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Journal articles on the topic 'Piezoelectric sensors and actuators'
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1
Lee, C. K., and F. C. Moon. "Modal Sensors/Actuators." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 2 (1990): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2892008.
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A piezoelectric laminate theory that uses the piezoelectric phenomenon to effect distributed control and sensing of structural vibration of a flexible plate has been used to develop a class of distributed sensor/actuators, that of modal sensors/actuators. The one-dimensional modal sensors/actuator equations are first derived theoretically and then examined experimentally. These modal equations indicate that distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators can be adopted to measure/excite specific modes of one-dimensional plates and beams. If constructed correctly, actuator/observer spillover will not be present in systems adopting these types of sensors/actuators. A mode 1 and a mode 2 sensor for a one-dimensional cantilever plate were constructed and tested to examine the applicability of the modal sensors/actuators. A modal coordinate analyzer which allows us to measure any specific modal coordinate on-line real-time is proposed. Finally, a way to create a special two-dimensional modal sensor is presented.
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Park, Gyuhae, Charles R. Farrar, Amanda C. Rutherford, and Amy N. Robertson. "Piezoelectric Active Sensor Self-Diagnostics Using Electrical Admittance Measurements." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 128, no. 4 (2006): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2202157.
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This paper presents a piezoelectric sensor self-diagnostic procedure that performs in situ monitoring of the operational status of piezoelectric materials used for sensors and actuators in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The sensor/actuator self-diagnostic procedure, where the sensors/actuators are confirmed to be functioning properly during operation, is a critical component to successfully complete the SHM process with large numbers of active sensors typically installed in a structure. The premise of this procedure is to track the changes in the capacitive value of piezoelectric materials resulting from the degradation of the mechanical/electrical properties and its attachment to a host structure, which is manifested in the imaginary part of the measured electrical admittances. This paper concludes with an experimental example to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed procedure.
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Lu, En, Wei Li, Xuefeng Yang, Yuqiao Wang, and Yufei Liu. "Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of a Rotating Piezoelectric Smart Beam." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 01 (2018): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500037.
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In active vibration control study, piezoelectric actuators and sensors are bonded on the surface of a beam. They can change the frequency and modal characteristics of the system. This paper presents an analysis of the frequency response to a rotating piezoelectric smart beam. Hamilton’s principle along with the assumed mode method are employed to derive the governing equations of the first-order approximate coupling model for the piezoelectric smart beam. The coupling is taken into account as the second-order coupling effect of the axial elongation caused by the transverse displacement of the beam. Then, the equations are transformed into a dimensionless form after identifying the necessary parameters. The dimensionless natural frequencies of the piezoelectric smart beam corresponding to the bending and stretching vibrations are obtained through a numerical simulation, with comparison made of those of the beam with no actuator or sensor. Furthermore, the implication is investigated of the structural parameters and bond location on the piezoelectric actuators and sensors. Besides, the common case of a smart beam bonded with multiple pairs of piezoelectric actuators and sensors is studied, and the effects of the first natural frequency and tip deformation are analyzed. The research provides a theoretical reference for the optimization of structural parameters and location of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, thereby preventing the resonance when the excitation frequency is approximately equal to the natural frequency of the beam.
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Sung, C. K., T. F. Chen, and S. G. Chen. "Piezoelectric Modal Sensor/Actuator Design for Monitoring/Generating Flexural and Torsional Vibrations of Cylindrical Shells." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 1 (1996): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889634.
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This paper presents a methodology for designing piezoelectric sensors/actuators in an application to monitor/generate flexural and torsional vibrations of cylindrical shells. Based upon the classical laminate theory the equations of the electro-mechanical interactions, the constitutive, and the strain-displacement relations of piezoelectric composite cylindrical shells are derived. With these relations the piezoelectric sensor and actuator equations of the cylindrical shell are then developed. The modal sensors/actuators fabricated with PVDF embedded in the composite cylindrical shell capable of monitoring and generating vibrations of a particular mode or several combined modes are also developed. Finally, an experimental rig is designed to generate both the flexural and torsional vibrations of a circular cylindrical shaft for examining the capabilities of the modal sensors.
