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1

Beer, Gerald. Topologies on Closed and Closed Convex Sets. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8149-3.

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2

Beer, Gerald Alan. Topologies on closed and closed convex sets. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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3

Jung, A. Cartesian closed categories of domains. Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, 1989.

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4

Molchanov, Ilya S. Limit Theorems for Unions of Random Closed Sets. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0073527.

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5

Khan, M. Ali. On sufficient conditions for the sum of two weak * closed convex sets to be weak * closed. College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985.

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6

Neubauer, Andreas. Tikhonov-regularization of ill-posed linear operator equations on closed convex sets. VWGÖ, 1986.

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7

Wingren, Peter. Lipschitz spaces on closed sets, polynomial interpolation, linear projections and local approximation. Dept., Univ., 1987.

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8

Topologies On Closed And Closed Convex Sets. Springer, 2010.

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9

Topologies on Closed and Closed Convex Sets. Springer Nature, 1993.

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10

Molchanov, Ilya S. Limit Theorems for Unions of Random Closed Sets. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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11

seese, Lillian Marie. semi-open and semi-closed sets and related. 2000.

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12

Limit theorems for unions of random closed sets. Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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13

(Editor), André Jones, Arnold Kaufmann (Editor), and Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann (Editor), eds. Fuzzy Sets Theory and Applications (NATO Science Series C: (closed)). Springer, 1986.

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14

Pruitt, Nicholas T. Open Hearts, Closed Doors: Immigration Reform and the Waning of Mainline Protestantism. New York University Press, 2021.

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15

(Editor), N. W. Sauer, R. E. Woodrow (Editor), and B. Sands (Editor), eds. Finite and Infinite Combinatorics in Sets and Logic (NATO Science Series C: (closed)). Springer, 1993.

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16

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Preliminaries. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0002.

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This chapter provides some background material on definable sets, definable types, orthogonality to a definable set, and stable domination, especially in the valued field context. It considers more specifically these concepts in the framework of the theory ACVF of algebraically closed valued fields and describes the definable types concentrating on a stable definable V as an ind-definable set. It also proves a key result that demonstrates definable types as integrals of stably dominated types along some definable type on the value group sort. Finally, it discusses the notion of pseudo-Galois c
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17

Edmunds, D. E., and W. D. Evans. Essential Spectra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812050.003.0009.

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In this chapter, various essential spectra are studied. For a closed operator in a Banach space, a number of different sets have been used for the essential spectrum, the sets being identical for a self-adjoint operator in a Hilbert space. As well as the essential spectra, the changes that occur when the operator is perturbed are discussed. Constant-coefficient differential operators are studied in detail.
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18

Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Generating the Mapping Class Group. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0005.

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This chapter considers the Dehn–Lickorish theorem, which states that when g is greater than or equal to 0, the mapping class group Mod(Sɡ) is generated by finitely many Dehn twists about nonseparating simple closed curves. The theorem is proved by induction on genus, and the Birman exact sequence is introduced as the key step for the induction. The key to the inductive step is to prove that the complex of curves C(Sɡ) is connected when g is greater than or equal to 2. The simplicial complex C(Sɡ) is a useful combinatorial object that encodes intersection patterns of simple closed curves in Sɡ.
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19

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Definable compactness. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0004.

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This chapter describes the notion of definable compactness for subsets of unit vector V. One of the main results is Theorem 4.2.20, which establishes the equivalence between being definably compact and being closed and bounded. The chapter gives a general definition of definable compactness that may be useful when the definable topology has enough definable types. The o-minimal formulation regarding limits of curves is replaced by limits of definable types. The chapter relates definable compactness to being closed and bounded and shows that the expected properties hold. In particular, the imag
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20

The European closed seas: Environmental status and solutions for the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Black Seas : proceedings, June 2-3, 1993, Thessaloniki, Greece. UETP-EEE, 1994.

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21

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Specializations and ACV2F. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0009.

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This chapter introduces the theory ACV²F of iterated places and describes some algebraic criteria for v- and g-continuity. It considers the theory ACV²F of triples (K₂,K₁,K₀) of fields with surjective, non-injective places rᵢⱼ : Kᵢ → Kⱼ for i > j, r₂₀ = r₁₀ ° r₂₁, such that K₂ is algebraically closed. The chapter shows that the family of g-open sets is definable in definable families. It also presents some applications of the continuity criteria and concludes by proving that for each definable set of definable functions V → Wsuperscript Number Sign the subset of those that are g-continuous
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22

Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker. Deals and Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0001.

