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Journal articles on the topic 'Pidgin'
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1
Alshammari, Wafi Fhaid. "Tense/Aspect Marking in Arabic-Based Pidgins." Sustainable Multilingualism 18, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 14–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2021-0002.
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Summary The earliest stages of pidgin formation show a preference for analytic and morphologically reduced grammatical constructions relative to their lexifier or substrate languages, where the apparent morphological marking, if found, seems to be fossilized. Structural relations, therefore, are mostly expressed externally. Tense/aspect categories are marked through temporal adverbials or inferred from the context. Creole languages, however, are said to develop such categories through grammaticalization. This study examines tense/aspect marking in five Arabic-based pidgins: Juba Arabic, Turku Pidgin, Pidgin Madame, Romanian Pidgin Arabic, and Gulf Pidgin Arabic. Using Siegel’s (2008) scale of morphological simplicity, from lexicality to grammaticality, this study concludes that tense/aspect marking is expressed lexically through temporal adverbials or inferred from the context in the earliest stages of Arabic-based pidgins, which only later—in stabilized pidgins—develops into grammaticalized markers when certain criteria are met.
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Versteegh, Kees. "Speaking of the past." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.29.2.02ver.
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In rudimentary communication with foreigners, the most basic need is to express wishes and to give orders. Accordingly, verbal forms in foreigner-directed speech and pidgins often derive etymologically from imperatives or infinitives in the lexifier language. In more developed communication the need arises to refer to past events. In this paper, the development of past time reference from foreigner-directed speech to pidgin is investigated on the basis of data from Arabic-based pidgins, notably from Pidgin Madam, Gulf Pidgin Arabic, and Juba Arabic. These data are compared with the development of past tense reference in foreigner talk registers and pidgins based on other languages.
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Bakker, Peter. "A Basque Nautical Pidgin." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.2.1.02bak.
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The paper deals with a Basque Nautical Pidgin from which a number of sentences have been preserved in a seventeenth century Basque-Icelandic word list. These sentences are interesting for several reasons. First, Basque may throw an interesting light on the pidginization process because it is not an Indo-European language and has several unusual features. Second, although the sentences come from a Basque word list compiled by an Icelander, there are also some words from other languages, of which English is the most prominent. It is suggested that the knowledge of an English Nautical Pidgin played a role in the formation of this pidgin. Third, in the current debate on the origin of fu and similar markers as complementizers, many claims have been made. In this Basque Pidgin, twelve of the fifteen sentences contain the lexical item for in diverse functions. The use of for in the pidgin is compared with similar lexical items in four other pidgins. It is argued that there was some transmission of the use of for in these pidgins to the for in creoles.
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Siegel, Jeff. "Pidgin English in Nauru." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.5.2.02sie.
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This article reports on a preliminary study of an English-lexifier Pidgin spoken on the tiny Pacific island of Nauru. This pidgin has distinctive features of both Chinese Pidgin English and Pacific Pidgin English, as well as many unique characteristics. Socio-historical information shows that these two forms of Pidgin English have come into contact in Nauru and the data suggests that pidgin mixing, a form of koineization, has occurred. The linguistic consequences of such a mixture are similar to those of the mixing of other linguistic subsystems such as regional dialects. The data also supports observations about the problems of genetic classification and the significance of mixing in tracing the development of pidgins in the Pacific and other areas.
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Romaine, Suzanne. "Orthographic practices in the standardization of pidgins and creoles: Pidgin in Hawai'i as anti-language and anti-standard." Creole Language in Creole Literatures 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 101–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.1.07rom.
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This article examines the role of orthography in the standardization of pidgins and creoles with particular reference to Pidgin in Hawai'i. Although linguists have generally stressed the desirability of phonemic over non-phonemic or etymological orthographies as a prerequisite for creatingAbstand‘distance’ and revalorizing pidgins and creoles as autonomous systems vis-à-vis their lexifiers, most writers in Hawai'i and elsewhere have been reluctant to use phonemic writing systems even where they exist. This is true even ofDa Jesus Book(2000), which has aimed at setting a standard for written Pidgin. Special attention is paid to the orthographic practices used in this translation of theNew Testamentcompared to those made by other writers, some of whom have explicitly disavowed standardization. These choices present a rich site for investigating competing discourses about Pidgin. Creole orthographies reflecting differing degrees and kinds of distance from those of their lexifiers are powerful expressive resources indexing multiple social meanings and identities. The orthographic practices of some Pidgin writers encode attitudinal stances that are oppositional to standard English and the ideology of standardization. Pidgin is being consciously elaborated as an anti-language, one of whose social meanings is that of Pidgin as an anti-standard. This brings to the fore varied ideological dimensions of a complex debate that has often been oversimplified by posing questions concerning orthographies for pidgins and creoles in terms of a choice between a phonemic vs. a non-phonemic orthography.
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AVRAM, Andrei A. "“Two Sides of the Same Coin”: Yokohama Pidgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.7.1.57-76.
