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Journal articles on the topic 'PIER SPACING'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Sang, Liansheng, Jun Wang, Tiejie Cheng, Zhixing Hou, and Jueyi Sui. "Local Scour around Tandem Double Piers under an Ice Cover." Water 14, no. 7 (2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071168.

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Compared to the scour around a single pier, the local scour process around tandem double piers is much more complicated. Based on laboratory experiments in a flume, we conducted the scour process around tandem double piers under an ice-covered flow condition. The results showed that when the pier spacing ratio L/D = 2 (where L = the pier spacing distance, and D = the pier diameter), the rear pier (the downstream one) will intensify the horseshoe vortex process behind the front pier, and the scour depth around the front pier will increase by about 10%. As the pier spacing ratio L/D increases, t

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2

Rashno, Emad, Amir Reza Zarrati, and Mojtaba Karimaei Tabarestani. "Design of riprap for bridge pier groups." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 5 (2020): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0007.

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Stable riprap size and optimized extension of the riprap layer around double and triple piers along the flow direction are studied experimentally. Results showed that the critical riprap failure area and stable riprap size around the first pier remain unchanged with increasing pier spacing. In addition, the largest stable riprap should always be placed in front of the first pier in comparison with the remaining downstream piers. However, by increasing the pier spacing, stable riprap size around the second and third pier increased and approached that around the first pier. A relationship was de

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3

Li, Zhicong, Jun Wang, Jueyi Sui, Tiejie Cheng, Peigui Liu, and Guowei Li. "Channel Bed Deformation around Double Piers in Tandem Arrangement in an S-Shaped Channel under Ice Cover." Water 15, no. 14 (2023): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142568.

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Flow structure and channel bed deformation caused by double piers in a tandem arrangement under ice-covered flow conditions in a bent channel is more complicated than those around a single pier in a straight channel. Based on experiments in an S-shaped flume, the scouring phenomenon at double piers in a tandem arrangement under an ice cover has been conducted by varying pier spacing distance, bend apex cross section (BACS), and hydraulic parameters. Results show that, under identical hydraulic conditions, the variation trend of the scour depth in the vicinity of double piers in a tandem arrang

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4

Qi, Hongliang, Tiangang Yuan, Wen Zou, Weiping Tian, and Jiachun Li. "Numerical Study on Local Scour Reduction around Two Cylindrical Piers Arranged in Tandem Using Collars." Water 15, no. 23 (2023): 4079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15234079.

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Local scour occurring near bridge piers has become a major problem all over the world, which has caused countless bridge damage events. Explorations regarding local scour reduction measurements have become a research hotspot in the field. Much effective research has been conducted on scour reduction for single piers. However, studies on local scour reduction around multiple piers that are arranged in tandem have rarely been reported. Therefore, the effect of the span and the local scour reduction measurement (collar) on the characteristics of the local scouring behavior around two piers arrang

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5

Hassan, Zahraa F., Ibtisam R. Karim, and Abdul-Hassan K. Al-Shukur. "Effect of Interaction between Bridge Piers on Local Scouring in Cohesive Soils." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (2020): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091498.

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Local scour at the piers is one of the main reasons of bridge foundation undermining. Earlier research studies focused mainly on the scour at a single bridge pier; nevertheless, modern designs of the bridges comprise wide-span and thus group of piers rather than a single pier are usually used to support the superstructure. The flow and scour pattern around group of piers is different from the case of a single pier due to the interaction effect. Reviewing the literature of local scour around bridge piers group revealed that the local scour around bridge piers group founded in cohesive soil bed

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6

Dong, Shihao, Zhenhua Zhang, Zhicong Li, Pangpang Chen, Jun Wang, and Guowei Li. "Analysis of Local Scour around Double Piers in Tandem Arrangement in an S-Shaped Channel under Ice-Jammed Flow Conditions." Water 16, no. 19 (2024): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16192831.

