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1
Luu, Thi Thanh An, and John R. Baker. "Exploring Consumers’ Purchase Intention of rPET Bottle-Based Apparel in an Emerging Economy." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010022.
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This study investigated the applicability (generalizability) of utilizing a partial least squares (PLS) model previously posed to predict consumer purchase intention (PI) of recycled plastics-sourced apparel in a developed economy to predict PI in an emerging economy. To explore the original model’s generalizability, 495 Vietnam residents were surveyed via social media platforms (SMPs). Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) path analysis, it was found that three factors significantly affect PI (quality, sustainability, safety), albeit not the same organization of factors found to be significant in the original model. Thus, it is argued that consumer PI in emerging economies may not be entirely congruent with that of developing economies. As prior research of consumer PI of apparel made from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) bottle fibers in emerging economies is limited, the results of this study, in support of open innovation, provide practical suggestions for marketers and a starting point for future investigations and discussions. The paper also discusses the findings’ relevancy to other contexts and poses suggestions for further study.
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Benelli, Luca. "Anmerkungen zu einigen Papyruskommentaren zu Pindar." Mnemosyne 66, no. 4-5 (2013): 616–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341150.
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Abstract This article will discuss, in two separate parts, two different ancient commentaries on Pindar. The first, P. Berol. 13875, may be an abbreviated version of an original commentary of Didymos: the words πελε- / κυφ̣[ό]ρ̣αν ἵππον (P. Berol. 13875 ll. 9-10 = Pi. Fr. Dub. 339a M.) represent a fragment of Simonides, not of Pindar. The source of Schol. in Pi. N. 4.3/5 may be an abbreviated version of Theon’s commentary on Pindar. In the second part of the article, some passages of the P. Oxy. 2451 A Fr. 2, the second commentary, will be discussed. Pi. I. 3 and 4 are two different victory odes. Thematic similarities or repetitions of individual words between the end of a poem and beginning of the following poem can also be found in the corpus of other lyric poets, especially in Sappho. Only with the order of the manuscripts do the similarities and repetitions between the end of Pi. I. 3 and the beginning of Pi. I. 4 become clear: this may have been the intention of the original Alexandrian editors.
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Luu, Thi Thanh An, and John R. Baker. "Exploring Consumers’ Purchase Intention of rPET Bottle-Based Apparel in an Emerging Economy." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010022.
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This study investigated the applicability (generalizability) of utilizing a partial least squares (PLS) model previously posed to predict consumer purchase intention (PI) of recycled plastics-sourced apparel in a developed economy to predict PI in an emerging economy. To explore the original model’s generalizability, 495 Vietnam residents were surveyed via social media platforms (SMPs). Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) path analysis, it was found that three factors significantly affect PI (quality, sustainability, safety), albeit not the same organization of factors found to be significant in the original model. Thus, it is argued that consumer PI in emerging economies may not be entirely congruent with that of developing economies. As prior research of consumer PI of apparel made from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) bottle fibers in emerging economies is limited, the results of this study, in support of open innovation, provide practical suggestions for marketers and a starting point for future investigations and discussions. The paper also discusses the findings’ relevancy to other contexts and poses suggestions for further study.
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Chavez, Dario J., Eileen A. Kabelka, and José X. Chaparro. "Screening of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne Germplasm for Crown Rot Resistance to Floridian Isolates of Phytophthora capsici Leonian." HortScience 46, no. 4 (April 2011): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.4.536.
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Phytophthora capsici causes seedling death, crown and root rot, fruit rot, and foliar blight on squash and pumpkins (Cucurbita spp. L.). A total of 119 C. moschata accessions, from 39 geographic locations throughout the world, and a highly susceptible butternut squash cultivar, Butterbush, were inoculated with a suspension of three highly virulent P. capsici isolates from Florida to identify resistance to crown rot. Mean disease rating (DR) of the C. moschata collection ranged from 1.4 to 5 (0 to 5 scale with 0 resistant and 5 susceptible). Potential resistant and tolerant individuals were identified in the C. moschata collection. A set of 18 PIs from the original screen were rescreened for crown rot resistance. This rescreen produced similar results as the original screen (r = 0.55, P = 0.01). The accessions PI 176531, PI 458740, PI 442266, PI 442262, and PI 634693 were identified with lowest rates of crown infection with a mean DR less than 1.0 and/or individuals with DR = 0. Further selections from these accessions could be made to develop Cucurbita breeding lines and cultivars with resistance to crown rot caused by P. capsici.
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Isobe, Daishin, Noriyuki Hori, Shin Kawai, Keisuke Yagi, and Triet Nguyen-Van. "Digital Control of a Stepping Motor for Eliminating Rotation Speed Fluctuations Using Adaptive Gains." Electronics 10, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111335.
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Nowadays, stepping motors are usually used as precise actuators in various new scientific fields, such as syringe pumps, blood analyzers, and bio-3D printers. Controlling rotation of the stepping motor without speed fluctuation under no-load conditions plays an important role in improving the accuracy of the machine’s drive. This paper proposes a digital control method for a five-phase hybrid stepping motor. The proposed controller includes an original control loop and a PI adaptive integration gain control loop. The original digital control loop is redesigned from the analog controller by using the direct PIM method. The PI adaptive control loop is added to the original control loop in a parallel way to remove a steady deviation of the motor and suppress a physical saturation factor inside the plant. Lyapunov stability theory is used to prove a stability condition of the PI regulator gains. Experimental results show that the proposed controller can suppress the chattering caused by the switching structure and gives performances as good as that of the commercial analog controller in a high rotation speed range without fluctuation.
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Alam, S. M. M. "Preparation of Polyimide-Clay Nanocomposites and Their Performance." Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (April 23, 2009): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2297.
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A series of polyimide (PI)-organically modified clay nanocomposites were made to enhance tensile modulus, thermal stability of PI. PI was made from 3, 3', 4, 4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), p-phenylediamine (PDA). Montmorillonite (MMT), one type of layered clay, was treated by dodecylamine salt. XRD indicated that organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) layers were exfoliated and dispersed into PI-film. Tensile measurements indicated that small amount of OMMT (up to 3%) increased tensile modulus nicely. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the nano-composites are higher than those of pristine PI. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that nanocomposites have higher decomposition temperatures in comparison with the original PI. Keywords: Polyimide; Organically modified clay; Nanocomposites; Dodecylamine. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2297
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Felix Stephen, S., and Dr I. Jacob Raglend. "Voltage Regulation Using STATCOM with PI and Adaptive PI Controls." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.1 (August 4, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.1.17082.