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The paper is a comparative overview of the phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese and Japanese Pidgin English, formerly spoken in Japan. Both varieties are shown to exhibit features typical of pre-pidgins, while they differ considerably in the circumstances of their emergence and the context of use.
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Silva, Bruno Pinto. ""Pidgin" e "crioulo" como rótulos sócio-históricos." Revista da ABRALIN 19, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/rabralin.v19i2.1433.
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Na conferência “How Pidgins Emerged? Not as We Have Been Told” proferida por Salikoko S. Mufwene, professor do Departamento de Linguística da Universidade de Chicago, e destacado especialista na área de estudos de línguas classificadas como pidgins e crioulos, questionam-se diversos pontos da narrativa tradicional adotada por muitos linguistas sobre a emergência de pidgins e crioulos. Toda a obra de Mufwene se contrapõe à narrativa tradicional acerca de pidgins e crioulos por, entre vários outros pontos, redefinir a compreensão dos rótulos “pidgin” e “crioulo”. Segundo Mufwene, pidgins e crioulos se desenvolveram separadamente, em ecologias diversas, e em épocas diferentes. A partir desta perspectiva, os rótulos “pidgin” e “crioulo” são rótulos sócio-históricos, não estruturais e tampouco se relacionam a uma etapa de um ciclo de vida.
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Winkler, Elizabeth Grace. "THE STRUCTURE AND STATUS OF PIDGINS AND CREOLES.Arthur K. Spears & Donald Winford (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997. Pp. viii + 461. $90.00 cloth." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22, no. 1 (March 2000): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100231057.
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This book brings together some of the foremost scholars in pidgin and creole linguistics to address key issues confronting the field—most especially, the inability to provide generally agreed upon structural classifications of pidgin and creole languages, and in particular, less prototypical varieties like semi-creoles, post-pidgins, and post-creoles.
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Ekiye, Ekiyokere. "Suggesting Creoles as the Media of Instruction in Formal Education." East African Journal of Education Studies 2, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.2.1.167.
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Creole and Pidgin languages are spoken by not less than 50 million people around the globe, but literacy is usually acquired in other languages, especially those languages introduced by the former colonial powers. This paper suggests that Pidgin and Creole languages should be elaborated for use as the media of instruction in formal education, particularly in contexts where up to 85 per cent of the population speak them. Pidgins and creoles researchers have labelled pidgin and creole languages as “developing” and they highlight their capacity to perform the same functions as their developed European lexifiers, English and French. The central argument is that pidgin and creole languages have the potential to express complex realities and function officially in formal education despite the negative attitudes towards them by their speakers. The attitudes towards pidgin and creole languages in education, the part of political and linguistic entities in adopting Nigerian Pidgin and Mauritian Kreol as the medium of teaching literacy in their respective countries are the central issues of focus.
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Hosali, Priya, and Jean Aitchison. "Butler English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.1.1.05hos.
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Butler English is the conventional name for a reduced and simplified variety of Indian English which has been characterized as a "minimal pidgin." This paper analyzes in detail the speech of 7 speakers (aged between 17 and 65) with a view to finding out, first, the salient features of this variety of English, second, the relationship between 19th and 20th century Butler English, and third, the source of the shared features. The texts revealed a dynamic mix of universal features of pidginization, folk beliefs about English, and incipient independent constructions. This mix indicates that Butler English is neither a "minimal pidgin" nor mere "broken language." It sheds interesting light on the origins of pidgins, but shows that attempts to "pidgin-hole" pidgin-like systems are doomed to failure.
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Zabus, Chantal. "Informed Consent: Ezenwa–Ohaeto between Past and Future Uses of Pidgin." Matatu 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-033001025.
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The essay shows how Ezenwa–Ohaeto's poetry in pidgin, particularly in his collection (1988), emblematizes a linguistic interface between, on the one hand, the pseudo-pidgin of Onitsha Market pamphleteers of the 1950s and 1960s (including in its gendered guise as in Cyprian Ekwensi) and, on the other, its quasicreolized form in contemporary news and television and radio dramas as well as a potential first language. While locating Nigerian Pidgin or EnPi in the wider context of the emergence of pidgins on the West African Coast, the essay also draws on examples from Joyce Cary, Frank Aig–Imoukhuede, Ogali A. Ogali, Ola Rotimi, Wole Soyinka, and Tunde Fatunde among others. It is not by default but out of choice and with their 'informed consent' that EnPi writers such as Ezenwa–Ohaeto contributed to the unfinished plot of the pidgin–creole continuum.
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Driessen, Miriam. "Pidgin play: Linguistic subversion on Chinese-run construction sites in Ethiopia." African Affairs 119, no. 476 (July 2020): 432–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa016.