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The stability of bridge foundations is affected by local scour, and the formation of ice jams exacerbates local scour around bridge piers. These processes, particularly the evolution of ice jams and local scour around piers, are more complex in curved sections than in straight sections. This study, based on experiments in an S-shaped channel, investigates how various factors—the flow Froude number, ice–water discharge rate, median particle diameter, pier spacing, and pier diameter—affect the maximum local scour depth around double piers in tandem and the distribution of ice jam thickness. The

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7

Ye, Yasi, Xiaoping Liu, Yukang Ye, Anbin Li, Jiaqiang Zhang, and Qijiang Ren. "A Sensitivity Analysis of Ship–Bridge Spacing under the Coupling Effect of Turbulence and Ship Motion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 8 (2024): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081308.

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The hydrodynamics of the flow around piers affects the motion of ships navigating near these structures, while the motion of the ships, in turn, affects the distribution of the flow field near the piers. This study investigates the forces exerted on a ship in various ship–pier transverse distances using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, Fluent 13.0, based on the RNG k-ε model, complemented by experiments with a physical model. The interaction between the ship’s motion and the flow field near the piers was considered. The results indicate that during the encounter between

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8

M. Qasim, Rafi, Ihsan A. Abdulhussein, and Muna A. Hameed. "HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE CONSIDERING EXISTING OF PIRE." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 20, no. 2 (2024): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2024-20-2-46-59.

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A composite hydraulic structure is used to solve the problems of sediment and floating materials, respectively. A pier (obstacle) is used at the downstream of the composite hydraulic structure to increase water depth, decrease flow velocity, and dissipate the flow energy. The paper deals with the effect of single pier and double piers on the hydraulic characteristics of the composite structure. Circular and square shapes are adopted in the study with different spacing measured from the downstream of the composite structure. The experiments reveal how the level of the hydraulic characteristics

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9

Song, Feihu, Jun Wang, Zhenhua Zhang, Tiejie Cheng, Guowei Li, and Jueyi Sui. "Local Scour around Side-by-Side Double Piers in Channel Bends under Ice-Covered Conditions—An Experimental Study." Water 15, no. 13 (2023): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132317.

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The pier scour process is normally intensified in the presence of an ice cover, which poses risks to the longevity and safety of bridges. In the present study, the impact of the densimetric Froude number, locations, and pier spacing of side-by-side piers on the local scour depth under ice-covered flow conditions were investigated based on clear water scour experiments in an S-shaped laboratory flume. The results demonstrated that the local scour at piers along the convex bank was more substantial than that along the concave bank when other factors stayed identical. The densimetric Froude numbe

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10

Li, Zhonglin, Zhenhua Zhang, Jueyi Sui, and Jun Wang. "Experimental Assessment of Scour Around Side-by-Side Double Piers in an S-Shaped Channel with Ice-Jammed Flow." Water 17, no. 12 (2025): 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121768.

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Through laboratory experiments in an S-shaped channel, this study analyzes how the flow Froude number, the ratio of ice-to-flow rate, pier spacing-diameter ratio, and bed material median grain size influence scour depth around side-by-side double piers under ice-jammed flow conditions. Unlike the development of a scour hole around a bridge pier in a straight channel, where the scour depth increases with the flow Froude number under ice-covered conditions, this study reveals that in an S-shaped channel, scour depth increases with the flow Froude number near the convex bank pier and decreases ne

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11

Elliott, Keith R., and Christopher J. Baker. "Effect of Pier Spacing on Scour Around Bridge Piers." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 111, no. 7 (1985): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1985)111:7(1105).

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12

Khassaf, Saleh Issa. "A STUDY OF SCOUR AROUND AL-KUFA BRIDGE PIERS." Kufa Journal of Engineering 1, no. 2 (2014): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/121304.

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Bridge pier scouring is a significant problem in the safety estimation of bridges. This research is carried out to study the local scour around the piers of Al-Kufa bridge ,and to estimate the effect of the spacing between the piers on the depth of equilibrium scour . Dimensional analysis technique was used ,and from the collected data filed measurements ,an empirical formula was derived .I has been found that the predicated scour depth from the formula compares well with the observed values . It was found that no mutual influence on maximum scour depth occurs for spacing ratio in Al-Kufa brid

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13

Reddy, Siva K., Sruthi T. Kalathil, and Venu Chandra. "Local Scour around Different-Shaped Bridge Piers." Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 6 (2024): 2019–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-06-019.