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In power systems, voltage instability problems occur due to its continuous demand in heavily loaded networks. So it is essential to stabilize the voltage levels in power systems. The stabilization of power systems can be improved by Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. One of the FACTS devices named Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) injects the compensating current in phase quadrature with line voltage and replicate as inductive reactance to produce capacitive power for the AC grid or as capacitive reactance to draw inductive power from the AC grid for controlling power flow in the line. This paper proposes Adaptive PI control over conventional PI that normally self-adjusts the controller gains under disturbances and helps in improving the performance and attaining a preferred response, irrespective of the change of working conditions. The work is implemented under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. This method performs more efficient than the original PI with fixed control gains and also improves the system response speed consistently.
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Widrick, Jeffrey J. "Effect of Pi on unloaded shortening velocity of slow and fast mammalian muscle fibers." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 282, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): C647—C653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00186.2001.
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Chemically skinned muscle fibers, prepared from the rat medial gastrocnemius and soleus, were subjected to four sequential slack tests in Ca2+-activating solutions containing 0, 15, 30, and 0 mM added Pi. Pi (15 and 30 mM) had no effect on the unloaded shortening velocity ( V o) of fibers expressing type IIb myosin heavy chain (MHC). For fibers expressing type I MHC, 15 mM Pi did not alter V o, whereas 30 mM Pireduced V o to 81 ± 1% of the original 0 mM Pi value. This effect was readily reversible when Pi was lowered back to 0 mM. These results are not compatible with current cross-bridge models, developed exclusively from data obtained from fast fibers, in which V o is independent of Pi. The response of the type I fibers at 30 mM Pi is most likely the result of increased internal drag opposing fiber shortening resulting from fiber type-specific effects of Pi on cross bridges, the thin filament, or the rate-limiting step of the cross-bridge cycle.
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DRAGOS, JONATHON, and CHENGQING WU. "A NEW APPROACH TO DERIVE NORMALIZED PRESSURE IMPULSE CURVES FOR ELASTIC MEMBERS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 07, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431113500164.
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A pressure impulse (PI) diagram is a useful preliminary design tool for structural members against blasts. An extensive amount of investigation has been undertaken to generalize PI curves, using single degree of freedom (SDOF) theory, for elastic structural members. In this study, a new original approach also using SDOF theory, relying on the concept of effective pulse shape, is presented for determining a PI curve for any elastic member. The advantage of this approach is that it can be applied to any given type of blast load. The techniques and equations involved in this approach are outlined. Then, to assess the accuracy of this approach, elastic normalized PI curves generated using the new approach are compared against those obtained using the traditional methods. Finally, this approach is compared against other simplified techniques for determining elastic normalized PI curves.
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Wang, Da Ming, Xiao Gang Zhao, He Jia, Xiao Hui Yu, Qing Ming Li, Li Na Wang, Hong Wei Zhou, Guo Dong Dang, and Chun Hai Chen. "Toughening of Thermosetting Resins with Thermoplastic Polyimide: Thermal, Morphological, and Mechanical Characterization." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1330.
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Synthesize a thermoplastic polyimide (TP-PI) by 4, 4’-Bisphenol A dianhydride (BPADA) and 4, 4’-diaminodiphenyl ether(ODA) to toughen thermosetting polyimide(TS-PI) of BPADA and 3-aminophenylacetylene (APA) system. Improve the toughness of matrix resin by control morphology of blends. The results show that the system has been phase separation, TP-PI as a continuous phase, blends is part miscibility or immiscibility. Compose materials anysis show that the adhesion of resin and fiber have been improved, toughness of resin-based composite materials has been improved at the same time without sacrificing original thermal properties and modulus.
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Jones, K. H., and J. A. Senft. "An improved method to determine cell viability by simultaneous staining with fluorescein diacetate-propidium iodide." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 33, no. 1 (January 1985): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/33.1.2578146.
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A rapid, simultaneous double-staining procedure using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and propidium iodide (PI) is described for use in the determination of cell viability in cell suspension. Air-dried slide preparations can be made from the cell suspensions so that an accurate estimate of the viability of the cells in the original suspension can be made up to 1 week later. Viable cells fluoresce bright green, while nonviable cells are bright red. Furthermore, when FDA-PI staining is compared to trypan blue dye exclusion as a method to determine cell viability, FDA-PI is found to be more consistent over prolonged periods of exposure to the dyes. Therefore, double staining with FDA-PI is a rapid, convenient, and reliable method to determine cell viability.
12
Li, Jin, and Liu Yang. "Adaptive PI-Based Sliding Mode Control for Nanopositioning of Piezoelectric Actuators." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/357864.
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This paper proposes an adaptive proportion-integral (PI)-based sliding mode control design (APISMC) used for nanopositioning of piezoelectric actuators (PEAs). Nonlinearities, mainly hysteresis, can drastically degrade the system performance. As well as the model imperfection, hysteresis can be treated as uncertainties of the system. These uncertainties can be addressed by sliding mode control (SMC) since SMC is promising for positioning and tracking control. To further improve the response speed, suppress chattering, and reduce the steady-state error, the adaptive PI-based SMC is employed to replace the discontinuous control. Actually, the adaptive PI-based SMC offers a fast convergence of the sliding surface. Further, another advantage of the proposed controller lies in that its implementation only requires the online tuning PI parameters without acquiring the knowledge of bounds on system uncertainties. A linear second-order system is utilized as the estimated model to compensate for the process nonlinearity and estimate the control gain. The robust stability of the APISMC is proved through a Lyapunov stability analysis. Simulation results demonstrate that the modified SMC is superior to the original one for both positioning and tracking applications. Compared with the original, the proposed controller provides better performance—less chattering, faster response, and higher precision.
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Sahu, Prakash Chandra, and Ramesh Chandra Prusty. "Stability Analysis in RECS Integrated Multi-area AGC System with Modified- SOS Optimized Fuzzy Controller." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 12, no. 6 (November 22, 2019): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096511666180904113130.
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Background: Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of multi-area nonlinear power system integrated with wind energy based Renewable Energy Conversion System (RECS). Methods: A fuzzy PID controller has been proposed for AGC of a three equal area thermal system integrated with RECS. Different physical nonlinear constraints like Governor Dead Band (GDB) and boiler dynamics are introduced in the model for realization of non linear and realistic of proposed multi area power system. To determine the optimum gain parameter, a Modified Symbiotic Organism Search (M-SOS) algorithm has been used along with a fitness function which based on Integral of Time Multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE). Results: For performance analysis, the performance of proposed M-SOS optimized fuzzy-PID controller is compared with PI, PID and fuzzy PI controllers. For technique comparison, performance of proposed M-SOS technique is compared with original SOS and conventional PSO algorithms. Robustness of proposed controller has also been verified by varying applied load and system parameters. Conclusion: It is observed that M-SOS technique exhibits improved performance over original SOS and PSO algorithms. It is also observed that proposed Fuzzy-PID controller provides better system performance than PI, PID and fuzzy PI controllers. It has been observed that the proposed M-SOS tuned fuzzy PID controller improves settling time of frequency response in area 1 by 11.30%, 15% and 17.75% compared to M-SOS tuned fuzzy PI, PID and PI controllers respectively. Significant improvements in settling time, peak overshoot and peak undershoot of the frequency response in area 2 and tie line power are observed with the implementation this proposed approach.
