Academic literature on the topic 'Piesang'

Obiektem artykułu jest dziewięć listów ze zbiorów Litewskiego Państwowego Archiwum Historycznego w Wilnie (LVIA). Nie wszystkie listy są datowane, prawdopodobnie pochodzą one z lat 1850−1860, które były dla poety latami najaktywniejszej działalności twórczej. Syrokomla mieszkał wtedy najpierw w Borejkowszczyźnie (16 km od Wilna), a później w samym Wilnie. W tym okresie poeta był bardzo popularny, ale nie gwarantowało to ani jemu, ani jego rodzinie dobrobytu i spokoju. Jak wynika z analizowanych listów, Syrokomla miał poważne problemy finansowe, a jednocześnie starał się o załatwienie pracy dla innych osób, krewnych i znajomych. Adresatami analizowanych listów są cztery osoby: Władysław Fiorentini (4 listy), Ludwik Wróblewski (1), Rudolf Piesanka (3) oraz nieznany z nazwiska Paweł (1). Listy do Wróblewskiego oraz do Piesanki mają charakter oficjalny, pozostałe - prywatny, cytuję je w całości.

The Copyright Clearance Center held the meeting of university publishers within the framework of the Frankfurt Book Fair. The meeting proceedings were sent to the active users. We are offering several of them that might be of interest to our readers. The brief communication by Michael Kolman, IPA President: Copyright in the Crosshairs; information by the UN News, and Mark Piesing’s thoughts on “What is “Plan S” and Why Are Many Publishers Worried” (Mark Piesing is an independent journalist and a blogge). The original texts in English are give in the appendix to the paper. Read more on the problem at: https://www.scienceeurope.org/ coalition-s.

This dissertation is based on research undertaken on the role of the housing group savings schemes that provide end-user finance to the poor households to address their housing needs with special reference to South African Homeless People's Federation (SAHPF) at Piesang River outside Durban. The housing conditions inherited by the new Government in South Africa were characterized by backlog. In order for the Government to address housing shortage, housing subsidy assistance was introduced, which only provided the 'starter house', which was not sufficient enough for the poor in terms of size and quality of the house. It was hoped that the traditional financial institutions would come to the party and provide small-scale loans to the poor to incrementally improve the condition of their housing. The poor households have been seen as "unbankable". Basically the study bids to explore and establish the effectiveness of the savings schemes as an intervention in making end-user finance available to the poor households in S.A. to meet their shelter needs. The study revolves wholly around the group housing savings clubs as an intervention for proving housing for the poor. Practice has proved that incremental upgrading of a core unit using incremental finance is more suitable than long-term loans and does not bind the poor into long-term financial agreements. Given the fact that the poor are not willing to subject themselves into long-term financial commitments, consequently, the poor households have initiated financial self-help groups of the likes of ROSCAs, Stokvels, RCAs and ASCRAs as a mechanism to deal with the predicament that they are facing. The study explores the circumstances under which these saving schemes have evolved and the cause of their proliferation, looking at the international and local experiences. The study draws successful lessons from SAHPF of Piesang River about group lending and the possible expansion of its activities to other parts of S.A. Lending groups have the potential to provide affordable credit to the poor and the group members will use peer pressure to encourage repayment. Group lending is capable of making an individual repay that would have easily defaulted under individual lending. The researcher uses the combination of sample survey and case study to argue that the success of SAHPF particularly in making end-user finance available to its members is due to its strong, central focus on savings and loans. Finally the recommendations are that savings for housing purposes should be seen as an appropriate mechanism, to augment the housing subsidy given the fact that formal end-user finance is not forth coming especially to the poor as anticipated.
Thesis (Arch.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

African women in the past were not given equal opportunities with men in planning and construction of their houses. As a result there is no clear indicative level of participation of women during the planning and construction of their houses. The People’s Housing Process is one of the approaches adopted by government and community organizations to encourage community participation in their housing projects but; women’s involvement is still not clear. Therefore this research is aiming to understand the activities performed by women, their roles in related activities, and the methods that they used to get involved in the planning and construction of their houses. A Qualitative research has been conducted to identify the level of women’s engagement in planning and construction of their houses in the People’s Housing Process (PHP) project at Piesang River. The findings of the study revealed that the Urban Poor Fund (UPF) savings system, together with the government subsidy for housing, empowered women to participate in planning and construction of their houses at Piesang River. Moreover; the findings indicated that town planning procedures and bylaws were not properly applied during project planning and implementation. In conclusion this dissertation recommends the formation of Municipal Community Partnership (MCP) for Piesang River FedUP community and EThekwini municipality, in which both stakeholders work together to address the way forward for the project in preference to continuing blaming each other for the shortfalls.
M.T.R.P. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.