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Abstract The Chinese-run construction sites that have emerged across the Ethiopian landscape over the past two decades have given rise to a pidgin—a contact language that facilitates communication between Chinese managers and the Ethiopian labourers under their direction. By unravelling the nature of this pidgin, including its lexicon, syntax, and semantics, this article discusses the power dynamics in Ethiopian–Chinese encounters through the lens of language. A prototypical contact language at first blush, the pidgin spoken on Chinese road projects in Ethiopia is different from pidgins that emerged in colonial Africa. Its structure and use reveal that power relations between Chinese management and Ethiopian rank and file are less asymmetrical than often portrayed. As a site of contestation as much as collaboration, pidgin has in fact become one of the domains in which power is negotiated. By hijacking words and manipulating their meanings, Ethiopian workers play with pidgin in an attempt to confront expatriate management and challenge the sociopolitical asymmetries that the growing Chinese presence in their country has brought forth.
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Foley, William. "Universal constraints and local conditions in Pidginization." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21, no. 1 (May 5, 2006): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.21.1.01fol.
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This paper looks at the processes involved in the genesis of three pidgins of New Guinea. I will argue that the main principle at work in the formation of the morphosyntax of pidgins is a general human capacity for language simplification, but that these processes of simplification are subject both to the effects of specific linguistic features in the local multilingual contact situation that gives rise to the pidgin and to constraints resulting from a universal linguistic endowment. By a comparative look across a range of morphosyntactic features at the processes of simplification that produced three unrelated pidgins of New Guinea, Yimas Pidgin, Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin, the article exemplifies some of the types of structures that can result in pidgins from this general human capacity for language simplification, sifted through both local conditions and universal constraints.
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Shapiro, Roman. "Chinese Pidgin Russian." Pidgins and Creoles in Asian Contexts 25, no. 1 (February 5, 2010): 5–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.25.1.02sha.
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The much-understudied Chinese Pidgin Russian (CPR) has existed at the Chinese–Russian border since at least the 18th century. Unlike many Western-based pidgins, it was formed in a territory where the lexifying language (Russian) was dominant. It also uses a typical inflecting language as its lexifier and an isolating language (Chinese) as its substrate. This paper considers the influence of both ‘parent’ languages at all CPR levels. The sources of CPR include: pidgin records and descriptions; ‘Russian’ textbooks compiled for the Chinese going to Russia; and works of literature depicting contacts between the Russians and indigenous peoples of Siberia, who often spoke a variety of CPR. Some of these sources are rarely accessible to Western linguists. The paper discusses all key aspects of CPR: history (both of the pidgin and its study), phonology (segmental inventory, stress, tone), morphology (verbs vs. non-verbs, final particles), syntax (syntactic roles, sentence and phrase word order, postpositions and prepositions, comparatives), and vocabulary (synonyms, loanwords, structural and semantic calques, ‘diminutive politeness’). The study provides new translations and etymologies for ‘difficult’ CPR words and sentences.
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Li, Juan. "Pidgin and Code-Switching: Linguistic Identity and Multicultural Consciousness in Maxine Hong Kingston’s Tripmaster Monkey." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 13, no. 3 (August 2004): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947004041974.
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A recurring theme in Maxine Hong Kingston’s works is the search for a linguistic identity of Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans, and this theme receives the fullest treatment in her fourth book, Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1987). In representing the social, cultural and linguistic reality for the Chinese American community living in the multicultural United States, Kingston’s fundamental strategy is to use pidgin expressions and code-switching in the characters’ speech to present a truthful picture of languages used in the Chinese American community. A close analysis of the patterns and functions of pidgins in Tripmaster Monkey reveals that while Kingston records actual linguistic features of Chinese Immigrants’ Pidgin English (CIPE) in dialogue to preserve the linguistic individuality and identity of the Chinese American community, she draws on stereotypical features of the past Chinese Pidgin English (CPE) to combat negative stereotypes of Chinese Americans’ languages. Furthermore, Kingston uses code-switching in the characters’ speech to reinscribe her multicultural consciousness into her writing. This article examines the thematic significance of pidgin expressions and code-switched utterances in the characters’ speech in Tripmaster Monkey.
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Broch, Ingvild. "Оценка языка-пиджина руссенорск глазами современного лингвиста(Assessment of the pidgin Russenorsk (RN) seen with the eyes of a contemporary linguist)." Poljarnyj vestnik 1 (February 1, 1998): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1431.
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The first linguistic description of RN was published by Olaf Broch in German in 1927 in Archiv für slavishe Philologie and in the same year also in Norwegian, at the request of the editor of the Norwegian philological journal Maal og Minne. In 1930 he published the RN texts which were known then and which he had used as a basis for the description of 1927. Broch's interest in RN was concentrated on a pure description of this phenomenon, by him characterized as "a kind of language [...] a mixture of different constituents like the ones we know from different parts of the world under more or less the same conditions». We have passed through a period of comparing RN to other pidgins, establishing RN as a grammatical system with simple morphology, with a syntax that is far from being without rules, but its syntactical possibilities are restricted, as in other pidgins. The history of RN shows that as long as RN was the only means of communication between Norwegians and Russians in Northern Norway the assessment was positive, but when Norwegian merchants started learning Russian proper, RN lost its status as "the fourth language" in Northern Norway, and was characterized in the same derogatory way as colonial pidgins. RN, however, differs from them, in having a special status as a dual-sourced pidgin, while most Atlantic and Pacific pidgin, creoloid and post-creoloid languages have a single main source.This seems to stimulate to more extensive studies into the features of the pidgin and contact languages of the Arctic and the northern regions. Such investigations can hopefully lead to important modifications and necessary redefinitions of the theoretical models employed in pidgin and creole studies.