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Haber, Tobias, Pascal Striebel, Bruno Ismer, and Juraj Melichercik. "Plug-in circuit board for the Raspberry-Pi microcomputer to reproduce multi-channel original electrocardiograms." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0141.
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AbstractCommercial simulators can only reproduce electrocardiograms (ECG) of the normal and diseased heart rhythm in a simplified waveform and with a low number of channels. With the presented project, the variety of digitally archived ECGs, recorded during electrophysiological examinations, should be made usable as original analogue signals for research and teaching purposes by the development of a special printed circuit board for the minicomputer “Raspberry-Pi “.
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Wu, Xiao, Ganglan Jiang, Yan Zhang, Lin Wu, Yanjiang Jia, Yaoyao Tan, Jingang Liu, and Xiumin Zhang. "Enhancement of Flame Retardancy of Colorless and Transparent Semi-Alicyclic Polyimide Film from Hydrogenated-BPDA and 4,4′-oxydianiline via the Incorporation of Phosphazene Oligomer." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010090.
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Enhancement of flame retardancy of a colorless and transparent semi-alicyclic polyimide (PI) film was carried out by the incorporation of phosphazene (PPZ) flame retardant (FR). For this purpose, PI-1 matrix was first synthesized from hydrogenated 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (HBPDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA). The soluble PI-1 resin was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to afford the PI-1 solution, which was then physically blended with PPZ FR with the loading amounts in the range of 0–25 wt.%. The PPZ FR exhibited good miscibility with the PI-1 matrix when its proportion was lower than 10 wt.% in the composite films. PI-3 composite film with the PPZ loading of 10 wt.% showed an optical transmittance of 75% at the wavelength of 450 nm with a thickness of 50 μm. More importantly, PI-3 exhibited a flame retardancy class of UL 94 VTM-0 and reduced total heat release (THR), heat release rate (HRR), smoke production rate (SPR), and rate of smoke release (RSR) values during combustion compared with the original PI-1 film. In addition, PI-3 film had a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.9%, which is much higher than that of PI-1 matrix (LOI: 20.1%). Finally, incorporation of PPZ FR decreased the thermal stability of the PI films. The 10% weight loss temperature (T10%) and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PI-3 film were 411.6 °C and 227.4 °C, respectively, which were lower than those of the PI-1 matrix (T10%: 487.3 °C; Tg: 260.6 °C)
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Martin, David C. "Local entropy edge detection in digital images." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 840–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100106260.
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Detection of edges in digital images is an important task for feature recognition and interpretation. Typically, edge detection schemes involve difference operators such as the gradient or Laplacian which depend on the rate of change of brightness in an image. Recently, Shiozaki has shown that a local entropy operator can be useful for edge detection in digital images. This method is simple, rapid, and the resulting image can be interpreted as a measure of the local “information” content of the original data. Here, we investigate the applicability of this approach to digital electron micrographs.The definition of the entropy for a probability distribution pi is S=-Σ pi in Pi. For an image, the conditional probabilities pi are defined as the fraction of total flux which is in a given pixel. If the intensity of the image at a pixel i is fi, then pi=fi/Σfi. The entropy has a maximum when all the Pi's are equal, corresponding to the case of least configurational information.
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Jensen, Sanne B., Stéphanie B. N. Serre, Daryl G. Humes, Santseharay Ramirez, Yi-Ping Li, Jens Bukh, and Judith M. Gottwein. "Substitutions at NS3 Residue 155, 156, or 168 of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes 2 to 6 Induce Complex Patterns of Protease Inhibitor Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 12 (September 21, 2015): 7426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01953-15.
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ABSTRACTVarious protease inhibitors (PIs) currently are becoming available for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). For genotype 1, substitutions at NS3 protease positions 155, 156, and 168 are the main determinants of PI resistance. For other genotypes, similar substitutions were selected during PI treatment but were not characterized systematically. To elucidate the impact of key PI resistance substitutions on genotypes 2 to 6, we engineered the substitutions R155A/E/G/H/K/Q/T, A156G/S/T/V, and D/Q168A/E/G/H/N/V into HCV recombinants expressing genotype 2 to 6 proteases. We evaluated viral fitness and sensitivity to nine PIs (telaprevir, boceprevir, simeprevir, asunaprevir, vaniprevir, faldaprevir, paritaprevir, deldeprevir, and grazoprevir) in Huh7.5 cells. We found that most variants showed decreased fitness compared to that of the original viruses. Overall, R155K, A156G/S, and D/Q168A/E/H/N/V variants showed the highest fitness; however, genotype 4 position 168 variants showed strong fitness impairment. Most variants tested were resistant to several PIs. Resistance levels varied significantly depending on the specific substitution, genotype, and PI. For telaprevir and boceprevir, specific 155 and 156, but not 168, variants proved resistant. For the remaining PIs, most genotype 2, 4, 5, and 6, but not genotype 3, variants showed various resistance levels. Overall, grazoprevir (MK-5172) had the highest efficacy against original viruses and variants. This is the first comprehensive study revealing the impact of described key PI resistance substitutions on fitness and PI resistance of HCV genotypes 2 to 6. In conclusion, the studied substitutions induced resistance to a panel of clinically relevant PIs, including the newer PIs paritaprevir, deldeprevir, and grazoprevir. We discovered complex patterns of resistance, with the impact of substitutions varying from increased sensitivity to high resistance.
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Tezikov, Yurii V., Igor' S. Lipatov, Lyudmila Yu Gogel, Amir R. Azamatov, and Valibek K. Ermetov. "COMBINED APPROACH TO CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY IN PERINATAL PERIOD: SETTING STANDARD IN DIAGNOSTIC AND OBSTETRIC MANAGEMENT." Science and Innovations in Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2019-4-1-8-15.
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Objectives - to implement both a new clinical classification of chronic placental insufficiency (CPI) and a new complex rating scale based on calculation of an integral indicator of compensatory-adaptive placental reactions in order to improve perinatal outcomes. Material and methods. We examined 154 pregnant women with high risk of severe placental insufficiency (PI) in whom the markers of apoptosis, endothelial dysfunction, cell transformation and energy exchange were detected in gestation weeks 18-24 and 28-38 via blood analysis. It served the basis for development of the CPI severity rating scale. Diagnostic correlations in 359 pregnant women with various clinical and morphological manifestation of chronic PI allowed us to develop an original method of diagnosing the severity of this complication. Results and Discussion. The sequential changes in placenta in CPI ("placenta dysfunction" ^ "decompensated PI" ^ "progressive decompensated PI" ^ "acute PI") formed the basis of a new CPI clinical classification. The final indicator was calculated according to the complex point scale. The indicator's value from 1 to 3 points corresponds to placental dysfunction; the decompensated PI is diagnosed at 4 to 9 points; at 10 to 13 points - progressive decompensated PI; starting from 14 points - acute PI. The absence of PI is reported if the value of the final indicator scores zero. Conclusion. Setting a standard in the CPI diagnostic makes it 39% more accurate in severe PI, improves the perinatal outcomes by 60%, helps to avoid the disabling conditions in the neonates. High informativity and reliability of the developed PI severity rating diagnostic method was confirmed within the evidence-based medicine approach.