Management of Fusarium wilt of banana, one of the most important diseases of agricultural crops, is complicated and involves the consideration of factors such as the biology, epidemiology and population structure of the pathogen, and genetic resources and production practices of the crop. The development of an integrated disease management programme, therefore, is of great importance in countries where the Fusarium wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Foc, has been introduced into banaria fields, and where resistant cultivars are not acceptable to local markets. To achieve this, it is important to investigate new management strategies and to review methods that have been less successful in the past. These management practices need to be practical and affordable. Since certain cultural practices have proven to be effective, management practices that could compliment them should be considered. This thesis has attempted to investigate such practices in order to develop an integrated disease management programme for Fusarium wilt of banana. One of the most important findings of this study, was that the surface sterilant previously used to prevent the introduction of the Fusarium wilt into uninfected areas in South Africa, are not effective. The sterilants Sporekill and Prazin proved to be highly effective, and are now recommended to replace the sterilants previously used. Several fungicides reduced mycelial growth of Foc in vitro, with the OMI fungicides and Benomyl found to be the most effective. The same fungicides reduced the disease severity of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse significantly, especially when they were applied as root dip treatments. None of the fungicides found effective against Foc have been evaluated in the field against Foc before. The next step, therefore, would be to evaluate root dip treatments combined with drench treatment in the field. Although it is expected that these fungicides might have a negative effect on the microbial populations in the soil, this has yet to be investigated. Fungicides may even weaken or stress the pathogen, making it more vulnerable for the action of an effective biocontrol agent or agents. Chemical activators are probably one of the most attractive strategies to combat Fusarium wilt of banana, since it stimulate the plants' own defence system. Banana plantlets were found to be quite sensitive to the amount and method whereby chemical activators were applied. The activator benzo-(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester induced resistance against Foc on the susceptible Williams cultivar in the greenhouse, but not in the field. In field studies, environmental conditions were much more variable than in the greenhouse, which made it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical activators. Sodium nitroprusside and a product containing the harpin protein showed promising results on the Williams and DRSI cultivars, respectively. These activators need to be considered as part of an integrated disease management programme. Since they are not directly applied to the soil, they will not have a negative effect on the microbial populations in the soil. Several Fusarium isolates had been collected from banana fields with disease suppressive soils in Kiepersol, South Africa. Most of these isolates were F. oxysporum, and with the exception of one isolate, proved to be non-pathogenic to banana plants. A PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the intergenic spacer region of the ribosomal RNA operon grouped the non-pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates into 12 distinct genotypes. A great diversity could be seen among the non-pathogenic isolates compared to the pathogenic Foc isolates. The known-biological control agent F047 grouped with three of the South African isolates, while the one pathogenic isolate grouped with the pathogenic Foc from diseased Cavendish bananas in South Africa By using PCR-RFLPs, we were able to rapidly characterize the structure of non-pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum in disease suppressive soils in Kiepersol. This could assist us in our search for potential biological control agents for Fusarium wilt of banana. Representative isolates from the 12 genotype groups were selected for evaluation of Fusarium wilt suppressive properties in banana. These non-pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates appeared to be good biological control candidates and was compared to known biological control agents and commercial biological control products. Fourteen of the non-pathogenic isolates, the combination of two Trichoderma strains form suppressive soils in South Africa, and two Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were found to significantly reduce Fusarium wilt development in the greenhouse. The commercial products Patostop, B-rus and a mixture of arbuscular mycorrhizae were also found to suppress the disease severity of Foc significantly. The well-know biological control agent F047 proved to be not effective. Results concluded that two of the non-pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates and the two P. fluorescens isolates, one of which was the well-known WCS 417, were the most effective of all the agents evaluated. Since combinations of biocontrol agents may provide even more consistent and effective control than a single agent, future research will include the combination of biocontrol agents found effective in this study. It would also be of great value to determine the mode of action of these isolates, so that isolates with different modes of action could be combined to enhance the suppression effect. Biological control can be a very useful component of an integrated disease management programme, since the effective agent or agents can easily be established on tissue culture banana plantlets before they are planted in the field. AFRIKAANS : Een van seker die mees belangrikste grondgedraagte siektes in lanbou, is Fusarium verwelksiekt van piesangs. In Suid-Afrika, is die siekte verantwoordelik vir emstige verliese in die piesang produksie. Aangesien daar geen weerstandbiedende kultivars beskikbaar is wat deur die mark aanvaar word nie, is dit van kardinale belang dat 'n geintegreerde siekte beheer program vir Suid-Afrika ontwikkel word. Voordat so 'n program saamgestel kan word, is dit belangrik dat verskeie faktore aangaande die patogeen en piesang poduksiepraktyke in ag geneem moet word. Beheermaatreëls moet prakties en bekostigbaar wees, en moet die reeds bestaande praktyke kan bevoordeel. Studies wat in hierdie tesis aangebied word, oorweeg beheermaatreëls wat gekombineer kan word met die huidige praktyke, nadat vorige praktyke ook in ag geneem is. Daar word gesoek na nuwe meer doeltreffende en ekonomiese metodes om siektes te beheer. Metodes wat doeltreffend aangewend kan word om die voorkoms van die siekte te vermirider. In vitro en in vivo studies het getoon dat die DMI swamdoders en Benomil die groei van die patogeen en die ontwikkeling van Fusarium verwelksiekte die meeste onderdruk. Die beste resultate is in die glashuis gevind nadat die wortels van plante in die middels geweek is. Positiewe resultate is ook verkry met die grondtoediening van Benomil 'n week nadat plante geplant is in Foc geïnfekteerde grond. Die chemiese beheer van Fusarium verwelsiekte kan verder ondersoek word deur die effek van die grondtoedienings en wortelbehandelings in die veld te ondersoek. Daar word egter verwag dat die swamdoders moontlik 'n negatiewe uitwerking op die mikrobiese aktiwiteit in die grond kan veroorsaak. Die gebruik van effektiewe ontsmettingmiddels is uiters belangrik vir die voorkomende beheer van Fusarium verwelkdiekte op piesangs. Die ontsmettingmiddel, koper oxichloried, wat tot onlangs in Suid Afrika gebruik was, is ondoeltreffend gevind vir ontsmettingsdoeleindes. Prazin en Sporekill, twee omgewingsvriendelike middels, is baie effektief gevind en word dus aanbeveel vir die ontsetting van voertuie, skoene en veld toerusing. Chemiese plant aktiveerders stimuleer plante om hulleself te beskerm deur middel van weerstandsmeganisms. Piesang plante het sensitiwiteit getoon toonoor die konsentrasie en die toedieningsmetode van hierdie chemiese aktiveerders. In die glashuisproewe het die aktiveerder benzo-(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic suur S-metiel ester weerstand gestimuleer in die Williams kultivar. As gevolg van veranderende toestande in die veld was dit moeiliker om die chemiese aktiveerders se werking te evalueer. Nogtans het die middels natrium nitroprussied en 'n produk wat die protein harpin bevat die voorkoms van siekte op die Williams en DRS 1 plante verlaag. Chemiese aktiveerders behoort sterk oorweeg te word as deel van 'n geintegreerde beheer program, aangesien chemiese aktiveerders nie direk tot die grond aangewend word nie, en geen negatiewe uitwerking op die natuurlike mikrobiese populasies in die grond uitoefen nie. Verskeie Fusarium isolate is geisoleer vanuit siekte onderdukkende gronde in die Kiepersol area van Suid-Afrika. Die meeste van die isolate is geidentifiseer as F. oxsysporum. 'n PKR-gebaseerde restriksie fragment lengte polimorfisme (RFLP) ontleding van die "intergenic spacer region" van die ribosomale DNS operon het die niepatogeniese F. oxysporum isolate in 12 verskillende genotypes opgedeel. 'n Groot diversiteit was sigbaar onder die nie-patogeniese isolate in vergelyking met die patogeniese foc isolate. Die bekende beheer agent, Fo47 het gegroepeer saam met drie van die Suid Afrikaanse nie-patogene. Hierdie tegniek het ons in staat gestel om die nie-patogeniese populasie van onderdrukkende gronde in Kiepersol vinnig te karakteriseer en potentiele biologiese agente te identifiseer. Verteenwoordigende isolate van die 12 genotipiese groepe wat geidnetifiseer is, is geselekteer vir verdere evaluasie. Dit is gevind dat die isolate goeie kandidate vir moontlike bio-beheer agente maak. Die onderdrukkingsvermoe van die nie-patogene is vergelyk met die van bekende bio-beheer agente en komersiele produkte wat beskikbaar is. Veertien van die nie-patogene, die kombinasie van twee Trichoderma spp., en twee Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate het die siekte ontwikkeling van Fusarium verwelking merkwaardig onderdruk in die glashuis. Die komersiele produkte Patostop®, B-rus en die kombinasie van twee mycorrhizae isolate is ook gevind om die voorkoms van siekte te verlaag. Die wel-bekende biobeheer agent Fo47 is oneffektief gevind teen Fusarium verwelksiekte van piesangs. Resultate van die studie het bewys dat twee van die nie-patogeniese F.Oxysporum isolate en twee P. Fluorescens isolate, waarvan een die welbekende WCS 417 is, uiters effektiewe beheer agente teen Foc is. Toekomstige studies sal fokus op die kombinasie van die bio-beheer agente wat die meeste potensiaal getoon het in die studie, asook hulle meganismes van werking. Biologiese beheer is van groot waarde vir 'n geïntegreerde beheer program. Dit kan maklik met bestaande beheer maatreëls gekombineer word en potensiële biologiese beheer agente kan vooraf op weefselkultuur plante in die kwekery gevestig word.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted

