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Journal articles on the topic 'Picrotin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Neetu, Bohra, Prasad P., Tewari Geeta, and M. Tewari Lalit. "Variation in picrotin and picrotoxin content of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth rhizomes from Garhwal Himalaya." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 92, Mar 2015 (2015): 375–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5678664.

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Department of Botany, Department of Chemistry, D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263 002, Uttarakhand <em>E-mail</em> : geeta_k@rediffmail.com High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246 174, Uttarakhand <em>Manuscript received online 18 August 2014, revised 04 September 2014, accepted 04 September 2014</em> <em>Picrorhiza kurroa</em> Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae), commonly known as Kutki, is an important medicinal herb in the traditional ayurvedic system of medicine and has been used to treat various diseases. It is

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2

LI, PING, and MALCOLM SLAUGHTER. "Glycine receptor subunit composition alters the action of GABA antagonists." Visual Neuroscience 24, no. 4 (2007): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523807070368.

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GABA receptor antagonists produce an unexpectedly significant inhibition of native glycine receptors in retina and in α1 or α2 homomeric glycine receptors (GlyRs) expressed in HEK 293 cells. In this study we evaluate this phenomenon in heteromeric glycine receptors, formed by mixing α1, α2, and β subunits. Picrotoxinin, picrotin, SR95531, and bicuculline are all more effective antagonists at GlyRs containing α2 subunits than α1 subunits. Inclusion of β subunits reduces the inhibitory potency of picrotoxinin and picrotin but increases the potency of SR95531 and bicuculline. As a result of these

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Miyashita, Masaaki, Toshio Suzuki, and Akira Yoshikoshi. "Stereoselective total synthesis of (-)-picrotoxinin and (-)-picrotin." Journal of the American Chemical Society 111, no. 10 (1989): 3728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00192a035.

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4

Li, Ping, and Malcolm M. Slaughter. "Gating effects on picrotin block of glycine receptors." NeuroReport 23, no. 17 (2012): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835a8629.

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Wang, Dian-Shi, Roeland Buckinx, Hervé Lecorronc, Jean-Marie Mangin, Jean-Michel Rigo та Pascal Legendre. "Mechanisms for Picrotoxinin and Picrotin Blocks of α2Homomeric Glycine Receptors". Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, № 22 (2007): 16016–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m701502200.

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6

Yang, Zhe, Brett A. Cromer, Robert J. Harvey, Michael W. Parker, and Joseph W. Lynch. "A proposed structural basis for picrotoxinin and picrotin binding in the glycine receptor pore." Journal of Neurochemistry 103, no. 2 (2007): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04850.x.

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Janhvi, Mishra Rawat, Rawat Balwant, and Mishra Susmita. "Effect of elicitation on picrotin and picrotoxinin production from in vitro products of Picrorhiza kurrooa." African Journal of Biotechnology 13, no. 51 (2014): 4612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2014.13956.

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8

Mishra, Janhvi, Himani Bhandari, Mahendra Singh, et al. "Hairy root culture of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.: a promising approach for the production of picrotin and picrotoxinin." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33, no. 5 (2011): 1841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0724-x.

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Thio, Liu Lin, Ananth Shanmugam, Keith Isenberg та Kelvin Yamada. "Benzodiazepines Block α2-Containing Inhibitory Glycine Receptors in Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal Neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 90, № 1 (2003): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00612.2002.

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Inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the mammalian cortex probably contribute to brain development and to maintaining tonic inhibition. Given their presence throughout the cortex, their modulation likely has important physiological consequences. Although benzodiazepines potentiate γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors (GABAARs), they may also modulate GlyRs because binding studies initially suggested that they act at GlyRs. Furthermore, their diminished ability to potentiate neonatal GABAARs suggests that they may exert their beneficial clinical effects at another site in the developing brain. The

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K, Anju Viswan. "Fractional Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Biologically Active Compounds from Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn to Control Culexquinquefasciatus Say and Aedes albopictus Skuse." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 03 (2020): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202031.

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Background & Objectives: Development of resistance towards synthetic insecticides is one of the major problems in vector control programmes and it can be reduced to an extent by the alternate use of botanical or bio insecticides. The present study aims to find out the larvicidal activities of Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight and Arn against Culex quinqueafsciatus Say and Aedes albopictus Skuse and to isolate the most active compounds present in the active fraction of the plant extract. Methods: Cold extracts of A. cocculus seeds were taken using methanol as solvent and fractionation was done u

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Trost, Barry, and Michael J. Krische. "Palladium-Catalyzed Enyne Cycloisomerization Reaction in an Asymmetric Approach to the Picrotoxane Sesquiterpenes. 2. Second-Generation Total Syntheses of Corianin, Picrotoxinin, Picrotin, and Methyl Picrotoxate." Journal of the American Chemical Society 121, no. 26 (1999): 6131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja990183t.