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Kantor, Rami, W. Jeffrey Fessel, Andrew R. Zolopa, Dennis Israelski, Nancy Shulman, Jose G. Montoya, Michael Harbour, Jonathan M. Schapiro, and Robert W. Shafer. "Evolution of Primary Protease Inhibitor Resistance Mutations during Protease Inhibitor Salvage Therapy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 4 (April 2002): 1086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.4.1086-1092.2002.
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ABSTRACT In order to track the evolution of primary protease inhibitor (PI) resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates, baseline and follow-up protease sequences were obtained from patients undergoing salvage PI therapy who presented initially with isolates containing a single primary PI resistance mutation. Among 78 patients meeting study selection criteria, baseline primary PI resistance mutations included L90M (42% of patients), V82A/F/T (27%), D30N (21%), G48V (6%), and I84V (4%). Despite the switching of treatment to a new PI, primary PI resistance mutations present at the baseline persisted in 66 of 78 (85%) patients. D30N persisted less frequently than L90M (50% versus 100%, respectively; P < 0.001) and V82A/F/T (50% versus 81%, respectively; P = 0.05). HIV-1 isolates from 38 (49%) patients failing PI salvage therapy developed new primary PI resistance mutations including L90M, I84V, V82A, and G48V. Common combinations of primary and secondary PI resistance mutations after salvage therapy included mutations at amino acid positions 10, 82, and 46 and/or 54 in 16 patients; 10, 90, and 71 and/or 73 in 14 patients; 10, 73, 84, 90, and 46 and/or 54 in 5 patients; 10, 48, and 82 in 5 patients; and 30, 88 and 90 in 5 patients. In summary, during salvage PI therapy, most HIV-1 isolates with a single primary PI resistance mutation maintained their original mutations, and 49% developed additional primary PI resistance mutations. The persistence of L90M, V82A/F/T, G48V, and I84V during salvage therapy suggests that these mutations play a role in clinical resistance to multiple PIs.
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Konda, M., M. Tanaka, M. Miyamoto, Y. Kimura, and A. Yamaguchi. "Miscibility, Morphology and Tensile Properties of the Melt Blends of Liquid Crystalline Polyimide (PI-LC) with Two Different Thermoplastic Polyimides: Semicrystalline Polyimide (N-TPI) and Amorphous Poly(Ether-Imide) (PEI)." High Performance Polymers 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/10/1/011.
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A liquid crystalline polyimide (poly[1, 3-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)-α, α-dimethylbenzyl]benzene pyromellitimide]: PI-LC) was blended with two kinds of thermoplastic polyimide: poly[3, 3′-(4, 4′-dioxybiphenyl)diphenylene pyromellitimide] (N-TPI) which is a semicrystalline polyimide having a melting point of 388 °C and poly[2, 2′-bis(3, 4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenylpropane-2-phenylene bisimide] (PEI) which is an amorphous poly(etherimide) having a glass transition temperature at 220 °C. The miscibility of N-TPI and PI-LC was evaluated by DSC using enthalpy relaxation, and the phase diagram of their blend was drawn above the melting point of N-TPI. The result indicated that the PI-LC-rich blend was miscible in a wide range of compositions. However, the extruded samples of their blend, which had been prepared under a flow of high shear, showed a phase separation structure. In the other combination of PEI and PI-LC, the blend was immiscible, but at low composition of PI-LC their blend fibre showed higher tensile properties than the original PEI fibre.
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Jiang, Gang-lan, Dong-yang Wang, Hao-peng Du, Xiao Wu, Yan Zhang, Yao-yao Tan, Lin Wu, Jin-gang Liu, and Xiu-min Zhang. "Reduced Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion of Colorless and Transparent Semi-Alicyclic Polyimide Films via Incorporation of Rigid-Rod Amide Moiety: Preparation and Properties." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020413.
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Semi-alicyclic colorless and transparent polyimide (CPI) films usually suffer from the high linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) due to the intrinsic thermo-sensitive alicyclic segments in the polymers. A series of semi-alicyclic CPI films containing rigid-rod amide moieties were successfully prepared in the current work in order to reduce the CTEs of the CPI films while maintaining their original optical transparency and solution-processability. For this purpose, two alicyclic dianhydrides, hydrogenated pyromellitic anhydride (HPMDA, I), and hydrogenated 3,3’,4,4’-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (HBPDA, II) were polymerized with two amide-bridged aromatic diamines, 2-methyl-4,4’-diaminobenzanilide (MeDABA, a) and 2-chloro-4,4’-diaminobenzanilide (ClDABA, b) respectively to afford four CPI resins. The derived CPI resins were all soluble in polar aprotic solvents, including N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Flexible and tough CPI films were successfully prepared by casing the PI solutions onto glass substrates followed by thermally cured at elevated temperatures from 80 °C to 250 °C. The MeDABA derived PI-Ia (HPMDA-MeDABA) and PI-IIa (HBPDA-MeDABA) exhibited superior optical transparency compared to those derived from ClDABA (PI-Ib and PI-IIb). PI-Ia and PI-IIa showed the optical transmittances of 82.3% and 85.8% at the wavelength of 400 nm with a thickness around 25 μm, respectively. Introduction of rigid-rod amide moiety endowed the HPMDA-PI films good thermal stability at elevated temperatures with the CTE values of 33.4 × 10−6/K for PI-Ia and 27.7 × 10−6/K for PI-Ib in the temperature range of 50–250 °C. Comparatively, the HBPDA-PI films exhibited much higher CTE values. In addition, the HPMDA-PI films exhibited good thermal stability with the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) higher than 430 °C and glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the range of 349–351 °C.
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Jiang, Nan, Jian Wen Fan, and Guang Xing Tan. "Modeling and Simulating of PMSM Space Vector PWM Drive System Based on Fuzzy Immune PI Control Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 551 (May 2014): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.551.494.
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In order to improve the speed control performance of the PMSM(Permanent magnet synchronous motor) vector control system. Utilizing the mathematical model of the PMSM in the dq0 coordinates, and the basic principles of the SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) control method, a simulation model of the PMSM Space Vector Control System, which contains the double loop of speed and current, has been constructed based on the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation environment. According to the artificial immune feedback theory and the approximation of the nonlinear function in the immune feedback system, with the help of fuzzy logic, a fuzzy immune PI controller has been made and harnessed in the speed loop. Under the three conditions: steady load startup, speed abrupt change, and load abrupt change, a series of contradistinctive simulation experiments are conducted and compared with the original PI controller respectively. The experimental results showed that the SVPWM control method with the fuzzy immune PI controller can not only make the motor run steadily, but also give it a superior speed performance and torque control characteristics. In addition, the control performance of the fuzzy immune PI controller showed a dramatically improvement compared with that of the traditional PI controller.
