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1
Love, Susan. "French and Tây Bò̂i in Vietnam : a study of language policy, practice and perceptions /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arml897.pdf.
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Umana, Beauty Friday Happy. "Nigerian Pidgin English in Cape Town: exploring speakers’ attitudes and use in diaspora." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/32098.
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Nigerian Pidgin English is widely spoken in different parts of the country and “has been called the native language of a substantial population of people in the Niger Delta, particularly in the Sapele and Warri areas” (Igboanusi, 2008: 68). According to Balogun (2012: 90), “Nigerian Pidgin English has emerged as the most widely spoken language of inter and intra communication among Nigerians and across diverse ethnic groups that do not share a common language”. The language plays a major role in youth culture and most Nigerians speak the language. There is a general belief by some Nigerians that Nigerian Pidgin English is a colloquial form of English that is mostly spoken by those whose Standard English proficiency has not fully developed (Agheyisi, 1971:30). The government has continued to ignore it “despite the fact that Nigerian Pidgin is in most respects the most logical choice for a national language [and] official attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin remain negative, perpetuating erroneous notions inherited from the colonial period that Nigerian Pidgin is some form of ‘broken English’” (Faraclas 1996: 18). Also, the general attitudes held by Nigerians regarding the language can be described as ambivalent with majority leaning towards the negative attitude more. This project investigated if the Nigerians who find themselves in a different geographical space like Cape Town still hold negative attitudes towards Pidgin English and whether they abstained from speaking the language or speak it freely. The study also sought to establish if those who may have held negative attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin English while in Nigeria now hold a different attitude since being in Cape Town. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods in form of online questionnaires and semi structured interviews involving 38 participants to investigate the uses of and attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin English. The findings revealed that the attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin English do not show significant difference from that held by Nigerians within Nigeria. The participants in this study held negative attitudes towards Nigerian Pidgin English in formal domains and positive attitudes towards the language in informal domains. These same attitudes were obtainable among Nigerians living in Nigeria. The data analysis revealed that the Nigerians in this study use the language in their daily activities for different purposes. The hegemonic perspective on Pidgins being an informal language that can serve only informal purposes was also present among some of the Nigerians that formed part of this study. Although some thought that the language can go beyond informal domains, the majority thought otherwise. All the participants use Nigerian Pidgin English mainly to communicate with their friends, family members and other Nigerians they encounter despite living far away from home where other languages exist. Also, the analysis revealed that all the participants considered the language to be an important aspect of their Nigerian identity and togetherness in the diaspora. This indicates a significant difference between those in the diaspora and those in Nigeria, because those in the diaspora appreciate and think there is a greater need for Nigerian Pidgin English outside the country. The data suggested that the reason for this shift in attitude is because speaking the language bridges the gap between home and abroad.
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Andersson, Tina, and Carolina Eriksson. "Learning in a language that isn't one's own : the case of Jamaica A Minor Field Study." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1093.
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In this study, titled Learning in a language that isn't one's own - the case of Jamaica, our intention is to give a picture of what the language situation in Jamaica is like. English is the official language in Jamaica, but it is coexisting with Jamacian Creole, which is not admitted as a official language, but it is the language of the people. In this study we try to point out possible factors that have created the language situation of Jamaica. We have mostly focused on the situation at school, all teaching is supposed to be in English. We have observed attitudes among pupils and teachers to English and Jamaican Creole. We will also give general explanations of the terms Pidgin and Creole and we will give a brief history background of Jamaica.
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Hammar, Tabea. "Personliga pronomen i pidginspråk : En jämförande undersökning." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-124529.
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Pidginspråk är kontaktspråk som uppstår under ansträngda sociolingvistiska förhållanden. De anses vara de mest reducerade språkliga system som ändå möjliggör en lyckad kommunikationinom ett specifikt socialt sammanhang. Det saknas idag forskning som undersöker hur pidginspråk bildar sina språkliga system. Den aktuella studien ska vara ett steg mot mer kunskap inom området och ämnar analysera hur pidginspråk bildar sina personliga pronomenparadigm. Förekomsten av nio olika grammatiska drag har kartlagts hos 18 pidginspråk, deras lexifierare och viktigaste substratspråk. Uppgifterna hämtades genom litteratursökningar och sammanställdes i tabeller i datorprogrammet Excel. Resultatet visar att samtliga undersökta drag förekommer bland pidginspråken men med varierande frekvens. Uppgifterna indikerar att substratspråken har en framträdande roll i processen när pidginspråken bildar sina personliga pronomenparadigm.Pidgins are contact languages that emerge under strained sociolinguistic circumstances. They are seen as the most reduced linguistic system that can still enable successful communication in a specific social context. To this date there is a lack of research investigating how pidgins form their linguistic systems. The present study is intended to be a step towards extended knowledge within the field and aims to investigate how pidgins form their personal pronoun paradigms. The occurrence of nine different grammatical features in 18 pidgins, their lexifiers and most important substrates has been surveyed. The data was collected through literature search and compiled in tables in the computer program Excel. The results show that all surveyed features occur among the pidgins but the frequencies vary. The data indicates that the substrates have a prominent role in the process of pidgins forming their personal pronoun paradigms.
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Durodola, Olufunke Treasure Anike. "The rising popularity of Pidgin English radio stations in Nigeria: an audience study of Wazobia FM, Lagos." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020886.
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This research is located within media studies and draws on the Cultural Studies approach. It is an audience study, which uses the mixed methods of focus group discussions and an online survey to examine the importance of the use of Nigerian Pidgin as a broadcast language in investigating the rising popularity of Pidgin English radio in a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Nigeria. The study focuses on Wazobia FM, a radio station in Lagos, and the first pidgin station in Nigeria. It seeks to determine whether the station’s audience engaged with the station’s programming based on its prioritisation of NigP and the linguistic identity it offers them. The study foregrounds the marginalised status of NigP within the politics of language in Nigeria. It traces the language’s evolution through popular and oppositional expressions in broadcasting and in music. It also seeks to establish the place of Pidgin English within the role that language plays in the formation of the Nigerian identity. This study thus adopts the ‘emic’ perspective, which underpins qualitative methodology, and views social life in terms of processes as opposed to static terms. The theoretical framework of this research revolves around culture, language and identity. Pertinent concepts in post-colonial studies, together with conceptual frameworks in Cultural Studies, such as popular culture, representation, hegemony and counter-culture have been used to make sense of the popularity of NigP radio stations.
