Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phytoplancton marin – Sargasses, Mer des'
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Fukaï, Eri. "Importance du picoplancton autotrophe dans la biomasse et la production primaire des eaux marines oligotrophes : Atlantique tropical oriental et mer des Sargasses." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066491.
Full textMayot, Nicolas. "La saisonnalité du phytoplancton en Mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066440/document.
Full textThe phytoplankton are essential for the oceanic trophic webs and for biogeochemical cycles on Earth. However, uncertainties remain about the environmental factors influencing its seasonality, and its growing efficiency. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the responses of the phytoplankton to the interannual variability of the environmental factors, in the Mediterranean Sea. More precisely, we aim to assess the influence of the environmental factors on phytoplankton seasonality. The interannual variability of the phytoplankton annual cycles are analyzed in the Mediterranean Sea, thus highlighting the regions associated with annual cycle variability, like the ones where deep-water formation events occur recurrently. One of these regions is the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. A multiplatform approach based on in situ observations is implemented to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the phytoplankton seasonality in this particular region. The influences of mixed layer depth and the light availability on phytoplankton seasonality are assessed. An intense deepening of the mixed layer (related to the deep convection) increases the magnitude of the phytoplankton spring bloom. Moreover, the strong deepening of mixed layer seems to induce favorable conditions for an important accumulation of micro-phytoplankton (composed of diatoms mainly). In turn, the phytoplankton production rate increases, mostly, the primary production rate of diatoms. Finally, at the scale of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea, the shift in the phytoplankton community structure and in production induces an increase of the organic carbon stock produced during spring
Cotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Guiselin, Natacha. "Etude de la dynamique des communautés phytoplanctoniques par microscopie et cytométrie en flux, en eaux côtière de la Manche orientale." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0258.
Full textThe coastal areas contribute in an important way to the primary production of the oceans. The compartment phytoplanctonic plays there a paramount role from its position of primary producer at the base of the trophic networks, but also in term of diversity. The goal of this work was to characterize phytoplanctonic coastal water dynamics, by using a technique of traditionel analysis (microscopy) and a technique of automated analysis (the cytometry in flow). The coastal area of the Eastern English Channel was selected like site workshop characterizing by the recurrence of massive blooms of Phaeocystis globosa. During the work of thesis, a sampling rate appropriate to the scale of observation was used, from monthly samples to daily. The primary goal consisted to the study of the temporal variability of the phytoplanctonic communities to long term (1992-2007) and medium term (2005-2007), with different temporal resolutions, with an aim of apprehending their relationship to the environmental factors. The second objective aimed at determining the structure of the communities during these various scales. Within a short term study, it proved to be useful to apply an alternative methodology to microscopy. The cytometry in flow is a technique developed for the enumeration of the individual cells, identified from the analysis of their optical properties (diffusion and fluorescence). A cytometer in flow of “scanning” (CytoSense Benshtop-CytoBuoy) was used, especially adapted to the detection and the enumeration of the phytoplanctonic cells between 1µm and 800µm
Caradec, Julien. "Hydrodynamisme et production phytoplanctonique dans les écosystèmes marins : influence des variations de lumière induites par le mélange vertical sur l'absorption de l'azote." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2025.
Full textThe influence of vertical mixing on the phytoplankton production in marine ecosystems has been studied by observing the effects of changing light induced by vertical mixing on the development of phytoplankton in well-mixed waters of the Western English Channel. Nitrate and ammonium uptake rate in the water column and the kinetics of uptake of these compounds based on-the percentage of incident sea-surface light intensity were determined during a seasonal cycle for two classes of phytoplankton size (> 10 μm and <10 μm) in relation- with Mf tidal cycle. Nitrate uptake rates were measured using the techrique of tracer isotope 1SN. Our resuts show that pimary production and phytoplankton size structure are ulosely related to lighting conditions resulting from the vertical mixing of water column During high hydrodynamics conditions, phytoplanktonic production is low and based on regenerated ammonium and development of a population dominated by small cells, while a low hydrodynamic increase production based on the use of nitrate and associated with the development of large cell, at least in non-limiting nutrient condition. Qur results also show that phytoplanktonic populations are able to respond quickly to vertical mixing changes by altering their physiological properties and adapting in particular the process of absorption of nitrogen compounds
Dugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121/document.
Full textThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO$_{2}$ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Christodoulou, Stéphane. "Etude des processus d'oxydation biotique et abiotique dans les organismes photosynthétiques marins : approche à l'aide des traceurs lipidiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22052.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to improve knowledge in the field of biotic (bacterial) and abiotic (photo-oxidative and autoxydative) degradation of lipids of marine photosynthetic organisms. We identified a very interesting enzymatic peroxidation of the allylic carbon 10 of cis-vaccenic acid in some Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs (AAP), which was attributed to the action of a lipoxygenase. This relatively rare enzymatic mechanism may be a way to characterize these organisms. To study the induction of autoxidation processes in senescent phytoplankton, we conducted various cultures of E. Huxleyi. We found that under an atmosphere with additional CO2 the production of autoxidation products increased. We studied autoxidative degradation of the major lipid components of this haptophyte and demonstrated that these processes could play a significant role in the degradation of most unsaturated lipids including alkenones. We also studied the effect of UV and PAR radiations on some phytoplankton and bacterial lipids. Cells of a non axenic strain of E. Huxleyi were exposed to these radiations. Most of the unsaturated lipids have undergone a photo-oxidation of type II (involving singlet oxygen), induced by both PAR and UV radiations. UV radiations induced a photo-induced stereomutation (cis-trans isomerization) of the double bond of some lipids (e. G. Monounsaturated fatty acids and phytol), and of some of their oxidation products. Hydroxyoctadec-9-cis-10-enoic and hydroxyoctadec-10-cis-8-enoic acids (resulting from the oxidation of oleic acid) and hydroxyoctadec-11-cis-12-enoic and hydroxyoctadec-12-cis-10-enoic acids (resulting from the oxidation of vaccenic acid) were proposed as tracers of UV-induced photodegradation processes. Strong photodegradation of monounsaturated fatty acids typical of heterotrophic bacteria was also observed and attributed to the migration of singlet oxygen from phytodetritus to attached heterotrophic bacteria. Thus we have shown that in the euphotic layer of the oceans, senescent phytoplankton may contribute to the degradation of associated bacteria. At the DYFAMED station (Ligurian Sea), we confirmed that the use of a pool of lipid degradation products was needed to accurately characterize the fate of particulate organic matter in the natural environment. Indeed, abiotic oxidation products of fatty acids allow precise monitoring of the evolution of the bloom, but are labile and unusable for too degraded samples. In contrast, abiotic oxidation products of phytol, although less sensitive tracers, can provide information on more degraded samples. Finally, thanks to the stability of their polycyclic structure, sterols can provide information on the type of degradation (biotic or photo-oxidative autoxidative) which occurred, even on highly degraded samples. All these tracers have confirmed that abiotic oxidation processes play a major biogeochemical role within the euphotic layer of the oceans. We finally found that autoxidation processes could significantly alter the alkenone unsaturation index, while the photo-oxidation processes had no effect. Indeed, the processes of autoxidation can induce a significant increase in the index that corresponds to a variation of 2 to 4 ° C when estimating the temperature
Folack, Jean. "Variations mensuelles de la biomasse et de la production du phytoplancton d'une zone côtière d'intérêt aquicole : "Anse de Carteau-Golfe de Fos"." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22039.