The ripening of bananas is a process that needs to take place in accurately controlled conditions to ensure synchronization of all the metabolic processes that are involved with ripening so that the best quality product can be made available to the consumer. Optimal ripening requires the correct ambient room temperature and relative humidity, adequate ventilation and ethylene treatment. Banana ripening occurs at temperatures between 16º-18ºC, with 95% humidity and constant ventilation. Ripening is triggered when the bananas are exposed to ethylene for 24 hours. Fruit that ripens in ideal circumstances has a bright yellow colour, firm soft pulp and strong peel, are sweet tasting and have a pungent aroma. The conditions in the store and ripening rooms, especially temperature, are not always regulated to the optimum and subtropical fruits such as bananas are injured at temperatures below 12ºC. Phase transitions in the membranes, from a liquid-crystalline to a solid gel-like phase, are responsible for chilling injury. Chilling injury delays ripening, but does not noticeably influence the eating quality of the fruit. The bananas are still sweet with a firm soft pulp and strong peel. The aroma production is however reduced by the cold and undesirable colour changes occur. The chilling injured bananas are dull greyyellow in colour with brown or black spots on the peel. The peel sometimes becomes completely brown or black. The quality of the bananas is potentially influenced by this colour change since the consumer judges the fruit on visual appearance. Controlled atmosphere storage and modified atmosphere packaging reduce chilling injury and extends the life of the fruit due to delayed ripening. Chilling injured fruit consequently has less brown or black spots and sometimes even an improved yellow colour. A better quality product can be supplied to the consumer and the temperature control in the storeroom does not need to be 100% accurate. The advantages of these techniques are attributed to the modified atmospheres, namely reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide concentrations which influence respiration, ethylene synthesis and action.
Prof. C.S. Whitehead