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Larsson, Hanna. "Code-Switching in Chinua Achebe's Novels." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1046.
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The aim of this essay is to point out how Chinua Achebe uses different features of Igbo and Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) in four of his novels. Firstly, there will be an explanation of the terms code switching and proverb, followed by an overview of Pidgin Languages and Nigerian Pidgin English. This study will then deal with two aspects of code-switching in Achebe’s novels: semantic, which includes intertwined Igbo vocabulary and proverbs; and syntactic, which is a study of Nigerian Pidgin English verb phrase constructions. The study will examine how the Igbo lexicon and proverbs function in the text and if/how it is possible to understand the meaning of the Igbo vocabulary. Further, it will examine how the verb constructions of the NPE dialogues are used and if they follow the norm set up by other linguists, or if Achebe alters their usage according to his own style.
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Li, Kin-ling Michelle, and 李健靈. "Chinese pidgin English and the origins of pidin grammar." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45815902.
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Lee, Meredith J. "Writing as cultural action : student writing at a bicultural school /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9313.
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Persson, Minna. "Tempus och aspekt i pidginisering : En studie av sju pidginspråk och deras källspråk." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-77554.
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It has been proposed that pidgin languages are similar in their marking of tense and aspect. This study wishes to answer three questions: 1) are there similarities in the marking of tense and aspect in pidgins, 2) are there similarities between the source languages and the pidgins they result in, and 3) does the development of tense aspect marking in pidgins follow the general patterns of grammaticalisation observed in other languages. Two quite different approaches are used to analyse the languages. Firstly the concept of grams is used, that is, a representation of a grammatical category in a specific language, e.g. the perfect in Swedish. Secondly the theory of prominence is used, i.e. that a particular language tends to grammaticalise one of the categories tense or aspect (or mood) rather than the other. The study looks at a sample of seven pidgin languages from around the world and compares them with regards to their marking of tense and aspect. Furthermore the tense-aspect systems of the source languages (lexifiers and substrates) of these pidgins are studied. Regarding the first question, the most obvious similarity is the fact that there is very little grammaticalised marking of tense and aspect at all. A pattern can also be discerned were a pidgin uses either a marker for perfective aspect or for past tense and that future/present markers are grammaticalised at a later stage. As for the similarities between the source languages and the pidgins, the pidginisation process has yielded languages with less grammaticalised forms than the source languages. All gram types found in the pidgins can also be found in their lexifiers. The patterns of grammaticalisation of tense and aspect markers follow universal patterns that have been described in typological studies. The semantic change of inherited or borrowed markers follow general patterns as do the innovations in the pidgin itself.
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Newby-Rose, Heidi. "Fanakalo as a trade language in Kwazulu-Natal." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18083.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the use of the pidgin Fanakalo as a trade language in rural
KwaZulu-Natal: its birth under certain historical circumstances; its spread; its
apparent growth, post-1990, as new immigrants continue to enter the country and
acquire and use Fanakalo out of expediency; and the reasons why Fanakalo
continues to thrive in certain contexts. It focuses specifically on similarities between
the relations between Gujarati traders and their customers in the 19th century and
the relations that exist between Gujarati and Pakistani traders and their Zuluspeaking
customers today. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured
interviews with nine Gujarati traders – two born in South Africa and the others
recent immigrants – five Pakistani traders and ten Zulu speakers, of which two were
employees of traders while the others were customers. The results of the data
analysis suggest the principles of expediency and non-intimacy may provide a space
where Fanakalo can continue to flourish. Pidgins are a neglected element in the
study of intercultural communication and the study endeavours to provide pointers
for further research in this field.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van die kontaktaal Fanakalo as ‘n handelstaal in nie-stedelike KwaZulu-Natal: die ontstaan daarvan onder sekere historiese omstandighede; die verspreiding daarvan; die waarskynlike groei daarvan, na 1990 met die arrivering van nuwe immigrante wat Fanakalo aanleer en gebruik uit gerief; en die redes waarom Fanakalo voortbestaan en floreer in sekere kontekste. Die spesifieke fokus is die soortgelyke verhoudinge tussen Gujarati-handelaars en hulle klante in die negentiende eeu, en tussen Gujarati- en Pakistani-handelaars en hulle Zoeloesprekende klante vandag. Inligting is hoofsaaklik deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude ingewin met nege Gujarati-handelaars – twee in Suid-Afrika gebore en die ander onlangse immigrante – vyf Pakistani-handelaars en tien Zoeloesprekendes, waarvan twee werknemers van handelaars en agt klante was. ‘n Analise van die gegewens dui daarop dat die beginsels van gerief of doelmatigheid, en ongemeensaamheid ‘n ruimte mag skep waarin Fanakalo sal voortbestaan. Die studie van kontaktale behoort meer aandag te geniet in die veld van interkulturele kommunikasie, en hierdie tesis poog om ‘n bydrae daartoe te lewer.
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Almoaily, Mohammad. "Language variation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1859.
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works such as Smart 1990, Hobrom 1996, Wiswal 2002, Gomaa 2007, Almoaily 2008, Naess 2008, Bakir 2010, and Alshammari 2010. Importantly, since GPA is spoken by a non-indigenous workforce over a wide geographical area in a multi-ethnic speech community, language variation seems inevitable. However, to date, there is no account of variation in GPA conditioned by substrate language or length of stay. Therefore, in this thesis I analyse the impact of the first language of the speakers and the number of years of residency in their location in the Gulf as potential factors conditioning language variation in GPA. The data-base for the study consists of interviews with sixteen informants from three linguistic backgrounds: Malayalam, Bengali, and Punjabi. Interviews were conducted in two cities in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh and Alkharj. Half of the data is produced by informants who have spent five or less years in the Gulf while the other half has spent ten or more years in the Gulf by the time they were interviewed. The analysis is based on ten morpho-syntactic phenomena: free or bound object or possessive pronoun, presence or absence of the Arabic definiteness marker, presence or absence of Arabic conjunction markers, presence or absence of the GPA copula, and presence or absence of agreement in the verb phrase and the noun phrase. Given the fact that most of the current theories on contact languages have been made on the basis of Indo-European language based pidgins and creoles, analysing the above features in an Arabic-based pidgin promises to be a great addition to the literature of pidgins and creoles. Results of this thesis show that both first language and number of years of stay in the Gulf seem to have little effect on my informants’ choices as regards the studied morpho-syntactic features. There is a significant adaptation to the system of Gulf Arabic (the lexifier language) only with respect to one feature: conjunction markers. This finding could be taken to support Universalist theories of the emergence of contact languages. However, some substratal effect can still be noticed in the data.