Full textDezutter, Thibaud. "Réchauffement et «match-mismatch» entre le phytoplancton et le zooplancton dans la mer de Beaufort." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27589.
Full textThe unprecedented pace of warming of the Arctic Ocean affect a wide range of pelagic processes, from microalgal production to fish recruitment. Sediment traps deployed on oceanographic moorings at the Beaufort Sea shelf break were used to investigate the impact of changes in ice cover and water temperature on the phenology of ice algae, phytoplankton and herbivorous copepods from the Calanus genus. Water temperature, salinity, microalgal fluxes and composition, and zooplankton abundance and composition in the traps were monitored over 5 of the 6 annual cycles from September 2009 to September 2015 (no data in 2014). Satellite-derived sea ice concentration and modeled snow depth were also retrieved for the same period. For 4 of the 5 years monitored, the upward migration of Calanus hyperboreus along with nauplii abundance were synchronized with peaks in diatoms export while the migration of Calanus glacialis preceded the peak in export of the ice algae Nitzschia frigida by 6 to 8 weeks. A disruption of these patterns was observed in 2013 as a mismatch between primary and secondary producers was observed. First, unusual warm water temperatures and significant diatom flux from October to December 2012 led to a shoaling of C. hyperboreus females winter vertical distribution and, thus, important egg spawning above 100 m with numerous nauplii swimming into the trap in March-April. Second, the late snow and ice melt in summer 2013 delayed the ice algae export, resulting in a mismatch with C. glacialis and N. frigida. As ice algae and phytoplankton are essential food source for the reproduction and development of Calanus copepods, a mismatch likely had negative impact on their recruitment and on the subsequent transfer of energy to carnivorous copepods, fish, and seabirds. Such mismatch events between phytoplankton and zooplankton will potentially occur more often owing to the rapidly changing environmental conditions in the Arctic Ocean.
Jacq, Evelyne. "Etude des peuplements bactériens planctoniques dans deux systèmes côtiers de Bretagne : la rade de Brest et la zone frontale d'Ouessant." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2029.
Full textThyssen, Melilotus. "Analyse à haute fréquence spatiale et temporelle du phytoplancton à l'aide de la cytométrie en flux automatisée et immergeable." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22008.pdf.
Full textLebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Full textLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Jean, Natacha. "Etude du DMSP et du DMS dans deux écosystèmes littoraux marins de niveaux trophiques différents (Méditerranée Occidentale, France) : relations avec les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0016.
Full textOziel, Laurent. "Variabilité de la mer de Barents et son impact sur le phytoplancton." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066483/document.
Full textThe Barents Sea has a particularly rich ecosystem. This is an Arctic region subject to intense climate changes. The drastic decrease in sea ice cover is the most visible effect. What are the impacts of these climatic changes on the hydrology and phytoplankton? In order to answer these questions, this thesis relies on the creation of an extensive historical database of physical and bio-geochemical parameters. A 3D bio-geochemical model with an Arctic specific ecosystem is used when observations are lacking. At least, remote sensing data provides valuable time series of Ice concentration, Chlorophyll-a... The Polar Front, separating the Atlantic Water coming from the Nordic Sea from the Arctic Water, is the principal feature of the Barents Sea region. Its position is known west of 35°E, but we showed that the polar front splits into two branches in the East part of the Barents Sea: the "Southern Front" and the "Northern Front". They enclose the winter locally formed Barents Sea Water. An “Atlantification”, illustrating a doubling of the Atlantic Water volume, has been evidenced and goes along with a North-eastward shift of the fronts. These hydrological and sea ice changes have a significant impact on the phytoplankton development. The two blooms of the Barents Sea occur further North and East with a 40% total anual biomass increase for the last two decades. This study suggests that the winter sea ice conditions and the frontal structure are the key mechanisms driving the inter-annual phytoplankton variability
Psarra, Stella [Styliani]. "Influence du degré d'oligotrophie sur la structure et le fonctionnement de l'échelon primaire de l'écosystème pélagique en Méditerranée orientale (Mer Egée)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22089.
Full textChever, Fanny. "Spéciation du fer en milieu océanique, interactions avec le phytoplancton." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2025.
Full textAll iron (Fe) fertilizations in HNLC areas (High Nutrient-Low Chlorophyll) highlighted the crucial role of this element in primary production and planktonic community structure. However, the study of its biogeochemical cycle is difficult, due to the low Fe concentrations in the Open Ocean and to its complex speciation. Many unknowns persist, in particular on the relative predominance of its sources to the oceans and on the bioavailability of the different fractions. The objectives of this PhD were to improve our knowledge on the biogeochemical cycle of Fe in seawater, in order to answer to these questions: (1) What are the sources, distribution and physical speciation of Fe in seawater, in areas characterized by contrasted Fe supplies? And (2) What are the interactions between its speciation and the biological activity? A field approach was used in order to better determine and quantify Fe sources to the ocean. Fe physical speciation was measured during two cruises, KEOPS and BONUS-GoodHope. Total dissolvable Fe was shown to be a good proxy for lithogenic inputs. Those studies showed that the soluble and colloidal Fe distributions are linked to biological activity and to the strength of organic ligands. In order to better constrain the question of Fe bioavailabllity, laboratory experiments were conducted in the framework of the BOA project, coupling rainwater, Fe speciation and biological activity, in the presence of an oceanic diatom. Two hypothesis concerning Fe bioavailability were formulated: an assimilation of colloidal fraction or an assimilation of soluble fraction followed by a rapid exchange between the two fractions
Bricaud-Wehrlin, Annick. "Propriétés optiques du phytoplancton : étude théorique et expérimentale : application à l'interprétation de la couleur de la mer." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066074.