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This chapter sets out the deals and development framework, a conceptual framework which offers a new way to analyse growth. The framework focuses on analysing the political settlement within a country and the rent space, i.e. which individuals receive the returns to assets and how. The processes of how deals are made between economic and political elites are discussed, and open or closed and ordered or disordered deals distinguished. The framework highlights the interconnectedness of these three ‘variables’ and shows how changes in either the political settlement, rent space or deals space aff
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23

Bradbury, Alice. Ability, Inequality and Post-Pandemic Schools. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447346616.001.0001.

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The Covid-19 pandemic closed schools, but this hiatus provides an opportunity to rethink the fundamental principles of our education system. This book examines how, before the pandemic, the education system assumed that ability is measurable and innate, and how this myth of meritocracy reinforced educational inequalities. Since the Covid crisis began, educational inequality has become a central issue. Inspired by a project on grouping practices based on ‘ability’, the book analyses how the recent educational developments of datafication and neuroscience have reinvigorated ideas about how we cl
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24

Sen, Kunal, and Matthew Tyce. The Politics of Structural (De)Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0010.

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The chapter sets out the similarities between Thailand and Malaysia’s patterns of economic growth and political settlements. Both countries have witnessed strong economic growth since the 1960s to the late 1990s, followed by a period of growth deceleration which continues to the present day. In both countries, a dualistic deal environment existed where closed deals were offered to the powerbrokers and rentiers within both economies while open deals were offered for magicians. This allowed both countries to preserve rents for economic elites which maintained political stability while accelerati
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25

Downey, Rod, and Noam Greenberg. A Hierarchy of Turing Degrees. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691199665.001.0001.

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Computability theory is a branch of mathematical logic and computer science that has become increasingly relevant in recent years. The field has developed growing connections in diverse areas of mathematics, with applications in topology, group theory, and other subfields. This book introduces a new hierarchy that allows them to classify the combinatorics of constructions from many areas of computability theory, including algorithmic randomness, Turing degrees, effectively closed sets, and effective structure theory. This unifying hierarchy gives rise to new natural definability results for Tu
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26

Marmor, Andrei. Law, Fiction, and Reality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821977.003.0003.

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The underlying argument in this chapter is that law, like fiction, games, myth, and similar social constructions are compound intangible artifacts which create closed prefixed context; contexts in which the saying so makes it so, in that context. This chapter sets out to explore various ways in which people, that is, entire communities, can be mistaken about certain features of the artifacts they create and things about which no fundamental errors are possible. Basically, the point is that certain types of ontological errors about the nature of artifacts are possible, and in some contexts prev
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27

Ezell, Margaret J. M. Laws Regulating Publication, Speech, and Performance, 1645–1658. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198183112.003.0002.

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With the abolition of the Star Chamber and the High Commission, unlicensed printers increased in number and the Stationers’ Company lost control of censorship. There was a marked increase in pamphlet publication during the war years. In 1647 Parliament passed an act for the licensing and suppression of illegal printed. The London commercial theatres had earlier been closed by Parliament but illicit performances continued, even when the theatres including the Phoenix and the Fortune were dismantled. Puritan Parliament also passed numerous laws attempting to control blasphemy and heresy, which i
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28

Andersson, Jenny. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814337.003.0001.

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The book proposes that the Cold War period saw a key debate about the future as singular or plural. Forms of Cold War science depicted the future as a closed sphere defined by delimited probabilities, but were challenged by alternative notions of the future as a potentially open realm with limits set only by human creativity. The Cold War was a struggle for temporality between the two different future visions of the two blocs, each armed with its set of predictive technologies, but these were rivaled, from the 1960s on, by future visions emerging from decolonization and the emergence of a set
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29

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Applications to the topology of Berkovich spaces. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0014.

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This chapter presents various applications to the topology of classical Berkovich spaces. It deduces from the main theorem several new results on the topology of V(superscript an) which were not known previously in such a level of generality. In particular, it shows that V(superscript an) admits a strong deformation retraction to a subspace homeomorphic to a finite simplicial complex and that V(superscript an) is locally contractible. The chapter also proves the existence of strong retractions to skeleta for analytifications of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties and goes on to pro
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30

Nichols, Johanna. Polysynthesis and Head Marking. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.2.

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Polysynthetic languages are mostly head-marking. But the great majority of polysynthetic languages come from what I will call the Greater Pacific Rim (GPR) population, where the head-marking type is extremely common compared to the rest of the world. Is head marking a genuine distinctive property of polysynthetic languages, or a conspicuous accident of geography that is equally common in non-polysynthetic languages of the GPR? A typological survey shows that polysynthesis entails open head marking: either verbal slots and/or their fillers are not a closed set. Polysynthesis is conditioned by g
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31

Montgomery, Erwin B. Discrete Neural Oscillators. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0017.

