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Journal articles on the topic 'Pied flycatchers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Drahulian, Maria, Angela Chaplygina, Nadiia Savynska, Svitlana Kostenko, Pavlo Ostrovskyi, and Katerina Gusar. "The physiological and genetic differences between flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis vs. Ficedula hypoleuca)." Folia Oecologica 45, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2018-0012.

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AbstractThe paper studies interspecies physiological and genetic differences between the white-collared flycatcher and the pied flycatcher of the genus Ficedula. The fact that the flycatchers are capable of interspecies hybridization is one more reason for particular interest to these species. Using our own-developed method of taking venous blood from the eye’s sinus, we took blood samples from birds in the protected area of Homilshanski Forests, Kharkiv, Ukraine, to study their leukogram patterns. The bird feathers were also collected for genetic analysis -- to identify interspecies differences with application of the ISSR technique. It was revealed that the percentage of heterophiles in the nestlings of the pied flycatcher was lower than in the nestlings of the white-collared flycatcher. The micronucleus test did not reveal any significant difference in the interspecies groups. The spectra of amplification products obtained with the primer (AGC)6 G showed that the white-collared flycatchers had a more heterogeneous structure. The study of the leukogram, micronucleus test, and the ISSR analysis can be especially effective in the study of intra-species genetic differentiation.

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2

Markova, A., and V. Serebryakov. "DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RELATED SPECIES OF FLYCATCHERS (MUSCICAPIDAE) FAMILY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 72, no. 2 (2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2016.72.63-68.

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The article is devoted to the observation of differences in relation between aggressive behavior of related species of Flycatchers (Muscicapidae) family and behavior acts in naturally watering places. Observations have reviled the timing separation between presence and engagement of Flycatchers in morning hours and relation with acts of aggression. Each representative of Flycatchers family is using the watering place in different ways. The correlation between intraspecific and interspecific contacts with the predominance of interspecific and highly aggressive interactions has been analyzed. The rating of successfulness of the acts of aggression has been established for every particular group of Flycatchers. It demonstrates the energetic justification of aggressive behavior for spotter, red-breasted and pied flycatchers but energetic overspend and failure for collared flycatcher.

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3

Morosinotto, Chiara, Robert L. Thomson, and Erkki Korpimäki. "Plasticity in incubation behaviour under experimentally prolonged vulnerability to nest predation." Behaviour 150, no. 14 (2013): 1767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003119.

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Nest predation is the main cause of nest failures in many bird species. To counter this, birds have evolved different behavioural strategies to decrease the visibility of their nests, thus reducing the probability of nest detection. We manipulated the long-term perception of nest predation risk in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) by experimentally increasing the nest vulnerability to predators. We placed treatment and control nest-boxes for breeding pied flycatchers that appeared identical during the initial phase of breeding. But after the removal of a front panel, treatment boxes had an enlarged entrance hole, almost twice the initial diameter. This treatment increases actual predation risk and presumably parental perception of risk. Control boxes presented instead an entrance hole of the same size both before and after the manipulation. When breeding in enlarged entrance holes, females doubled the vigilance at the nest while males reduced the time spent at the nest, compared to pied flycatchers breeding in control boxes. Increased vulnerability of the nest site to predation risk, thus, induced pied flycatcher parents to increase nest vigilance while reducing their activity at the nest. These results highlight the existence of plasticity in incubation behaviours under long-term experimentally increased nest predation risk.

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4

Searcy, William A., Dag Eriksson, and Arne Lundberg. "Deceptive behavior in pied flycatchers." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29, no. 3 (October 1991): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00166398.

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5

Kern, M. D., R. J. Cowie, and F. M. Slater. "Responses of Egg-Laying Pied Flycatchers to Experimental Changes in Clutch Size: A Re-Examination." Condor 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.428.

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AbstractPrevious studies with small numbers of clutches suggested that Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) were determinate egg-layers whose clutch size was fixed before laying began. We found that females lay additional eggs of normal size if clutch size is experimentally reduced, but do not lay fewer eggs when clutch size is increased. In the terms of Kennedy and Power (1990), Pied Flycatchers are removal-indeterminate and addition-determinate.

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6

Loman, J. "Does nest site availability limit the density of hole nesting birds in small woodland patches?" Web Ecology 6, no. 1 (November 6, 2006): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-6-37-2006.