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Trost, Barry, and Michael J. Krische. "ChemInform Abstract: Palladium-Catalyzed Enyne Cycloisomerization Reaction in an Asymmetric Approach to the Picrotoxane Sesquiterpenes. Part 2. Second-Generation Total Syntheses of Corianin, Picrotoxinin, Picrotin, and Methyl Picrotoxate." ChemInform 30, no. 42 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199942109.

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Trost, Barry M., Curt D. Haffner, David J. Jebaratnam, Michael J. Krische, and Andrew P. Thomas. "The Palladium-Catalyzed Enyne Cycloisomerization Reaction in a General Approach to the Asymmetric Syntheses of the Picrotoxane Sesquiterpenes. Part I. First-Generation Total Synthesis of Corianin and Formal Syntheses of Picrotoxinin and Picrotin." Journal of the American Chemical Society 121, no. 26 (1999): 6183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9901821.

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14

Gupta, P. P. "Picroliv." Drugs of the Future 26, no. 1 (2001): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2001.026.01.603287.

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15

Hasan, Zyheir, Said Khatib, and Ayman Abu-Laban. "Effects of propofol and thiopentone on picrotoxin convulsive threshold in the rabbit." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 6 (1995): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-092.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of intravenous administration of propofol and thiopentone on picrotoxin-induced seizures using the picrotoxin convulsive threshold test in the rabbit. Neither propofol nor thiopentone at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg had any significant effect on picrotoxin seizure threshold. However, at higher doses (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) both propofol and thiopentone produced a significant and dose-dependent increase in the picrotoxin convulsive threshold. These findings suggest that propofol is an effective anticonvulsant against picrotoxin-induced seizures in t

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Yadav, N., and S. Khandelwal. "Effect of Picroliv on cadmium-induced hepatic and renal damage in the rat." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 10 (2006): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032706072455.

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The therapeutic efficacy of Picroliv-a standardized-was investigated in male rats exposed to CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg, sc), 5 days/week for 18 weeks. Picroliv at two doses (6 and 12 mg/kg, po) was given to the cadmium (Cd)-administered group for the last 4 weeks (ie, weeks 15 -18). The Cd altered oxidative stress indices, such as increased lipid peroxidation and membrane fluidity, reduced levels of non-protein sulphydryls (NPSHs), and Na-K-ATPase activity in the liver and kidney were found close to the control values by Picroliv treatment, suggesting its antioxidant potential. The hepatoprotective act

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Hawthorne, Rebecca, and Joseph W. Lynch. "A Picrotoxin-specific Conformational Change in the Glycine Receptor M2–M3 Loop." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 43 (2005): 35836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m506645200.

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The external loop linking the M2 and M3 transmembrane domains is crucial for coupling agonist binding to channel gating in the glycine receptor chloride channel (GlyR). A substituted cysteine accessibility scan previously showed that glycine activation increased the surface accessibility of 6 contiguous residues (Arg271– Lys276) toward the N-terminal end of the homomeric α1 GlyR M2–M3 loop. In the present study we used a similar approach to determine whether the allosteric antagonist, picrotoxin, could impose conformational changes to this domain that cannot be induced by varying agonist conce

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18

Legendre, P. "Pharmacological Evidence for Two Types of Postsynaptic Glycinergic Receptors on the Mauthner Cell of 52-h-Old Zebrafish Larvae." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 5 (1997): 2400–2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2400.

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Legendre, P. Pharmacological evidence for two types of postsynaptic glycinergic receptors on the Mauthner cell of 52-h-old zebrafish larvae. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2400–2415, 1997. The presence of homooligomeric and heterooligomeric glycine receptors (GlyRs) on the Mauthner (M) cell in the isolated medulla of 52-h-old zebrafish larvae was investigated by analysis of the effects of picrotoxin on glycine-gated channels and on glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Two functionally different GlyRs have been previously described on the M cell. The effects of picrotoxin on t

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19

Zhang, De-Kui, Jian-Jie Yu, Yu-Min Li, et al. "APicrorhiza kurroaDerivative, Picroliv, Attenuates the Development of Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice." Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/751629.