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Local scour around piers is the major cause of bridge failures, and its estimation is critical for safe design. The present study aims to identify a modified pier shape that can reduce local scour compared to a circular pier. In addition, M5 models are developed for maximum scour depth prediction and compared with the existing equations available in the literature. Thus, the effect of pier shape and alignment on local scour is experimentally investigated using three pier models with the same cross-sectional area placed in isolated and tandem arrangements under clear-water conditions. These are

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14

Guragain, Subodh, and Norio Tanaka. "An Experimental Study on the Effect of Distance and Sheltering Area of a Group of Linearly Arranged Sacrificial Piles on Reducing Local Scour around a Circular Bridge Pier under Clear-Water Conditions." Fluids 9, no. 2 (2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids9020035.

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One of the major problems associated with bridge piers is ensuring their safety against local scouring caused by the erosive action of flow. Numerous countermeasures have been developed and tested to solve this problem, among which sacrificial piles are highly recognized due to their high performance, economy, durability, and ease of construction. Several factors affect the performance of sacrificial piles, such as their number, size, degree of submergence, and geometric arrangement parameters. In this study, the performance of a group of linearly arranged cylindrical sacrificial piles in redu

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15

Yu, Xiaohui, Yihang Chen, and Yu He. "Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Piers Under Vehicle Collision Considering the Influence of Uncertainty." Buildings 15, no. 8 (2025): 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081222.

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In recent years, the serious damage and even collapse accidents of bridge under vehicle-to-pier collision occurred frequently and have attracted growing attention world widely. Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the structural resistance of bridge piers against vehicle-with-pier collisions. Nevertheless, most of those studies employed a deterministic approach without incorporating the inherent uncertainty in structural and loading parameters. This study proposes a probabilistic approach to investigate the vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) piers under collisions with trucks

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16

Al-Saadi., Saleh I. Khassaf, and Rasha Oda Abbass. "Development of Empirical Formulas for Effect of Circular Pier and Abutment on Local Scour Depth." Kufa Journal of Engineering 4, no. 2 (2013): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/421333.

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This study based on laboratory experiments for computing depth of local scour around abutment and bridge pier neighboring abutment considering the study of the effects of upstream flow conditions , pier and abutment sizes , median size of bed material and spacing between pier and abutment on the maximum scour depth and scour pattern around a pier and abutment. The study was conducted using a physical hydraulic model of pier and abutment operated under subcritical flow , clear-water condition and using uniform cohesionless sand as bed material . Three different size models of pier and abutment

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17

Rahul, M., and S. Baldev. "Prediction of scour depth around bridge piers in tandem arrangement using M5 and ANN regression models." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 102 (2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1524.

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Purpose: Due to an increase in a number of bridges being constructed, scour depth around bridge piers is gradually being recognized as one of the possible reasons for bridge failure. According to [1] about 53% of bridge failures in the US were caused due to floods and corresponding scour in the rivers. Lots of work has been carried out around the single pier but in the case of group piers, the work is very less. Hence, it becomes necessary to calculate the actual scour depth around the bridge piers considering the close location of bridges as well. Design/methodology/approach: Recognizing the

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18

Xing, Jun, Hong Liang Cai, and Jian Bing Cheng. "Optimization Design and Application of Sluice Pier Sliding Formwork." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2005.

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The sliding formwork, combining high efficiency and low cost, is a kind of advanced technology in the construction of sluice pier of hydropower projects. Number of jacks and elevating shelf spacing are two important parameters in the structure design of sliding formwork, the mathematical model of the relationship between manufacture costs and jack number, spacing between the elevating shelf was established using polynomial least square method, the best value of jack number and spacing between the elevating shelf were calculated by using the simulated annealing algorithm, thereby optimized the

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19

Hoit, Marc, Cliff Hays, and Mike McVay. "The Florida Pier Analysis Program Methods and Models for Pier Analysis and Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1569, no. 1 (1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1569-01.