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Valencia, Isabel. "Välkommen till Lagos : En semantisk översättning från engelska till svenska." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tolk- och översättarinstitutet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182314.
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Postkolonial teori har skiftat intresset från västerländska diskurser till frågor som ideologi, ojämlika maktförhållanden och etik. I samband med översättningsvetenskapens kulturella vändning på 1980-talet, började översättningsvetare ifrågasätta översättningsstrategier som antingen assimilerar (domesticering) eller stereotypiserar (exotisering) källkulturen. Newmark (1981) föreslår en semantisk, källtextorienterad översättningsprincip och menar att så länge den åstadkommer en likvärdig effekt, är en ordagrann översättning inte bara den föredragna, utan den enda godtagbara översättningsmetoden. Denna uppsats är en kommentar till min egen översättning av de första 17 kapitlen i romanen Welcome to Lagos, skriven av den nigerianska författaren Chibundu Onuzo. Källtexten har översatts med hjälp av en semantisk översättningsstrategi. Kommentaren fokuserar på tre aspekter som krävde särskild uppmärksamhet under översättningsarbetet, eftersom de utgör betydande utmaningar för semantiska överföringssätt: kulturspecifika begrepp, stilfigurer och talspråksmarkörer. I kommentaren framförs att den semantiska översättningsstrategin fungerade bra på den övergripande textnivån; även om specifika översättningsproblem ibland fick angripas med ett mer kommunikativt förhållningssätt för att åstadkomma en idiomatisk måltext med likvärdig effekt i målkulturen.Postcolonial Studies shifted the interest from Western discourses to issues of ideology, power inequality, and ethics. As a consequence of the cultural turn in translation studies in the 1980s, scholars started questioning translation strategies that either assimilate (domestication) or stereotype (exoticization) the source culture. Proposing a semantic, source-text oriented translation principle, Newmark (1981) argues that as long as an equivalent effect can be achieved, literal translation is not just the preferred, but the only acceptable procedure. This paper comments on my own translation of the first 17 chapters of the novel Welcome to Lagos, written by Nigerian writer Chibundu Onuzo. The source text was translated using a semantic translation strategy. The commentary focuses on three key aspects that demanded particular attention during the translation process, due to the fact that they present significant challenges to semantic transfer methods: culture-specific items, stylistic devices, and spoken language markers. As the commentary suggests, the semantic translation strategy worked well on the global text level; occasionally, however, specific translation problems had to be dealt with using a more communicative approach in order to produce an idiomatic target text with an equivalent effect in the target culture.
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Nordén, Anton Harry. "Epistemic modality in Ghanaian Pidgin English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131516.
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This study investigates the expression of epistemic modality in a corpus of Ghanaian Pidgin English (GhaPE). The epistemic expressions are manually identified and thereafter distinguished from each other in terms of grammatical status and their indication of different epistemic and evidential notions. 7 different elements are found, ranging from 1 pre-verbal marker, 1 adverb, 2 particles and 3 complement-taking predicates. The results indicate, in line with existing research, that to differentiate between usage properties of individual modal expressions it may be necessary to subdivide them in terms of not only epistemic but also evidential meanings. Moreover, a functional parallel between the GhaPE particle abi, the Swedish modal particle väl and the Spanish adverbs a lo mejor and igual is demonstrated, with respect to their simultaneous function of expressing epistemic probability and asking the hearer for confirmation. Finally, the results suggest, contrary to previous accounts, that the pre-verbal marker fit may indicate epistemic possibility without the addition of a preceding irrealis marker go. It is proposed that future researchers should make use of bigger corpora in order to arrive at a more ample conception of both individual modal categories and their interrelations.
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Mann, CC. "Attitudes toward Anglo-Nigerian pidgin in urban Southern Nigeria: The generational variable." Romanian Review of Linguistics, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001176.
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Abstract. A questionnaire − and interview − based survey of attitudes toward Anglo-
Nigerian Pidgin (ANP) (or ‘Nigerian Pidgin English’) was undertaken on a stratified
random sample of 1,200 respondents in six urban centres in southern Nigeria, in
relation to perceptions of its language status, its possible use as a subject and medium
of instruction, and its possible adoption as an official language in the future, given its
ever-increasing sociolinguistic vitality and preponderance.
An analysis of the generational variable of the survey findings indicate that, contrary to
expectations, the middle age generation (40-49 years) were consistently the most
favourable in their attitudes toward ANP, with regard to: 1) teaching ANP as a subject;
2) using ANP as a medium of instruction in schools; and, 3) adopting ANP as Nigeria’s
official language, whereas the young generation (15-19 years) - currently considered
ANP’s main users and vectors - were the least favourable. The paper discusses and
attempts to explain this apparent paradox.
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Lindmark, Carolina. "Oh chale : Two stance-taking strategies in Ghanaian Pidgin English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131497.
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A common assumption is that language is used for conveying factual information, but linguistic forms also serve a way to communicate pragmatic features, such as speakers’ intentions and mental state. This study describes and analyses two strategies for stance-taking in GhaPE, more specific the use of discourse particles and complement-taking predicates. Such grammatical resources have been identified in the literature to play important functions in signalling how the speaker evaluates and positions him/herself and the addressee with respect to objects of discourse. The analysis and discussion of forms is informed by Du Bois’ (2007) ‘stance triangle’, which has proved to be a useful analytical device for investigating stance from a dialogical perspective. GhaPE is at times anticipated as fairly simple both by scholars and in the community where it is spoken. This thesis is thus an attempt to display aspects of the richness of the language.
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Dzahene-Quarshie, Josephine. "Localizing global trends in sms texting language among students in Ghana and Tanzania." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220407.