Full textKlein, Cécile. "Etude des dynamiques du phytoplancton en Manche orientale et occidentale : Approche écophysiologique : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2016.
Full textTwo contrasted areas of the English Channel which show important shellfish farming (Baie des Veys -BDV- and Lingreville-sur-mer -LGV- Eastern and Western coasts of Cotentin) have been studied. The temporal variations (seasonal to long-term) of phytoplankton communities, primary production and photosynthetic parameters have been analysed according to environmental forces using multivariate analyses. A different phytoplankton dynamic between the two studied sites was observed. At the BDV site, it followed a seasonal cycle dependant on temperature, light and nutrients stocks whereas at the LGV, this dynamic was largely dependant on hydrodynamism (wind, tidal currents). This study has also demonstrated that phytoplankton assemblage was dominated by different species according to the year illustrating a continuous interspecific competition controlled by environmental parameters variations and by physiological capacities of each species. To understand the mechanisms of the end of phytoplankton bloom in the water column, a time series of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was made. The quantification of those excretions according to environmental parameters showed that EPS were affected by nitrogen concentrations (NO3, NH4) in spring and by hydrodynamic forces in autumn. The Pseudo-nitzschia spp succession at the BDV site was finally studied, indicating the occurrence of 6 species and the possible development of a toxic species, P. Australis, in autumn when temperatures are high and a Si limitation is observed
Facca, Chiara. "Phytoplancton et microphytobenthos comme indicateurs de l'état trophique en milieu côtier." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20148.
Full textGarrido, Marie. "Structure et fonction des communautés phytoplanctoniques en milieux côtiers marin et lagunaire (Méditerranée - Corse) dans une optique de gestion." Corté, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CORT0030.
Full textCoastal ecosystems contibute in a significant way to oceans’ primary production. By their geographical position, they are particulary sensitive to eutrophication. Phytoplanktonic compartment plays a predominant role with regards its position as primary producer, but also in terms of diversity. It is also able of integrating and/or reflecting the environmental changes that take place in the short , medium and long term. (. . . /. . . )
Vantrepotte, Vincent. "Caractérisation bio-optique des eaux côtières en Manche Orientale pour l'estimation de la production primaire et le suivi des poussées phytoplanctoniques : application à la télédétection satellitaire "couleur de l'eau" en milieu côtier." Littoral, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DUNK0100.
Full textThe coastal ecosystems are among the most productive but also the most variable ones at both spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing of "ocean colour" seems to be well adapted to study phytoplankton dynamics in such variable systems, due to its high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency. Remote sensing development in coastal waters (belonging to case 2 waters) requires simultaneously the characterization of : (i) the phytoplankton dynamics, (ii) the bio-optical properties of the optically active compartments of seawater (phytoplankton, yellow substances and non-phytoplankton particulate matter) and (iii) the variability of algal photosynthetic parameters. These points correspond to the objectives of our study, for which 5 mesoscale campaigns at sea were carried out in the eastern English Channel in 2000. At an ecological point of view, various ecosystems ("province") were discriminated on their hydro-biological characteristics. At a bio-optical point of view, the absorption spectra of yellow substances, phytoplankton and non-phytoplankton particulate matter present different dynamics (both at space and season scales), related to different environmental and/or biological factors. The variability of the algal photosynthetic parameters was studied on various spatial and temporal scales in order to define and adapted strategy for the mesoscale primary production modelling in the Eastern English Channel
Houliez, Emilie. "Contrôle de l’activité photosynthétique du phytoplancton en milieu côtier : utilisation de la fluorescence spectrale et de la fluorimétrie modulée." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10069/document.
Full textDynamics of phytoplankton photosynthetic activity were characterised in a macrotidal coastal ecosystem (the Strait of Dover, eastern English Channel) and related to environmental conditions. Spatial and temporal variability of photosynthetic parameters were studied at different scales, between September 2008 and August 2010. The level of variability and controlling factors of photosynthetic parameters depend on the scale considered. In space, no gradient of photosynthetic parameters was found between coastal and offshore waters. By contrast, within the water column, variations of the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), the maximum electron transport rate (ETRm) and the light saturation coefficient (Ek) in relation to the light history of cells were observed. At short time scale (from hour to the scale of a neap-spring tide cycle), considerable variations of photosynthetic parameters were observed. Light conditions, temperature and nutrient availability were the main controlling factors. At longer time scale (from fortnightly to inter-annual scales), Fv/Fm, α (the maximal light utilization efficiency) and ETRm varied without any clear seasonal cycle. By contrast, Ek followed the seasonal variations of light except during summer where its changes of Ek were small compared to the light variability. At these time scales, close interplays between shifts of phytoplankton communities and changes of light, temperature and nutrient availability controlled the variability of photosynthetic parameters
Napoléon, Camille. "Évolution spatio-temporelle de la production primaire et des communautés phytoplanctoniques en Manche." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2067.
Full textThe chlorophyll a concentration, usually used in marine ecosystemic models for the estimation of primary production (PP), merely gives a fixed image of the phytoplankton compartment. Yet, all trophic levels taken into account within the models depend on the PP. Thus, a good modelisation of food webs in the English Channel requires a reliable estimation of PP on the whole ecosystem. In order to follow the PP dynamics at a high spatio-temporal scale, surveys have been conducted onboard ferry boats (Britanny Ferries), in the central English Channel on the Ouistreham (Fr)/Portsmouth (GB) transect, and in the occidental English Channel on the Roscoff (Fr)/Portsmouth (GB) transect. In order to measure the photosynthetic parameters at a high frequency, PAM measurements have been carried out. On the one hand, these measurements have been associated to the measurements of physicochemical parameters, with a view to define which parameters controlled the PP in the English Channel. On the other hand, pico, nano and microphytoplankton species have been identified in order to study the link between the variability of the community, the diversity, and the production and productivity levels. On the Ouistreham/Portsmouth transect, these measurements have been coupled with carbon incorporation measurements (13C) at low frequency. The coupling of PAM data with those of 13C has made it possible to create a multi-parametric model, thereby transforming the PAM data into carbon incorporation data, depending on physicochemical and biological data. This approach was also performed in laboratory on phytoplankton species
Bosc, Emmanuel. "Variations saisonnières et interannuelles de la biomasse phytoplanctonique et de la production primaire en Méditerranée : évaluation et utilisation des données satellitales de couleur de l'océan (SeaWiFs, Polder et OCTS)." Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0008.