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The Florida Pier Analysis Program (FLPIER) was developed by the University of Florida Department of Civil Engineering in conjunction with the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Structures Division. The program was developed in order to give pier designers a comprehensive model development and analysis tool to optimize pier designs. The current version is a nonlinear, static, soil-structure interaction suite of programs that run on a personal computer and include group pile effects, layered soil, pier columns and cap, high mast lighting, sound, and retaining walls. The program was desi

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20

Li, Haifeng, Wenwei Luo, and Jun Luo. "Seismic Performance of Steel Box Bridge Piers with Earthquake-Resilient Function." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8877785.

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A novel steel box bridge pier with replaceable energy dissipation wall plates at the base was proposed. After moderate earthquakes, the damaged energy dissipation wall plates and constraining steel plates on the two sides could be rapidly replaced, while the entire energy-dissipated column at the base can also be replaced after rare earthquakes. In this way, the seismic capacity of the new type of steel box bridge pier could be restored after earthquakes. For the purpose of discussing the seismic performance of this novel steel box-shaped bridge pier, the pseudostatic test and numerical simula

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21

Xiong, Xin, and Zujia Zheng. "Finite element analysis of seismic behavior of PVA-ECC pier columns based on ABAQUS." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 7, no. 1 (2023): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.7.1.334.2023.

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In order to study the seismic performance of PVA-ECC pier column, using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS as the main research means, combined with the measured data of two existing specimens, and taking the axial compression ratio, shear span ratio and stirrup spacing as changing parameters, the extended analysis of 13 specimens was carried out, and the influence of various influencing parameters on the seismic performance of pva-ecc pier column was discussed. The results show that the established ABAQUS finite element model has a high degree of coincidence in failure morphology, hy

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22

Xing, Hong Yan, and Wei Peng. "Structural Optimization of Prestessed Concrete Continuous Box Girder Bridges in Highway Viaduct." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1122.

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According to using status of short span concrete bridges commonly used in highway viaduct, structural finite element analysis taking account of some parameters like connection between pier and beam, pier height, transverse bearing spacing and early support differential settlements was given based on existing cracking beams of small box girders during construction and operation. Some structural optimization recommendations and construction control suggestions was proposed. The study results are constant well with the data of the survey results and the actual status of projects, which may be tak

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23

Xu, Hao, Qiyuan Li, Dongcai Li, Haonan Jiang, Tong Wang, and Qingfei Gao. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Anti-Overturning Theory of Single-Column Pier Bridges." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021545.

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In recent years, overturning accidents at single-pier bridges have occurred frequently, resulting in significant property losses and safety accidents. Overturning accidents show that there are still many hidden dangers in the design, operation, and management of existing single-pier bridges. Therefore, this paper takes the K503 + 647.4 separated overpass of the Hegang–Dalian Expressway as the research object and carries out an onsite anti-overturning stability test of a single-column pier bridge. Through loading under various working conditions, the displacement changes of each support are mea

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24

Qiu, Wenhua, Kehai Wang, and Weitao Yin. "Analysis of the Seismic Behavior of a Wall Pier of a Covered Bridge Based on the Multi-Layer Shell Element." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 3499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073499.

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To investigate the seismic behavior of the wall pier of a covered bridge, the multi-layer shell element in OpenSEES was used to carry out the numerical analysis under a horizontal low cyclic loading in the weak axis direction. The effects of the mesh divisions of the wall pier models were evaluated and the hysteretic curves, skeleton curves, bearing and energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation and displacement ductility of the wall pier with different lateral loading modes were mainly researched. The results demonstrate that the discretization of layers along the thickness direction

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25

Liu, Qunfeng, Zhaoyang Guo, Shimin Zhu, Chang Wang, Xiang Ren, and Xing Wu. "Performance-Based Seismic Design of Hybrid Isolation Systems with Gap-Tunable BRBs for Bearing-Supported Bridges." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (2022): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071373.