Treatise (D.M.A.) Florida State University, 2007.
Advisor: Carolyn Bridger, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 10-8-2007). Document formatted into pages; contains 68 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.

Lyme disease (LD), caused by the arthropod-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is a multisystem disease of varying severity. Since its recognition as a distinct clinical entity in 1977 (Steere et al. 1977), recovery of the causative organism from the tick vector in 1982 (Barbour 1984; Burgdorfer et al. 1982), and isolation of the organism from patients in 1983 (Benach et al. 1983), LD, also referred to as Lyme borreliosis, has emerged as the leading vector-transmitted disease in the United States (CDC 2007). Lyme disease became a concern especially for children residing in endemic areas. Initially described as a rheumatologic illness (inflammatory arthritis, predominantly in children), it soon became clear that LD is a multisystem disease (Steere 1989; Feder 2008; Halperin 2008; Hoppa 2007; Hytnen et al. 2008; Pachner and Steiner 2007; Steere et al. 1984). Neurologic involvement is common and can add significantly to the morbidity of the illness. A wide range of neurologic complications has been described (Belman 1992; Belman et al. 1992, 1993; Christen and Hanefield 1993; Christen et al. 1993; Coyle 1992; Halperin et al. 1989, 1990; Logigian, Kaplan, and Steere 1990; Logigian and Steere 1992; Pachner and Steeere 1986; Pachner, Duray, and Steere 1989; Reik et al. 1979; Reik, Burgdorfer, and Donaldson 1986). Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) is a motile, helicial Gram-negative spirochete containing both chromosomal DNA and extra chromosomal double-stranded DNA. Both chromosomal and plasmid DNA code for proteins. Some proteins are constant major proteins, common to spirochetes in general, and some are proteins unique and specific to B. burgdoerferi, for example, the plasmidcoded outer surface lipoproteins (OSP). These specific and nonspecific proteins (antigens) form the basis for serological antibody tests (presence or absence of specific anti-Bb antibodies against Bb antigens) (CDC 1995; Dressler 1994). The OSPs play a role in the pathogenesis of Bb infection by acting as receptors for host macromolecules and targets for host immune response (Tilly, Rosa, and Stewart. 2008). Several B. burgdoerferi species have been identified, with varying geographic distribution. Different species may have different tissue tropism and pathogenecity and cause different clinical disease patterns (Anthonissen et al. 1994; Piesman and Gern 2004; Stanek and Strle 2008).