Thus, we performed small RNA sequencing to study the microRNA (miRNA) regulation in the loranthus seeds under cold stress. In total, we identified 600 miRNAs, for the first time, in the loranthus seeds under cold stress. Then, we detected 224, 229, and 223 miRNAs ( TPM > 1 ) in A0 (control), A1 (cold treatment for 12 h at 0°C), and A2 (cold treatment for 36 h at 0°C), respectively. We next identified 103 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) in the loranthus seeds in response to cold. Notably, miR408 was upregulated during the cold treatment, which can regulate genes encoding phytocyanin family proteins and phytophenol oxidases. Some DEmiRs were specific to A1 and may function in early response to cold, such as gma-miR393b-3p, miR946, ath-miR779.2-3p, miR398, and miR9662. It is interesting that ICE3, IAA13, and multiple transcription factors (e.g., WRKY and CRF4 and TCP4) regulated by the DEmiRs have been reported to respond cold in other plants. We further identified 4, 3, and 4 DEmiRs involved in the pathways “responding to cold,” “responding to abiotic stimulus,” and “seed development/germination,” respectively. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the expression changes of DEmiRs and their targets in the loranthus seeds during the cold treatment. This is the first time to study cold-responsive miRNAs in loranthus, and our findings provide a valuable resource for future studies.

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Zhang, Hanrui, Brandon Morgan, Barry J. Potter, et al. "Resveratrol improves left ventricular diastolic relaxation in type 2 diabetes by inhibiting oxidative/nitrative stress: in vivo demonstration with magnetic resonance imaging." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 299, no. 4 (2010): H985—H994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00489.2010.

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Resveratrol is a natural phytophenol that exhibits cardioprotective effects. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms by which resveratrol protects against diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. Normal control ( m-Lepr db) mice and type 2 diabetic ( Lepr db) mice were treated with resveratrol orally for 4 wk. In vivo MRI showed that resveratrol improved cardiac function by increasing the left ventricular diastolic peak filling rate in Lepr db mice. This protective role is partially explained by resveratrol's effects in improving nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibiting oxidative/nitrative stress in cardiac tissue. Resveratrol increased NO production by enhancing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression and reduced O2·− production by inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase activity and gp91phox mRNA and protein expression. The increased nitrotyrosine (N-Tyr) protein expression in Lepr db mice was prevented by the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400W. Resveratrol reduced both N-Tyr and iNOS expression in Lepr db mice. Furthermore, TNF-α mRNA and protein expression, as well as NF-κB activation, were reduced in resveratrol-treated Lepr db mice. Both Lepr db mice null for TNF-α ( dbTNF−/ dbTNF− mice) and Lepr db mice treated with the NF-κB inhibitor MG-132 showed decreased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and iNOS expression as well as elevated eNOS expression, whereas m-Lepr db mice treated with TNF-α showed the opposite effects. Thus, resveratrol protects against cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative/nitrative stress and improving NO availability. This improvement is due to the role of resveratrol in inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, therefore subsequently inhibiting the expression and activation of NAD(P)H oxidase and iNOS as well as increasing eNOS expression in type 2 diabetes.

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Cherukuri, Lavanya, Divya Birudaraju, April Kinninger, et al. "Effect of a plant-based bioequivalent inorganic nitrate (NO3−) complex with vitamins, antioxidants and phytophenol rich food extracts in hypertensive individuals - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 40 (December 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.08.007.

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Dhokchawle, Bharat V., Punit Mishra, and Renny J. Daniel. "Phytophenols as Promoieties for Prodrug Design." Current Drug Discovery Technologies 21 (May 30, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0115701638282895240523091552.

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Abstract: One lucrative method for overcoming challenges in drug discovery or for enhancing undesirable properties of already-approved medications is prodrug design. The goal of this review is to present researchers with a profile of naturally occurring Phytophenols as carriers that would be used for prodrug synthesis as well as their advantages. Phytophenols offer several advantages when used as promoieties as they also possess antioxidant and analgesic properties, they are obtained naturally and their safety profile is well established. Several phytophenols like menthol, thymol, eugenol, guaiacol, sesamol, vanillin, and umbelliferone are some of the phytophenols that have several beneficial properties and are extensively employed in the field of food processing and medicine. In the current review, we have listed all types of promoieties that are used for prodrug synthesis and phytophenols are reviewed in detail, which may help researchers to select phytophenols based on their need and suitability for drug candidates.

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Konan, Pierre Alain Kouassi, Kohué Christelle Chantal N'Gaman-Kouassi, Janat Akhanovna Mamyrbekova-Békro, and Yves-Alain Békro. "Study of the Effect of Three Extraction Processes on the Phytoactives of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) and Evaluation of their Antioxidant and Analgesic Activities." International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, August 16, 2022, 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2022/v31i730337.

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Aims: An important aspect of the valorization of plants of interest is the search for phytoactives. This work aims to show the effect of extractive processes (maceration, decoction, Soxhlet extraction) both on the phytoconstituents of a plant species and on their intrinsic properties. Methodology: Alchornea cordifolia, a botanical species growing in Côte d'Ivoire, was chosen for this purpose. Phytophenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins were quantified by spectrophotometry. Antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and analgesic activity were also evaluated. Results: The quantitative analysis of total phytophenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannins of macerated, decocted and Soxhlet extracts of the plant organs (leaves, stems, roots), highlighted their respective contents, varying proportionally according to the extraction conditions. The same observation was made at the end of the estimation of the antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP tests) and analgesic activities of these different extraction fractions. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the effect of three extraction processes on some phytoactives quantified of A. cordifolia.

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"Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Bio Evaluation of Chemical Conjugates Derived from Phytophenols and Nitrobenzoate as First Plausible Inhibitors of MPO Useful in CVD Treatment." Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 11, no. 4 (2020): 11630–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/briac114.1163011652.

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Phytophenols are important phytonutrients and useful building blocks for medicinal chemistry research. Designed conjugates derived from phytophenols and nitrobenzoate were evaluated for MPO inhibition using in-silico docking and ADMET studies. Hit to lead compounds were prepared and confirmed by NMR, mass, and single-crystal XRD analysis. Based on the in-silico study, an in-vitro MPO inhibition assay was performed and identified two best compounds 1 and 2 (MPO-IC50 value is 12.88 and 14.97 µM respectively) lead molecules. An ex-vivo anti-inflammatory study was performed with human erythrocyte hemolysis using coagulated blood cells with increasing concentration (20 to 100 µM) of the lead molecules. The activity range was found to be ~85% and ~75% for compounds 1 and 2, respectively. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays of the lead molecules were compared with ascorbic acid (positive control). MTT-cell line study shows that lead compounds were non-toxic even at higher concentrations. The outcome of this study demonstrated that conjugates 1 and 2 be considered potent inhibitors of MPO and useful cardiovascular therapeutic agents.

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Krishna, Gaurav, and Kamal Shah. "Design, Synthesis, Chemical Characterization and In-vivo Screening of Prodrugs." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, July 24, 2023, 3427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00567.

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Ketoprofen is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is a propionic acid derivative and is a non-selective COX-inhibitor. It is frequently used in case of osteo and rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. This drug having side effect of gastric ulcer which occur due to free carboxylic acid group present in its structure. Here, we synthesized the ester linked prodrugs of ketoprofen conjugated with different phytophenols. All the synthesized chemical entities were characterized by IR-spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. All the prodrugs showed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect and less ulcerogenic potential.

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