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This study proposes a class of hybrid isolation systems constructed by combining Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) with Rubber Bearings (RBs) or Lead Rubber Bearings (LRBs) for mitigating the seismic responses in bearing-supported bridges under strong earthquakes. Firstly, two different hybrid isolation systems (RB–BRB and LRB–BRB) were preliminarily designed based on the energy-conservation concept in the case of a bridge with Y-shaped piers, which can meet all the energy demands at different seismic hazard levels. Further, seismic evaluations were conducted on the bridges with the LRB, RB–BR

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26

Peng, Hua, Bowen Meng, Sui Tan, Li Zhu, and Guan Wang. "Study on Deformation Control of Road-Deep Foundation Pit Passing under Elevated Subway Bridge." Applied Sciences 14, no. 14 (2024): 6357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14146357.

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This paper focuses on the application of pile foundation underpinning technology in a deep foundation pit of a subway Viaduct Project in Beijing. The study aims to address the engineering characteristics of the project, including a large number of new piles, a wide span of underpinning abutment, a long length of deep foundation pit, and a wide range of influences. This research utilizes field monitoring and numerical simulation methods to investigate the pile foundation underpinnings. The impact and management of road-deep foundation pit construction are considered, as well as their combined e

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27

Fındık, Münire. "Investigation of Dynamic Behavior of Piled Pier Structure." Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.1354831.

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Sea transport is preferred because it is safe and economical in countries in the regions that dominate world trade. Approximately 86% of the developing and increasing trade volume is provided by sea transportation. Ports, which are an important pillar of international trade, take an active place in the transportation network for these reasons. In our country, an increase has been observed in the studies on the design of coastal port structures in the last 15 years. In the design of coastal structures, technical approaches and durability are at the forefront, while recently the continuity of th

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28

Okhravi, Saeid, Saeed Gohari, Mahdi Alemi, and Rodrigo Maia. "Effects of bed-material gradation on clear water scour at single and group of piles." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 70, no. 1 (2022): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2021-0036.

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Abstract This study presents the results of 32 laboratory experiments on local scour at a single pile and a 1 × 4 pile group for both uniform and non-uniform sediments under clear water conditions. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of different sediment beds made up of mixtures of sand and gravel (four-bed configurations) in d 50 (1–3.5 mm) and gradation (1.4–3) ranges on scour depth for different flow discharges and flow depths. Further, the findings of the experiments are deployed to describe the effects of pile spacing and flow conditions on the local pier scour for both unifor

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29

Ahmed, Khondaker S., Max T. W. Chuan, Jian Dai, and Ang K. Keng. "Dynamic Responses of Padma Multipurpose Bridge Truss due to Moving Train Load." MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 2 (2022): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47981/j.mijst.10(02)2022.383(65-78).

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Padma Multipurpose Bridge (PMB) is one of the most important projects in the history of Bangladesh due to its regional importance, economic benefit, and primary connectivity of one-third population of the country. The bridge is 6.15km long, connecting the ends of Mawa and Janjira in Bangladesh. The entire project is challenging to construct and complex in design as it contains both four-lane highways and train tracks supported by a double-deck composite warren truss. In this study, the dynamic response of the truss due to the moving train has been analyzed using the Moving Element Method (MEM)

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30

Teng, Fei, Yueying Zhang, Weidong Yan, Xiaolei Wang, and Yanfeng Li. "Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Piers after Seawater Freeze–Thaw Cycles." Coatings 12, no. 12 (2022): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121825.

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The reinforced concrete (RC) piers of offshore bridges inevitably experience seawater freeze–thaw cycles due to the periodic movement of tides in cold climates. The damage caused by seawater freeze–thaw cycles will reduce the durability and mechanical properties of concrete, and then affect the seismic performance of RC piers. The method of seismic performance analysis on RC piers by numerical simulation is gradually emerging because the process of the conventional experiment is relatively complicated, and the heterogeneity and degradation of concrete after seawater freeze–thaw cycles should b

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31

Tarigan, Baginta Veron, Rima Gusriana Harahap, and Destyariani Liana Putri. "Planning Study of Fender Spacing at Semayang Port based on PIANC." Indonesian Journal of Maritime Technology 1, no. 2 (2023): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35718/ismatech.v1i2.896.