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Abstract. By providing nest boxes, previous studies have shown that nest sites are in short supply and limit the populations of several small passerines, including the Great Tit Parus major, the Blue Tit P. caeruleus, and the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Can this influence their distribution over a range of small woodland patch sizes in a heterogeneous landscape? To investigate this, a study was conducted in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape, with a mixture of wooded patches and cropped fields, in southern Sweden. The descriptive part of the study involved mapping territories of the three species in 135 patches. These species avoided small (<1 ha, Pied Flycatcher) or very small (<0.2 ha, the two tit species) forest patches in this landscape. In an experimental part, a subset of 34 patches, 0.01 to 24 ha in size was used. Territories were mapped in a first year as a control. In a second year, patches were matched by size and vegetation and nest-boxes were provided in one patch of each pair. Territories were again mapped. Providing nestboxes increased the density of breeding Great Tits in patches of all sizes and expanded their use of very small patches. The nest-boxes increased the density of Pied Flycatchers in large patches but not in small patches. So, is the lack of territories in small patches due to shortage of nest sites? The outcome of the experiment suggests nest site limitation as a cause of the observed Great Tit discrimination against very small habitat patches. The lack of Pied Flycatchers in small patches must however have another basis than lack of nest sites. The effect of providing nest-boxes on Blue Tit distribution was inconclusive.

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7

Dabelsteen, Torben, Simon Pedersen, Helene Lampe, and Ole Larsen. "Song degradation in the hole-nesting pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca: Implications for polyterritorial behaviour in contrasting habitat-types." Behaviour 144, no. 10 (2007): 1161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781890887.

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AbstractIn the hole-nesting pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca, a male may become polyterritorial after attracting a primary female. However, the female may recognize her mate's song and attack other females that associate with him. Differences in sound degradation amongst different habitats and within nestboxes may, therefore, be important for male and female behaviour since the male may have to move outside female hearing range to avoid harassment, and the female may have to listen for the mate to be able to locate competing females. This may be difficult from inside the nest cavity. We used ten common song elements to test sound degradation with distance in a mixed coniferous and a mixed deciduous forest, measuring broadcast sounds both inside and outside nestboxes. On average, sound degradation increased to a larger extent with distance in the deciduous than the coniferous forest. This is consistent with the shorter polyterritorial distances of flycatchers in the deciduous forest. Furthermore, song degradation was stronger inside the nestboxes. Being inside may, therefore, reduce a female's possibility of detecting and recognizing songs. This may be one reason why female pied flycatchers spend little time within the nest cavity before incubation unlike some other hole nesting species.

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8

Mouritsen, H., and O. N. Larsen. "Migrating young pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca do not compensate for geographical displacements." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 21 (November 1, 1998): 2927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.21.2927.

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The present study tested whether young Scandinavian pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, would direct their orientation back towards their southwest-directed migratory route in autumn if displaced by the maximal biologically realistic distance due south or due west. The aim was to clarify the nature of their inherited spatiotemporal orientation programme. Forty-eight young pied flycatchers were caught and tested at Christianso, Denmark. They were then divided into three groups of equal size and orientation, of which one group was displaced due south and another due west, while the third remained as a control at Christianso. Three different experimenters then simultaneously tested their orientation. The birds oriented in the same direction at all localities, showing no signs of compensatory orientation. This result suggests that young pied flycatchers on their first autumn migration use a simple clock-and-compass strategy to reach their wintering area. If this suggestion holds, then all the prerequisites (a compass and an internal clock) for orientation during the autumn migration seem to be known at present, at least at the behavioural level. In addition, the present study provides further evidence supporting the assumption that

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9

Vallin, Niclas, and Anna Qvarnström. "Learning the Hard Way: Imprinting Can Enhance Enforced Shifts in Habitat Choice." International Journal of Ecology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/287532.

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We investigated the potential importance of learning in habitat choice within a young hybrid zone of two closely related species of birds. Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) are being excluded from deciduous habitats into a mixed forest type by collared flycatchers (F. albicollis). We investigated whether this enforced habitat shift influenced reproductive isolation between the two species, and, by cross-fostering nestlings, we tested whether learning may lead to a corresponding shift in habitat choice in consecutive generations. Our results show that the majority of the recruits, even if translocated across different habitat types, return to breed in the area where they were fostered. As male pied flycatchers were more likely to hybridize in the originally preferred habitat, we argue that early imprinting on an alternate habitat can play an important role in increasing reproductive isolation and facilitate regional coexistence between species experiencing secondary contact.