Full textJouenne, Fabien. "Dynamique de la production primaire phytoplanctonique et structure de la communauté microalgale au sein d'un écosystème estuarien microtidal : la Baie des Veys (Manche Est)." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2002.
Full textBonato, Simon. "Étude de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle des communautés phytoplanctoniques en Manche Orientale - Utilisation de la cytométrie en flux de scanning." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0379/document.
Full textPhytoplankton micro-organisms play a key role in marine ecosystems as main primary producers, being responsible for most of carbon uptake, but also due to their fast division rates which allow them to effectively react to environmental changes and which make them potentially good bio-indicators. Most previous studies have based their observations on low frequency sampling, only considering one fraction of phytoplankton communities, resulting in a significant loss of information on the dynamics of phytoplankton abundance and diversity. This thesis was carried out in the frame of the European cross-border DYMAPHY project, which main objective was to improve the understanding and the evaluation of the quality of marine waters in the English Channel and the North Sea, through the study of the whole phytoplankton compartment and related environmental parameters. A high frequency and/or high resolution approach, through the use of semi-automated flow cytometry, allowed us to reduce this loss of information and to better characterize the phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability in coastal water of the eastern English Channel.Three approaches were applied, leading to the ollowing results : (i) A high frequency study, performing one analysis every 10 minutes, which revealed a strong phytoplankton variability at the regional scale, with community assemblages that were not governed by hydrology ; (ii) A seasonal monitoring of the whole phytoplankton size-spectrum, which revealed the seasonal successions and the main factors governing them : nutrient concentrations and the daily light level which structured the transition of most phytoplankton groups ; (iii) A three-year follow-up at a coastal station, which made it possible to relate the traits-based characterization of each functional phytoplankton group to the environmental conditions, in order to better understand phytoplankton community assembly in response to environmental variability. The results have revealed a functional differentiation mainly due to the use of resources and the growth strategies, both of them driven by a resource gradient. This study confirms the importance of the "mass ration hypothesis", which predicts that the dominant life traits of the most abundant species, would be the main driver of the key ecosystem processes
Hussherr, Rachel. "Impact de l'acidification océanique sur le phytoplancton et la production de diméthylsulfure en Arctique sous l'influence de deux régimes lumineux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27341.
Full textIn an experimental assessment of the potential impact of Ocean acidification on seasonal phytoplankton blooms and associated dimethylsulfide (DMS) dynamics in the Arctic, we incubated water from Baffin Bay under conditions representing an acidified Arctic Ocean. Using two light regimes simulating under-ice/subsurface chlorophyll maxima (low light; Low PAR + UVA, and no UVB) and surface ice-free (high light; High PAR + UVA + UVB) conditions, water collected at 38 m was exposed over 9 days to 6 levels of decreasing pH from 8.1 to 7.2. A phytoplankton bloom dominated by the centric diatoms Chaetoceros spp. reaching up to 7.5 µg chlorophyll a L-1 took place in all experimental bags. Total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPT) and DMS concentrations reached 155 nmol L-1 and 19 nmol L-1, respectively. Under both light regimes, chlorophyll a and DMS concentrations decreased linearly with increasing proton concentration at all pH tested. Concentrations of DMSPT also decreased but only under high light and over a smaller pH range (from 8.1 to 7.6). In contrast to nanophytoplankton (2-20 µm), picophytoplankton (≤ 2 µm) was stimulated by the decreasing pH. We furthermore observed no significant difference between the two light regimes tested in term of chlorophyll a, phytoplankton abundance/taxonomy, and DMSP/ DMS net concentrations. These results show that OA could significantly decrease the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production during the seasonal phytoplankton bloom in the Arctic, with possible consequences for the regional climate.
El, Hourany Roy. "Télédétection du phytoplancton par méthode neuronale : du global au régional, de la composition pigmentaire aux biorégions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS095.
Full textThis thesis presents a novel approach to analyze and observe the phytoplankton community structure at global and regional scale using satellite data (Ocean colour and Sea surface temperature) and in-situ observations. The approach is based on neural network classification methods, such as Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) trained on a large global database composed of satellite observations collocated with in-situ measurements. First, we developed a method to estimate secondary phytoplankton pigments from satellite measurements in the global ocean. Then we focused our studies on the Mediterranean Sea. Phytoplankton groups (PFTs) were identified from the secondary pigments estimated in the first phase. We then characterized seven bio-regions by clustering annual cycles MLD obtained from Argo floats, SST and Chla by using an advanced SOM. At last, these bio-regions were characterized in terms of PFTs. The methods developed in this thesis allowed us to estimate uncertainties on secondary pigments and PFTs. The applicability of these methods are broad and can be used to investigate other oceanic areas
Steinmetz, François. "Étude de la correction de la diffusion atmosphérique et du rayonnement solaire réfléchi par la surface agitée de la mer pour l'observation de la couleur de l'océan depuis l'espace." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10010/document.
Full textThe main challenge for observing the”ocean colour” from space is to make the atmospheric correction which consists in extracting the marine signal from the measured dominated by the atmospheric scattering. In this context, we have studied specific problems that arise due to the quality of the sensor radiometry or to the viewing conditions. In the case of POLDER-3, we have used the in situ BOUSSOLE data to detect some problems, one of which can be attributed to a defect in the input (level1) data. We have made empirical corrections for these defects, resulting in an improvement of the accuracy of the marine reflectance products by a factor 1.5 to 2. Moreover, the same atmospheric correction algorithm was applied to the MERIS data to emphasize some of its features. The existing atmospheric correction algorithms are also limited by the sunglint, failing to retrieve marine parameters in the bright pattern of the sun reflected by the wavy sea surface. For many sensors (MERIS,MODIS...), this makes almost half of the observations at subtropical latitudes unusable, reducing the global coverage accordingly. We are presenting an original algorithm, called POLYMER, designed to make atmospheric correction over the whole sun glint pattern. The increase of spatial coverage is spectacular, while the accuracy on the retrieved marine parameters remains acceptable.This study shows that itis possible to retrieve the ocean colour in the sun glint contaminated areas and opens new opportunities for future applications
Siron, Robert. "Etude des produits pétroliers en milieu marin : répartition de devenir en milieu côtier (golfe de Fos, mer Méditerranée) ; incidence sur la croissance et la composition en acides gras du phytoplancton." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22007.