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The main motivation for the development of various strategies to represent written text in a concise way among mobile phone users all over the world is the need to communicate full messages in abridged forms in order to save time, energy and money. These alternative forms of words and phrases are especially employed by the youth. In this paper, the innovative adaptation of global SMS texting trends in the form of intricate abbreviation and contraction of words and phrases in Kiswahili in Tanzania is examined and compared with trends in SMS texting language in English in Ghana. Using empirical data made up of SMS texts from students of the University of Dar es Salaam and University of Ghana, localized as well as convergent and divergent trends and the socio-pragmatic motivations of the phenomena are analysed and discussed.
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Leemans, Neil Edwin Michael. "VIL a visual inter lingua." Link to thesis, 2001. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0424101-005711.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Title from title screen. Keywords: icons; pictorial; visual language; iconic communication; pidgins; interlingua. Includes bibliographical references (p. 294-301).
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Jansson, Daniel, and Mikael Jansson. "Utvecklingen av en Instant Messaging klient som en språkwrapper." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-939.
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Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingen av en Instant Messaging klient som implementerats som en språkwrapper. Klienten använder ett känt öppen källkods-bibliotek vid namn libGaim för att få tillgång till Instant Messaging tjänster. Klienten fungerar som en språkwrapper till detta bibliotek, och låter andra applikationer nyttja biblioteket genom ett databasgränssnitt. Arbetet har utförts åt och hos Evolve i Karlstad. Systemet som utvecklats klarar att hantera vanliga Instant Messaging-funktioner så som uppkoppling av konto, nedkoppling, ändring av status, visa kompisikoner, och hämtning av information angående kompisar.
I beskrivandet av arbetet med detta system ges bakgrundsinformation angående wrappers och Instant Messaging, och dessutom angående de verktyg och metoder som använts likt byggverktyget SCons och utvecklingsmetoden eXtreme Programming. Valet av lösning och design presenteras.
Som en del av arbetet undersöks språkwrappers med hjälp av av ett antal tester. Dessa tester visade på vilka skillnader som kan väntas beroende på valet av språkwrapper. En språkgenerisk språkwrapper (som skapar ett gränssnitt mot flera språk) behöver inte utgöra någon större prestandaoverhead jämfört med en språkstatisk språkwrapper (som skapar ett gränssnitt mot ett språk).
Resultatet av arbetet blev ett system som Evolve blev nöjda med och som uppfyllde alla krav som ställdes, antingen fullständigt eller delvis.
This report describes the development of an Instant Messaging client that is implemented as a language wrapper. The client uses a well known open source library, known as libGaim, to access Instant Messaging services. The client works as a language wrapper for this library, and allows other applications to use the library by means of a database interface. The work has been carried out at and for Evolve in Karlstad. The system that has been developed can handle common Instant Messaging operations such as connecting a user account, disconnecting, changing an accounts status, showing buddy icons, and
collecting information regarding buddies.
In the description of the work with this system, background information is given regarding wrappers and Instant Messaging, and also regarding the tools and methods used, such as the build tool SCons and the development method eXtreme Programming. The choice of solution and design is presented.
As a part of the work, language wrappers are evaluated using a number of tests. These tests show the differences that can be expected depending on the choice of language wrapper. A language generic language wrapper (which creates an interface for several languages) need not imply any significant performance overhead compared to a language static language wrapper (which creates an interface towards one language).
The result of the work we have done was a system that Evolve was pleased with and that satisfies all the requirements, either completely or partially.
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Love, Susan. "Moi te vouloir parler un peu : pidgins, creoles and non-standard French ; a study of language simplification and universals /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl897.pdf.
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Ravyse, Natasha Elfbiede. "Against all odds : the status of Fanagalo in South Africa today / N.E. Ravyse." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10604.
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Sub-cultural languages in South Africa – languages which do not enjoy official status amongst other qualities – have not received much attention academically. Existing theories of maintenance and shift accommodate mainstream languages in their role and function within dominant society. However the sub-cultural languages, in which Fanagalo will later be categorised, and their role and function in society are unclear. This may be the result of the inefficiency of current theories of maintenance and shift to explain the functionality of sub-cultural languages and the process they undergo leading to either maintenance or shift. Furthermore, failure to recognise the role and function of such sub-cultural languages may be attributed to their non-official status as they are not officially supported by language policies. The purpose of this study is therefore to understand the process of maintenance or shift a sub-cultural language undergoes. This process is accommodated by developing a theoretical model related to maintenance or shift for sub-cultural languages. This model, specifically based on Fanagalo, will expand on the boundaries set in existing theoretical models of maintenance and shift in order to accommodate sub-cultural language. It is important to stress that the period during which the data was collected on site at Mine X in Rustenburg, is volatile in nature. The unrest in the social context concerning the mine workers themselves during the period in which this data was gathered alludes to the value of the data and provides a unique insight not achievable under non-adverse circumstances. The unrest began in 2012 during which a “strike over pay ha(d) escalated into alleged turf war between unions” (Smith & Macalister, 2012) in Marikana, Rustenburg where more than thirty people were killed on the 17th of August, 2012. A year later, an agreement between Amcu (Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union) and Lonmin was signed which, according to Mathunjwa, president of Amcu, was quoted as saying, ‘This shows that the victims did not die in vain and we pledge to continue with their fight for a living wage” (Mathunjwa, 2013, quoted by Steyn, 2013). This pledge was upheld as on 28 August, 2013, Amcu was, “asking for increases as high as 150%, and Solidarity are still engaging” (Nicolson, 2013). As the interviews as part of the data collection process for this study were conducted on 14 August 2013, the value of the data should not go unrecognised.MA (English), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Norden, Anton Harry. "Selected topics in the grammar of Français Tirailleur : A corpus study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144632.