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Background. Free radicals and proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Picroliv, aPicrorhiza kurroaderivative, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of picroliv on experimental model of UC in mice.Materials and Methods. Picroliv was administrated orally by gavage to mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and histology score were observed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity,

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Smith, Randall D., Norberto M. Grzywacz, and Lyle J. Borg-Graham. "Is the input to a GABAergic synapse the sole asymmetry in turtle's retinal directional selectivity?" Visual Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (1996): 423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008105.

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AbstractWe examined the effects of picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on the responses to motions of ON-OFF directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells of the turtle's retina. These drugs are antagonists of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. For continuous motions, picrotoxin markedly reduced the overall directionality of the cells. In 21% of the cells, directional selectivity was lost regardless of speed and contrast. However, other cells maintained their preferred direction despite saturating concentrations of picrotoxin. And in most cells, loss, maintenance, or even reversal of prefe

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21

McCall, R. B. "Lack of involvement of GABA in baroreceptor-mediated sympathoinhibition." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 250, no. 6 (1986): R1065—R1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.6.r1065.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediates the baroreceptor-induced inhibition of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) in dialurethan-anesthetized cats. The GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline produced marked elevations in arterial blood pressure and inferior cardiac SND. The inhibition of SND observed during pressor responses was occasionally slightly depressed after picrotoxin or bicuculline. Midcollicullar transection blocked or reversed the increase in blood pressure and SND produced by GABA antagonists. Under these conditions,

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Shen, D. W., M. H. Higgs, D. Salvay, J. W. Olney, P. D. Lukasiewicz, and C. Romano. "Morphological and Electrophysiological Evidence for an Ionotropic GABA Receptor of Novel Pharmacology." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 1 (2002): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00620.2001.

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Evidence from toxicological studies suggested that an ionotropic GABA receptor of novel pharmacology (picrotoxin-insensitive, bicuculline-sensitive) exists in the chick embryo retina. In this report, we provide direct morphological and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of such an iGABA receptor. Chick embryo retinas (14–16 days old) incubated in the presence of kainic acid showed pronounced histopathology in all retinal layers. Maximal protection from this toxicity required a combination of bicuculline and picrotoxin. Individual application of the antagonists indicated that a pic

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Muller, W., and U. Misgeld. "Picrotoxin- and 4-aminopyridine-induced activity in hilar neurons in the guinea pig hippocampal slice." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 1 (1991): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.1.141.

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1. Paired extra- and intracellular recording was used to study the activity of neurons in the dentate hilus and their interaction with CA3/CA4 pyramidal neurons and granule cells during picrotoxin- or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced rhythmical activity in the guinea pig hippocampal slice. 2. Picrotoxin induced synchronous repetitive population spikes in the CA3, CA4, and hilar region, but no extracellular activity in the granule cell layer. 4-AP induced rhythmically occurring positive field-potential waves in the CA3, CA4, and granular layer coincident to negative/positive field potentials in t

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Massey, Stephen C., David M. Linn, Christopher A. Kittila, and Wajid Mirza. "Contributions of GABAA receptors and GABAC receptors to acetylcholine release and directional selectivity in the rabbit retina." Visual Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (1997): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800011652.

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AbstractGABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian retina and it acts at many different sites via a variety of postsynaptic receptors. These include GABAA receptors and bicuculline-resistant GABAC receptors. The release of acetylcholine (ACh) is inhibited by GABA and strongly potentiated by GABA antagonists. In addition, GABA appears to mediate the null inhibition which is responsible for the mechanism of directional selectivity in certain ganglion cells. We have used these two well-known examples of GABA inhibition to compare three GABA antagonists and assess the contributio

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Ramesh, Sunita A., Yu Long, Abolfazl Dashtbani-Roozbehani, Matthew Gilliham, Melissa H. Brown та Stephen D. Tyerman. "Picrotoxin Delineates Different Transport Configurations for Malate and γ Aminobutyric Acid through TaALMT1". Biology 11, № 8 (2022): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081162.