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Fender is one of the facilities whose role is very important for a dock. With the availability of a fender that can help absorb the energy of the ship's collision with the dock and can reduce the risk of damage to the dock structure and the ship's body. In the case found at Semayang Port Balikpapan, the fender is damaged due to the difference in the dock level with the docked ship. The position of the ship at the highest tide exceeds the limit set on the fender so that there is a difference that makes the fender work not optimally. The purpose of this research is to plan a fender system that i

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32

Naser, Ali Fadhil, and Zong Lin Wang. "Damage Monitoring and Field Analysis of Dynamic Responses of Ha Shuang Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Oblique Bridge before Strengthening." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1102.

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Ha Shuang Bridge is located in Harbin city within Heilongjiang province in the east north of China. The purposes of this study are to monitor the damage in structural members of Ha Shuang prestressed concrete box girder oblique bridge before strengthening and to evaluate the dynamic performance of the bridge structure by adopting dynamic load test. Monitoring process of damage of the bridge structure shows that the web of box girder in the quarter of the second span (about 10.5m from the pier) suffers from serious shear cracks. These cracks extend from the top to lower flange of box girder. Th

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33

Ji, Rui, Bin Xi, Yanxu Lian, and Zihao Song. "A Study on the Inlet Characteristics of a 90° Lateral-Inlet Pumping Station with a Truncated River." Water 17, no. 12 (2025): 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121806.

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The flow pattern in a pumping station intake basin has a significant influence on the inlet conditions of the pumping machine. For the purpose of solving the problems of flow disorder and the uneven flow velocity distribution in the intake basin of a lateral-inlet pumping station with a truncated-type canal, this study takes a flood discharge pumping station as an example and then studies and analyzes the flow pattern in the inlet pool of a lateral-inlet pumping station with a truncated-type canal. The Revit2018 modeling software is used to establish a three-dimensional model, CFD fluid calcul

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Meister, Julian, Helge Fuchs, Claudia Beck, Ismail Albayrak, and Robert M. Boes. "Velocity Fields at Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance Structures." Water 12, no. 1 (2020): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010280.

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Horizontal bar racks used as fish protection measures at hydropower plants have rapidly gained importance in recent years. Despite the large number of installed racks in Europe, systematic investigations of the hydraulic losses and velocity fields were missing. To fill these research gaps, the hydraulic performance of horizontal bar racks was systematically investigated in a laboratory flume for a large number of rack parameters and different hydropower plant layouts. The results of the head loss assessment are published in a paper entitled Head Losses of Horizontal Bar Racks as Fish Guidance

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Li, Anbin, Genguang Zhang, Xiaoping Liu, et al. "Hydrodynamic Characteristics at Intersection Areas of Ship and Bridge Pier with Skew Bridge." Water 14, no. 6 (2022): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060904.

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Ships sailing in the area of a bridge are vulnerable to the influence of complex water flow, due to the complex flow pattern around the bridge pier. Ships often crash into bridge piers, leading to serious economic losses and threating personal safety. Based on the common forms of piers of skew bridges, the hydrodynamic problems encountered during ship–bridge interactions in the area of a skew bridge were studied using particle image velocimetry-based flume testing, physical model testing, and numerical simulation. The influence of the flow angle of attack of a round-ended pier on the force and

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Luo, Yuhu, Yongguang Li, Xu Wang, and Guangping Lu. "Influence of Restrainer Piers on the Seismic Performance of Long Bridges with Equal-Height Piers." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 29, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651215.

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Pounding may occur between the main girders under the action of strong earthquakes, so as between main girders and abutments. This causes excessive longitudinal displacement of the main girder and unseating damage to bridges. Because long bridges in mountainous areas with high intensity are easy to unseat, the authors studied the influence of restrainer piers, expansion joint spacings (EJSs), and the span on the seismic performance of long bridges. The ABAQUS finite element software was used to simulate a bridge dynamic analysis model considering the elastoplasticity of the pounding effect of

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Zheng, Siming, Alessandro Antonini, Yongliang Zhang, Deborah Greaves, Jon Miles, and Gregorio Iglesias. "Wave power extraction from multiple oscillating water columns along a straight coast." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 878 (September 13, 2019): 445–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.656.