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10

Dale, Svein, and Tore Slagsvold. "Male pied flycatchers do not choose mates." Animal Behaviour 47, no. 5 (May 1994): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1158.

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11

Sætre, Glenn-Peter, Svein Dale, and Tore Slagsvold. "Female pied flycatchers prefer brightly coloured males." Animal Behaviour 48, no. 6 (December 1994): 1407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1376.

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12

Holmes, P. R. "Female pied flycatchers sharing the same nestbox." Ringing & Migration 11, no. 1 (June 1990): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03078698.1990.9673959.

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13

Veen, Thor, Nina Svedin, Jukka T. Forsman, Mårten B. Hjernquist, Anna Qvarnström, Katherine A. Thuman Hjernquist, Johan Träff, and Marcel Klaassen. "Does migration of hybrids contribute to post-zygotic isolation in flycatchers?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1610 (November 28, 2006): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0058.

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In the face of hybridization, species integrity can only be maintained through post-zygotic isolating barriers (PIBs). PIBs need not only be intrinsic (i.e. hybrid inviability and sterility caused by developmental incompatibilities), but also can be extrinsic due to the hybrid's intermediate phenotype falling between the parental niches. For example, in migratory species, hybrid fitness might be reduced as a result of intermediate migration pathways and reaching suboptimal wintering grounds. Here, we test this idea by comparing the juvenile to adult survival probabilities as well as the wintering grounds of pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca ), collared flycatchers ( Ficedula albicollis ) and their hybrids using stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) in feathers developed at the wintering site. Our result supports earlier observations of largely segregated wintering grounds of the two parental species. The isotope signature of hybrids clustered with that of pied flycatchers. We argue that this pattern can explain the high annual survival of hybrid flycatchers. Hence, dominant expression of the traits of one of the parental species in hybrids may substantially reduce the ecological costs of hybridization.

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14

Grinkov, Vladimir G., Andreas Bauer, Helmut Sternberg, and Michael Wink. "Heritability of the extra-pair mating behaviour of the pied flycatcher in Western Siberia." PeerJ 8 (July 31, 2020): e9571. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9571.

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Males and females take part in extra-pair copulations in most socially monogamous bird species. The mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrence of extra-pair offspring in socially monogamous couples are strongly debated and unresolved, and they are often difficult to distinguish from one another. Most hypotheses explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction suggest selective and adaptive scenarios for their origination and persistence. Is extra-pair paternity a heritable trait? We evaluated the heritability of extra-pair paternity in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nesting in Western Siberia. Estimated heritability was low: depending on the model used, the point estimate of the heritability (mode) varied from 0.005 to 0.11, and the bounds of the 95% confidence interval are [0–0.16] in the widest range. Thus, it seems that extra-pair mating behaviour in the pied flycatchers is a plastic phenotypic mating tactic with a small or no genetic component. Our data can help to understand the evolution of extra-pair mating behaviour in socially monogamous species.

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15

Sanz, Juan José. "Latitudinal Variation in Female Local Return Rate in the Philopatric Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca)." Auk 118, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.2.539.

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Abstract Philopatry and dispersal distances of female Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) are presented for European populations using data from 25 breeding areas from 40 to 70°N. Female annual survival probabilities according to capture–recapture models were similar in two study areas in central Spain (45 and 52%). The present study shows that survival is underestimated by using annual local return rate in one of the two breeding populations under study in central Spain. In southern and central Europe, females were found to return equally regularly to their breeding areas, whereas in northern Europe (latitude >60°N) females returned at lower rates. I did not find that median dispersal distance varied among sites, nor was breeding distance related to locate survival rate. Therefore, the present study suggests that the decline in between-year local return rate of female Pied Flycatchers with increasing latitude over Europe may be more probably caused by differences in mortality than by geographical differences in site fidelity.

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16

Montalvo, Sagrario, and Jaime Potti. "Breeding Dispersal in Spanish Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca." Ornis Scandinavica 23, no. 4 (October 1992): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3676681.

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17

Lifjeld, Jan T., and Tore Slagsvold. "Sexual conflict among polygynous pied flycatchers feeding young." Behavioral Ecology 2, no. 2 (1991): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/2.2.106.

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18

Tilgar, Vallo, Pauli Saag, and Kadri Moks. "Development of stress response in nestling pied flycatchers." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195, no. 8 (June 9, 2009): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0452-5.

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19

Muijres, Florian T., Melissa S. Bowlin, L. Christoffer Johansson, and Anders Hedenström. "Vortex wake, downwash distribution, aerodynamic performance and wingbeat kinematics in slow-flying pied flycatchers." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 67 (June 15, 2011): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0238.