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Plant-derived pharmacological agents have been used extensively to dissect the structure–function relationships of mammalian GABA receptors and ion channels. Picrotoxin is a non-competitive antagonist of mammalian GABAA receptors. Here, we report that picrotoxin inhibits the anion (malate) efflux mediated by wheat (Triticum aestivum) ALMT1 but has no effect on GABA transport. The EC50 for inhibition was 0.14 nM and 0.18 nM when the ALMTs were expressed in tobacco BY2 cells and in Xenopus oocytes, respectively. Patch clamping of the oocyte plasma membrane expressing wheat ALMT1 showed that picr

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Stumpner, Andreas. "Picrotoxin Eliminates Frequency Selectivity of an Auditory Interneuron in a Bushcricket." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 5 (1998): 2408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2408.

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Stumpner, Andreas. Picrotoxin eliminates frequency selectivity of an auditory interneuron in a bushcricket. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2408–2415, 1998. AN1, an auditory interneuron in the bushcricket Ancistrura nigrovittata, is narrowly tuned to the male song frequency (∼15 kHz). It receives pronounced inhibitory input at frequencies below and, more prominently, above this fundamental frequency. It is also subject to side-dependent inhibition producing asymmetric response functions for left- and right-side stimulation. In addition, intensity-response functions of AN1 peak as stimulus intensities inc

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Aksenov, Daniil P., Limin Li, Natalya A. Serdyukova, David A. Gascoigne, Evan D. Doubovikov, and Alexander Drobyshevsky. "Functional Deficiency of Interneurons and Negative BOLD fMRI Response." Cells 12, no. 5 (2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12050811.

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The functional deficiency of the inhibitory system typically appears during development and can progress to psychiatric disorders or epilepsy, depending on its severity, in later years. It is known that interneurons, the major source of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral cortex, can make direct connections with arterioles and participate in the regulation of vasomotion. The goal of this study was to mimic the functional deficiency of interneurons through the use of localized microinjections of the GABA antagonist, picrotoxin, in such a concentration that it did not elicit epileptiform neuron

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SILVA, M. R. P., P. E. CRUZ-CASALLAS, L. F. FELÍCIO, and M. M. BERNARDI. "Effects of picrotoxin administration on sexual behavior of male rats." Orinoquia 9, no. 2 (2008): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22579/20112629.135.

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Titulo en español: Efectos de la administración de picrotoxin sobre el comportamiento sexual en ratas machos.ABSTRACT: The effects of several doses of picrotoxin on sexual behavior of inexperienced male rats were examined. The lowest doses tested (0.5 and 0.75 mg kg-1) did not alter the sexual behavioral parameters, whereas the higher doses (1.5 and 2.0 mg kg-1) increased latencies for the first mount and intromission and reduced the number of mounts and intromissions and the total number of mounts. None of the picrotoxin doses significantly modified the mount frequency or the copulatory effic

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Yadav, N., R. K. S. Dogra, M. Y. Khan, and S. Khandelwal. "Prevention of acute cadmium toxicity by Picroliv." Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, no. 10 (2005): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht563oa.

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The potential of Picroliv, a herbal extract against acute cadmium (Cd) intoxication, was evaluated in male rats. Biochemical and histopathological profile in rats pretreated with Picroliv (12 mg/kg, oral) followed by a single dose of Cd as cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (3 mg/kg, ip) revealed marked suppression of oxidative stress in liver and testes. The Cd-induced enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation, membrane fluidity and reduced levels of nonprotein sulphydryls and Na+K+ATPase were significantly restored to near normal by Picroliv pretreatment. In addition, the Cd-induced serum levels of glutam

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Miyata, Hiroki, Toshiki Nagayama, and Masakazu Takahata. "Two Types of Identified Ascending Interneurons With Distinct GABA Receptors in the Crayfish Terminal Abdominal Ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 3 (1997): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1213.

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Miyata, Hiroki, Toshiki Nagayama, and Masakazu Takahata. Two types of identified ascending interneurons with distinct GABA receptors in the crayfish terminal abdominal ganglion. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1213–1223, 1997. More than half of the identified ascending interneurons originating in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish received inhibitory sensory inputs from hair afferents innervating the tailfan on the side contralateral to their main branches. Biochemical aspects of this transverse lateral inhibition of ascending interneurons were examined by the use of neurophysiological and p

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Yakimovskii, Аndrey F. "The influence of acizol into effects of picrotoxin, injected in rat’s neostriatum." Medical academic journal 19, no. 2 (2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj19257-62.