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Ballhausen, W. G., A. B. Reske-Kunz, B. Tourvieille, P. S. Ohashi, J. R. Parnes, and T. W. Mak. "Acquisition of an additional antigen specificity after mouse CD4 gene transfer into a T helper hybridoma." Journal of Experimental Medicine 167, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.167.4.1493.
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We have transfected the mouse CD4 gene into a beef insulin (BI)-specific murine T helper hybridoma that lacks CD4 surface expression. The CD4-expressing transfectants have acquired an additional reactivity for pork insulin (PI), which was not detectable in the original recipient cell. The transfectants' response to PI can be completely abrogated by anti-CD4 antibodies. The transfected clone showed a 50-fold increased sensitivity towards BI in comparison to the same CD4- hybridoma. These experiments suggest that CD4 may be important in determining the antigen fine specificity and, therefore, may also play a role in altering the T cell repertoire.
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BEHARRY, Seelochan, and Philip D. BRAGG. "Phosphate exchange and ATP synthesis by DMSO-pretreated purified bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase." Biochemical Journal 353, no. 2 (January 8, 2001): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3530215.
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Purified soluble bovine mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase contained 2mol of ATP, 2mol of ADP and 6mol of Pi/mol. Incubation of this enzyme with 1mM [32P]Pi caused the exchange of 2mol of Pi/mol of F1Fo-ATP synthase. The labelled phosphates were not displaced by ATP. Transfer of F1Fo-ATP synthase to a buffer containing 30% (v/v) DMSO and 1mM [32P]Pi resulted in the loss of bound nucleotides with the retention of 1mol of ATP/mol of F1Fo-ATP synthase. Six molecules of [32P]Pi were incorporated by exchange with the existing bound phosphate. Removal of the DMSO by passage of the enzyme through a centrifuged column of Sephadex G-50 resulted in the exchange of one molecule of bound [32P]Pi into the bound ATP. Azide did not prevent this [32P]Pi ↔ ATP exchange reaction. The bound labelled ATP could be displaced from the enzyme by exogenous ATP. Addition of ADP to the DMSO-pretreated F1Fo-ATP synthase in the original DMSO-free buffer resulted in the formation of an additional molecule of bound ATP. It was concluded that following pretreatment with and subsequent removal of DMSO the F1Fo-ATP synthase contained one molecule of ATP at a catalytic site which was competent to carry out a phosphateŐATP exchange reaction using enzyme-bound inorganic radiolabelled phosphate. In the presence of ADP an additional molecule of labelled ATP was formed from enzyme-bound Pi at a second catalytic site. The bound phosphateŐATP exchange reaction is not readily accommodated by current mechanisms for the ATP synthase.
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Katsuya, Hiroo, Takeharu Yamanaka, Kenji Ishitsuka, Atae Utsunomiya, Hidenori Sasaki, Shuichi Hanada, Tetsuya Eto, et al. "A Prognostic Index for Acute and Lymphoma Type Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.1582.1582.
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Abstract Abstract 1582 Background: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a peripheral T-cell malignancy caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is endemic to the southwestern region of Japan, Caribbean basin, Central and South America, and western Africa. A previous report by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group-Lymphoma Study Group (JCOG-LSG) identified five prognostic factors: advanced performance status (PS), high lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), age of 40 years or older, total involved lesions, and hypercalcemia, based on an analysis of 854 patients with newly diagnosed ATL registered between 1983 and 1987. The JCOG-LSG then proposed 4 clinical subtypes: acute, lymphoma, chronic, and smoldering types. In general, the prognosis of acute and lymphoma type ATL is similarly very poor, whereas that of the chronic and smouldering types is better. It has come to the attention of clinicians that there are diverse clinical courses and treatment outcomes among patients with acute and lymphoma type ATL. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a prognostic index (PI) for a risk-adapted approach and improving the quality of clinical trials. The aim of this study was to develop the first PI for acute and lymphoma type ATL (ATL-PI). Patients and Methods: We conducted a nationwide retrospective survey of ATL patients who were newly diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2009, and 1,270 patients with acute and lymphoma type were registered. Fully eligible 807 individuals excluding patients who have received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were used for this analysis, and randomly split the dataset into training (n=404) and validation (n=403) samples. We applied a multivariable fractional polynomial model using continuous variables, and then developed the simplified one using dichotomizing variables. Results: The overall median survival time (MST) for 807 patients was 7.7 months. The Ann Arbor stage (I - II vs. III - IV), performance status (0–1 vs. 2–4), and the three continuous variables of age, serum albumin, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were identified as independent prognostic factors in the training sample. Using these variables, a prognostic model was devised to identify three groups at different levels of risk. In the validation sample, MSTs were 3.6, 7.3, and 16.2 months for patients at high, intermediate, and low risk, respectively (p<0.0001). ATL-PI = 0.65 (if Stage = III or IV) + 0.35 (if PS > 1) + 0.016 × Age (years) − 0.36 × Albumin (g/dL) + 0.37 × log10 (sIL2R (U/mL)) To make the scoring system simpler and clinically practicable, we also simplified the original ATL-PI by dichotomizing age at 70 years, serum albumin at 3.5 g/dL, and sIL-2R at 20,000 U/mL and subsequently fitted a multivariate Cox model based on these dichotomizations in the training sample. Then, we derived a simplified ATL-PI as follows: Simplified ATL-PI = 2 (if Stage = III or IV) + 1 (if PS > 1) + 1 (if Age > 70) + 1 (if Albmin < 3.5) + 1 (if sIL2R > 20,000) The scores from 0 to 2 were categorized into low risk group, 3 and 4 into intermediate risk, and from 5 to 6 into high risk group. This classification yielded a good separation of OS curves (p<0.0001), and high concordance to the original ATL-PI in the validation sample. Conclusion: We identified 5 prognostic factors in acute and lymphoma type ATL using a multivariable fractional polynomial model, and further simplified it with minimal loss of the original index. The ATL-PI enables us to distinguish 3 different groups by predicting OS at the time of diagnosis. The ATL-PI, the first PI for acute and lymphoma type ATL, may be a promising platform in consideration of the choice of optimal treatment by risk-stratification and for well-controlled clinical trials. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Chen, Xian Li, and Xin Tao Liu. "The Optimal Nonlinear PI Composed Control of Nonlinear Uncertain System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.549.
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An improved cooperative method to control a nonlinear uncertain system is raised in this paper. First, the optimal control law is introduced to attain the desired dynamics of the linear part of original system. Then, a nonlinear PI controller is used to remove the influence of uncertain unit. It is proved by simulation that this method is effective to control this special system and is easy to be carried in applications.
