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Academic literature on the topic 'Phytoplancton marin – Sargasses, Mer des'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phytoplancton marin – Sargasses, Mer des"
Fukaï, Eri. "Importance du picoplancton autotrophe dans la biomasse et la production primaire des eaux marines oligotrophes : Atlantique tropical oriental et mer des Sargasses." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066491.
Full textMayot, Nicolas. "La saisonnalité du phytoplancton en Mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066440/document.
Full textThe phytoplankton are essential for the oceanic trophic webs and for biogeochemical cycles on Earth. However, uncertainties remain about the environmental factors influencing its seasonality, and its growing efficiency. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the responses of the phytoplankton to the interannual variability of the environmental factors, in the Mediterranean Sea. More precisely, we aim to assess the influence of the environmental factors on phytoplankton seasonality. The interannual variability of the phytoplankton annual cycles are analyzed in the Mediterranean Sea, thus highlighting the regions associated with annual cycle variability, like the ones where deep-water formation events occur recurrently. One of these regions is the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. A multiplatform approach based on in situ observations is implemented to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the phytoplankton seasonality in this particular region. The influences of mixed layer depth and the light availability on phytoplankton seasonality are assessed. An intense deepening of the mixed layer (related to the deep convection) increases the magnitude of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Moreover, the strong deepening of mixed layer seems to induce favorable conditions for an important accumulation of micro-phytoplankton (composed of diatoms mainly). In turn, the phytoplankton production rate increases, mostly, the primary production rate of diatoms. Finally, at the scale of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, the shift in the phytoplankton community structure and in production induces an increase of the organic carbon stock produced during spring
Cotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Guiselin, Natacha. "Etude de la dynamique des communautés phytoplanctoniques par microscopie et cytométrie en flux, en eaux côtière de la Manche orientale." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0258.
Full textThe coastal areas contribute in an important way to the primary production of the oceans. The compartment phytoplanctonic plays there a paramount role from its position of primary producer at the base of the trophic networks, but also in term of diversity. The goal of this work was to characterize phytoplanctonic coastal water dynamics, by using a technique of traditionel analysis (microscopy) and a technique of automated analysis (the cytometry in flow). The coastal area of the Eastern English Channel was selected like site workshop characterizing by the recurrence of massive blooms of Phaeocystis globosa. During the work of thesis, a sampling rate appropriate to the scale of observation was used, from monthly samples to daily. The primary goal consisted to the study of the temporal variability of the phytoplanctonic communities to long term (1992-2007) and medium term (2005-2007), with different temporal resolutions, with an aim of apprehending their relationship to the environmental factors. The second objective aimed at determining the structure of the communities during these various scales. Within a short term study, it proved to be useful to apply an alternative methodology to microscopy. The cytometry in flow is a technique developed for the enumeration of the individual cells, identified from the analysis of their optical properties (diffusion and fluorescence). A cytometer in flow of “scanning” (CytoSense Benshtop-CytoBuoy) was used, especially adapted to the detection and the enumeration of the phytoplanctonic cells between 1µm and 800µm
Caradec, Julien. "Hydrodynamisme et production phytoplanctonique dans les écosystèmes marins : influence des variations de lumière induites par le mélange vertical sur l'absorption de l'azote." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2025.
Full textThe influence of vertical mixing on the phytoplankton production in marine ecosystems has been studied by observing the effects of changing light induced by vertical mixing on the development of phytoplankton in well-mixed waters of the Western English Channel. Nitrate and ammonium uptake rate in the water column and the kinetics of uptake of these compounds based on-the percentage of incident sea-surface light intensity were determined during a seasonal cycle for two classes of phytoplankton size (> 10 μm and <10 μm) in relation- with Mf tidal cycle. Nitrate uptake rates were measured using the techrique of tracer isotope 1SN. Our resuts show that pimary production and phytoplankton size structure are ulosely related to lighting conditions resulting from the vertical mixing of water column During high hydrodynamics conditions, phytoplanktonic production is low and based on regenerated ammonium and development of a population dominated by small cells, while a low hydrodynamic increase production based on the use of nitrate and associated with the development of large cell, at least in non-limiting nutrient condition. Qur results also show that phytoplanktonic populations are able to respond quickly to vertical mixing changes by altering their physiological properties and adapting in particular the process of absorption of nitrogen compounds
Dugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121/document.