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The aim of the article. The article is devoted to investigation of of zinc donator acizol influence to rat’s behavior, broken by intrastriatal injection of GABA-A receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Materials and methods. Adult male Wistar rats with avoidance conditioning reflexes in “shuttle box” and free locomotor activity in “open field” were used. Daily microinjection of picrotoxin (2 mcg/1 mcl) bilateral into rostral neostriatum in term of 15 days were made. Zinc donator acizol was injected intraperitoneal (24 mg/kg). Results. Steady losses of avoidance conditioning and choreo-mio

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Gimmel, Matthew L., and Richard A. B. Leschen. "Revision of the genera of Picrotini (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae: Cryptophaginae)." Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 62, no. 1 (2022): 61–109. https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.006.

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Gimmel, Matthew L., Leschen, Richard A. B. (2022): Revision of the genera of Picrotini (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae: Cryptophaginae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 62 (1): 61-109, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2022.006, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2022.006

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Lang, E. J., I. Sugihara, and R. Llinas. "GABAergic modulation of complex spike activity by the cerebellar nucleoolivary pathway in rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 1 (1996): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.255.

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1. The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the pattern generation properties of neuronal ensembles in the olivocerebellar system was studied utilizing multiple electrode recordings of complex spikes (CSs) from rat crus 2a Purkinje cells (PCs). Initially multiple electrode experiments were combined with microinjections of picrotoxin into the inferior olive (IO). To corroborate the picrotoxin findings, the cerebellar nuclei, a major source of the GABAergic terminals in the IO, were chemically lesioned with the use of microinjections of kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Both procedures

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CONNAUGHTON, VICTORIA P., RALPH NELSON, and ANNA M. BENDER. "Electrophysiological evidence of GABAA and GABAC receptors on zebrafish retinal bipolar cells." Visual Neuroscience 25, no. 2 (2008): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080322.

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AbstractTo refine inhibitory circuitry models for ON and OFF pathways in zebrafish retina, GABAergic properties of zebrafish bipolar cells were studied with two techniques: whole cell patch responses to GABA puffs in retinal slice, and voltage probe responses in isolated cells. Retinal slices documented predominantly axon terminal responses; isolated cells revealed mainly soma-dendritic responses. In the slice, GABA elicited a conductance increase, GABA responses were more robust at axon terminals than dendrites, and Erev varied with [Cl−]in. Axon terminals of ON- and OFF-type cells were simil

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Leschen, Richard A. B., Yandong Chen, and Aaron M. T. Harmer. "Revision of flightless New Zealand Picrotini (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae): phylogeny of Thortus, eye reduction, and rarity." Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64, no. 2 (2024): 455–500. https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.031.

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Leschen, Richard A. B., Chen, Yandong, Harmer, Aaron M. T. (2024): Revision of flightless New Zealand Picrotini (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae): phylogeny of Thortus, eye reduction, and rarity. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 64 (2): 455-500, DOI: 10.37520/aemnp.2024.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2024.031

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Leschen, R. A. B., and M. L. Gimmel. "Catalogue of the tribe Picrotini (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae: Cryptophaginae)." New Zealand Entomologist 35, no. 1 (2012): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2012.649705.

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Fischer, Y., and I. Parnas. "Activation of GABAB receptors at individual release boutons of the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction produces presynaptic inhibition." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 4 (1996): 1377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1377.

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1. Presynaptic inhibition in crustaceans involves the activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors that produce an increase in chloride conductance at excitatory axon terminals. Such inhibition produced by single inhibitory pulses is blocked by picrotoxin, a GABAA antagonist. 2. Presynaptic inhibition produced by bath application of GABA was not blocked by picrotoxin. Measurements of the membrane resistance of the excitatory axon terminals revealed that substantial presynaptic inhibition still persisted after 50 microM picrotoxin had completely blocked the increase in conductance

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Xiao, Zhiying, Jeremy Reese, Zeyad Schwen, et al. "Role of spinal GABAA receptors in pudendal inhibition of nociceptive and nonnociceptive bladder reflexes in cats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 306, no. 7 (2014): F781—F789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00679.2013.

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Picrotoxin, an antagonist for γ-aminobutyric acid receptor subtype A (GABAA), was used to investigate the role of GABAA receptors in nociceptive and nonnociceptive reflex bladder activities and pudendal inhibition of these activities in cats under α-chloralose anesthesia. Acetic acid (AA; 0.25%) was used to irritate the bladder and induce nociceptive bladder overactivity, while saline was used to distend the bladder and induce nonnociceptive bladder activity. To modulate the bladder reflex, pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS) was applied at multiple threshold (T) intensities for inducing anal sph

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Amabeoku, GJ. "Anticonvulsant activity of Nylandtia spinosa L. Dumont (Polygalaceae) aqueous and methanol leaf extracts in mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 11 (2008): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108099538.