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Many small passerines regularly fly slowly when catching prey, flying in cluttered environments or landing on a perch or nest. While flying slowly, passerines generate most of the flight forces during the downstroke, and have a ‘feathered upstroke’ during which they make their wing inactive by retracting it close to the body and by spreading the primary wing feathers. How this flight mode relates aerodynamically to the cruising flight and so-called ‘normal hovering’ as used in hummingbirds is not yet known. Here, we present time-resolved fluid dynamics data in combination with wingbeat kinematics data for three pied flycatchers flying across a range of speeds from near hovering to their calculated minimum power speed. Flycatchers are adapted to low speed flight, which they habitually use when catching insects on the wing. From the wake dynamics data, we constructed average wingbeat wakes and determined the time-resolved flight forces, the time-resolved downwash distributions and the resulting lift-to-drag ratios, span efficiencies and flap efficiencies. During the downstroke, slow-flying flycatchers generate a single-vortex loop wake, which is much more similar to that generated by birds at cruising flight speeds than it is to the double loop vortex wake in hovering hummingbirds. This wake structure results in a relatively high downwash behind the body, which can be explained by the relatively active tail in flycatchers. As a result of this, slow-flying flycatchers have a span efficiency which is similar to that of the birds in cruising flight and which can be assumed to be higher than in hovering hummingbirds. During the upstroke, the wings of slowly flying flycatchers generated no significant forces, but the body–tail configuration added 23 per cent to weight support. This is strikingly similar to the 25 per cent weight support generated by the wing upstroke in hovering hummingbirds. Thus, for slow-flying passerines, the upstroke cannot be regarded as inactive, and the tail may be of importance for flight efficiency and possibly manoeuvrability.

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Qvarnström, Anna, Jenny Vogel Kehlenbeck, Chris Wiley, Nina Svedin, and Stein Are Sæther. "Species divergence in offspring begging intensity: difference in need or manipulation of parents?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1612 (January 30, 2007): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0255.

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Conflicts over the delivery and sharing of food among family members are expected to lead to evolution of exaggerated offspring begging for food. Coevolution between offspring begging intensity and parent response depends on the genetic architecture of the traits involved. Given a genetic correlation between offspring begging intensity and parental response, there may be fast and arbitrary divergence in these behaviours between populations. However, there is limited knowledge about the genetic basis of offspring solicitation and parental response and whether these traits are genetically correlated. In this study, we performed a partial cross-fostering experiment of young between pied and collared flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca and Ficedula albicollis ) and recorded the behaviour of individual offspring and their (foster)parents. We found that nestling collared flycatchers reached a higher phenotypic quality, estimated both as mass at fledging and as intensity of their T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response when raised by heterospecific foster parents. However, although collared flycatchers begged relatively more intensively, we found no evidence of corresponding higher resistance (i.e. lower feeding rate) of adult collared flycatchers than of adult pied flycatchers. Thus, the difference in offspring begging intensity between the two species seems not to be a result of a difference in escalation of the parent–offspring conflict. Instead, the species' divergence in exaggeration of offspring begging intensity ‘honestly’ matches a difference between the species in offspring need. This interpretation is strengthened by the fact that the difference in begging intensity between the two species increased as the season progressed, coinciding with the higher sensitivity of nestling collared flycatchers to the seasonal decline in food availability. Thus, the behavioural differentiation appears to be a direct consequence of a life-history differentiation (offspring growth patterns).

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21

Nyholm, N. Erik I. "Variation and significance of egg mass in a Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca population in subalpine habitats in Swedish Lapland." Ornis Svecica 25, no. 3–4 (October 1, 2015): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v25.22536.

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Newly laid eggs of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca breeding in subalpine birch forest in Swedish Lapland were weighed in the field in 1965–1976. The main objective of the study was to get knowledge of the egg production capacity and its relation to the environmental conditions in the northern periphery of the breeding range of the species. The eggs were on average smaller than what is known from other Pied Flycatcher populations. Egg mass was non-linearly related to ambient temperature, and smallest at temperatures <10°C. About 70% of the eggs were laid at those temperatures. Variation in temperatures during the egg formation contributed to a significant egg mass variation between years. Average egg mass was lowest in the biggest clutches (7 or 8 eggs). Egg mass did not vary significantly within clutches, was not significantly related to the female mass, and did not vary between years in the same female. Hatching and fledging success were non-significantly related to the mean egg masses, indicating that egg sizes were not decisive for the breeding output.