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Mowarin, Macaulay. "Bilingual Verbs in Nigerian Pidgin—English Code Mixing." Studies in English Language Teaching 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v2n1p14.
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<p><em>This paper discusses bilingual verbs, which are intermediate forms that cannot be fully identified with neither Nigerian pidgin nor English, in Nigerian pidgin- English code mixed utterances. The process involved in the derivation of bilingual or hybrid verbs is analogous to hybrid forms in biology. The conceptual framework of this study is Myers-Scotton (1993, 2002). Matrix language frame and the types of hybrid verbs discussed in this study include, the insertion of bare verbs from English to Nigerian pidgin; the adjoinment of auxiliary /helping verbs, as well as the negative particle, in Nigerian pidgin to inserted main verbs from English which is the embedded language. Lastly, is the presence of hybrid verbs in Nigerian pidgin’s serial verb constructions. The essay concludes that bilingual/hybrid verbs constitute an integral part of the grammatical approach to code switching.</em><em></em></p>
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Siegel, Jeff. "Chinese Pidgin English in Southeastern Australia." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 306–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.24.2.04sie.
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More than 38,000 Chinese came to Australia to prospect for gold in the second half of the 19th century. Most of them originated from the Canton region of China (now Guangdong), where Chinese Pidgin English (CPE) was an important trading language. This article describes a recently discovered source that throws light on the nature of CPE used in Australia during that period — a 70 page notebook written in a form of English by a Chinese gold miner, Jong Ah Siug. The article presents some background information about Chinese immigrants in the region where Jong worked (Victoria), and evidence that some CPE was spoken there. It goes on to describe Jong’s notebook and the circumstances that led to him writing it. The main part of the article examines the linguistic features of CPE and other pidgins that are present in the notebook, and discusses other lexical and morphosyntactic features of the text. Some features are typical only of CPE, such as the use of my as the first person pronoun. On the other hand, some features are more characteristic of Australian or Pacific pidgins — for example, the use of belong in possessive constructions. Still other features have not been recorded for any pidgin, such as the use of been as a locative copula. The analysis shows that Jong’s text contains a mixture of features from CPE and other pidgins, as well as features of interlanguage, including some resulting from functional transfer from Jong’s first language, Cantonese.
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Siegel, Jeff. "Literacy in Melanesian and Australian Pidgins and Creoles." English World-Wide 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.19.1.07sie.
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Recent descriptions of literacy in the English-lexified pidgins and Creoles of Melanesia and Australia have described it as being imposed by outsiders, irrelevant to speakers of these languages and unsuitable for use in formal education. This article presents an opposing point of view. First it outlines recent developments in the region, showing that while literacy may have been introduced from the outside, it has been embraced by many pidgin and creole speakers and used for their own purposes, including education. Second, it describes research findings refuting claims that using a pidgin or creole as a language of education will cause confusion among students and interfere with their acquisition of English.
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Bizri, Fida. "Le Pidgin Madam, un nouveau pidgin arabe." La linguistique 41, no. 2 (2005): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ling.412.0053.
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Kingston, Sean. "Pidgin Arts." Anthropology Today 15, no. 2 (April 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2678260.
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Goodman, Morris. "Pidgin Hawaiian." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.1.34goo.
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Roberts, Julian M. "Pidgin Hawaiian." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.10.1.02rob.
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Evidence recently unearthed in documentary sources (such as voyage accounts and Hawaiian-language newspapers) has failed to support the theory that the predominant plantation language and lingua franca of Hawaii's polyglot population in the 19th century was an English-lexifier pidgin. Available evidence actually indicates that a pidginized variety of Hawaiian (which began to develop almost immediately after first contact) formed the original plantation language, and began to be displaced by pidgin English only in the 1880s and 1890s. This Hawaiian-lexifier pidgin also served as a general communicative medium in competition with pidgin English outside the plantation communities. Its prevalence may explain the slow development of pidgin English in Hawaii and late creolization.
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Dench, Alan. "Pidgin Ngarluma." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.13.1.02den.
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This paper discusses evidence of an early pidgin in use amongst Aboriginal people of the north west coast of Western Australia. The crucial evidence comes from an Italian manuscript describing the rescue, by local Aborigines, of two castaways wrecked on North West Cape in 1875. The data reveals that the local Aborigines attempted to communicate with the Italian-speaking survivors using what appears to be an Australian language spoken some 300 kilometers further along the coast, around the emerging center of the new Pilbara pearling industry. I present an analysis of the material, showing that it differs from Australian languages of the area in significant ways and can be considered a reduced variety. I conclude that this variety is an indigenous pidgin — the first to be described for Australia.
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Jourdan, Christine, and Roger Keesing. "From Fisin to Pijin: Creolization in process in the Solomon Islands." Language in Society 26, no. 3 (September 1997): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500019527.