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Aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Nylandtia spinosa L. Dumont (Polygalaceae) were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity against tonic seizures produced in mice by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), bicuculline, picrotoxin, and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMDLA). Aqueous leaf extract of N. spinosa (50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) and methanol extract (50–400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated PTZ (95 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic seizures. Doses of 400 mg/kg (i.p.) and 100–400 mg/kg (i.p.) of aqueous extract of N. spinosa significantly delayed the onset of tonic seizures elicited by bicuculline (35 mg/kg, i.p.)

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Hare, W. A., and W. G. Owen. "Receptive field of the retinal bipolar cell: a pharmacological study in the tiger salamander." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 3 (1996): 2005–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.3.2005.

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1. It is widely believed that signals contributing to the receptive field surrounds of retinal bipolar cells pass from horizontal cells to bipolar cells via GABAergic synapses. To test this notion, we applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and antagonists to isolated, perfused retinas of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum while recording intracellularly from bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and photoreceptors. 2. As we previously reported, administration of the GABA analogue D-aminovaleric acid in concert with picrotoxin did not block horizontal cell responses or the center responses o

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Barolet, A. W., A. Li, S. Liske та M. E. Morris. "Antagonist actions of bicuculline methiodide and picrotoxin on extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, № 11 (1985): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-240.

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The effects of picrotoxin and bicuculline methiodide to block depolarizing responses of extrasynaptic receptors for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are compared using excitability testing of myelinated axons in amphibian peripheral nerve. The actions of the antagonists appear both complex and dissimilar. Picrotoxin (10–1000 μM) produces large reversible depressions of the maximal response to GABA (0.01–10 mM) and increases the EC50 from 0.33 to 12.6 mM. With high concentrations of agonist and antagonist an insensitive component is apparent. The action of picrotoxin is not classically noncompetitive

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LINN, DAVID M. "A comparison of the inhibitory actions of glycine and GABA on acetylcholine release from the rabbit retina." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (1998): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898156067.

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The inhibition of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) release from cholinergic amacrine cells by glycine and GABA was studied using an in vivo eyecup preparation in anesthetized rabbits. Glycine (1 mM) had no effect on basal ACh release, but completely blocked the light-evoked release of ACh. Glycine also blocked the strong potentiating effects of picrotoxin (20 μM) normally observed on basal and light-evoked release. Strychnine (20 μM) increased basal release, albeit less than picrotoxin, but partially inhibited and altered the shape of light-evoked responses. Co-perfusion of picrotoxin and strychnine af

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Bali, Moez, and Myles H. Akabas. "The Location of a Closed Channel Gate in the GABAA Receptor Channel." Journal of General Physiology 129, no. 2 (2007): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200609639.

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Considerable controversy surrounds the location of the closed channel gate in members of the Cys-loop receptor family of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels that includes the GABAA, glycine, acetylcholine, and 5-HT3 receptors. Cysteine-accessibility studies concluded that the gate is near the cytoplasmic end of the channel in acetylcholine and GABAA receptors but in the middle of the 5-HT3A receptor channel. Zn2+ accessibility studies in a chimeric 5-HT3-ACh receptor suggested the gate is near the channel's cytoplasmic end. In the 4-Å resolution structure of the acetylcholine receptor closed

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Freeman, G. Mark, Masato Nakajima, Hiroki R. Ueda, and Erik D. Herzog. "Picrotoxin dramatically speeds the mammalian circadian clock independent of Cys-loop receptors." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 1 (2013): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00220.2013.

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Picrotoxin is extensively and specifically used to inhibit GABAA receptors and other members of the Cys-loop receptor superfamily. We find that picrotoxin acts independently of known Cys-loop receptors to shorten the period of the circadian clock markedly by specifically advancing the accumulation of PERIOD2 protein. We show that this mechanism is surprisingly tetrodotoxin-insensitive, and the effect is larger than any known chemical or genetic manipulation. Notably, our results indicate that the circadian target of picrotoxin is common to a variety of human and rodent cell types but not Droso

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Aksenov, D., N. Serdyukova, K. Irwin, and V. Bracha. "GABA Neurotransmission in the Cerebellar Interposed Nuclei: Involvement in Classically Conditioned Eyeblinks and Neuronal Activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 2 (2004): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00859.2003.