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This corpus-based study describes some grammatical and lexical features of Français Tirailleur (FT), a pidgin spoken in the French colonial army from the mid-1800’s to the 1950’s. By examining the largest corpus available of the language, this study aims to (1) discern hitherto undescribed or strengthen previous claims about grammatical and lexical features of FT, (2) compare these features with its lexifier language and (3) identify changes over time. The corpus has been manually part-of-speech tagged and all noun phrases have been marked up. The results include a description of the form and function of the FT noun phrase, covering (pro)nouns and their modifiers as well as noun phrases with an embedded prepositional phrase. Furthermore, the apparent diachronic development of the expression même chose is analyzed, along with examples of circumlocution. FT is shown to differ from French in several respects, e.g. in substituting the demonstrative determiners ce(t)/cette with ça, but no signs of substrate influence are found. Contrary to intution about the simplex nature of pidgins, FT appears to follow French in placing certain adjectives before the noun, while postposing others. There remain several interesting aspects to explore in the grammar of FT, among them the elusive, multi-functional items ya and yena. Our further understanding of pidgins would benefit from more data and cross-linguistic comparison.Denna korpus-baserade studie beskriver några lexikala och grammatiska drag hos Français Tirailleur (FT), ett pidginspråk som talades i franska kolonialarmen från mitten på 1800- till 1950-talet. Genom att undersöka den största tillgängliga korpusen över språket söker denna studie (1) urskilja hittills obeskrivna drag eller styrka existerande hypoteser om språkets natur, (2) jämföra språket med dess lexifierare samt (3) identifiera eventuell diakron variation. Korpusen har ordklasstaggats manuellt och alla nominalfraser har märkts upp. Resultaten innefattar en beskrivning av nominalfrasens form och funktion, en analys av uttrycket même chose och dess historiska utveckling samt ett antal exempel på cirkumlokution. FT skiljer sig från franska i flera avseenden, men inga tecken på substratinfluenser hittades. Trots att pidginspråk brukar kännetecknas av avsevärd förenkling, tycks FT ha bevarat franskans relativt komplexa system med både för- och efterställda adjektiv. Det råder brist på data och tvärlingvistiska jämförelser mellan pidginspråk, men det återstår ännu flertalet intressanta frågor att undersöka i FT-korpusen.
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Caukill, Emma Joy Anne. "The influences of Bislama on lexical choices in children's written English: A case study in Vanuatu." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86994/1/Emma%20Caukill%20Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In Vanuatu, there have been concerns that Bislama (the national language of Vanuatu and a creole with an adapted English vocabulary) hinders English language learning. Consequently, previous language policy restricted the use of Bislama in schools. The findings from this study offer significant insights and implications that may assist teachers with using Bislama in their classrooms in a way that furthers English language and literacy development. This research is timely because the Vanuatu Government have recently implemented a new language policy that allows the vernacular island languages and Bislama to be used as a linguistic resource in schools.
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Skirgård, Hedvig. "Français Tirailleur : - A Corpus Study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93933.
Full textAbstract:
Français Tirailleur (FT) är ett pidginspråk som talades av västafrikanska soldateroch deras vita officerare i den franska kolonialarmen cirka 1857-1954. Den häruppsatser beskriver denna språkvatietet utifrån ett korpus som består av de dokumenteradeyttranden som hittills hittats. Studien visar bland annat att standardnegation uttrycks med en pre-verbal partikel (pas), ja/nej-frågor uttryckts främstgenom intonation, genussystemet är inte produktivt, det finns ingen skillnad mellansubjekt och objekt i pronomensystemet och attributiv ägande uttrycks med possessivapronomen, juxtaposition eller prepositioner. Den standardiserade type-token-rationär 26%, vidare forskning om ordförråd i pidginspråk och jämförelser med talat språkbehövs. Det finns två former som är väldigt frekventa och som anses vara mycketkarakteristiska för FT: ya och yena. Dessa former har tidigare beskrivits som stativaverb, relativmarkörer och finithetsmarkörer. De förekommer i majoriteten av alladokument i korpuset. De fungerar som stativa verb, kopula eller kopulalika markörer,samt potentiellt även som predikatsmarkörer. Frågan om huruvida adjektiv är enrelevant språklig kategori i denna pidgin diskuteras också i denna uppsats.Français Tirailleur (FT) is a pidgin language that was spoken by West Africansoldiers and their white officers in the French colonial army approximately 1857-1954.The aim of this study is to investigate a corpus of previously unanalyzed utterancesof FT in order to discern linguistic structures and test previous statements about thenature of FT. Much of previous literature on FT is based on an anonymous manualpublished by the French military in 1916, this thesis aims to provide new informationto our understanding of this pidgin. These are some of the findings: standardnegation is expressed by means of a preverbal particle (pas), polar interrogation byintonation, grammatical gender is not a productive category and attributive possessionis expressed by possessive pronouns, juxtaposition (possessum - possessor) andprepositional constructions. The standardized type-token-ratio of this corpus, 26%,suggests that the lexicon of pidgins needs to be further studied. Comparisons withcorpuses of spoken language are needed. There are two very frequent pre-predicatemarkers that are considered characteristic of FT: ya and yena. These two markershave previously been described as stative verbs, relativizers and markers of finiteness.The two markers are very frequent in a majority of the sources and are highly polysemous,functioning as stative verbs, copula or copula-like markers and possibly alsopredicate markers. The status of adjectives as a part-of-speech in FT is also discussed.
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Dietze, Markus. "Die Lukasevangelien auf Caló. Die Ursachen ihrer Sprachinterferenz und der Anteil des Spanischen." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-152855.
Full textAbstract:
Die Arbeit behandelt die beiden Übersetzungsversionen des Lukasevangeliums ins Caló, die George Borrow 1837 und 1872 anfertigte. Sie hat mehrere Zielstellungen. Der erste Teil geht der Frage nach: Wie kam es zu den beiden Schriften? Er legt dar, welche Einflussfaktoren das authentische Caló im Spanien der 1830er Jahre herausgeprägt haben konnten und welche Einflüsse durch den Übersetzer George Borrow auf die Übersetzungen wirkten. Als extralinguistische Faktoren wird dafür die (Kultur-)Geschichte der Gitanos herangezogen, werden Borrows Biographie sowie seine Sprachkenntnisse untersucht und werden die Aufsätze namhafter Autoren über die Entstehung des Calós diskutiert und gegeneinander abgewogen. So entsteht zum ersten Mal eine komplexe Zusammenfassung der Vorgeschichte des Calós der Evangelien. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist einerseits eine Anleitung, die das Caló anhand von Textbeispielen für Hispanisten lesbar macht, und prüft andererseits, ob und wie die Aussage zutrifft, dass Borrows Purifizierungsbestrebungen in der zweiten Übersetzungsversion ein Caló schufen, das einen wesentlich geringeren Anteil an spanischer Sprache hat als in der ersten Version. Die Frage nach der Purifizierung erscheint vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen verklärenden Zigeunermode, der Afición, in Spanien sowie angesichts des Polyglotten Borrow bedeutsam. Um ihr nachzugehen, werden die ersten siebeneinhalb Kapitel beider Übersetzungen mit Hilfe von Textanalyseprogrammen wortartenspezifisch untersucht. Das Ergebnis bestätigt die Annahme bei zehn von sechzehn Wortarten und zeigt auf, dass besonders bei den Autosemantika Purifizierungsversuche unternommen wurden. Wahrscheinlich war aber schon die erste Übersetzungsversion purifiziert.