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The therapeutic mechanisms of action of DBS likely involve neural and neuronal oscillators. “Neuronal oscillators” describes periodic fluctuations of electrical potentials across the neuronal membrane, particularly in the soma, which is reflected in an action-potential-initiating segment. “Neural oscillators” describes closed loop (feedback) multi-neuronal polysynaptic circuits, on account of the propagations of action potentials through the circuit. Neural oscillators are the focus of this chapter. The features, properties and dyanmics introduced in Chapter 16 – Basic Oscillators are extended
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32

Balcerowicz, Piotr. Jayarāśi Against the Philosophers. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.21.

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Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (c.800–840), one of the most original Indian philosophers, a skeptic with a strong affiliation to the materialists, launches a devastating project against all philosophical schools: to demonstrate the existence of inherent flaws in any philosophical system one may construct. He does this by demonstrating systemic inconsistencies primarily involving the mutual dependence of our knowledge, on the one hand, and the means and categories, epistemic and ontological, we adopt in order to establish its validity and certitude, on the other. The upshot is that no consistent philosophical
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33

Langston, Joy K. Changes to Candidate Selection and Political Recruitment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0007.

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This chapter examines how the PRI’s candidate selection and recruitment changed from the hegemonic to the democratic era to capture how electoral competition strengthened the governors at the expense the corporatist sectors and other PRI groups. Under hegemony, the president controlled (through choosing or vetoing) which PRI politician appeared on the ballot, and thus could punish or benefit ambitious politicians within the wide-flung coalition. Once competition grew, however, a candidate’s popularity with voters began to weigh on these decisions and governors began to demand control over nomi
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34

M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Residues. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0010.

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This chapter deals with the residues of a Bruhat-Tits building whose building at infinity is an exceptional quadrangle. It begins with the remark that if Λ‎ is an arbitrary quadratic space of type Eℓ for ℓ = 6, 7 or 8 or of typeF₄ over a field K that is complete with respect to a discrete valuation, and if in the F4-case the subfield F is closed with respect to this valuation and if Δ‎ is the corresponding Moufang quadrangle of type Eℓ or F₄, then there always exists a unique affine building Ξ‎ such that Δ‎ is the building at infinity of Ξ‎ with respect to its complete system of apartments. Th
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35

Delgado, Melvin. When the Lord's House Closes. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780197767917.001.0001.

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Abstract The nation’s future rests on how well cities respond to demographic, ecological, economic, and political trends or challenges. These are not unique to the United States but are profoundly obvious in this country, especially in its inner cities. That includes buildings that have closed, churches and otherwise. Many forces can make church buildings redundant; religion is declining globally due to modernization, largely fed by secularization. Church closures are manifested differently in cities compared to their rural counterparts, with implications for how the nation views these closure
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36

Beitler, Ruth Margolies, and Sarah M. Gerstein. Women and the Military. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216036876.

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This addition to the Women and Society around the World series explores the roles, challenges, and accomplishments of women in the military in countries across the globe. Around the world, millions of men serve in their countries' militaries, be it on land, on the seas, or in the air. But while many militaries have opened all positions to women, even those on the front lines, others remain closed. Countries have cited a number of reasons for their policies, including changing views of women and the military, conscription, and economic and demographic trends. Written by a professor of comparati
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37

Jacobson, Matthew Frye. The Historian's Eye. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649665.001.0001.

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Between 2009 and 2013, as the nation contemplated the historic election of Barack Obama and endured the effects of the Great Recession, Matthew Frye Jacobson set out with a camera to explore and document what was discernible to the "historian's eye" during this tumultuous period. Having collected several thousand images, Jacobson began to reflect on their raw, informal immediacy alongside the recognition that they comprised an archive of a moment with unquestionable historical significance. This book presents more than 100 images alongside Jacobson's recollections of their moments of creation
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38

McDonald, Lee Martin. The Formation of the Biblical Canon. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567668875.

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Lee Martin McDonald provides a magisterial overview of the development of the biblical canon — the emergence of the list of individual texts that constitutes the Christian bible. In these two volumes – in sum more than double the length of his previous works – McDonald presents his most in-depth overview to date. McDonald shows students and researchers how the list of texts that constitute ‘the bible’ was once far more fluid than it is today and guides readers through the minefield of different texts, different versions, and the different lists of texts considered ‘canonical’ that abounded in
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39

Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. The Case of the Camera in the Kitchen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0012.