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The cerebellar interposed nuclei (IN) are an essential part of circuits that control classically conditioned eyeblinks in the rabbit. The function of the IN is under the control of GABAergic projections from Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The exact involvement of cerebellar cortical input into the IN during eyeblink expression is not clear. While it is known that the application of γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) agonists and antagonists affects the performance of classically conditioned eyeblinks, the effects of these drugs on IN neurons in vivo are not known. The purpose of the prese

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Ariel, M., F. R. Robinson, and A. G. Knapp. "Analysis of vertebrate eye movements following intravitreal drug injections. II. Spontaneous nystagmus induced by picrotoxin is mediated subcortically." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1022–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.3.1022.

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1. Eye movements were observed following an injection of picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, into the vitreous of one eye. A spontaneous nystagmus was observed in cats, rabbits, and turtles, even in total darkness, with slow-phase eye movements in the temporal-to-nasal direction for the injected eye. 2. During visual stimulation by a horizontal drifting pattern, injected eyes moved in the temporal-to-nasal direction, irrespective of stimulus direction. In cats, however, the nystagmus was usually slower when the injected eye viewed nasal-to-temporal motion (opposite to the direction of the spontaneo

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McGee, Meredith J., Zachary C. Danziger, Jeremy A. Bamford, and Warren M. Grill. "A spinal GABAergic mechanism is necessary for bladder inhibition by pudendal afferent stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 307, no. 8 (2014): F921—F930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00330.2014.

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Electrical stimulation of pudendal afferents can inhibit bladder contractions and increase bladder capacity. Recent results suggest that stimulation-evoked bladder inhibition is mediated by a mechanism other than activation of sympathetic bladder efferents in the hypogastric nerve, generating α-adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition at the vesical ganglia and/or β-adrenergic receptor-mediated direct inhibition of the detrusor muscle. We investigated several inhibitory neurotransmitters that may instead be necessary for stimulation-evoked inhibition and found that intravenous picrotoxin, a non

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Sanchez, Antonio, Sanda Mustapic, Edward J. Zuperku, Astrid G. Stucke, Francis A. Hopp, and Eckehard A. E. Stuth. "Role of Inhibitory Neurotransmission in the Control of Canine Hypoglossal Motoneuron Activity In Vivo." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (2009): 1211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90279.2008.

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Hypoglossal motoneurons (HMNs) innervate all tongue muscles and are vital for maintenance of upper airway patency during inspiration. The relative contributions of the various synaptic inputs to the spontaneous discharge of HMNs in vivo are incompletely understood, especially at the cellular level. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of endogenously activated GABAAand glycine receptors in the control of the inspiratory HMN (IHMN) activity in a decerebrate dog model. Multibarrel micropipettes were used to record extracellular unit activity of individual IHMNs during local antago

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Singh, Rajinder, Mohammad Khalid, Nikhil Batra, Partha Biswas, Lovedeep Singh, and Rajbir Bhatti. "Exploring the Anticonvulsant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Ficus benjamina L. Figs in Experimentally Induced Convulsions." Journal of Chemistry 2023 (January 30, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6298366.

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Background. Ficus benjamina L. is an evergreen tree, native to Southeast Asia, and often known as a weeping fig. Its latex and fruit extracts are used by indigenous cultures to cure skin conditions, inflammation, vomiting, leprosy, malaria, and nasal ailments. The aqueous extract of the figs of Ficus benjamina L. has various therapeutic values, including biological activities on the central nervous system. Materials and Methods. The extract of the dried figs of Ficus benjamina L. (FBE) was prepared by defatting with petroleum ether for 16 h followed by soxhelation with 70% methanol (1 : 10 w/v

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Lang, Eric J. "GABAergic and Glutamatergic Modulation of Spontaneous and Motor-Cortex-Evoked Complex Spike Activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 4 (2002): 1993–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00477.2001.

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Olivocerebellar activity is organized such that synchronous complex spikes occur primarily among Purkinje cells located within the same parasagittally oriented strip of cortex. Previous findings have shown that this synchrony distribution is modulated by the release of GABA and glutamate within the inferior olive, which probably act by controlling the efficacy of the electrotonic coupling between olivary neurons. The relative strengths of these two neurotransmitters in modulating the patterns of synchrony were compared by obtaining multiple electrode recordings of spontaneous crus 2a complex s

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