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Williams, J., K. M. Williams, and T. Marshall. "heterogeneity of creatine kinase isoenzyme MM in serum in myocardial infarction: interconversion of the "normal" and "abnormal" sub-bands by glutathione." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.5.775.
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Abstract We used isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gels to investigate the effects of glutathione on the sub-bands of serum creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MM in acute myocardial infarction. The intensity of the "abnormal" sub-bands c (pI 7.25), e (pI 6.85), and g (pI 6.50) increased, and that of the "normal" sub-bands 1 (pI 6.91), 2 (pI 6.65), and 3 (pI 6.35) decreased, following serum incubation with reduced glutathione (GSH, final concentration 1.25 mmol/L). Further incubation with oxidized glutathione (GSSG, final concentration 5 mmol/L) reversed this change and restored the original pattern, whereas GSSG at 7.5 mmol/L caused sub-bands c, e, and g to disappear and sub-bands 1, 2, and 3 to be enhanced. Sequential incubation of serum with 2.5 mmol of GSSG and 7.5 mmol of GSH per liter produced the opposite sequence of events; i.e., the "abnormal" sub-bands disappeared then reappeared (and GSH at 10 mmol/L enhanced their reappearance). At higher concentrations, glutathione (GSH or GSSG) impaired the detection of the CK-MM sub-bands after IEF, an effect that was "quenched" by heat-inactivated serum of low CK activity. Likewise, the intensity of tissue CK-MM (corresponding to myocardium extracted into 100 mmol/L Tris HCl buffer, pH 7.4) was greatly enhanced by adding heat-inactivated serum to the tissue extract before IEF. We discuss the significance of these findings for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
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DAYI, ÖMER F. "HAMILTONIAN FORMULATION OF JACKIW–PI THREE-DIMENSIONAL GAUGE THEORIES." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 24 (August 10, 1998): 1969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002072.
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A three-dimensional non-Abelian gauge theory was proposed by Jackiw and Pi to create mass for the gauge fields. However, the quadratic action obtained by switching off the non-Abelian interactions possesses more gauge symmetries than the original one, causing some difficulties in quantization. Jackiw and Pi proposed another action by introducing new fields, whose gauge symmetries are consistent with the quadratic part. It is shown that all of these theories have the same number of physical degrees of freedom in the Hamiltonian framework. Hence, as far as the physical states are considered, there is no inconsistency. Nevertheless, perturbation expansion is still problematic. To rectify this we propose to modify one of the constraints of the non-Abelian theory without altering its canonical Hamiltonian nor the number of physical states.
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Achinger, Piotr. "-neighborhoods and comparison theorems." Compositio Mathematica 151, no. 10 (June 5, 2015): 1945–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x15007319.
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A technical ingredient in Faltings’ original approach to$p$-adic comparison theorems involves the construction of$K({\it\pi},1)$-neighborhoods for a smooth scheme$X$over a mixed characteristic discrete valuation ring with a perfect residue field: every point$x\in X$has an open neighborhood$U$whose generic fiber is a$K({\it\pi},1)$scheme (a notion analogous to having a contractible universal cover). We show how to extend this result to the logarithmically smooth case, which might help to simplify some proofs in$p$-adic Hodge theory. The main ingredient of the proof is a variant of a trick of Nagata used in his proof of the Noether normalization lemma.
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Norman, Catalina, Jack A. Rall, Svetlana B. Tikunova, and Jonathan P. Davis. "Modulation of the rate of cardiac muscle contraction by troponin C constructs with various calcium binding affinities." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 4 (October 2007): H2580—H2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00039.2007.
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We investigated whether changing thin filament Ca2+ sensitivity alters the rate of contraction, either during normal cross-bridge cycling or when cross-bridge cycling is increased by inorganic phosphate (Pi). We increased or decreased Ca2+ sensitivity of force production by incorporating into rat skinned cardiac trabeculae the troponin C (TnC) mutants V44QTnCF27W and F20QTnCF27W. The rate of isometric contraction was assessed as the rate of force redevelopment ( ktr) after a rapid release and restretch to the original length of the muscle. Both in the absence of added Pi and in the presence of 2.5 mM added Pi 1) Ca2+ sensitivity of ktr was increased by V44QTnCF27W and decreased by F20QTnCF27W compared with control TnCF27W; 2) ktr at submaximal Ca2+ activation was significantly faster for V44QTnCF27W and slower for F20QTnCF27W compared with control TnCF27W; 3) at maximum Ca2+ activation, ktr values were similar for control TnCF27W, V44QTnCF27W, and F20QTnCF27W; and 4) ktr exhibited a linear dependence on force that was indistinguishable for all TnCs. In the presence of 2.5 mM Pi, ktr was faster at all pCa values compared with the values for no added Pi for TnCF27W, V44QTnCF27W, and F20QTnCF27W. This study suggests that TnC Ca2+ binding properties modulate the rate of cardiac muscle contraction at submaximal levels of Ca2+ activation. This result has physiological relevance considering that, on a beat-to-beat basis, the heart contracts at submaximal Ca2+ activation.
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Gustin, P., B. Detry, M. L. Cao, F. Chenut, A. Robert, M. Ansay, A. Frans, and T. Clerbaux. "Chloride and inorganic phosphate modulate binding of oxygen to bovine red blood cells." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.1.202.
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The influence of Pi and Cl on the equilibrium of oxygen binding to bovine red blood cells was assessed by plotting the whole blood oxygen dissociation curve measured under standard conditions with and without added KCl and K2HPO4. Both salts shifted the oxygen dissociation curve to the right. This effect was more marked at the highest saturation levels. At a given saturation level, the anion-induced shift was linearly related to the concentration of salt added to the blood. Cl had a greater effect than Pi. The relationship between changes in Po2 at 50% hemoglobin saturation (in Torr) and concentrations of ions added (in mmol/l) was equal to 0.0515[Cl] + 0.0302[Pi] (r2 = 0.94; P < 0.001). These changes were not due to the hyperosmolality induced by salt addition, since sucrose added in place of salts was without effect on the measured parameters. The oxygen exchange fraction expressed as percentage of saturation, i.e., the difference in hemoglobin saturation when Po2 decreases from 130 to 40 Torr, was linearly correlated to added anion concentration (in mmol/l) (= 0.102[Cl] + 0.059[Pi] (r2 = 0.95; P < 0.001)). No significant interaction between the anions was observed; their effects were purely additive. This original mechanism of controlling the oxygen affinity of bovine blood may have clinical relevance: Cl and Pi could be used to increase oxygen transport efficiency in hypoxic animals.
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DeSantis, R. M. "An Adaptive PI/Sliding Mode Controller for a Speed Drive." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3153069.