Full textSchapira, Mathilde. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle de Phaeocystis globosa en Manche orientale : effets de la turbulence et des apports sporadiques en sels nutritifs." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Schapira.pdf.
Full textMélançon, Josiane. "Impacts des dépositions atmosphériques de fer sur les assemblages phytoplanctoniques et la production de diméthylsulfure dans le Pacifique Nord-Est contemporain et dans le contexte de l'acidification des océans." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26991.
Full textPhytoplankton growth is limited by low concentrations of iron (Fe) in about 40% of the world’s oceans. The northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean embodies one of these Fe-limited regions that are termed High Nutrient - Low Chlorophyll (HNLC). Its ecosystem is dominated by small phytoplankton cells, such as Prymnesiophyceae, and is characterized by weak summer concentrations of chlorophyll a and high concentrations of macronutrients. It has repeatedly been shown that Fe additions in HNLC zones, using various artificial forms of Fe (commonly FeSO4), stimulate the growth and modify the structure of planktonic communities by favoring the blooming of large phytoplankton cells such as diatoms. The impacts brought about on the planktonic communities by these Fe additions have the potential of influencing large-scale climate regulating mechanisms, namely the biological carbon pump and the oceanic production of dimethylsulfide (DMS). Dust arising from northern Chinese deserts is well recognized as an important albeit sporadic source of Fe for the northeast Pacific Ocean. Despite their potential importance, the direct influence of these dust deposition events on the planktonic ecosystem of the northeast Pacific has never been studied before. This represents a serious shortcoming considering that, Fe associated with dust is scantily soluble in seawater, the bioavailable proportion of Fe in dust remains unknown, and dust may exert an inhibiting effect on phytoplankton. My thesis thus proposes, firstly, to conduct avant-garde measurements of the fertilization effects of a natural Asian dust gradient on plankton communities of the northeast Pacific. My first experiment shows that the Fe contained in Asian dust is bioavailable and that a deposition event, equivalent to naturally occurring spring depositions in the northeast Pacific, may result in a significant stimulation of nutrient uptake and growth by phytoplankton. My results also demonstrate that the addition of 0,5 mg L-1 of dust may induce as much biomass accumulation as what is observed during large scale fertilizing experiments utilizing FeSO4. However, small-celled phytoplankton assemblages are stimulated by Fe fertilizations, more so through FeSO4 than through dust additions demonstrating the flaws of this proxy in accurately representing Asian dust. In a second step, I focused my attention on an alternative source of atmospheric Fe, specifically volcanic ash. My interest for this subject was instigated by observations of a spectacular bloom occurring in my study region, the northeast Pacific, and associated to the 2008 eruption of the Kasatochi volcano located on one of the Aleutian Islands. I quantified the direct effects of volcanic ash on the plankton community of the northeast Pacific. My results show that the Fe contained in these ashes is also bioavailable for phytoplankton and that this source of Fe may be as important as desert dust in regulating the growth of phytoplankton in this part of the global ocean on a millennial scale. Thirdly, I assessed the manner in which ocean acidification could modulate, on a short timescale, the responses of the plankton communities to natural Fe depositions highlighted in this thesis. In order to do so, I performed dust enrichments in seawater at the contemporary seawater pH of 8.0 and acidified to a pH of 7.8. My results show a reduction in phytoplankton growth rate in the acidified environment with no conspicuous changes to community structure. The additions of dust and ash, as well as the variations in pH, had little significant impacts on the production of DMS or its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). This lack of response could likely be attributable to the short timescale (4 days) of investigation carried out. As a whole, the results of this thesis show that Fe contained in various natural atmospheric sources is bioavailable to phytoplankton of the northeast Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, realistic deposition rates may distinctly stimulate phytoplankton growth in the first days following dust storms or volcanic eruptions. Finally, results from the multi-stressor experiments (Fe/acidification) I carried out suggest a demonstrable robustness of surface plankton communities to the pH reduction predicted before the turn of this century.
Grattepanche, Jean-David. "Trophodynamisme des protozoaires microzooplanctoniques en Manche orientale." Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0300.
Full textThis PhD firstly aims to characterize the structure and variability of the heterotrophic protists community in the Eastern English Channel, in relation to the phytoplankton recurrent spring blooms and secondly to understand their trophic link with both phyto- and zooplankton. In situ survey was carried out from February 2007 to July 2009 and allowed to assess (1) the seasonal variability of heterotrophic protists related to the phytoplankton succession (bottom-up control) ; (2) the year to year variability in relation with Phaeocystis globosa bloom magnitude and duration ; (3) the importance of dinoflagellates as major consumers of phytoplankton, particularly of diatoms and P. Globosa colonies (<100 μm). This survey also suggested the top-down control on heterotrophic protists by copepods. Dilution ets carried out throughout the spring 2009 confirmed in situ observations. In fact, microzooplankton consumption often equalled or exceeded phytoplankton production. Results from size-fractionated dilution experiments revealed different size class of prey for ciliates (< 10 μm) and dinoflagellates (> 10 μm) suggesting the lack of trophic competition. The PhD then focused on the importance of heterotrophy in the Eastern English Channel via a dark microcosms experiment (19 days). This experiment confirmed that heterotrophic protists communities were efficient consumers of phytoplankton. Metazoans peaked one week delay after protists, suggesting time lag response to available trophic resource for these two groups. This experiment allowed to estimate the metazoan impact (particularly rotifers) on microplanktonic protozoans (predation/competition)
Penard, Cédric. "Détection satellitaire et modélisation opérationnelle de la production végétale non-fixée dans la bande côtière bretonne." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2044.