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22

Schölin, Karl Gustav, and Hans Källander. "A 64-year study of a Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca population." Ornis Svecica 21, no. 2–4 (April 1, 2011): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v21.22607.

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A nestbox breeding population of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca was monitored during 64 years in a mixed coniferous-deciduous forest area near Örebro, South Central Sweden. The population showed a continuous average decline of c. 0.5 pairs per year, from c. 50% to c. 20% occupancy. There was a strong negative correlation between flycatcher numbers and those of other hole-nesters, but it is doubtful whether any causal relationship existed. Mean laying date was 24 May (17 May—3 June) and showed a negative correlation with mean May temperatures, yet no significant trend over the six decades. Mean laying date did, however, show an increased variation during the last 20 years. Mean clutch size varied between 5.76 and 7.08, with a mean of 6.34. It varied more during the last 30 years but without any significant relationship with mean laying date. A mean of 5.96 young fledged from broods that produced at least one fledgling vs 5.34 for all broods; the lower figure was mainly a consequence of nest predation by Pine Marten Martes martes, particularly after the early 1980s.

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23

Getty, Thomas. "Search, Discrimination, and Selection: Mate Choice by Pied Flycatchers." American Naturalist 145, no. 1 (January 1995): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285733.

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Slagsvold, Tore, Trond Amundsen, Svein Dale, and Helene Lampe. "Female-female aggression explains polyterritoriality in male pied flycatchers." Animal Behaviour 43, no. 3 (March 1992): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80100-9.

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25

Kern, Michael D., and Richard J. Cowie. "Ptilochronology proves unreliable in studies of nestling Pied Flycatchers." Ibis 144, no. 1 (February 27, 2002): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00010.x.

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26

Campbell, Bruce. "ATTACHMENT OF PIED FLYCATCHERS MUSCICAPA HYPOLEUCA TO NEST-SITES." Ibis 101, no. 3-4 (April 3, 2008): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1959.tb02402.x.

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GETTY, THOMAS. "Mate selection by repeated inspection: more on pied flycatchers." Animal Behaviour 51, no. 4 (April 1996): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0078.

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POTTI, JAIME, and SAGRARIO MONTALVO. "Male colour variation in Spanish Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca." Ibis 133, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1991.tb04572.x.

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Canal, David, José Dávila, and Jaime Potti. "Male phenotype predicts extra-pair paternity in pied flycatchers." Behaviour 148, no. 5-6 (2011): 691–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x573917.

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30

Helm, Barbara, Benjamin M. Van Doren, Dieter Hoffmann, and Ute Hoffmann. "Evolutionary Response to Climate Change in Migratory Pied Flycatchers." Current Biology 29, no. 21 (November 2019): 3714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.072.

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31

Slagsvold, Tore, Svein Dale, and Andrzej Kruszewicz. "Predation favours cryptic coloration in breeding male pied flycatchers." Animal Behaviour 50, no. 4 (1995): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80110-3.

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32

Chernetsov, Nikita, Leonid V. Sokolov, Vladislav Kosarev, Dmitry Leoke, Mikhail Markovets, Arseny Tsvey, and Anatoly P. Shapoval. "Sex-Related Natal Dispersal of Pied Flycatchers: How Far Away From Home?" Condor 108, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.3.711.

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Abstract Over four years, nestling Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) were banded and recaptured in nest boxes at a 44 km long and 1–1.5 km wide study area along the Courish Spit on the southeast Baltic coast. The return rate for males was nearly twice as high as for females. Males settled significantly closer to their natal sites than predicted by the null model, which assumed that any nest box in the study area was selected at random. For females, the frequency distribution of natal dispersal distances was not significantly different from that predicted by the null model. The difference in average dispersal distance between the sexes was highly significant. Although some individuals settled within tens of kilometers, most male Pied Flycatchers settled within several kilometers of their natal sites. We suggest that even if females settle on average farther from their natal sites than males do, both sexes imprint on a relatively small (several kilometers in diameter) area during postfledging exploration, to which they return each spring.

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33

WILLEMOES, MIKKEL, ANDERS P. TØTTRUP, MATHILDE LERCHE-JØRGENSEN, ERIK MANDRUP JACOBSEN, ANDREW HART REEVE, and KASPER THORUP. "Spatial behaviour and density of three species of long-distance migrants wintering in a disturbed and non-disturbed woodland in northern Ghana." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 1 (July 24, 2017): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000132.

