Relevant bibliographies by topics / Piezoelectric sensors

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Piezoelectric sensors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Piezoelectric sensors"

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Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Characterization of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 11, no. 12 (December 2000): 959–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/a1hu-23jd-m5au-engw.

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In the beginning, the classical one-dimensional analysis of piezoelectric active sensors is reviewed. The complete derivation for a free-free sensor is then extended to cover the cases of clamped and elastically constrained sensors. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electromechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimensional structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. The numerical analysis was performed and supported by experimental results. Experiments were conducted on simple beam specimens to support the theoretical investigation, and on thin gauge aluminum plates to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the sensor’s non-invasive characteristics. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined and statistical analysis was presented. It was found that PZT active sensors have stable and repeatable characteristics not only in as-received condition, but also while mounted on 1-D or 2-D host structure. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a non-intrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring.
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Wang, Aochen, Ming Hu, Liwei Zhou, and Xiaoyong Qiang. "Self-Powered Wearable Pressure Sensors with Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties of Aligned P(VDF-TrFE)/MWCNT Composites for Monitoring Human Physiological and Muscle Motion Signs." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8121021.

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Self-powered operation, flexibility, excellent mechanical properties, and ultra-high sensitivity are highly desired properties for pressure sensors in human health monitoring and anthropomorphic robotic systems. Piezoelectric pressure sensors, with enhanced electromechanical performance to effectively distinguish multiple mechanical stimuli (including pressing, stretching, bending, and twisting), have attracted interest to precisely acquire the weak signals of the human body. In this work, we prepared a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/ multi-walled carbon nanotube (P(VDF-TrFE)/MWCNT) composite by an electrospinning process and stretched it to achieve alignment of the polymer chains. The composite membrane demonstrated excellent piezoelectricy, favorable mechanical strength, and high sensitivity. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 value was approximately 50 pm/V, the Young’s modulus was ~0.986 GPa, and the sensitivity was ~540 mV/N. The resulting composite membrane was employed as a piezoelectric pressure sensor to monitor small physiological signals including pulse, breath, and small motions of muscle and joints such as swallowing, chewing, and finger and wrist movements. Moderate doping with carbon nanotubes had a positive impact on the formation of the β phase of the piezoelectric device, and the piezoelectric pressure sensor has the potential for application in health care systems and smart wearable devices.
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Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Embedded Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Active Sensors for On-Line Structural Identification." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 124, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1421056.

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The benefits and limitations of using embedded piezoelectric active sensors for structural identification at ultrasonic frequency are highlighted. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimension structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. Experiments were conducted on simple specimens in support of the theoretical investigation, and on realistic turbine blade specimen to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the latter’s noninvasive characteristics. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a nonintrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined. Numerical estimation of the noninvasive properties of the proposed active sensors in comparison with conventional sensors is presented. Self-diagnostics capabilities of the proposed sensors were also investigated and methods for automatic self-test implementation are discussed. The paper underlines that the use of piezoelectric wafer active sensors is not only advantageous, but, in certain situations, may be the sole investigative option, as in the case of precision machinery, small but critical turbine-engine parts, and computer industry components.
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Zhang, Qi, Ying Jun Li, Ru Jian Ma, and Xiu Hua Men. "Design and Analysis of Force Sensor for Condition Monitoring System of Ball Cold Heading Forming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.253.

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In order to solve the forming defects in the steel ball cold heading process, a novel force sensor which chooses the PVDF piezoelectric films as force-sensing elements is designed. The advantages and disadvantages of piezoelectric force sensor on measurement of the cold heading force are compared with existing force sensors. By using FEM, sensor’s linearity and the structure size are analyzed. Compared with the traditional sensor, this structure is more reasonable. The presented PVDF piezoelectric force sensor has wide frequency range, good dynamic performance, and can realize dynamic measurement.
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Košir, Tilen, and Janko Slavič. "Modeling of Single-Process 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Sensors with Resistive Electrodes: The Low-Pass Filtering Effect." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010158.