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The integration of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters into a coastal structure (breakwater, jetty, pier, etc.) or, more generally, their installation along the coast is an effective way to increase the accessibility of wave power exploitation. In this paper, a theoretical model is developed based on the linear potential flow theory and eigenfunction matching method to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of an array of OWCs installed along a vertical straight coast. The chamber of each OWC consists of a hollow vertical circular cylinder, which is half embedded in the wall.

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Gong, Li, Yue Cui, Yunfei Du, Long Qin, and Xinyuan Zhao. "Morphology and Effect of Load on Bridge Piers Impacted by Continuous Sea Ice." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 10 (2024): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101871.

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In order to study the collision of sea ice on bridge piers of a sea-crossing bridge, this study establishes a finite element model of the impact of sea ice on bridge piers in aqueous media based on explicit dynamics analysis software and programming software using the arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method. The results show that, when the sea-ice spacing is larger than the sea-ice edge length, the increase in sea-ice spacing leads to a decrease in the collision force and a significant increase in the probability of climbing and overturning. The increase in sea-ice mass significantly increa

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Yassin, Hawra’a A., and Abdul Hassan K. Al-Shukur. "Effect of Spacing and Skewness on Side-by-Side Bridge Piers." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 12, no. 4 (2025): 1150–58. https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.120406.

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Radford, Andrew N., and Amanda R. Ridley. "Close calling regulates spacing between foraging competitors in the group-living pied babbler." Animal Behaviour 75, no. 2 (2008): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.05.016.

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Naser, Ali Fadhil. "Elastic Investigation of Piers Numbers Effects in Transverse Direction on the Stiffness of Continuous and Simply Supported Bridges." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 4 (2021): 915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(4)-14.

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Piers were important structural members between superstructure and foundation of bridge which were designed to transfer and resist the vertical loads and horizontal loads (dead load of structure, traffic loads, water pressure, ice, and wind) to the foundation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of number of piers in transverse direction (horizontal distance or spacing) between piers on the static and dynamic responses for two types of bridges structure which they include continuous and simply supported bridges. Static and dynamic analysis methods were adopted to analyse the

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A.M. Memari, H.G. Harris, A.A Hamid, and A. Scanlon. "Seismic Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Piers in Low to Moderate Seismic Regions." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 11 (January 1, 2011): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.11143.

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Evaluation of reinforcement detailing with respect to the amount and spacing of transverse reinforcement, development length, and splice length based on seismic provisions for seven Pennsylvania bridges is discussed. The selection of prototype bridges as representative of the stock of all PA bridges for the study are explained. A case study of seismic evaluation of one of the bridges selected based on finite element analysis and ductility estimation is presented as representative of the approach used to evaluate all other selected bridges.

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Teng, Fei, Yueying Zhang, Weidong Yan, Xiaolei Wang, and Kexin Zhang. "Restoring Force Model of Precast Segmental Reinforced Concrete Piers after Seawater Freeze–Thaw Cycles." Coatings 13, no. 1 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010016.

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Precast segmental reinforced concrete (RC) piers have been widely used in the construction of offshore bridges to speed up construction. Offshore bridges in cold regions are inevitably affected by the seawater freeze–thaw cycles under the periodic movement of tides, which could reduce the mechanical property of RC piers. Based on the low cyclic loading test on 12 specimens with different seawater freeze–thaw cycles, axial compression ratio, diameters of longitudinal reinforcement, and stirrup spacing, the hysteresis characteristics of precast segmental RC piers were analyzed. The test results

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Ren, Zhigang, Qi Li, and Chuang Liu. "Effect of Tie Bars on Axial Compressive Behavior of Round-Ended Rectangular CFST Stub Columns." Materials 15, no. 3 (2022): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031137.