Die Arbeit liefert einen ersten detaillierten linguistischen Vergleich eines Teiles der beiden Versionen und stellt das Caló der Evangelien in einem sehr umfassenden Kontext vor, wodurch sich eine Vernetzung linguistischer, kulturwissenschaftlicher und literaturwissenschaftlich interessanter Aspekte ergibt.
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Love, Susan. "French and Tây Bồi in Vietnam : a study of language policy, practice and perceptions." 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arml897.pdf.
Full text
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Robertson, David Douglas. "Kamloops Chinuk Wawa, Chinuk pipa, and the vitality of pidgins." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3840.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation presents the first full grammatical description of unprompted (spontaneous) speech in pidgin Chinook Jargon [synonyms Chinúk Wawa, Chinook]. The data come from a dialect I term ‘Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’, used in southern interior British Columbia circa 1900. I also present the first historical study and structural analysis of the shorthand-based ‘Chinuk pipa’ alphabet in which Kamloops Chinúk Wawa was written, primarily by Salish people. This study is made possible by the discovery of several hundred such texts, which I have transliterated and analyzed. The
Basic Linguistic Theory-inspired (cf. Dixon 2010a,b) framework used here interprets Kamloops Chinúk Wawa as surprisingly ramified in morphological and syntactic structure, a finding in line with recent studies reexamining the status of pidgins by Bakker (e.g. 2003a,b, forthcoming) among others. Among the major findings: an unusually successful pidgin literacy including a widely circulated newspaper Kamloops Wawa, and language planning by the missionary J.M.R. Le Jeune, O.M.I. He planned both for the use of Kamloops Chinúk Wawa and this alphabet, and for their replacement by English. Additional sociolinguistic factors determining how Chinuk pipa
was written included Salish preferences for learning to write by whole-word units (rather than letter by letter), and toward informal intra-community teaching of this first group literacy. In addition to compounding and conversion of lexical roots, Kamloops Chinúk Wawa morphology exploited three types of preposed grammatical morphemes—affixes, clitics, and particles. Virtually all are homonymous with and grammaticalized from demonstrably lexical morphs. Newly identified categories include ‘out-of-control’ transitivity marking and discourse markers including ‘admirative’ and ‘inferred’. Contrary to previous claims about Chinook Jargon (cf. Vrzic 1999), no overt passive
voice exists in Kamloops Chinúk Wawa (nor probably in pan-Chinook Jargon), but a previously unknown ‘passivization strategy’ of implied agent demotion is brought to light. A realis-irrealis modality distinction is reflected at several scopal levels: phrase, clause and sentence. Functional differences are observed between irrealis clauses before and after main clauses. Polar questions are restricted to subordinate clauses, while alternative questions are formed by simple juxtaposition of irrealis clauses. Main-clause interrogatives are limited to content-question forms, optionally with irrealis marking. Positive imperatives are normally signaled by a mood particle on a realis clause, negative ones by a negative particle. Aspect is marked in a three-part ingressive-imperfective-completive system, with a marginal fourth ‘conative’. One negative operator has characteristically clausal, and another phrasal, scope. One copula is newly attested. Degree marking is largely confined to ‘predicative’ adjectives (copula complements). Several novel features of pronoun usage possibly reflect Salish L1 grammatical habits: a consistent animacy distinction occurs in third-person pronouns, where pan-Chinook Jargon 'iaka' (animate singular) and 'klaska' (animate plural) contrast with a null inanimate object/patient; this null and 'iaka' are non-specified for number; in intransitives,
double exponence (repetition) of pronominal subjects is common; and pan-Chinook Jargon 'klaksta' (originally ‘who?’) and 'klaska' (originally ‘they’) vary freely with each other. Certain etymologically content-question forms are used also as determiners. Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’s numeral system is unusually regular and small for a pidgin; numerals are also used ordinally in a distinctly Chinook Jargon type of personal name. There is a null allomorph of the preposition 'kopa'. This preposition has additionally a realis complementizer function (with nominalized predicates) distinct from irrealis 'pus' (with verbal ones). Conjunction 'pi' also has a function in a syntactic focus-increasing and -reducing system.Graduate
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Wakizaka, Miwako. "On the issues of language contact and language shift in Tok Pisin - focusing on two "non-standard" varieties: highlands pidgin and anglicised pidgin." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/60069.
Full textAbstract:
Tok Pisin is the most prevailing common language in Papua New Guinea.
It was originally an English lexifier pidgin language and has developed as the
virtual universal lingua franca in this multilingual country where over 850
indigenous languages are spoken today (Nekitel 1998).
The term Tok Pisin covers a large number of varieties due to the various
social and linguistic backgrounds of its speakers. Traditionally, the rural
varieties which are spoken in Coastal and Island areas are regarded as
mainstream Tok Pisin and previous studies have mainly focused on these
varieties. However, since the social and linguistic situation in the country has
continuously changed and the language contact between Tok Pisin and both
substratum languages and the superstratum language, English, continues, the
varieties which were regarded as “non-standard” seem to play an important
role, especially in the context of language contact and language shift today.
Therefore, with respect to the roles that “non-standard” varieties play and their
features, many gaps still remain. Most studies have focused on standard
varieties.