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Three-dimensional printing by material extrusion enables the production of fully functional dynamic piezoelectric sensors in a single process. Because the complete product is finished without additional processes or assembly steps, single-process manufacturing opens up new possibilities in the field of smart dynamic structures. However, due to material limitations, the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors contain electrodes with significantly higher electrical resistance than classical piezoelectric sensors. The continuous distribution of the capacitance of the piezoelectric layer and the resistance of the electrodes results in low-pass filtering of the collected charge. Consequently, the usable frequency range of 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors is limited not only by the structural properties but also by the electrical properties. This research introduces an analytical model for determining the usable frequency range of a 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor with resistive electrodes. The model was used to determine the low-pass cutoff frequency and thus the usable frequency range of the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor. The low-pass electrical cutoff frequency of the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor was also experimentally investigated and good agreement was found with the analytical model. Based on this research, it is possible to design the electrical and dynamic characteristics of 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors. This research opens new possibilities for the design of future intelligent dynamic systems 3D printed in a single process.
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Lec, Ryszard M. "Piezoelectric sensors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423549.

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Lee, C. K., and F. C. Moon. "Modal Sensors/Actuators." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2892008.

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A piezoelectric laminate theory that uses the piezoelectric phenomenon to effect distributed control and sensing of structural vibration of a flexible plate has been used to develop a class of distributed sensor/actuators, that of modal sensors/actuators. The one-dimensional modal sensors/actuator equations are first derived theoretically and then examined experimentally. These modal equations indicate that distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators can be adopted to measure/excite specific modes of one-dimensional plates and beams. If constructed correctly, actuator/observer spillover will not be present in systems adopting these types of sensors/actuators. A mode 1 and a mode 2 sensor for a one-dimensional cantilever plate were constructed and tested to examine the applicability of the modal sensors/actuators. A modal coordinate analyzer which allows us to measure any specific modal coordinate on-line real-time is proposed. Finally, a way to create a special two-dimensional modal sensor is presented.
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Yao, Jun, Zhen Yu Zhu, and Huan Wang. "Piezoelectric Equation and Two Types of Piezoelectric Sensors Model." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2021.

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This paper discusses four types of piezoelectric basic equations, and there are two piezoelectric sensors which are composed of piezoelectric ceramics tightly pasting in the thin-walled structure. They can respectively measure structure of strain and strain rate changes. Based on the description of two kinds of piezoelectric sensors formation, The output display solution and their frequency domain forms are furtherly presented, and the advantages of the sensor are discussed. This conclusion can provide theoretical guidance for structural vibration active control.
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Shijer, Sameera Sadey. "Simulation of Piezoelectric in Engine Knock Sensor with Different Frequency Modes." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 17271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.17271ecst.

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A numerical study on deformation piezoelectric sensors is described in this study. Major objectives of this research are to compare the impacts of direct current voltage on piezoelectric structure, the effects of direct current voltage on the resonance frequency of piezoelectric knock sensors, and the effects of these parameters on the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensors. The impedance properties of the transient structure are studied under different engine operating conditions and in relation to various forms of sensor damage. Determining the degree of damage sensors and the prediction quality of the piezoelement within the sensor may be accomplished by measuring material flaws and fluctuations in material coefficients that are connected to the frequency characteristic of the sensor. To some extent, the preceding can be used in the calculations of several structural parts of knock sensors. On a prototype knock sensor, ranges of modes were tested using piezoelectric elements with varying numbers of cracks. In this work, it has discussed seven scenarios of frequency analysis to examine the piezoelectric in engine knock sensor with different electricity modes of operation. These scenarios include the engine normal operation mode, start engine operation mode, and different frequency of operation mode (2Hz, 200Hz, 2KHz, 20KHz, 200KHz).
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Sholar, S. A. "Comparative analysis of the applicability piezoelectric and piezore-sistive sensor to measure shock wave loads." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2017-1-19-23.

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Comparative analysis of pressure sensors used for measuring the shock wave loads was carried. In the experimental part were considered the four pressure sensors: piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and two piezoelectric sensors with integrated circuit. Our study tested the sensor sensitivity to shock wave loads and sensitivity to temperature differences between the sensors and the environment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Piezoelectric sensors"

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Mika, Bartosz. "Design and testing of piezoelectric sensors." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1565.

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Salehi-Khojin, Amin. "Vibration analysis of piezoelectric microcantilever sensors." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1211389804/.