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SummaryChanges in land-use and climate are threatening migratory animals worldwide. In birds, declines have been widely documented in long-distance migrants. However, reasons remain poorly understood due to a lack of basic information regarding migratory birds’ ecology in their non-breeding areas and the effects of current environmental pressures there. We studied bird densities, spatial and territorial behaviour and habitat preference in two different habitat types in northern Ghana, West Africa. We study three common Eurasian-African songbirds (Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus, Melodious Warbler Hippolais polyglotta and Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca) in a forested site, heavily disturbed by agricultural activities, and a forest reserve with no agriculture. The three species differed in non-breeding spatial strategies, with Willow Warblers having larger home ranges and being non-territorial. Home ranges (kernel density) of the three species were on average 1.5–4 times larger in the disturbed site than in the undisturbed site. Much of the birds’ tree species selection was explained by their preference for tall trees, but all species favoured trees of the genus Acacia. The overall larger home ranges in the disturbed site were presumably caused by the lower density of tall trees. Density of Pied Flycatchers was 24% lower in disturbed habitat (not significantly different from undisturbed) but Willow Warbler density in the disturbed habitat was more than 2.5 times the density in undisturbed. This suggests that the disturbed habitat was less suitable for Pied Flycatcher but not for Willow Warbler. This difference is possibly related to differences in tree species preferences and suggests that at least for some species, presence of preferred tree species is more important than overall tree abundance. Such information is crucial for predicting consequences of habitat changes on larger scales and population levels, as well as for planning potentially migrant-friendly farming practices.

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Slagsvold, Tore, and Jan T. Lifjeld. "Constraints on Hatching Asynchrony and Egg Size in Pied Flycatchers." Journal of Animal Ecology 58, no. 3 (October 1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5127.

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Kern, Michael, Wayne Bacon, David Long, and Richard J. Cowie. "BLOOD METABOLITE AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS IN BREEDING ADULT PIED FLYCATCHERS." Condor 107, no. 3 (2005): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0665:bmacli]2.0.co;2.

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Breiehagen, Torgrim, and Glenn-Peter S˦tre. "Territorial defence and plumage colour in pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca." Animal Behaviour 44, no. 5 (November 1992): 987–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80595-0.

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Merino, Santiago, and Jaime Potti. "Growth, nutrition, and blow fly parasitism in nestling Pied Flycatchers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-013.

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The nutritional status of the host may play a major role in mediating the detrimental effects of parasites. We performed an experiment with the aim of determining whether increased food availability can compensate for the effects of ectoparasites on growth during the late nestling period, final size, and survival until fledging of Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nestlings. Nests were provided with supplementary food, treated with insecticide, given both treatments, or given neither treatment (control). Differences in the number of blood-sucking, ectoparasitic blow fly larvae (Protocalliphora azurea) occurred between treated nests. Nestlings in the group given supplementary food and with low numbers of parasites grew faster and had a higher haematocrit value than those in groups that were fumigated and given supplementary food, with nestlings from control nests attaining the lowest values. Nestling measurements did not differ between fumigated and food-supplemented groups. Although the final sizes attained did not differ among nestlings from the different experimental groups, there was a significant difference in the rates of increase in size among groups. Nestlings in nests fumigated and provided with extra food were (nonsignificantly) smaller and leaner than nestlings from the other groups at the beginning of the experiment, but were slightly larger and heavier (again nonsignificantly) at the end of the experiment. Thus, their growth was faster than that of the other groups. The results are discussed, highlighting problems related to the function linking intensity of parasit ism to host fitness and variation in external (climate, food) conditions.

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Eriksen, Ane, Tore Slagsvold, and Helene M. Lampe. "Vocal Plasticity - are Pied Flycatchers, Ficedula Hypoleuca, Open-Ended Learners?" Ethology 117, no. 3 (December 16, 2010): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01864.x.

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Tilgar, Vallo, Kadri Moks, and Pauli Saag. "Predator-induced stress changes parental feeding behavior in pied flycatchers." Behavioral Ecology 22, no. 1 (October 12, 2010): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arq164.

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Ward, S. "Singing is not energetically demanding for pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca." Behavioral Ecology 15, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arh038.

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Kern, Michael, Wayne Bacon, David Long, and Richard J. Cowie. "Blood Metabolite and Corticosterone Levels in Breeding Adult Pied Flycatchers." Condor 107, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.665.