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Fredrick Gnanaraj, F., and K. R. Vijaya Kumar. "Design and Experimental Analysis of Composite Material with Piezoelectric Layer." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 4 (2020): 1812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8445.
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The main objective of this work is to analyze the active vibration control using smart sensors and actuators in a laminated E-Glass/epoxy cyanate composite beam. The cantilevered composite beam has piezoelectric ceramic patches as smart sensors and actuators. Hand layup technique for vibration suppression is done on the fabricated E-Glass/Epoxy-cyanate composite laminated beam. Experimental modal testing is performed to achieve vibration suppression on the flexible composite beam bonded with seven circular type piezoelectric actuator elements and seven circular type sensor elements. The complete vibration suppression utilizes a data acquisition system, a real-time control system, and a functional generator, in addition to the composite beam with PZT sensor and actuator. The data acquisition hardware consists of model NI 9233 (4 channel +5 V 24 Bit IEPE Analog input I2VA 1-to earth ground).
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Tzou, H. S., and C. I. Tseng. "Distributed Modal Identification and Vibration Control of Continua: Piezoelectric Finite Element Formulation and Analysis." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 113, no. 3 (1991): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896438.
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“Smart” continua with integrated sensor/actuator for structural identification and control have drawn much attention in recent years due to the rapid development of high-performance “smart” structures. The continua are distributed and flexible in nature. Thus, distributed dynamic measurement and active vibration control are of importance to their high-demanding performance. In this paper, continua (shells or plates) integrated with distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators are studied using a finite element technique. A new piezoelectric finite element with internal degrees of freedom is derived. Two control algorithms, namely, constant gain feedback control and Lyapunov control, are implemented. Structural identification and control of a plate model with distributed piezoelectric sensor/actuator is studied. Distributed modal voltage and control effectiveness of mono and biaxially polarized piezoelectric actuators are evaluated.
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Yao, Jun, Yan Fei Wu, and Huan Wang. "Optimal Design Method for Piezoelectric Sensors/Actuators Configuration." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.815.
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In the active vibration control field, the piezoelectric element was extensively researched with the advantages of wide response frequency band, light weight, big driving force and good linearity, but they were mainly focused on the vibration suppression for smart structure and the study on the piezoelectric element used as excitation source in the vibration test was still limited. First, according to the electromechanical coupling equation of the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric equation when the piezoelectric ceramic applied on the one-dimensional structure like beam was derived. Then the transfer functions from piezoelectric actuator to the piezoelectric sensor were established in cases of micro-element and limited size. The quasi-independent modal control method for piezoelectric beam was studied, which made several step modals being controlled by one group of piezoelectric film simultaneously is possible. And based on this, an optimal design method for placement of sensors/actuators in the vibration test in which the piezoelectric element was used as excitation source is found.
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Qian, Rong Rong, Zhi Yu Wen, and Li Chen. "A Piezoelectrically Actuated Scaning Micromirror Integrated with Angle Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.437.
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A novel piezoelectrically actuated scanning micromirror integrated with angle sensors is presented. The mirror with large size of 3×3mm2 locates in the center of the device, and piezoelectric actuators are symmetrically placed on both sides of the mirror. They are connected through torsion bars in which piezoelectric angle sensors are integrated. In order to obtain large deflection angle at a low operation voltage, the new actuator consisting of several parallel piezoelectric cantilevers is adopted. The machematical models of the mirror and piezoelectric actuator are given, and the piezoelectric angle sensors are designed to obtain high sensitivities. The simulation results indicate that the maximum mechanical deflection angle of the micromirror is 12.4° at an operation voltage of 25V, and the maximum output voltage of the angle sensor is 164.3mV. The resonant frequency associated with the torsional mode is 960Hz. The sensitivity of the angle sensor is 13.3mV/° without amplifying. The Scanning miromirror is suitable for optical scanning systems such as the microscope, the micro-spectrometer, the medical imaging, the barcode reader and so on.