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A classical PI speed drive controller modified with the parallel addition of an on-off switching element appears to offer a potential for reasonable improvement over the performance of the original version. This improvement is obtained by combining classical transfer function techniques, sliding mode systems ideas, and self-tuning. While theoretical results, extended simulations, and preliminary experimental tests are encouraging, they do suggest that in actual industrial applications performance improvement may be conditioned by the usage of better performing open loop components.
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Katsuya, Hiroo, Takeharu Yamanaka, Kenji Ishitsuka, Atae Utsunomiya, Hidenori Sasaki, Shuichi Hanada, Tetsuya Eto, et al. "Prognostic Index for Acute- and Lymphoma-Type Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 14 (May 10, 2012): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.38.2101.
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Purpose The prognosis of acute- and lymphoma-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is poor, but there is marked diversity in survival outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop a prognostic index (PI) for acute- and lymphoma-type ATL (ATL-PI). Patients and Methods In a retrospective review, data from 807 patients newly diagnosed with acute- and lymphoma-type ATL between January 2000 and May 2009 were evaluated. We randomly divided subjects into training (n = 404) and validation (n = 403) samples, and developed a PI using a multivariable fractional polynomial model. Results Median overall survival time (MST) for the 807 patients was 7.7 months. The Ann Arbor stage (I and II v III and IV), performance status (0 to 1 v 2 to 4), and three continuous variables (age, serum albumin, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor [sIL-2R]) were identified as independent prognostic factors in the training sample. Using these variables, a prognostic model was devised to identify different levels of risk. In the validation sample, MSTs were 3.6, 7.3, and 16.2 months for patients at high, intermediate, and low risk, respectively (P < .001; χ2 = 89.7, 2 df; log-rank test). We also simplified the original ATL-PI according to dichotomizing age at 70 years, serum albumin at 3.5 g/dL, and sIL-2R at 20,000 U/mL and developed an easily calculable PI with prognostic discrimination power (P < .001; χ2 = 74.2, 2 df; log-rank test). Conclusion The ATL-PI is a promising new tool for identifying patients with acute- and lymphoma-type ATL at different risks.
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Faragó, István, Timotei István Erdei, Sándor Zolnai, and Géza Husi. "Design of an IoT Smart Meteorological Station Complete with Data Acquisition and Realizing Test Measurements in Cyber-Physical Robotics Lab." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.13.07.
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Abstract The presented project was completed using modern, widely used IoT based devices. These include the ESP-01 microcontroller, which is programmable using the Arduino IDE (with its integrated ESP8266 interpreter), and a Raspberry Pi Zero W single board computer, which requires a Raspbian Linux distribution. In this project, an original meteorological station was created (complete with data acquisition), employing various sensors.
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Corletto, Valentina, Paolo Verderio, Roberto Giardini, Sonia Cipriani, Silvana Di Palma, and Franco Rilke. "Evaluation of Residual Cellularity and Proliferation on Preoperatively Treated Breast Cancer: A Comparison between Image Analysis and Light Microscopy Analysis." Analytical Cellular Pathology 16, no. 2 (1998): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/630295.
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Histopathology has been suggested as a reliable method for tumour reduction evaluation of preoperatively treated breast cancer. Immunocytochemistry can be used to enhance the visibility of residual tumour cellularity and in the evaluation of its proliferative activity. We compared Image Analysis (IA) with Light Microscopy Analysis (LMA) on sections of breast carcinomas treated with preoperative chemo‐ or chemo/radiotherapy in the evaluation of the Neoplastic Cell Density (NCD) (69 cases) and the Proliferation Index (PI) (35 cases). NCD was expressed as the immunoreactive area to cytokeratin over the total original neoplastic area and PI was expressed as the number of immunostained tumoural nuclei with MIB1 MoAb over the total of tumoural nuclei. The intraobserver agreement and that between IA and LMA for both indices were estimated by the common (Kw) and the jackknife weighted kappa statistic (K˜w). The extent of agreement of each considered category was also assessed by means of the category‐specific kappa statistics (Kcs). The intraobserver agreement within LMA for NCD and PI and that between IA and LMA for PI were both satisfactory. Upon evaluation of the NCD, the agreement between IA and LMA showed unsatisfactory results, especially when the ratio between the residual tumour cells and the background was critical.
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Huang, Gongsheng, and Tin-Tai Chow. "Uncertainty shift in robust predictive control design for application in CAV air-conditioning systems." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 32, no. 4 (March 29, 2011): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624411399686.
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Constant-air-volume (CAV) air-conditioning systems consist mainly of two local processes: an air-handling process and a room temperature process. A robust model predictive control (RMPC) strategy was developed for CAV air-conditioning systems, which adopted two uncertain first-order plus time-delay models to describe the dynamics of the local processes and used a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based optimisation technique to optimise the control law. This paper develops a new control design, which reformulates the prediction models by shifting the uncertainties of the first model into the second one, and then uses the reformulated prediction models in the RMPC strategy. This paper will show that compared with the original design, the new control design can enhance the feasibility of the optimisation of control law, reduce the computational burden of the optimisation and also remove the requirement of a sensor for supply air temperature in the original design. Practical applications: The new design method is a further development of a RMPC strategy presented in Xu et al.13 It inherits the benefits of the original control design for practical application, i.e. uncertainties and constraints can be dealt with simultaneously in the design and the robustness of the controlled system can be enhanced. The new design improves the optimisation feasibility, reduces the computational complexity and does not need to measure the supply air temperature. When the new design is adopted to replace the traditional PI control, there is no necessity to change the existent input structure of the PI control. Hence, the new design can be realised in practice easier than the original design.
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Dandache, Serge, Guy Sévigny, Jocelyn Yelle, Brent R. Stranix, Neil Parkin, Jonathan M. Schapiro, Mark A. Wainberg, and Jinzi J. Wu. "In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Cross-Resistance Profile of PL-100, a Novel Protease Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 11 (July 16, 2007): 4036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00149-07.
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ABSTRACT Despite the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the current emergence and spread of drug-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stress the need for new inhibitors with distinct properties. We designed, produced, and screened a library of compounds based on an original l-lysine scaffold for their potentials as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PI). One candidate compound, PL-100, emerged as a specific and noncytotoxic PI that exhibited potent inhibition of HIV-1 protease and viral replication in vitro (Ki , ∼36 pM, and 50% effective concentration [EC50], ∼16 nM, respectively). To confirm that PL-100 possessed a favorable resistance profile, we performed a cross-resistance study using a panel of 63 viral strains from PI-experienced patients selected for the presence of primary PI mutations known to confer resistance to multiple PIs now in clinical use. The results showed that PL-100 retained excellent antiviral activity against almost all of these PI-resistant viruses and that its performance in this regard was superior to those of atazanavir, amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir. In almost every case, the increase in the EC50 for PL-100 observed with viruses containing multiple mutations in protease was far less than that obtained with the other drugs tested. These data underscore the potential for PL-100 to be used in the treatment of drug-resistant HIV disease and argue for its further development.