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AbstractWe describe how levels of glucose, triglyceride, fatty acids, glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate, uric acid, and corticosterone varied in the blood of Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) during three breeding cycles. Data are for egg-laying and incubating females, and adults of both sexes that were caring for nestlings. Egg-laying females had high blood levels of triglyceride, fatty acids, and uric acid. Triglyceride and fatty acids decreased steadily with the laying of each new egg, whereas uric acid increased. This pattern of change in blood lipids would be expected as the number of ovarian follicles that are loaded with yolk precursors and subsequently ovulated diminishes. The rising uric acid level probably reflects increased consumption and subsequent catabolism of dietary proteins. Corticosterone levels were low suggesting that food was readily available for the production of eggs. Incubating females used fat as fuel, most of which was probably of dietary origin given their low blood triglyceride coupled with high fatty acid, glycerol, and corticosterone levels, and stable, high body weight. None of the birds' plasma constituents varied with clutch size or the length of time the females had been incubating. Females rearing broods exhibited low triglyceride and high β-hydroxybutyrate and corticosterone levels. Blood glycerol and free fatty acids rose steadily as a function of nestling age, while glucose and body weight declined. Such a picture suggests that females underwent transient bouts of fasting while providing their chicks with food. Meanwhile males were lighter than their mates and had lower blood metabolite levels, but their blood corticosterone was elevated and correlated with uric acid levels, suggesting that they took more time to forage for themselves than females. Nonetheless, they too lost weight during this stage of the breeding cycle.Niveles Sanguíneos de Metabolitos y Corticosterona en Adultos Reproductivos de Ficedula hypoleucaResumen. Describimos la variación en los niveles sanguíneos de glucosa, triglicéridos, ácidos grasos, glicerol, betahidroxibutirato y corticosterona en Ficedula hypoleuca durante tres ciclos reproductivos. Los datos son para hembras que estaban poniendo o incubando huevos y para adultos de ambos sexos que estaban criando pichones. Las hembras que estaban poniendo huevos presentaron niveles altos de triglicéridos, ácidos grasos y ácido úrico. Los triglicéridos y ácidos grasos disminuyeron regularmente con la puesta de cada huevo nuevo, mientras que el ácido úrico aumentó. Este patrón de cambio en los lípidos sanguíneos era esperable debido a la disminución del número de folículos ováricos cargados con precursores de la yema que son subsecuentemente ovulados. El incremento en el nivel de ácido úrico probablemente refleja un incremento en el consumo y posterior catabolismo de proteínas dietarias. Los niveles de corticosterona fueron bajos, lo que sugiere que existía una alta disponibilidad de alimento para la producción de huevos. Las hembras que estaban incubando utilizaron las grasas como combustible. Considerando los niveles bajos de triglicéridos, los niveles altos de ácidos grasos, glicerol y corticosterona, y el peso corporal alto y estable de las aves, la mayor parte de estas grasas fue probablemente de origen dietario. Ninguno de los constituyentes del plasma sanguíneo varió con respecto al tamaño de la nidada o al período de tiempo durante el que las hembras habían estado incubando. Las hembras que estaban criando pichones presentaron niveles bajos de triglicéridos y niveles altos de betahidroxibutirato y corticosterona. El glicerol y los ácidos grasos sanguíneos se incrementaron con regularidad en función de la edad de los pichones, mientras que la glucosa y el tamaño corporal disminuyeron. Estos resultados sugieren que las hembras pasaron por períodos transitorios de ayuno mientras proveían alimento a sus pichones. Por su parte, los machos fueron más livianos que sus parejas y tuvieron niveles menores de metabolitos sanguíneos, pero su corticosterona sanguínea fue elevada y se corrrelacionó con los niveles de ácido úrico, lo que sugiere que los machos invirtieron más tiempo en forrajear para ellos mismos que las hembras. Sin embargo, los machos también perdieron peso durante esta etapa del ciclo reproductivo.

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Lampe, Helene M., and Yngve O. Espmark. "Song structure reflects male quality in pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca." Animal Behaviour 47, no. 4 (April 1994): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1118.

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Veiga, Jose P. "Settlement and fat accumulation by Migrant Pied Flycatchers in Spain." Ringing & Migration 7, no. 2 (October 1986): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03078698.1986.9673885.

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Potti, J., and S. Merino. "Repeatability of mass loss in female Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 3 (July 1997): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1997.9522889.