Full textEutrophication is more and more important in the coastal environment. It is one major impact of human activity on environment. The eutrophication phenomena are growing continuously. Over the last decades, the number of sites affected has been rising over the world. Eutrophication of French Brittany coastal shelf is a recurrent problem, always more worrying. The objective of this work is multiple: it aims at highlighting and understanding the impact and the role of the contributions in nutrients on the primary production and the eutrophication of the coastal environment. This work also has the ambition of identifying and understanding the causes of the phenomena and thus to make it possible to bring solutions or tracks of improvement. Lt also has an objective of short-term forecast of the biological state of the zone. This work led to the implementation of a real-time model, which results can be visualised and compared to satellite measurements on w. Previmer. Org. The main tool for this work is a coupled physical-biogeochemical model. The hydrodynamic part is provided by the code Mars3D (3D hydrodynamic Model for Application At Regional Scale) developed by IFREMER. The biogeochemical model of IFREMER, with its model of nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon cycles, is coupled to the hydrodynamic code Mars3D. We added to this basic model a specific kind of phytoplankton which can be harmful: Pseudo-Nitzschia. Indeed, this phytoplankton has the capacity to synthesize domoic acid which is a toxin responsible for the ASP syndrome (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning). The model reproduces overall the same zones of toxicity as measurements of the REPHY, and gives encouraging results
Cadier, Mathilde. "Diversité des communautés phytoplanctoniques en relation avec les facteurs environnementaux en mer d'Iroise : approche par la modélisation 3D." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0030/document.
Full textPhytoplankton diversity depends on physical, chemical and biological local conditions. Moreover, physical transport could also impact the distribution of autotrophic organisms/species within phytoplankton communities. Therefore, phytoplanktonic assemblages exhibit significant spatial (bioregionalization) and temporal (successions) variability in terms of species diversity as well as productivity. Coastal regions are particularly contrasted area with sharp environmental gradients underlying strong heterogeneity in phytoplankton communities' composition. In this context, the Iroise Sea presents a seasonal, highly productive, tidal front, which separates two distinctregimes. Eastside, continental shelf waters are regularly mixed by tidal currents while offshore waters remain stratified throughout the whole summer period.Thus, the Iroise Sea may be an opportune region to study the processes linking the frontal structure dynamic and its impact on phytoplanktonic diversity.This thesis aims, more specifically, at characterizing phytoplankton communities in the Iroise Sea interms of both functional and phenotypic diversity over a seasonal cycle in general and during the summer at the frontal interface in particular. This work is based on a 3D numerical modeling approach using a physical/biogeochemical coupled model. As a first part of this thesis, the implementation of a regional configuration for the Iroise Sea has been conducted, including the technical coupling between the hydrodynamical model (ROMS-AGRIF) and the phytoplankton diversity model (DARWIN). This work was the first necessary step to simulate and study the Iroise sea phytoplanktonic diversity.Our results show a pronounced seasonal cycle of the phytoplankton functional composition, driven by the surface mixed layer depth that influenced light and nutrients' availabilty. Indeed, during winter, the biomass is dominated by picoplankton in the Iroise Sea. Then, as water column becomes stratified offshore, in April, a characteristic phytoplankton bloom occurs with a larger contribution of microphytoplancton (mainly diatoms). During summer, the nutrient-replete coastal well-mixed area remains highly productive and dominated by diatoms while surface stratified offshore waters (where phytoplankton growth is nutrient-limited) show higher coexistence between phytoplankton functional types.We also examined the phytoplankton phenotypic diversity simulated within the frontal region in relation with the surrounding areas in September (summer conditions). The results highlight a diversity maximum located at the surface slightly westward from the biomass maximum of the front. This diversity maximum is suggested to be the result of the upward transport of typical phenotypes from the offshore Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) toward the Surface at the west warm side of the front. Indeed, picoplanktonic phenotypes growing in the DCM coexist, in this diversity maximum, with those from the surface oligotrophic waters and ubiquitous ones growing in the eastside mixed coastal waters.Finally, the effect of tidal spring/neap tide cycle has been investigated and shows, for the first time, how this cycle impacts the phytoplankton biomass and the phenotypic community composition within the coastal well-mixed, homogeneous system. Indeed, the neap-tide conditions of reduced vertical mixing and stabilization lead to an increase in total phytoplankton biomass associated with the rapid development of fast-growing, opportunistic, diatoms species and a decrease in phenotypic diversity
Mélin, Frédéric. "Potentiel de la télédétection pour l'analyse des propriétés optiques du système océan-atmosphère et application à l'estimation de la photosynthèse phytoplanctonique." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30215.
Full textArsenieff, Laure. "Parasitisme et contrôle des blooms de diatomées en Manche occidentale." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS399.
Full textDiatoms are one of the most successful phytoplankton groups. They can form considerable seasonal blooms with important biogeochemical implications, especially with respect to carbon export. To date, the role of parasites in the regulation of diatom blooms remains elusive. The main objective of this thesis was to identify the parasites associated to dominant diatom species in the Western English Channel to better understand how parasitism regulates diatom blooms. The first part of the project aimed to identify parasitic network that controls the diatom Guinardia, a major component of microphytoplankton communities in coastal systems of the North Atlantic. Intensive isolation of Guinardia species and associated parasites into laboratory culture was carried out between August 2015 and October 2016 from the SOMLIT-Astan long- term monitoring station. Characterization of these isolates revealed an unsuspected diversity of parasites that infect Guinardia delicatula, with at least three types of parasites belonging to distinct lineages: viruses (Picornavirales, Bacillarnavirus), a eukaryotic parasite (Labyrinthulomycetes, Aplanochytrium sp.) and algicidal bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Kordia sp.). These pathogens have never previously been described in association with Guinardia and therefore add to the list of known parasites reported for this host species. The parasites isolated from SOMLIT-Astan displayed different infection strategies, suggesting complex interplays in nature. In the second part of this thesis, the study was extended to nanoplanktonic diatoms that belong to the genera Minidiscus and Thalassiosira. These minute microalgae are widespread in the global ocean, but their seasonal dynamics are quasi-unexplored. Using a combination of microscope observations and molecular tools, we showed that these nanodiatoms numerically dominated the phytoplankton community at the SOMLIT-Astan station and that they have contrasted seasonal patterns. The large set of 82 parasites, including 27 viruses, isolated from these two genera throughout the sampling period highlights, for the first time, the key role of biotic interactions in the regulation of nanodiatom dynamics. This Ph.D. project has revealed significant novel diversity of pathogens of diatoms in the Western English Channel. The relative contribution of these parasites to regulation of diatom populations and their resulting biogeochemical and evolutionary implications remain to be investigated
Lambert, Stefan. "Seasonality and dynamics of microbial consortia in the Bay of Banyuls." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS231.