In order to fill in the gaps, this study will address the issues of language
contact and language shift in Tok Pisin, mainly focusing on two “nonstandard”
varieties. One is Highlands Pidgin which is spoken mainly in the
Highlands area of the country. Because of the increase of emigrant population
from Highlands to other regions, it seems that Highlands Pidgin impacts on
other regional varieties of Tok Pisin. First, the characteristics which have been
considered to be Highlands features are reconsidered by reanalysing previous
studies and examining the author’s primary data. Then the role that Highlands
Pidgin plays in the current language situation in Papua New Guinea is
discussed. The other “non-standard” variety considered here is the anglicised
variety. It has been pointed out that Tok Pisin is currently undergoing
“decreolisation”, that is, it is gradually losing its own features and assimilating
to English. However, the degree of the anglicisation can very with situations,
speakers and topics and, although earlier studies provide many important
findings, few recent studies have been undertaken. Thus, the degree of
anglicisation is examined according to each linguistic component including
phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax based on primary data. As one of
the parameters of anglicisation, code switching between Tok Pisin and
English is also examined using the Matrix Language-Frame model proposed
by Myers-Scotton (1993). Following the analysis of the two varieties, some
sociolinguistic considerations are provided in order to capture the situation in
which language contact and language shift take place.
In conclusion, based on the author’s observations and analysis, this study
proposes the argument that there is little reason to rule out the “non-standard”
varieties and that Tok Pisin has been a language completely distinct from
English, which supports Smith’s (2002) viewpoint. Also, it illustrates a
description of current Tok Pisin which coexists with English. Whether the
situation continues or not in the future is open to question; however, the
structural features of Tok Pisin and its remarkable vitality which are revealed
here can inform the study of language contact, language shift and language
maintenance.Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009
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Wakizaka, Miwako. "On the issues of language contact and language shift in Tok Pisin - focusing on two "non-standard" varieties: highlands pidgin and anglicised pidgin." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/60069.
Full textAbstract:
Tok Pisin is the most prevailing common language in Papua New Guinea. It was originally an English lexifier pidgin language and has developed as the virtual universal lingua franca in this multilingual country where over 850 indigenous languages are spoken today (Nekitel 1998). The term Tok Pisin covers a large number of varieties due to the various social and linguistic backgrounds of its speakers. Traditionally, the rural varieties which are spoken in Coastal and Island areas are regarded as mainstream Tok Pisin and previous studies have mainly focused on these varieties. However, since the social and linguistic situation in the country has continuously changed and the language contact between Tok Pisin and both substratum languages and the superstratum language, English, continues, the varieties which were regarded as “non-standard” seem to play an important role, especially in the context of language contact and language shift today. Therefore, with respect to the roles that “non-standard” varieties play and their features, many gaps still remain. Most studies have focused on standard varieties. In order to fill in the gaps, this study will address the issues of language contact and language shift in Tok Pisin, mainly focusing on two “nonstandard” varieties. One is Highlands Pidgin which is spoken mainly in the Highlands area of the country. Because of the increase of emigrant population from Highlands to other regions, it seems that Highlands Pidgin impacts on other regional varieties of Tok Pisin. First, the characteristics which have been considered to be Highlands features are reconsidered by reanalysing previous studies and examining the author’s primary data. Then the role that Highlands Pidgin plays in the current language situation in Papua New Guinea is discussed. The other “non-standard” variety considered here is the anglicised variety. It has been pointed out that Tok Pisin is currently undergoing “decreolisation”, that is, it is gradually losing its own features and assimilating to English. However, the degree of the anglicisation can very with situations, speakers and topics and, although earlier studies provide many important findings, few recent studies have been undertaken. Thus, the degree of anglicisation is examined according to each linguistic component including phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax based on primary data. As one of the parameters of anglicisation, code switching between Tok Pisin and English is also examined using the Matrix Language-Frame model proposed by Myers-Scotton (1993). Following the analysis of the two varieties, some sociolinguistic considerations are provided in order to capture the situation in which language contact and language shift take place. In conclusion, based on the author’s observations and analysis, this study proposes the argument that there is little reason to rule out the “non-standard” varieties and that Tok Pisin has been a language completely distinct from English, which supports Smith’s (2002) viewpoint. Also, it illustrates a description of current Tok Pisin which coexists with English. Whether the situation continues or not in the future is open to question; however, the structural features of Tok Pisin and its remarkable vitality which are revealed here can inform the study of language contact, language shift and language maintenance.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1374814
Thesis (M.A.) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009
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Frąckiewicz, Olga. "The image of African language structures in Nigerian Pidgin English." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3603.
Full text
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(7036772), Kwaku O. A. Osei-Tutu. "A Formal Syntactic Analysis of Complex-Path Motion Predicates in Ghanaian Student Pidgin (GSP)." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
This dissertation provides a formal syntactic analysis of complex-path motion predicates in Ghanaian Student Pidgin (GSP) – an English-lexified expanded pidgin spoken by (mostly male) students in Ghanaian high schools and universities – within the Generative Constructivist framework. The data for the study was collected from three speakers with an instrument consisting of a battery of animated video-clips designed to elicit and contrast the following set of parameters that correspond to the various subcomponents of a motion event – path, telicity, result and agentivity. With regard to the path subcomponent, the dissertation found that GSP is able to express the 3-D vectorization of the path in motion predicates via verbal morphology in Serial Verb Constructions – a proposal which had already been argued by some earlier researchers (Benedicto, Cvejanov, & Quer, 2008; Benedicto & Salomon, 2014; Zheng, 2012). On the issue of the Telicity subcomponent, this dissertation follows in the footsteps of Borer (2005) who argues (among other things) that an event is telic when the functional projection, AspQ, is assigned range by a subject-of-quantity internal constituent. However, where this dissertation forges new ground is in proposing that, in motion predicates, it is not the internal constituent that assigns range to Aspq, as usually assumed, but rather the reaching of an endpoint (which obtains in GSP as the reach substructure). Additionally, the dissertation also shows that this is only compatible with a reachable (i.e. non-projective) XPloc – a connection made possible by analyzing the internal structure of the XPloc along the lines of Svenonius, 2008, 2010). The chapter on the Resultative subcomponent shows that the Resultative substructure (unlike some prevailing analysis, e.g. Ramchand, 2008) is independent of Telicity. Finally, with regard to agentivity, the dissertation makes a crucial discovery about the structural difference between initial contact and continuous contact agentives – i.e. the additional functional projection of a grammacticalized make (present in initial contact agentives, but absent from continuous contact agentives) which signals the separation of the figure from the agent.