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Lloyd, Carys Eleri. "The dynamic response of piezoelectric sensors." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612963.

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Barsky, Michael F. "Robot gripper control system using PVDF piezoelectric sensors." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77897.

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A novel robot gripper control system is presented which uses PVDF piezoelectric sensors to actively damp exerted force. By using a low-input-resistance amplifier to sense the current developed by the PVDF sensor, an output proportional to the rate of change of the force exerted by the gripper is obtained. The signals from the PVDF sensor and a strain gauge force sensor are arranged in a proportional and derivative (PD) control system for the control of force. The control system was tested on an instrumented Rhino XR-1 manipulator hand. The capabilities of the control system are analyzed analytically, and verified experimentally. The results for this particular gripper indicate that as much as 900% improvement in force step response rise time, and 300% reduction in overshoot are possible by inclusion of the PVDF sensor.
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Fu, Lei. "Application of Piezoelectric Sensors in Soil Property Determination." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1089850793.

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LINDSEY, TIMOTHY J. "SELF-POWERED PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS FOR VEHICLE HEALTH MONITORING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085778333.

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Han, Yong 1969. "Detection of cracks in aircraft structures using piezoelectric sensors." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98964.

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Structural damage detection at the earliest possible stage is very important in the aerospace industry to prevent major failures. In this work, a potential cost-effective crack detection method using piezoelectric strips bonded on the structure was studied. A crack model was developed and validated. Static, modal and transient dynamic analysises are performed for the case of piezoelectric strips bonded to the structure by using a finite element method to explore the effectiveness of the crack detection method. Panel methods are used for steady flow problems of fixed wings in order to calculate the pressure distributions on the wing surface.
A flat wing with a crack subjected to aerodynamic load was simulated to predict the presence of the crack. It is found that the voltage difference between the piezoelectric strips bonded at the same location (one on the upper side and the other on the lower side) can be used to predict the presence of the crack. For wing structure crack detection, the sensitivity is limited if the steady aerodynamic load is used as an excitation.
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Cotton, Darryl Paul James. "Thick-film piezoelectric slip sensors for a prosthetic hand." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444223.

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Boyd, Sharron. "An investigation into biological recognition coatings for piezoelectric sensors." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251229.

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Collins, Simon Andrew. "Sensors for structural control applications using piezoelectric polymer film." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13613.

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Books on the topic "Piezoelectric sensors"

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Janshoff, Andreas, and Claudia Steinem, eds. Piezoelectric Sensors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36568-6.

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Claudia, Steinem, and Janshoff Andreas, eds. Piezoelectric sensors. Berlin: Springer, 2006.

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Rupitsch, Stefan Johann. Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57534-5.

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Piezoceramic sensors. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

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Giurgiutiu, Victor. Structural health monitoring with piezoelectric wafer active sensors. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2008.

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Piezoelectric sensorics: Force, strain, pressure, acceleration and acoustic emission sensors, materials and amplifiers. Berlin: Springer, 2002.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Analysis and testing of plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Analysis and testing of plates with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1998.

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Bazhenov, Alexander A. Design of knock sensors and piezoaccelerometers. Arlington, Va: Futurepast, 2002.

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J, Berman, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. Piezoelectric patch sensors for structural integrity monitoring of composite-upgraded masonry and concrete structures. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Piezoelectric sensors"

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Gautschi, Gustav. "Piezoelectric Sensors." In Piezoelectric Sensorics, 73–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3_5.

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Bastiaans, G. J. "Piezoelectric transducers." In Chemical Sensors, 295–319. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9154-1_14.

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Gautschi, Gustav. "Strain Sensors." In Piezoelectric Sensorics, 127–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3_7.

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Gautschi, Gustav. "Pressure Sensors." In Piezoelectric Sensorics, 141–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3_8.

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Gautschi, Gustav. "Acceleration Sensors." In Piezoelectric Sensorics, 167–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3_9.

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Yoon, Jeong-Yeol. "Piezoelectric Sensors." In Introduction to Biosensors, 195–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27413-3_11.

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Hepher, M. J., and D. Reilly. "Piezoelectric sensors." In Sensor Systems for Environmental Monitoring, 179–209. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1571-8_6.