Full textIn temperate oceans, yearly transitions from winter to spring are accompanied by a phytoplanktonic bloom. Phytoplankton, at the basis of the food chain in the oceans, plays an essential role in biogeochemical cycles as it generates 50\% of the global primary production. A time series established in 2007 at SOLA, a coastal site in the North Western Mediterranean Sea, monitors environmental and biological parameters. In the first chapter, we demonstrated that several microbial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) displayed yearly rhythmicity, despite stochastic environmental perturbations, inherent to coastal ecosystems. Network analyses, described in the second chapter, revealed that salinity and temperature deeply impacted the microbial community structure. Subnetworks highlighted that persistent ASVs switched their first neighbors depending on environmental perturbations. These observations suggest the existence of functional redundancy in marine microbial communities. In the third chapter, microcosms confirmed that temperature fluctuations strongly affected natural microbial community structure. Picophytoplankton dominated the incubated communities at low temperature, whereas diatoms prevailed at higher temperatures. These results help explain Bathycoccus prasinos peak of abundance every year at the temperature minimum at SOLA. By integrating results from a time series, cell culture and microcosms experiments, this manuscript helps unravel the impact of anthropologically driven climate change on marine microbial communities
Herzi, Faouzi. "Caractérisation chimique des exsudats du dinoflagellé marin toxique Alexandrium catenella et de la diatomée marine Skeletonema costatum et étude de la réponse protéomique d’Alexandrium catenella en conditions de stress métalliques." Thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL0014/document.
Full textMpact of several trace metals (lead, zinc, copper or cadmium) on the growth of two marine phytoplankton species: the diatom Skeletonema costatum and the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, has been studied from cultures grown under physiological and contaminated conditions. The results obtained revealed growth perturbations in S. costatum and in A. catenella, when these species were exposed to high metal concentrations. The lethal effects appeared through a strong cell death, coming, in A. catenella, with the conversion of vegetative cells into resistance cysts. Then, exudation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by S. costatum and by A. catenella in response to metal stress has been characterized. Exudation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) varied according to the growth phase, and was associated with the level of metal contamination and the nature of the tested metal. The maximal values of DOC exudated per cell were measured in response to contamination by copper 16 µM during the adaptation phase, and in response to contamination by cadmium 200 µM during the exponential phase of growth. More specifically, the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) exudated by S. costatum and by A. catenella has been analyzed by 3D fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PARAFAC algorithm. The PARAFAC treatments revealed four components, which were attributed to two main contributions, one related to the biological activity of the species, and the other related to the decomposition of organic matter. The C1 and C2 components were combined with tryptophan peaks and with humic substances, while the C3 and C4 components were generally associated with the production of marine organic matter. Moreover, glucose and galactose were the main aldoses among the polysaccharides exudated in the DOM. Proteomic changes occurred in the proteomes of A. catenella in response to the various metal stresses. Stress proteins expressed by A. catenella were obtained by comparison of the protein expression profiles (PEPs) achieved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D - electrophoresis) under physiological and contaminated conditions. Stress proteins are involved in many functional categories: response to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, proteasome sub - units), photosynthesis (ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase, peridinin chlorophyll protein complex, ferredoxin -NADP reductase), carbohydrate metabolism (triosephosphate isomerase, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase, malate dehydrogenase), photorespiration and phosphorus metabolism (phosphoglycolate phosphatase), energy metabolism (ATP - synthase), cell signalling (calmodulin), chaperone activity (HSP 70, HSP 90) and bioluminescence of A. catenella (luciferin - binding protein). Over - expression of phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) and of ATP – synthase, occurring in response to metal contamination by lead, could represent a strategy of defence set up by A. catenella (i) to protect itself from the oxidative stress due to metal contamination, PGP being involved in the dissipation of excess energy (ii) to produce more reserves of energy (ATP) so as to satisfy the increased requirements resulting from the metal stress, in order to adapt to it
Llido, Jérôme. "Variabilité spatiale et temporelle du système biologique dans la convergence subtropicale au sud de l'Afrique." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30208.
Full textSouth of South Africa, the greater Agulhas Current system, formed by the Agulhas Front (AF) in close juxtapositon with the Subtropical Front (STF), associated to the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) and the Subtropical Convergence (STC), respectively, and farther south by the Subantartic Front (SAF) is a region of intense mesoscale activity presenting enhanced levels of biological production and chlorophyll a. The spatial and temporal variability of a such frontal system influences the physical/biological interactions. The aim of this work is to examine the spatio-temporal variability of the Aguhas frontal system and to determine how the variability of the thermodynamic fronts (AF, STF, SAF) affects the chlorophyll field and the primary production at seasonal and interannual time scales. A wavelet analysis is performed on the 4-years (October 1997 - September 2001) time series of multi-sensors satellite data sets (ocean colour collected by SeaWiFS, mapped sea level anomalies from Topex/Posei͏̈don-ERS2 and sea surface temperature provided by the infrared radiometer AVHRR) in order to characterize the time and space variability of the front comparing the biological front with the dynamical fronts. A similar analysis is carried out on modelled fields provided by an eddy-permitting, physical-biological coupled model AGAPE-Bio using interannual forcing. Seasonal and interannual variability of the frontal system is then studied through the model results and compared with in situ observations from OISO (Océan Indien Service d'Observation) over the 1998-2001 period. Satellite remote sensing reveals localized high chlorophyll a concentrations, appearing as intermittent event-scale blooms in this region. A statistical analysis is conducted along the Subtropical Convergence to characterize these event-scale blooms in terms of lifetime, chlorophyll concentration, areal extension and spatial distribution. Our numerical model simulates this process with a fair degree of verisimilitude and is used to investigate the physico-biogeochemical requirements for bloom events to occur. We demonstrate that in most cases the limiting factor is intensity of vertical stratification combined with light availability
Ben, Mustapha Zied. "Télédétection des groupes phytoplanctoniques via l'utilisation conjointe de mesures satellites, in situ et d'une méthode de classification automatique." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0405/document.