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Aktas, K. G., and I. Esen. "State-Space Modeling and Active Vibration Control of Smart Flexible Cantilever Beam with the Use of Finite Element Method." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 6 (2020): 6549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3949.
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The aim of this study is to design a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller for the active vibration control of a smart flexible cantilever beam. The mathematical model of the smart beam was created on the basis of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the piezoelectric theory. State-space and finite element models used in the LQR controller design were developed. In the finite element model of the smart beam containing piezoelectric sensors and actuators, the beam was divided into ten finite elements. Each element had two nodes and two degrees of freedom were defined for each node, transverse displacement, and rotation. Two Piezoelectric ceramic lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) patches were affixed to the upper and lower surfaces of the beam element as pairs of sensors and actuators. The location of the piezoelectric sensor and actuator pair changed and they were consecutively placed on the fixed part, the middle part, and the free end of the beam. In each case, the design of the LQR controller was made considering the first three dominant vibratory modes of the beam. The effect of the position of the sensor-actuator pair on the beam on the vibration damping capability of the controller was investigated. The best damping performance was found when the sensor-actuator pair was placed at the fixed end.
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Kim, J.-D., and S.-R. Nam. "Development of a Micro-Positioning Grinding Table Using Piezoelectric Voltage Feedback." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 209, no. 6 (1995): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_110_02.
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Micro-positioning systems using piezoelectric actuators have a very wide range of applications including ultra-precision machine tools, optical devices and measurement systems. In order to ensure a high-precision displacement resolution, they use a position sensor and error feedback. From a practical point of view, a high-resolution displacement sensor system is very expensive and it is difficult to guarantee that such sensitive sensors work properly in the harsh operating environments of industry. In this paper, a micro-positioning grinding table has been developed which does not require a position sensor but instead uses piezoelectric voltage feedback. It is driven by a hysteresis-sensitive reference input voltage calculated by computer using the actuator/sensor characteristics of piezoelectric materials. The experimental results illustrate the fast and stable response of the micro-positioning system, and the paper suggests a more efficient technique for controlling piezoelectric actuators.
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Jin Kwon Hwang, Chong-Ho Choi, Chul Ki Song, and Jang Moo Lee. "Plate with piezoelectric actuators/sensors." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 2, no. 3 (1997): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3516.622973.
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Liu, Xu, Li, Wang, and Zhang. "Effect of Adhesive Debonding on the Performance of Piezoelectric Sensors in Structural Health Monitoring Systems." Sensors 19, no. 23 (2019): 5070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235070.
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Piezoelectric (PZT) ceramic elements are often subjected to complex loads during in- service lifetime in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, and debonding of both excitation actuators and receiving sensors have a negative effect on the monitoring signals. A first systematic investigation of debonding behaviors by considering actuators and sensors simultaneously was performed in this paper. The debonding areas of actuators were set in different percentage range from 0% to 70%, and sensors in 0%, 20%, 40% and 60%. The signal-based monitoring method was used to extract the characteristic parameters of both the amplitudes and phases of received signals. Experimental results revealed that as the debonding areas of the actuators increase, the normalized amplitude appears a quick decrease before 35% debonding area of actuators and then a slow rise until 60% of debonding reached. This may be explained that the 35% debonding turning point correspond to the coincidence of the excitation frequencies of peripheral actuators with the inherent frequency of the central piezoelectric sensor, and the 60% be the result of the maximum ability of piezoelectric sensor. The degrees of debonding of actuators and sensors also have significant influence on the phase angle offset, with large debonding of actuators increases the phase offset sharply. The research work may provide useful information for practical monitoring of SHM systems.
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Mao, Qi Bo. "Active Control of Sound Transmission Trough a Double Wall Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.858.