Full textThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO$_{2}$ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Christodoulou, Stéphane. "Etude des processus d'oxydation biotique et abiotique dans les organismes photosynthétiques marins : approche à l'aide des traceurs lipidiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22052.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to improve knowledge in the field of biotic (bacterial) and abiotic (photo-oxidative and autoxydative) degradation of lipids of marine photosynthetic organisms. We identified a very interesting enzymatic peroxidation of the allylic carbon 10 of cis-vaccenic acid in some Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs (AAP), which was attributed to the action of a lipoxygenase. This relatively rare enzymatic mechanism may be a way to characterize these organisms. To study the induction of autoxidation processes in senescent phytoplankton, we conducted various cultures of E. Huxleyi. We found that under an atmosphere with additional CO2 the production of autoxidation products increased. We studied autoxidative degradation of the major lipid components of this haptophyte and demonstrated that these processes could play a significant role in the degradation of most unsaturated lipids including alkenones. We also studied the effect of UV and PAR radiations on some phytoplankton and bacterial lipids. Cells of a non axenic strain of E. Huxleyi were exposed to these radiations. Most of the unsaturated lipids have undergone a photo-oxidation of type II (involving singlet oxygen), induced by both PAR and UV radiations. UV radiations induced a photo-induced stereomutation (cis-trans isomerization) of the double bond of some lipids (e. G. Monounsaturated fatty acids and phytol), and of some of their oxidation products. Hydroxyoctadec-9-cis-10-enoic and hydroxyoctadec-10-cis-8-enoic acids (resulting from the oxidation of oleic acid) and hydroxyoctadec-11-cis-12-enoic and hydroxyoctadec-12-cis-10-enoic acids (resulting from the oxidation of vaccenic acid) were proposed as tracers of UV-induced photodegradation processes. Strong photodegradation of monounsaturated fatty acids typical of heterotrophic bacteria was also observed and attributed to the migration of singlet oxygen from phytodetritus to attached heterotrophic bacteria. Thus we have shown that in the euphotic layer of the oceans, senescent phytoplankton may contribute to the degradation of associated bacteria. At the DYFAMED station (Ligurian Sea), we confirmed that the use of a pool of lipid degradation products was needed to accurately characterize the fate of particulate organic matter in the natural environment. Indeed, abiotic oxidation products of fatty acids allow precise monitoring of the evolution of the bloom, but are labile and unusable for too degraded samples. In contrast, abiotic oxidation products of phytol, although less sensitive tracers, can provide information on more degraded samples. Finally, thanks to the stability of their polycyclic structure, sterols can provide information on the type of degradation (biotic or photo-oxidative autoxidative) which occurred, even on highly degraded samples. All these tracers have confirmed that abiotic oxidation processes play a major biogeochemical role within the euphotic layer of the oceans. We finally found that autoxidation processes could significantly alter the alkenone unsaturation index, while the photo-oxidation processes had no effect. Indeed, the processes of autoxidation can induce a significant increase in the index that corresponds to a variation of 2 to 4 ° C when estimating the temperature
Folack, Jean. "Variations mensuelles de la biomasse et de la production du phytoplancton d'une zone côtière d'intérêt aquicole : "Anse de Carteau-Golfe de Fos"." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22039.
Full textDezutter, Thibaud. "Réchauffement et «match-mismatch» entre le phytoplancton et le zooplancton dans la mer de Beaufort." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27589.
Full textThe unprecedented pace of warming of the Arctic Ocean affect a wide range of pelagic processes, from microalgal production to fish recruitment. Sediment traps deployed on oceanographic moorings at the Beaufort Sea shelf break were used to investigate the impact of changes in ice cover and water temperature on the phenology of ice algae, phytoplankton and herbivorous copepods from the Calanus genus. Water temperature, salinity, microalgal fluxes and composition, and zooplankton abundance and composition in the traps were monitored over 5 of the 6 annual cycles from September 2009 to September 2015 (no data in 2014). Satellite-derived sea ice concentration and modeled snow depth were also retrieved for the same period. For 4 of the 5 years monitored, the upward migration of Calanus hyperboreus along with nauplii abundance were synchronized with peaks in diatoms export while the migration of Calanus glacialis preceded the peak in export of the ice algae Nitzschia frigida by 6 to 8 weeks. A disruption of these patterns was observed in 2013 as a mismatch between primary and secondary producers was observed. First, unusual warm water temperatures and significant diatom flux from October to December 2012 led to a shoaling of C. hyperboreus females winter vertical distribution and, thus, important egg spawning above 100 m with numerous nauplii swimming into the trap in March-April. Second, the late snow and ice melt in summer 2013 delayed the ice algae export, resulting in a mismatch with C. glacialis and N. frigida. As ice algae and phytoplankton are essential food source for the reproduction and development of Calanus copepods, a mismatch likely had negative impact on their recruitment and on the subsequent transfer of energy to carnivorous copepods, fish, and seabirds. Such mismatch events between phytoplankton and zooplankton will potentially occur more often owing to the rapidly changing environmental conditions in the Arctic Ocean.
Jacq, Evelyne. "Etude des peuplements bactériens planctoniques dans deux systèmes côtiers de Bretagne : la rade de Brest et la zone frontale d'Ouessant." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2029.
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