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Dietze, Markus. "Die Lukasevangelien auf Caló. Die Ursachen ihrer Sprachinterferenz und der Anteil des Spanischen." Master's thesis, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28299.
Full textAbstract:
Die Arbeit behandelt die beiden Übersetzungsversionen des Lukasevangeliums ins Caló, die George Borrow 1837 und 1872 anfertigte. Sie hat mehrere Zielstellungen. Der erste Teil geht der Frage nach: Wie kam es zu den beiden Schriften? Er legt dar, welche Einflussfaktoren das authentische Caló im Spanien der 1830er Jahre herausgeprägt haben konnten und welche Einflüsse durch den Übersetzer George Borrow auf die Übersetzungen wirkten. Als extralinguistische Faktoren wird dafür die (Kultur-)Geschichte der Gitanos herangezogen, werden Borrows Biographie sowie seine Sprachkenntnisse untersucht und werden die Aufsätze namhafter Autoren über die Entstehung des Calós diskutiert und gegeneinander abgewogen. So entsteht zum ersten Mal eine komplexe Zusammenfassung der Vorgeschichte des Calós der Evangelien. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist einerseits eine Anleitung, die das Caló anhand von Textbeispielen für Hispanisten lesbar macht, und prüft andererseits, ob und wie die Aussage zutrifft, dass Borrows Purifizierungsbestrebungen in der zweiten Übersetzungsversion ein Caló schufen, das einen wesentlich geringeren Anteil an spanischer Sprache hat als in der ersten Version. Die Frage nach der Purifizierung erscheint vor dem Hintergrund der damaligen verklärenden Zigeunermode, der Afición, in Spanien sowie angesichts des Polyglotten Borrow bedeutsam. Um ihr nachzugehen, werden die ersten siebeneinhalb Kapitel beider Übersetzungen mit Hilfe von Textanalyseprogrammen wortartenspezifisch untersucht. Das Ergebnis bestätigt die Annahme bei zehn von sechzehn Wortarten und zeigt auf, dass besonders bei den Autosemantika Purifizierungsversuche unternommen wurden. Wahrscheinlich war aber schon die erste Übersetzungsversion purifiziert.
Die Arbeit liefert einen ersten detaillierten linguistischen Vergleich eines Teiles der beiden Versionen und stellt das Caló der Evangelien in einem sehr umfassenden Kontext vor, wodurch sich eine Vernetzung linguistischer, kulturwissenschaftlicher und literaturwissenschaftlich interessanter Aspekte ergibt.:o. Vorwort & Danksagung
i. Einleitung
i.i. Begriffsbestimmung
i.ii. Zielsetzung der Arbeit
Teil I: Die Ursachen der Sprachinterferenz in den Lukasevangelien
I.1. Die Geschichte der Gitanos bis ins 19. Jahrhundert
I.1.1. Die prähispanische Phase
I.1.2. Die erste Phase von 1425 bis 1499
I.1.3. Die zweite Phase von 1499 bis 1783
I.1.4. Die dritte Phase im 19. Jahrhundert
I.2. Die Genese des Calós bis ins 19. Jahrhundert
I.2.1. Denkmäler des Calós vor den Evangelien
I.2.2. Die Debatte um die Genese des Calós
I.2.2.1. Caló versus Pidgin-/ Kreolsprachen: Boretzky (1985) und Romero Yantorno
I.2.2.2. Code-Switching, Pogadisierung, Geheimsprachen und Language Intertwining: Bakker & van der Voort (1991)
I.2.2.3. Archaismen, kryptische Formationen, andalusische Merkmale und unabhängige Lexikentwicklung: Bakker (1995)
I.2.2.4. Das katalonische Romaní als Indiz für die zeitliche Einordnung: Boretzky (1992)
I.2.2.5. Das Caló als Alltagssprache und im Vergleich mit anderen Romaní-Dialekten: Boretzky (1998)
I.2.2.6. Von der Alltagssprache zum geheimsprachlichen Vokabular: Bakker (1998)
I.2.2.7. Zusammenfassung der Debatte
I.3. George Henry Borrow
I.3.1. Kurzbiographie
I.3.2. Borrows Romaní-, Spanisch- und Caló-Kenntnisse
Teil II: Der Anteil des Spanischen in den Lukasevangelien
II.1. Texterschließung für Hispanisten
II.1.1. Wörterbücher
II.1.2. Grammatik
II.1.2.1. Caló-Deklinationssuffixe
II.1.2.2. Caló-Hilfsverben
II.1.3. Textausschnitte
II.1.3.1. Textausschnitt 1: Titelseiten und Vorworte Borrows
II.1.3.2. Textausschnitt 2: Lukas 15, 1 - 4 .
II.2. Wortartenspezifische Analyse des Anteils des Spanischen
II.2.1. Vorgehen
II.2.2. Auswertung
II.3. Schluss
Anhänge
Anhang 1: Vergleich des Anteils des Spanischen an den Lukasevangelien 1 - 8,25 auf Caló von 1837 und 1872 in wortartenspezifischen, systematisierten und
kommentierten Wortfrequenzlisten
A.1. Flektierbare Wortarten
A.1.1. Die Artikel
A.1.2. Die Substantive
A.1.3. Die Eigennamen
A.1.4. Die Pronomina
A.1.4.1. Die Personal- und Reflexivpronomina
A.1.4.2. Die Demonstrativpronomina
A.1.4.3. Die Possesivpronomina
A.1.4.4. Die Relativpronomina
A.1.4.5. Die Indefinitpronomina
A.1.5. Die Adjektiva
A.1.6. Die Verba
A.1.7. Die Numeralia
A.2. Unflektierbare Wortarten
A.2.1. Die Adverbien
A.2.2. Die Präpositionen
A.2.3. Die Interrogativa
A.2.4. Die Konjunktionen
A.2.5. Die Interjektionen
Anhang 2: Paralleltexte: Die Lukasevangelien 1 - 8,25 auf Caló von 1837 und von 1872 und das spanische Lukasevangelium 1 - 8,25 übersetzt von Scío
Abbildungsverzeichnis
Quellenverzeichnis
Tabellenverzeichnis