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Alatalo, Rauno V., Arne Lundberg, and Carolyn Glynn. "Female pied flycatchers choose territory quality and not male characteristics." Nature 323, no. 6084 (September 1986): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/323152a0.

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46

Potti, J., J. A. Davila, J. L. Tella, O. Frias, and S. Villar. "Gender and viability selection on morphology in fledgling pied flycatchers." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 8 (August 2002): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01545.x.

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47

Lubjuhn, T., Wolfgang Winkel, Jörg Thomas Epplen, and Jörg Brün. "Reproductive success of monogamous and polygynous pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca )." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48, no. 1 (June 6, 2000): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650000208.

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48

de Jong, Maaike, Jenny Q. Ouyang, Arnaud Da Silva, Roy H. A. van Grunsven, Bart Kempenaers, Marcel E. Visser, and Kamiel Spoelstra. "Effects of nocturnal illumination on life-history decisions and fitness in two wild songbird species." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1667 (May 5, 2015): 20140128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0128.

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The effects of artificial night lighting on animal behaviour and fitness are largely unknown. Most studies report short-term consequences in locations that are also exposed to other anthropogenic disturbance. We know little about how the effects of nocturnal illumination vary with different light colour compositions. This is increasingly relevant as the use of LED lights becomes more common, and LED light colour composition can be easily adjusted. We experimentally illuminated previously dark natural habitat with white, green and red light, and measured the effects on life-history decisions and fitness in two free-living songbird species, the great tit ( Parus major ) and pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) in two consecutive years. In 2013, but not in 2014, we found an effect of light treatment on lay date, and of the interaction of treatment and distance to the nearest lamp post on chick mass in great tits but not in pied flycatchers. We did not find an effect in either species of light treatment on breeding densities, clutch size, probability of brood failure, number of fledglings and adult survival. The finding that light colour may have differential effects opens up the possibility to mitigate negative ecological effects of nocturnal illumination by using different light spectra.

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Qvarnström, Anna, Amber M. Rice, and Hans Ellegren. "Speciation in Ficedula flycatchers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1547 (June 12, 2010): 1841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0306.

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Speciation in animals often requires that population divergence goes through three major evolutionary stages, i.e. ecological divergence, development of sexual isolation and the build-up of genetic incompatibility. There is theoretical consensus regarding favourable conditions required for speciation to reach its final and irreversible stage, but empirical tests remain rare. Here, we review recent research on processes of speciation, based on studies in hybrid zones between collared ( Ficedula albicollis ) and pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca ). A major advantage of this study system is that questions concerning all three major sources of reproductive isolation and their interconnections can be addressed. We conclude that (i) ecological divergence is caused by divergence in life-history traits, (ii) females prefer mates of their own species based on differences in both plumage and song characteristics, (iii) male plumage characteristics have diverged but their song has converged in sympatry, (iv) there is genetic incompatibility in accordance with Haldane's rule, and (v) the Z-chromosome appears to be a hotspot for genes involved in sexual isolation and genetic incompatibility. We discuss how identification of the genes underlying the three major sources of reproductive isolation can be used to draw conclusions about links between the processes driving their evolution.

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Potter, Beth A., Mary M. Sperry, Dan D. Hoang, Kaitlin C. Pander, Sean G. Weaver, Aimee N. Day, Kelly M. Hedderick, Michael A. Rutter, and Robert A. Aeppli. "The Bacterial Community Found on the surface Purple Martin (Progne subis) Eggs." Open Ornithology Journal 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453201710010023.

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Introduction: The community of microorganisms that lines the surface of avian eggs is the first line of defense against infection by pathogenic bacteria. The protective role of this community is derived from its composition and several studies have focused on identifying the bacterial components. While a diverse group of avian species has been studied, multiple species within the same family have not been independently studied. This depth is necessary to determine the degree of flexibility or plasticity within the community. Method: The goal of this study was to identify the bacterial microorganisms found lining the eggshells of an avian species classified within the Hirundinidae family, the Purple Martin (Progne subis). Culture-dependent techniques revealed a predominance of Pseudomonas before and after clutch completion. Result: Interestingly our results correlate with studies involving Pied Flycatchers, House Wrens, and Eurasian Magpies rather than Tree and Violet-Green Swallows. Conclusion: Given the variances between Pied Flycatchers, House Wrens, Eurasian Magpies and Purple Martins in regard to breeding habitat, diet, nest construction, and incubation behaviors, we hypothesize that a strong selective force may be provided by uropygial gland secretions or preen oil.

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