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Round-ended rectangular concrete-filled steel tube (RRCFST) columns are prone to local buckling that are close to straight steel plates when used as piers of a bridge and affect its long-term use. In order to solve this problem, tie bars were used in this research to stiffen RRCFST columns. Eleven specimens with tie bars and three specimens without tie bars were tested to analyze influences of cross-sectional aspect ratio, longitudinal spacing, limb numbers and diameter of the tie bar on failure model, confined effect, bearing capacity and ductility of RRCFST stub columns. Finite element model

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Nandi, Buddhadev, and Subhasish Das. "Maximum scour depth estimation around side-by-side piers due to spacing effects for sustainable hydraulic infrastructure design." Next Sustainability 5 (2025): 100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxsust.2025.100134.

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Bordbar, Amir, Soroosh Sharifi, Zijian Guo, and Hassan Hemida. "Estimating the equilibrium scour depth around two side-by-side piers with different spacing ratios in live-bed conditions." Ocean Engineering 257 (August 2022): 111641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111641.

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Haninec, Peter, Petr Madera, Martin Smola, et al. "ASSESSMENT OF TEAK PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS USING 1 M SPACING IN A PLANTATION IN NICARAGUA." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 330, no. 330 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2016.330.a31317.

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Cette étude s’est déroulée dans une plan- tation forestière en Amérique centrale, proche de la ville de Diriamba au Nica- ragua, où des plantations de teck sur 48,9 ha, dans une zone de reboisement de 76,5 ha, sont renouvelées depuis 2006 (2006 : 7,90 ha ; 2007 : 13,63 ha ;2008 : 11,93 ha ; 2009 : 12,87 ha ; 2010 :21,70 ha). Cette plantation sort de l’ordi- naire du fait de l’espacement de 1 x 1 m des arbres et des facteurs écologiques limitants de cette zone tropicale aride. L’espacement de 1 x 1 m a été choisi pour favoriser la croissance en hauteur et obtenir ainsi des tiges de haute taille

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Memari, Ali M., Harry G. Harris, Ahmad A. Hamid, and Andrew Scanlon. "Seismic Evaluation of an Elevated Highway Bridge in a Low Seismic Region – a Case Study." Open Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (2010): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501004010072.

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This paper presents the results of the seismic evaluation of an elevated seven-span bridge with tall piers in western Pennsylvania. The bridge was modeled using the SEISAB software, and the analysis used modal superposition method. Various modeling strategies related to piers, abutments, expansion joints, fixed joints, rocker bearings, and hanger supports were studied. Several modeling options were made to capture different behavior responses under seismic loading conditions. The force and displacement demands are compared, and an assessment is made with respect to the potential for damage bas

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M D, Sneha Nair. "Effect of Different Lateral Reinforcement and its Spacing on Column Reinforced with Hollow Composite Sections." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (2021): 1711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38993.

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Abstract: Hollow Concrete Columns (HCCs) are one of the preferred construction systems in civil infrastructures including bridge piers, ground piles, and utility poles to minimize the overall weight and costs. HCCs are also considered a solution to increase the strength to mass ratio of structures. However, HCCs are subjected to brittle failure behaviour by concrete crushing means that the displacement capacity and the strength after steel yielding in HCCs are decreasing due to the unconfined concrete core. Absence of the concrete core changes the inner stress formation in HCCs from triaxial t

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Massó Castilla, Jordi. "Un cuerpo llena la inmensidad: la palabra y el espacio en la escultura de Jaume Plensa." Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, no. 26 (July 2, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_tropelias/tropelias.2016261412.

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Un cuerpo llena la inmensidad: la palabra y el espacio en la escultura de Jaume PlensaLa obra de Jaume Plensa (Barcelona, 1955) se ha caracterizado desde sus inicios por un interés hacia lo corporal y hacia lo escritural. Al comienzo, guiado por el propósito de ofrecer una representación del pensamiento como «medida» y «peso», el artista crea unas piezas voluminosas revestidas de textos para reproducir la sonoridad del ámbito inteligible. En sus últimos trabajos, las palabras se convierten en la piel de unas figuras silentes humanoides que suelen dejar ver su interior. Lo que tienen en común e

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