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ABSTRACTIn a combination of ethnohistorical records and longitudinal data gathered over a period of 30 years, the development of Solomon Islands Pijin is documented and analyzed in light of the current debate surrounding creolization theory. Using a pragmatic definition of a Creole (Jourdan 1991), the authors argue that pidgins can be very elaborate codes even before they become the mother tongue of children, and that this elaboration is the result of the linguistic creativity of adults. It is further shown that, in sociolinguistic niches where adults and children use the pidgin as their main language, the impact of the latter on the evolution of the language is of a different nature. (Creolization theory, pidgin languages, substrate influences, urbanization, Solomon Islands Pijin)
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Versteegh, Kees. "Marking statements of fact in early pidgins." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 37, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00086.ver.
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Abstract The particle fi is used in Classical Arabic as a local and temporal preposition, ‘in’. In the contemporary Arabic dialects, it has the same meaning, but in addition it is used in some dialects as an existential, ‘there is/are’. In a number of Arabic work-related pidgins, such as Gulf Pidgin Arabic and Pidgin Madame, fi has acquired new functions. It does not only denote nominal predication, location, and possession, but is also used in combination with verbal forms. Several proposals have been made to explain this use of fī. Avram (2012) regards fī as a progressive aspect marker, while Potsdam & Alanazi (2014) deny the verbal nature of the construction and regard fī as a copula. Bakir (2014) analyzes fī as a marker of verbality of the predicate. The present paper suggests that the general function of fi is to mark the link between topic and focus as assertive rather than modal and looks for parallels of this use in a few other work-related pidgins.
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Fedorova, Kapitolina. "The Russian-Chinese Pidgin." Language Ecology 2, no. 1-2 (November 9, 2018): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.18003.fed.
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Abstract For a long period in history, the border between Russian Empire and China was a place of constant and intensive cultural and language contacts, which resulted in the emergence of the Russian-Chinese Pidgin. In the 19th century it was used by no less than one million people around the border with China, in an area of more than 3,000 kilometers long. The grammatical analysis of Russian-Chinese Pidgin reveals several features (e.g. using the imperative as a basic verb form), which can be interpreted not only linguistically but sociologically as well, because they are intertwined with the social positions of the contact groups and their attitudes towards each other. Interestingly, features found in the pidgin’s grammar have certain parallels in foreigner-directed talk used nowadays by Russian speakers when communicating with Chinese speakers in the border area, which may indicate there are rather stable linguistic stereotypes associated with these contact situations.
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McWhorter, John H. "The scarcity of Spanish-based creoles explained." Language in Society 24, no. 2 (April 1995): 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500018595.
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ABSTRACTMost explanations for the scarcity of Spanish-based creoles have appealed to sociological factors. This article shows that, on the contrary, three historical factors determined the current distribution. First, the Spanish only began cultivating sugar after a century of concentrating on crops requiring smaller plantations; this allowed fuller acquisition of Spanish by the slaves, who then served as models for later arrivals. Second, the Spanish often took over areas formerly occupied by the Portuguese, thus encountering a previously existent pidgin. Third, the Spanish did not establish trade settlements in West Africa, where a Spanish pidgin could have emerged and been transported to the New World. These factors together manifested Spain's low commitment to establishing vigorously capitalistic enterprises in its possessions until the 19th century, which can be seen as the ultimate impediment to the pidginization of Spanish. (Pidgins and creoles, Spanish, Spain, diachronic linguistics, lexical diffusion, language transmission)
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Goodman, Morris. "Pidgin Origins Reconsidered." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.2.2.03goo.
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This article critically reexamines Naro's (1978) account of the origin of Pidgin Portuguese in the 15th century. His claim that the pidgin originated in Portugal and was created by the Portuguese themselves is shown to rest on a number of serious errors, oversights, and misinterpretations with respect both to the historical background and to the Portuguese literary texts of the period which depict the speech of Africans and other foreigners as well as the speech of Portuguese to them. Naro's explanation of the process of pidginization, the so-called "factorization principle," is also reexamined and an attempt is made to look at all factors which might have played a role.
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Ansaldo, Umberto, Stephen Matthews, and Geoff Smith. "China Coast Pidgin." Pidgins and Creoles in Asian Contexts 25, no. 1 (February 5, 2010): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.25.1.03ans.
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In this paper we revisit some long-standing questions regarding the origins and structure of China Coast Pidgin (CCP), also known as Chinese Pidgin English. We first review the historical context of the China Trade which formed the ecology for the development of CCP. We then review the available sources, focusing on newly transcribed data from Chinese-language instructional materials. These sources provide fresh evidence for grammatical structure in CCP, and demonstrate strong influence from Cantonese as the major substrate language. Comparison with English-language sources shows systematic contrasts which point to likely variation between Anglophone and Sinophone lects, as in the case of wh-questions which show regular wh-fronting in English sources and pervasive use of wh-in-situ in Chinese sources. This conclusion helps to resolve the debate over the Sinitic features of CCP.
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Turner, Charles. "Stop the Pidgin." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 38, no. 3 (September 2008): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393108318898.