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Chen, Jianjun, Dennis B. McConnell, Svoboda V. Pennisi, Cynthia A. Robinson, and Russell D. Caldwell. "494 Evaluation of Interior Performance of Six Cultivars of Aglaonema and Dieffenbachia." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 479D—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.479d.
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Tissue culture plugs of Aglaonema `Cory', `Maria', and `Silver Queen' and Dieffenbachia `Panther', `Snowflake', and `Sport Lynn' were potted singly in 15-cm pots and grown in a shaded greenhouse under a photosynthetic irradiance (PI) of 100 mmol·m–2·s–1. Eight months after potting, 27 plants of each cultivar were placed in nine interior evaluation rooms under three different PI levels (three rooms per level): 4, 8, and 16 mmol·m–2·s–1. In addition, three plants of each cultivar were maintained in the original greenhouse for the duration of the experiment. Number of leaves, plant height and width were monitored monthly. Recently matured leaves were removed at 3-month intervals for 9 months for determination of fresh and dry weight, leaf area, and percentage leaf variegation. Variegated leaf area was assessed using digitized leaf images. Interior PI levels affected growth parameters, but the degree of response was cultivar-dependent. Smallest leaves developed on plants grown under 4 mmol·m–2·s–1 and largest leaves developed under 16 mmol·m–2·s–1. Leaf area of Dieffenbachia `Sport Lynn' showed the greatest response and Aglaonema `Maria' the least response to PI levels. Percentage leaf variegation of Dieffenbachia `Snowflake' was least affected and Dieffenbachia `Sport Lynn' was most affected by PI levels. Fresh leaf weight of unit area decreased as PI levels decreased from 16 to 4 mmol·m–2·s–1, however, the decrease in unit area was most pronounced in cultivars that maintained the highest quality ratings. Based on the results of this study, Aglaonema `Maria' and Dieffenbachia `Snowflake' had the most satisfactory interior performance within their respective genera.
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Shakiba, Saeid, Moosa Ayati, and Aghil Yousefi-Koma. "Development of Hybrid Prandtl–Ishlinskii and Constitutive Models for Hysteresis of Shape-Memory-Alloy-Driven Actuators." Robotica, February 4, 2021, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357472000123x.
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SUMMARY Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) model has an excellent compromise to characterize an asymmetric saturated hysteresis behavior of shape-memory-alloy (SMA)-driven systems, but it cannot consider thermomechanical relations between components of SMA-driven systems. On the other hand, constitutive models are composed of these relations, but their precision needs to be improved. In this paper, PI model is proposed to boost constitutive models in two cases. In the first case, PI model is used to characterize martensite volume fraction (MVF) called hybrid model. In the second case, the model is applied as a regulator in the output of a constitutive model called PI-based output (PIO) regulator. Due to simplicity and ability of Liang–Rogers (LR) model in transformation phases, it is considered as an MVF in the original constitutive model. The performance of both proposed models is compared with the original LR-based constitutive model. Unknown parameters of all three models are identified using genetic algorithm in MATLAB Toolbox. The performance of the three models is investigated at three different frequencies of \[\frac{{2\pi }}{8}\] , \[\frac{{2\pi }}{{15}}\] , and \[\frac{{2\pi }}{{30}}\] Hz because the excitation frequency changes the hysteresis behavior. Results show that the proposed hybrid model keeps the precision of the original constitutive model at different frequencies. In addition, the proposed PIO model shows the best performance to predict hysteresis behavior at different frequencies.
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Respirators for Pesticide Applications." EDIS 2005, no. 12 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi114-2005.
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This guide provides an explanation for respirator use while working with pesticides. This document is PI-77, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2005.
PI-77/PI114: Respirators for Pesticide Applications (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Using Pesticides on Your Pet." EDIS 2006, no. 3 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi119-2005.
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Some products considered to be safe for pets have been relabeled to enhance safety. This document is PI-82, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2005. PI-82/PI119: Using Pesticides on Your Pet (ufl.edu)
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Nesheim, O. Norman, Frederick M. Fishel, and Mark Mossler. "Toxicity of Pesticides." EDIS 2005, no. 8 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi008-2005.
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This document describes how pesticides work on living things, so you can learn to reduce or eliminate exposure. This document is PI-13, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date July 1993. Revised July 2005.
PI-13/PI008: Toxicity of Pesticides (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Pesticide Labeling: Identification Numbers." EDIS 2006, no. 5 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi145-2006.
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This document describes identification numbers seen on the pesticide label. Examples of various identification numbers are provided and their meanings explained. This document is PI-108, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date March 2006. PI-108/PI145: Pesticide Labeling: Identification Numbers (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "What Are Inert Ingredients?" EDIS 2005, no. 6 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi081-2005.
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This guide addresses inert ingredients that are contained in pesticide product formulations. This document is PI-44, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date June 2005.
PI-44/PI081: What Are Inert Ingredients? (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Protecting Your Pet from Pesticides." EDIS 2005, no. 13 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi118-2005.
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This guide explains precautionary measures that can be used to protect pets from injury due to pesticides used in and around the home. This document is PI-81, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2005.
PI-81/PI118: Protecting Your Pet from Pesticides (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Defoliants and Desiccants." EDIS 2006, no. 3 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi138-2006.
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This document discusses the meaning of the terms “defoliant and desiccant,” their patterns of use, and provides a listing of these products registered for use in Florida. This document is PI-101, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2006. PI-101/PI138: Defoliants and Desiccants (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Operation Cleansweep for Pesticides." EDIS 2005, no. 6 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi085-2005.
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This fact sheet explains the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Operation Cleansweep for Pesticides. This document is PI-48, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date: June 2005.
PI-48/PI085: Operation Cleansweep for Pesticides (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Special Local Need Pesticide Registrations--24(c)." EDIS 2006, no. 2 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi132-2006.
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This document describes a unique type of pesticide registration – Special Local Need, also known as a 24(c) registration, and examples of situations where it is warranted. This document is PI-95, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date January 2006. PI-95/PI132: Special Local Needs Pesticide Registrations—24(c) (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Requirements of Aerial Applicators in Florida." EDIS 2005, no. 10 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi094-2005.
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This guide explains the requirements for applying pesticides, fertilizer and seed with an aircraft in Florida. This document is PI-58, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date August 2005.
PI-58/PI094: Requirements of Aerial Applicators in Florida (ufl.edu)
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Fishel, Frederick M. "Pesticide Labeling: Miscellaneous Label Parts." EDIS 2006, no. 5 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi146-2006.
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This document describes some of the smaller, yet important pieces found on the pesticide label. Examples of these various components are provided and their meanings explained. This document is PI-109, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date March 2006. PI-109/PI146: Pesticide Labeling: Miscellaneous Label Parts (ufl.edu)