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Yoon, Jeong-Yeol. "Piezoelectric Sensors." In Introduction to Biosensors, 181–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6022-1_11.

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Gautschi, Gustav. "Acoustic Emission Sensors." In Piezoelectric Sensorics, 199–207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3_10.

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Gautschi, Gustav. "Amplifiers for Piezoelectric Sensors." In Piezoelectric Sensorics, 209–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04732-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Piezoelectric sensors"

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Stoeckel, Chris, Katia Meinel, Marcel Melzer, and Thomas Otto. "Thin Film Piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride for Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers." In 2018 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2018.8589845.

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Tzou, H. S., and J. P. Zhong. "Spatial Filtering Characteristics of Distributed Piezoelectric Sensors." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0156.

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Abstract Distributed spatial filtering characteristics of distributed piezoelectric sensors are investigated. In general, a sensor output signal is contributed by a membrane strain and a bending strain. Depending on the sensor placement, a distributed sensor can be only sensitive to either membrane or bending modes — membrane or bending sensor. In addition, a piezoelectric sensor can be sensitive to a mode or a group of modes due to signal average of electrode surface, especially anti-symmetrical modes. Accordingly, the sensor layer can be spatially shaped such that its sensitivity can be specified. These filtering characteristics are discussed and examples demonstrated.
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Yaghootkar, Bahareh, Soheil Azimi, and Behraad Bahreyni. "Wideband piezoelectric mems vibration sensor." In 2016 IEEE SENSORS. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2016.7808651.

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Foncellino, Francesco, Luigi Barretta, Ettore Massera, and Alberto Corigliano. "Piezoelectric Mems for Microparticles Detection." In 2021 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639237.

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Chou, Yuan-Fang, and Ming-Yi Yang. "Piezoelectric Modal Sensors for Two-Dimensional Structures." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61993.

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Using the orthogonal property of eigenfunctions, piezoelectric modal sensors for one-dimensional members were created by shaping electrode patterns proportional to modal strains. However, it is not easy to apply the same concept to two-dimensional structures due to the difficulty in implementing location weight needed for signals. Therefore, nonlinear optimization scheme is employed in this paper to design modal sensors for two-dimensional structures. For a given electrode pattern, the signal contributed from each mode is found by integrating the corresponding free surface charges on the sensing electrode. Then the modal sensor is obtained by modifying electrode pattern to achieve required relative signal strength for different modes. Sensors that are capable to sense or filter out the signal generated by a specific mode can be developed. A two-dimensional aluminum plate coated with PZT layer is adopted as an example. Mode shapes are found with finite element analysis. Modal sensors are designed successfully and mode- reject filters are also demonstrated.
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Ikeda, Michael H., Mei H. Sun, and Stephen R. Phillips. "Piezoelectric Crystal Based Fiberoptic Pressure Sensor." In Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.1988.thcc2.

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Seminara, Lucia, Maurizio Valle, and Marco Capurro. "Bending response of PVDF piezoelectric sensors." In 2012 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2012.6411405.

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Alkhaddeim, Tasneim, Boshra AlShujaa, Waad AlBeiey, Fatima AlNeyadi, and Mahmoud Al Ahmad. "Piezoelectric energy droplet harvesting and modeling." In 2012 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2012.6411440.

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Tuukkanen, Sampo, and Satu Rajala. "A survey of printable piezoelectric sensors." In 2015 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2015.7370542.

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Rasid, Syed Mamun R., Aron Michael, Hemanshu Roy Pota, and Ssu-Han Chen. "Self-sensing Piezoelectric Micro-lens Actuator." In 2022 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors52175.2022.9967306.

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Reports on the topic "Piezoelectric sensors"

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Elburn, Eddie, and Ryan C. Toonen. Acoustic Nondestructive Evaluation of Aircraft Paneling Using Piezoelectric Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada579857.

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Khafizov, Marat, Ryan Chesser, Maha Yazbeck, Yuzhou Wang, Gaofeng Sha, Aleksandr Chernatynskiy, and Joshua Daw. Irradiation Behavior of Piezoelectric Materials for Nuclear Reactor Sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1972141.

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Lin, Yirong. Investigation on Smart Parts with Embedded Piezoelectric Sensors via Additive Manufacturing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1412094.