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Huber, Magnus. "Ghanaian Pidgin English." English World-Wide 16, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 215–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.16.2.04hub.
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Keesing, Roger M. "Solomons Pidgin Pronouns." English World-Wide 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.9.2.08kee.
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Ngefac, Aloysius, and Bonaventure M. Sala. "Cameroon Pidgin and Cameroon English at a confluence." English World-Wide 27, no. 2 (July 6, 2006): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.2.06nge.
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The paper argues that Cameroon Pidgin, a simplified language that displayed a unique peculiarity in the yesteryears, is now giving up most of its phonological peculiarities and embracing those of the variety of English spoken in Cameroon. An analysis of the speech of 150 educated Cameroon Pidgin speakers, randomly selected, shows that such phonological processes as heavy infiltration of sounds from indigenous Cameroonian languages, rampant consonant cluster simplification through vowel epenthesis and other segmental peculiarities which characterized Cameroon Pidgin by 1960, as depicted in Schneider (1960), are by far less perceivable in current Cameroon Pidgin usage. It is demonstrated that the feeling that Pidgin is an inferior language has caused Cameroon Pidgin speakers to opt for the “modernization” of the language using English language canons, instead of preserving the state of the language as it was in the yesteryears. It is therefore predicted that Cameroon Pidgin and Cameroon English will sooner or later be in a continuum.
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L.R., ThankGod, and Isaac E.N. "Pidgin and Creole in Advertising and Marketing." British Journal of Mass Communication and Media Research 2, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmcmr-tzrjsi8l.
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The title of this paper is ‘Pidgin and Creole in advertising and marketing’ in Nigeria. The data for analyses was elicited through recording, transcribing, and translating. The focus of this study is the inconsistencies in spellings and choice of words, which leads to frustration and ambiguities as observed by the target audience in the adverts. Considering the serious nature of the messages they intend to pass across and the cost incurred in designing and airing the adverts, one is worried why a little bit of imagination, creativity and seriousness is not applied in the crafting of the advertisements. We are aware that standard pidgin orthography exists which conforms to the principle of good orthography; organizations and individuals seeking to develop adverts or broadcast in pidgin should consult this document for consistency. Nigerian Pidgin English is already an unauthorized lingua franca; therefore, all efforts should be on the deck to standardize it. We have presented some adverts done in pidgin, analysed them to evince their inadequacies, ambiguities, conflicting messages, poor effects, and argue that although many people are often easily carried along with adverts in pidgin, the message is essentially lost ab initio. Pidgin and creole can only be used nationally, meaning they cannot communicate internationally, or even with neighbouring countries. For this reason, adverts cannot be done in pidgin and creole with the intention of getting international patronage. They are often viewed as low class, grammatically incorrect, and with no well-structured syntax or phonology, so adverts done in pidgin and creole are often selective. Hence, if the customers are those from the upper class, an advert in pidgin or creole is a wrong move.
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Time, Victoria M., and Daniel K. Pryce. "A Sociological Perspective on Pidgin's Viability and Usefulness for Development in West Africa." Contemporary Journal of African Studies 8, no. 1 & 2 (December 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/contjas.v8i2.1.
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This essay examines the viability and usefulness of pidgin for development in West Africa. Pidgin in West Africa has endured as a unifying medium of communication among people who do not share a common language. It has been lauded as a neutral language that facilitates trade, commerce, and everyday dealings among people of all walks of life. Some have proposed supplanting English, which is the official language in most of the West African countries where the use of pidgin is prevalent, with either pidgin or some other indigenous language. Contrarians, however, consider pidgin to be a limiting factor, in that, it is a barrier to speaking, reading, and writing standard English, and thus impedes upward mobility. They argue that projecting pidgin or some other indigenous language may create some political backlash, and strife among the people. Using qualitative analysis, we examine this debate from a sociological perspective.
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Syarfuni. "PIDGINS AND CREOLES LANGUAGES." Visipena Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/visipena.v2i1.39.
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A pidgin is language with no native speakers, it is not first language but it is a contact language creoles is a normal language in just about every sense. Creole has native speaker, each pidgin and Creole are well organizes of linguistic system, the sound of pidgin or creoles are likely to be a fewer and less complicated than those of related languages for example Tok pisin has only five basic vowels, Papia Kristang has seven basic vowel. The pidgin or Creole language have two theories polygenesis and relexification. The distributions of pidgin and Creole are in equatorial belt around the world, usually in place with easy success such as in the oceans and harbor.
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Buccini, Anthony F. "Dutch, Swedish, and English Elements in the Development of Pidgin Delaware." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 11, no. 1 (1999): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002468.
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This paper investigates the influence of Dutch, Swedish, and English on the syntax of Pidgin Delaware, a contact language used in the Middle Atlantic region in the seventeenth century. Arguments are presented against Thomason's (1980) view that the pidgin predated European contact; instead, the structures of the pidgin are viewed from the perspective of Dutch speakers attempting to learn the Delaware language. The theoretical framework of Van Coetsem 1988 is used to explain which Algonquian features were successfully acquired by the Dutch and where the Dutch imposed features from their native language in the early, formational stage of the pidgin. In addition, subsequent changes in Pidgin Delaware are attributed to its use by Swedish and English speakers.