Full textRemote sensing of ocean color is a powerful tool for monitoring phytoplankton in the ocean with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Several methods were developed in the past years for detecting phytoplankton functional types from satellite observations. In this thesis, we present an automatic classification method, based on a neural network clustering algorithm, in order to classify the anomalies of water leaving radiances spectra (Ra), introduced in the PHYSAT method by Alvain et al. (2005) and analyze their variability at the global scale. The use of an unsupervised classification aims at improving the characterization of the spectral variability of Ra in terms of shape and amplitude as well as the expansion of its potential use to larger in situ datasets for global phytoplankton remote sensing. The Self-Organizing Map Algorithm (SOM) aggregates similar spectra into a reduced set of pertinent groups, allowing the characterization of the Ra variability, which is known to be linked with the phytoplankton community composition. Based on the same sample of Ra spectra, a comparison between the previous version of PHYSAT and the new one using SOM shows that is now possible to take into consideration all the types of spectra. This was not possible with the previous approach, based on thresholds, defined in order to avoid overlaps between the spectral signatures of each phytoplankton group. The SOM-based method is relevant for characterizing a wide variety of Ra spectra through its ability to handle large amounts of data, in addition to its statistical reliability compared to the previous PHYSAT. The former approach might have introduced potential biases and thus, its extension to larger databases was very restricted. In a second step, some new Ra spectra have been related to phytoplankton groups using collocated field pigments inventories from a large in situ database. Phytoplankton groups were identified based on biomarker pigments ratios thresholds taken from the literature. SOM was then applied to the global daily SeaWiFS imagery archive between 1997 and 2010. Global distributions of major phytoplankton groups were analyzed and validated against in situ data. Thanks to its ability to capture a wide range of spectra and to manage a larger in situ pigment dataset, the neural network tool allows to classify a much higher number of pixels (2 times more) than the previous PHYSAT method for the five phytoplankton groups taken into account in this study (Synechococcus-Like-Cyanobacteria, diatoms, Prochloroccus, Nanoeucaryots and Phaeocystis-like). In addition, different Ra spectral signatures have been associated to diatoms. These signatures are located in various environments where the inherent optical properties affecting the Ra spectra are likely to be significantly different. Local phenomena such as diatoms blooms in the upwelling regions or during climatic events(i.e. La Nina) are more clearly visible with the new method. The PHYSAT-SOM method provides several perspectives concerning the use of the ocean color remote sensing data for phytoplankton group identification, such as, the potential application of the method in Case 2 waters, using an appropriate nLw signal normalization approach. A preliminary case study in the English Channel and North Sea waters is presented in the last chapter of the thesis, showing the possibility of a future use of PHYSAT-SOM in these optically complex waters
Huret, Martin. "Apports des données "couleur de l'eau" à la modélisation couplée physique -biogéochimie en milieu dynamique côtier : application au Rio de la Plata et au Golfe de Gascogne." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30023.
Full textMessié, Monique. "Contrôle de la dynamique de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans le Pacifique tropical ouest." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137145.
Full textGuyennon, Arnaud. "Etude de l'exportation de carbone organique à l'échelle de la mer Méditerranée à l'aide de la modélisation couplée physique/biogéochimie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4113/document.
Full textThis work is part of the SIMED project which is dedicated to basin-scale modeling of the Mediterranean Sea. It also belongs to the MERMEX program which aims at studying biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea and their evolution. The first step of this work was to couple the hydrodynamic modeling platform (NEMO) to the mechanistic biogeochemical modeling platform (Eco3M). We ran a simulation (2000-2012) using the hydrodynamic outputs from NEMO-MED12 configuration to force the biogeochamical model Eco3M-MED. The model evaluation was conducted using numerous field measurements (chlorophyll, nutrients, primary production, etc.). The simulation strengthens and extends to the whole basin the prominent role of dissolved organic carbon in the biological carbon pump in the whole Mediterranean Sea. A comprehensive analysis of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) production processes production was performed. Results reveal that particulate organic carbon production is restricted to the highly dynamic areas, whereas dissolved organic carbon accumulation in the surface layers is a common process in much areas of the basin. This latter process appeared to dependant on the cellular contents of phytoplancton and heterotrophic bacteria, themselved being controled by low phosphate availability. Finally, the dissolved organic carbon contribution to carbon export is around 64 % in the Western basin, and up to 90 % in the Eastern basin. When taking into account the dissolved fraction, total organic carbon export in the Eastern basin -despite its higher oligotrophy- exceeds the one in the Western basin (60% against 40 %)
Verin, Gauthier. "Propriétés physiques et optiques du manteau neigeux sur la banquise arctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU010/document.
Full textThe Arctic ocean shows a very strong seasonality trough the permanent presence of sea ice whose extent varies from 6 to 15 millions km2. As an interface, sea ice limits ocean - atmosphere interactions and impacts the global energy budget by reflecting most of the short-wave incoming radiations. The snow cover, at the surface, is a key element contributing to the optical properties of sea ice. Snow enhances further the surface albedo and thus delays the onset of the ice melt. In addition, snow is the main responsible for the vertical light extinction in sea ice. However, after the polar night, this low light transmitted to the water column is a limiting factor for primary production at the base of the oceanic food web. The snow cover, through the temporal evolution of its physical properties, plays a key role controlling the magnitude and the timing of the phytoplanktonic bloom. In the actual global warming context, sea ice undergoes radical changes including summer extent reduction, thinning and shifts in snow thickness, all of which already alter Arctic primary production on a regional and global scale.This PhD thesis aims to better constrain the snow cover contributions to the radiative transfer of sea ice and its impact on Arctic primary production. It is based on a dataset collected during two sampling campaigns on landfast sea ice. Physical properties of snow such as snow specific surface area (SSA) and density allow a precise modeling of the radiative transfer which is then validated by optical measurements including albedo, transmittance through sea ice and vertical profiles of irradiance in the snow.During the melt season, marine snow which shows strong spatial heterogeneity evolves fol- lowing four distinctive phases. The melting, which first appears at the surface and gradually propagates to the entire snowpack, is characterized by a decrease in SSA from 25-60 m2kg-1 to less than 3 m2kg-1 resulting in a decrease in albedo and an increase in sea ice transmittance. This is a chaotic period, where optical properties show a very strong temporal variability induced by alternative episodes of surface melting and snowfalls. The physical properties of snow are used in a radiative transfer model in order to calculate albedo, transmittance through sea ice and vertical profiles of irradiance at all depths. The comparison between these simulations and measured vertical profiles of irradiance in snow highlights the presence of snow absorbing impurities which were subsequently qualitatively and quantitatively studied. In average, impurities were composed of 660 ngg-1 of mineral dust and 10 ngg-1 of black carbon. They were responsible for a two-fold reduction in light transmitted through sea ice. The light extinction, calculated at all depths in sea ice, and represented by isolums, was compared to the temporal evolution of ice algae biomass. The results show that every significant growth in ice algae population is related to an increase of light in the ice. These growths were observed even at very low light intensities of 0.4 uEm-2s-2. Light variations in the ice were linked by snow metamorphism and snow melting at the surface