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Ross, Robert J., Jiangming Kan, Xiping Wang, Julie Blankenburg, Janet I. Stockhausen, and Roy F. Pellerin. Wood and Wood-Based Materials as Sensors—A Review of the Piezoelectric Effect in Wood. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-212.

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Roach, Dennis. Performance Evaluation of Comparative Vacuum Monitoring and Piezoelectric Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Rotorcraft Components. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1809128.

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Chao, Yuh. Fundamental Studies in Embedded Ultrasonic NDE: Lamb Waves Interaction Between Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors and Host Structure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada472810.

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Taylor. L51755 Development and Testing of an Advanced Technology Vibration Transmission. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010124.

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Fiber optic sensors have been under development in industrial and government laboratories around the world for over a decade. The commercial market for fiber sensors for measuring parameters such as temperature, displacement, and liquid level is now estimated to exceed $100 M/year. Aside from the commercial interest, the U. S. Department of Defense has vigorously pursued the development of fiber gyroscopes and hydrophones. In spite of the high level of research and development activity, however, until recently fiber sensors had not been successfully applied in high-temperature engine environments. The goal of this effort is to develop and test high-temperature fiber optic sensors and show that they are suitable for monitoring vibration and other instabilities in gas turbine engines. The underlying technology developed during the course of PRCI projects PR- 219-9120 and PR-219-9225 during 1991-94 serves as the foundation for PR-240-9416. Transducers with the fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) configuration have been adapted for use in the turbomachinery environment.To ensure the survival of the FFPI sensors at high temperatures, two techniques for coating the fibers with metal have been developed: electroplating and vacuum deposition. Coated sensors have subsequently been embedded in aluminum and brass alloys. Experiments on a small Sargent Welch turbine engine have shown the high sensitivity of embedded FFPI strain sensors to vibration in rolling bearings. Data have been collected in both the time and frequency domain. A new accelerometer design in which a metal-coated fiber containing the FFPI element is soldered directly to a diaphragm in a stainless steel housing shows response similar to a piezoelectric accelerometer in shaker table tests. The high sensitivity of the FFPI accelerometer has been demonstrated in field tests in a Solar Centaur turbine engine, and the design has survived temperatures greater than 500�C in a test oven. A magnetometer with a physical configuration similar to that of the accelerometer has been used to measure the distance from the sensor head to a rotating shaft made of ferromagnetic material. This device, which functions as a proximity probe, has been used to monitor shaft rotation rate (keyphasor application) and as a shaft thrust position sensor. These results indicate the potential for performing critical measurements in turbine engines with FFPI sensors. They can measure acceleration, distance (proximity), strain (as it relates to bearing defect diagnosis), and gas pressure, and can operate at higher temperatures than conventional transducers.
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8

Solanki, Pranshoo, Haiyan Xie, John Awaitey, and Tejaswi Reddy. State-of-the-Practice Review of Field-Curing Methods for Evaluating the Strength of Concrete Test Specimens. Illinois Center for Transportation, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-003.

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The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 23 standard provides instructions for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. However, further research is needed to compare the strength of the field-cured specimen with the strength of the actual in-place concrete item. The purpose of this research is to build an understanding of the current state of the practice for field-curing methods. Specifically, the research team conducted a literature review and questionnaire survey to identify the selection criteria and details of field-curing methods. The results of the literature data and survey outcomes indicate most transportation agencies use field-cured cylinders, followed by the maturity method, to decide when to open pavement to traffic or remove formwork or falsework. The most commonly used field method found among transportation agencies was curing the test specimens near (or on) the cast concrete in the same manner as the concrete item represented. The cylindrical specimens are mostly field cured in insulated boxes such as a cooler or under burlap/insulation near the concrete item. In contrast, beams are mostly field cured in a damp sandpit or under burlap/insulation near the concrete item. Other field-curing technologies used by agencies are match curing, SureCureTM cylinder-mold system, piezoelectric sensors, calorimetry, and penetration-resistance tests.
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9

Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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10

Hall, Asha, and Mark Bundy. Overview of Piezoelectric Actuator Displacement Measurements Utilizing a MTI-2100 Fotonic Sensor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540429.

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