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Odebunmi, Akin. "“The baby dey CHUK CHUK”." Pragmatics and Society 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2012): 120–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.3.1.05ode.
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Nigerian Pidgin is a popular informal communicative code in Nigerian social, economic and political experience. It is sometimes spoken in formal situations in the hospital setting when participants find it pragmatically convenient. Despite its communicative significance, little research has been carried out on the use of Pidgin in conversational interactions in Nigerian hospitals, a gap this study fills by investigating how Pidgin is used in constructing emotions relating to social and medical conditions in hospitals. Seventy five (75) interactions between doctors and clients in Nigerian Pidgin were sampled; the data analysis was based centrally on relevance theory. Nigerian Pidgin evokes negative and positive emotions. Negative emotions manifest as pain and fear, while positive emotions appear as excitement and relief. Doctors and clients gain access to each other’s intentions through their shared knowledge of Pidgin, their co-construction of ailments, and their contextually based local interactional resources. They thus negotiate emotions as cue-dependent variables that are steered with the help of cognitive processes.
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Li, Michelle, and Stephen Matthews. "An outline of Macau Pidgin Portuguese." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 141–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.1.06li.
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In the early stages of the China trade European traders knew nothing of Chinese, while the Chinese traders were equally ignorant of European languages. It was in this setting that pidgin languages developed for interethnic communication. While the role of Chinese Pidgin English in the China trade is fairly well-understood (see Baker 1987; Baker & Mühlhäusler 1990; Bolton 2003; Ansaldo 2009), the use of pidgin Portuguese is poorly documented and our understanding of it is correspondingly limited (Tryon, Mühlhäusler & Baker 1996). In this article we discuss what can be learnt from a newly transcribed phrasebook — the Compendium of Assorted Phrases in Macau Pidgin. We first review the use of contact varieties of Portuguese in the China trade. We then introduce the contents and layout of the Compendium and explain the transcription practices adopted for the phrasebook. Grammatical features contained in the phrasebook are examined and illustrated. We conclude with an examination of the significance of the Compendium in enriching our understanding of pidgin Portuguese and its relationship with Macau Creole Portuguese as well as Chinese Pidgin English.
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Bakir, Murtadha J. "Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25, no. 2 (August 13, 2010): 201–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.25.2.01bak.
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This is a description of one of the essential constituents of sentence structure in one reduced linguistic system in use in various countries of the western coast of the Arab Gulf and Saudi Arabia, that has been given the name Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA) in the very little that has been written about it. The paper starts with locating this reduced linguistic form in its sociolinguistic background. This is followed by a description of the morphological characteristics of the verbs used in this system. The discussion also involves how the grammatical categories that form part of the verbal system are signaled, when and if they are (e.g. tense, aspect, mood, modality, and those that mark agreement like gender, person, and number). Furthermore, the paper deals with the status of the copulative element and predication marker fii and sentence negation in relation to the verbal system. It ends with a discussion of the properties of GPA compared to the general characteristics of world pidgins and to other Arabic-based pidgins and creoles.
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Madrid, Rodrigo Lazaresko. "A história de pidgins e crioulos contra o excepcionalismo." Revista da ABRALIN 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/rabralin.v19i2.1434.
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A conferência de Salikoko S. Mufwene tem como tema o surgimento de línguas pidgin e a relação destas com línguas crioulas. O conferencista introduz a abordagem tradicional (em especial a que analisa pidgins como formas ancestrais ou iniciais de línguas crioulas) para criticá-las. Por meio de uma argumentação de base historiográfica, Mufwene expõe a abordagem uniformitária, para a qual pidgins e línguas crioulas não têm peculiaridades estruturais que justifiquem sua especificidade em comparação a outras línguas surgidas em contextos de contato. Além disso, a discrepância cronológica e geográfica que existe no uso dos dois termos é colocada como evidência da ausência de relação genética entre essas línguas. Ao retraçar o surgimento da classificação de pidgins e crioulos, Mufwene associa o exclusivismo atribuído pelos conceitos à ideologia colonialista vigente na Europa durante o século XIX.
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Owusu, Edward, Samuel Kyei Adoma, and Daniel Oti Aboagye. "Sociolinguistics of the Varieties of West African Pidgin Englishes—A Review." Studies in English Language Teaching 4, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v4n4p534.
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<p><em>Language contact is a key issue in the field of sociolinguistics. One notable phenomenon in the field of language contact is Pidgin English. Historically, Pidgin began as a language marked by traditional interference used chiefly by the prosperous and privileged sections of a community, represented by the unskilled and illiterate class of the society (Quirk et al., 1985). However, nowadays, it has gained status in some communities to the extent that it has become the mother-tongue of such communities. This paper, therefore, investigates the sociolinguistics of the multiplicity of West African Pidgins of Cameroon, Nigeria and Ghana against some sociolinguistic variables of gender, attitudes, code switching, borrowing, slang, and domains of language use. The paper has been structured into two main parts. The first section contains the reviews/synopses of the various papers or works that have been used for the study. The second section deals with a discussion on the prominent sociolinguistic variables found in the various papers.</em><em></em></p>
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Li, Jian. "Tracing the heritage of Pidgin English in mainland China." English Today 33, no. 3 (January 3, 2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078416000638.