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In the summer of 2007, a member of the Rationality Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem took it upon himself to install a closed-circuit TV camera in the Center’s kitchen. An email explained that the camera was installed in an effort to solve the problem of cleanness in the kitchen. The camera was removed a week later: within this week, the members of the Center exchanged close to 120 emails among themselves, expressing their opinions for and against the camera, and discussing related issues. Taking off from this exchange, this article explores some of the surprisingly rich set of norm
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40

Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. Reform Impulses in a Bipolar Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.003.0015.

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This chapter describes the far reaching changes as a result of which the Indian education system ceased to be almost exclusively public funded and closed system, how these far reaching changes were not steered by any policy of the Government, and how the policy has to catch up to do. It describes how the early initiatives of the Manmohan Government aroused great hopes that higher education was poised for remarkable transformation, and how these hopes were dashed as the Prime Minister was only a minor centre of power and could not prevail upon Arjun Singh to accept the ambitious reform agenda d
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41

Keenan, Sheri Jenkins, ed. Transferring of America’s Youth. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978733183.

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A separate juvenile justice system was established in the United States in 1899 with a goal of diverting juvenile offenders from the harsh punishments of the adult criminal court, and encouraging rehabilitation based on the individual needs of the offender. This new juvenile court was set up as a civil or chancery court with informal proceedings and discretion left to the juvenile court judge. Furthermore, juvenile court proceedings were closed to the public and juvenile records were to remain confidential. However, as the decades progressed juveniles became increasingly involved in more serio
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42

Kay, Tamara, and R. L. Evans. Trade Battles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847432.001.0001.

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How did activists create a dynamic broad-based movement during NAFTA negotiations that politicized trade, making it a contentious issue for the first time in history? And how did their NAFTA mobilization influence trade policy and set the stage for future battles over trade? Trade Battles answers these questions using data from over 200 in-depth interviews, contributing to a vibrant and burgeoning literature that tries to understand how civil society shapes state policy. Trade Battles shows how activists created a new set of institutionalized and disruptive strategies around trade that leverag
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43

Pentiuc, Eugen J., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Orthodox Christianity. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190948658.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Orthodox Christianity investigates the various ways in which Orthodox Christian, i.e., Eastern and Oriental communities have received, shaped, and interpreted the Christian Bible. The introduction, “Balancing Tradition with Modernity,” sets the tone and scope of the volume, and is followed by five parts. Part I, “Text”: The Orthodox Church has never codified the Septuagint or any other textual witnesses as its authoritative text. Textual fluidity and pluriformity, a characteristic of Orthodoxy, is demonstrated by the various ancient and modern Bible translat
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44

Holmes, Sean P. Protecting the High-Minded Actor and the High-Minded Manager in Equal Part. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037481.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the long-term implications of the unionization of the legitimate theater. It begins with an analysis of the debate that took place within the Actors' Equity Association (AEA) in the early 1920s over where in labor's many-mansioned house its members should reside. Equity leaders distanced themselves not only from the radicalism of the left but also from the “pure-and-simple” craft unionism that was the bedrock of the American Federation of Labor, equating it with wage scales that were set without regard for merit and a closed-shop tradition that restricted access to unioni
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45

Cortazzi, Hugh. Georges Bigot and Japan 1882-1889. Edited by Christian Polak. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781898823766.

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Incorporating over 250 illustrations, this is the first comprehensive study in English of French artist and caricaturist George Ferdinand Bigot (1860-1927) who, during the last two decades of the nineteenth century, was renowned in Japan but barely known in his own country. Even today, examples of his cartoons appear in Japanese school textbooks. Inspired by what he saw of Japanese culture and way of life at the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1878, Bigot managed to find his way to Japan in 1882 and immediately set about developing his career as an artist working in pen and ink, watercolours a
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46

Maisel, Sebastian, and John Shoup. Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today. Greenwood, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216010937.

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This extremely timely and helpful ready reference will familiarize all students and readers with the Gulf region and Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Dubai, the UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Yemen, and Qatar. These states are bound by the desert culture, the Gulf, new oil economy, and Islam, to name some commonalities. Most Americans know something about the region, such as oases, dates, camels, oil, Bedouin tribes, and the legends of Lawrence of Arabia to Osama bin Laden. Islamic concepts and practices are still unfamiliar. On one extreme, Saudi Arabia, the cradle of Islam, has been largely closed off to Western
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