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The most widely accepted origin of the word ‘Pidgin’ is that it is a Chinese pronunciation of the English word business (etymonline.com). Pidgin English in mainland China has another popular localised nickname, i.e. yangjingbang 洋泾浜 English, a trade jargon term often used in Shanghai. However, this popular Pidgin English has been played down in linguistic research in mainland China because of the assumption of colonial connotations (Jin, 2011). Although it did not thrive or even survive in mainland China, Pidgin English has influenced to no small degree both contemporary culture and language in Shanghai, as well as other Chinese varieties.
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Drager, Katie. "Pidgin and Hawai‘i English: An overview." International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication 1 (January 1, 2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/ijltic.10.
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<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">oday, most people from Hawai‘i speak Pidgin, Hawai‘i English, or both. This </span></span>paper presents a brief discussion of the history of both the creole (called Pidgin or Hawaii Creole) and the variety of English spoken in Hawai‘i referred to as Hawai‘i English. The creation of Pidgin and the prevalence of English in Hawai‘i have a complex history closely tied with various sociohistorical events in the islands, and the social hegemony established during the plantation days still persists today. While Pidgin is stigmatized and is deemed inappropriate for use in formal domains, it has important social functions, and the infl uence from diff erent languages is viewed as representative of the ethnic diversity found in the islands. This paper treats Pidgin and Hawaii English as independent from one another while commenting on some of the linguistic forms that are found in both. Lexical items, phonological forms,and syntactic structures of Pidgin and Hawai‘i English are presented alongside a discussion of language attitudes and ideologies. Recent work that attempts to address the negative attitudes toward Pidgin is also discussed.</p>
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Rukaye, OHWONOHWO Titus, and CHIEDU Rosemary Ebele. "Pidgin Language at Present: The Alternative Language for Nigerian Contemporary Performing Artists." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.2.8.
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Pidgin language (PL) is cardinal o many Nigerians especially in the South-South region, where the language is mostly used. The pidgin language is mostly employed to solve the issues of language difficulties in terms of usage. This is because of the enormous population of illiterates in Nigeria. The pidgin language is for everybody: the educated, uneducated, rich, poor, etc. The way it is used in Nigeria and elsewhere does not require one going to school to study it before one can actually speak it. It is a fast-growing language in Nigeria. New lexical items are brought into the province of the language daily especially by Nigerian musicians from the Niger-Delta and Lagos areas. The pidgin language that has been frowned at decades ago is now a contemporary communicative instrument used by different people and for different purposes. This paper, therefore, seeks to demonstrate that pidgin language plays a prevailing role than English Language in Nigeria these days. The paper goes further to state that in the absence of the pidgin language, disseminating messages through songs will not get to the actual target.
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Portilla Chaves, Mario. "Pidgin afroportugués del Atlántico." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 36, no. 1 (August 16, 2012): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v36i1.1136.
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El presente artículo establece que las lenguas criollas de base ibérica de América (saramacca, papiamento y palenquero) se encuentran relacionadas genealógicamente con los criollos portugueses de África Occidental (caboverdiano, kriol de Guinea-Bissau, saotomense, angolar, principense y annobonés). Este parentesco se comprueba mediante la comparación de varias listas de vocabulario. Este vocabulario presenta particularidades compartidas por los criollos comparados que no se hallan en el portugués estándar.
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AVRAM, Andrei A. "Yokohama Pidgin Japanese Revisited." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.2.67-84.
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The paper is an overview of the structural features of the phonology, morphology, syntax and vocabulary of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese, an under researched contact language. The data examined are from a corpus which includes records not analyzed in previous work on this 19th century variety of pidginized Japanese.
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Yule, Valerie. "English Spelling and Pidgin." English Today 4, no. 3 (July 1988): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400003503.
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English has had centuries of ‘traditional orthography’, but novel varieties of English have no orthography at all until it is created for them. How are these spelling systems developed and how close to, or distant from, ‘real’ spelling need they be?
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Jesse, Moba. "Cook stew of pidgin." English Today 17, no. 3 (July 2001): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078401003066.
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This paper discusses pidgin English, and far from calling it a corrupt and decayed form of the English language (as has been the case in many well-meaning literary circles), shows that pidgin has poetic resources capable of expressing a wide range of mentalities, tastes, customs, and even fashion itself. Because of this flexibility, pidgin reveals a high degree of closeness to the original speech patterns, notably in an attempt to preserve syntactical equivalents. Thus, if pidgin is adopted as a lingua franca throughout the sub-Saharan African region, it will enable Africans to take new pride in their artistic traditions and non-Africans to share in the joy and excitement of Africa's art.