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Based on coupling structural-acoustic modal model, using piezoelectric materials and loudspeaker/microphones as actuator/sensors, the analytical simulations are presented for the actively controlled the sound transmission through double plate structure. Firstly, the results show the potential for using PVDF sensors to improve sound transmission loss. Secondly, the effects of parameters of actuator/sensor and double plate structure on control performances are discussed. And some useful conclusions are obtained, for example, if volume velocity sensor is applied to radiating plate, transmission loss will improve significantly, no matter what type actuators (i.e. loudspeakers or PZT actuators on either plate) are used; symmetrical rectangular PVDF sensors should be applied on radiating plate; using loudspeaker/microphone configuration should be avoided for the same thickness double plate structure; the increased thickness of cavity leads to the better control performance.
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Rekatsinas, Christoforos S., and Dimitris A. Saravanos. "A time domain spectral layerwise finite element for wave structural health monitoring in composite strips with physically modeled active piezoelectric actuators and sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 4 (2016): 488–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16649700.
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A new explicit, two-dimensional plane strain, time domain spectral finite element is developed to enhance the simulation of guided waves generated by active piezoelectric sensors in laminated composite strips. A new multi-field layerwise theory is formulated for composite laminates with piezoelectric actuators and sensors which captures straight-crested symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb waves. Third-order Hermite polynomial splines are employed for the approximation of displacements and electric potential through the thickness, and the piezoelectric actuators and sensors are physically modeled through coupled electromechanical governing equations. A multi-node finite element formulation is presented entailing displacement and electric degrees of freedom at nodes collocated with Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre integration points. Stiffness, diagonal mass, piezoelectric, and electric permittivity matrices are described, and the coupled transient electromechanical response is predicted by a properly formulated explicit time integration scheme. The numerical results of a nine-node time domain spectral finite element are correlated with the reported numerical results and with measured Lamb wave data generated by piezoceramic active sensor pairs in carbon/epoxy plate strips. Important effects introduced by the stiffness and mass of the active actuator/sensor system on Lamb wave propagation are captured by the developed finite element and quantified.
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Belavič, Darko, Andraž Bradeško, Tomaz Kos, and Tadej Rojac. "Design and integration of a piezoelectric vibrating device in an LTCC structure." Microelectronics International 34, no. 3 (2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-02-2017-0008.
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Purpose In this contribution, the design and integration of a piezoelectric vibrating device into low-temperature, co-fired ceramic (LTCC) structures are presented and discussed. The mechanical vibration of the diaphragm was stimulated with a piezoelectric actuator, which was integrated onto the diaphragm. Three different methods for the integration were designed, fabricated and evaluated. Design/methodology/approach The vibrating devices were designed as an edge-clamped diaphragm with an integrated piezoelectric actuator at its centre, whose role is to stimulate the vibration of the diaphragm via the converse piezoelectric effect. The design and feasibility study of the vibrating devices was supported by analytical methods and finite-element analyses. Findings The benchmarking of the ceramic vibrating devices showed that the thick-film piezoelectric actuator responds weakly in comparison with both the bulk actuators. On the other hand, the thick-film actuator has the lowest dissipation factor and it generates the largest displacement of the diaphragm with the lowest driving voltage. The resonance frequency of the vibrating device with the thick-film actuator is the most sensitive for an applied load (i.e. mass or pressure). Research limitations/implications Research activity includes the design and the fabrication of a piezoelectric vibrating device in the LTCC structure. The research work on the piezoelectric properties of integrated piezoelectric actuators was limited. Practical implications Piezoelectric vibrating devices were used as pressure sensors. Originality/value Piezoelectric vibrating devices could be used not only for pressure sensors but also for other type of sensors and detectors and for microbalances.
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Liu, Yan Mei, Zhen Chen, Xue Zheng Zhuang, and Zhao Hui Liu. "Modeling and Control with Hysteresis of Piezoelectric Smart Materials Actuators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1426.
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Hysteresis hinders the effective use of piezoelectric smart materials in sensors and actuators. This paper proposes a hybrid model that can precisely portray hysteresis in piezoelectric actuators, which is constructed by a preisach operator with a piecewise uniform density function. Then, the corresponding inverse model for hysteresis is developed. It studies online recursive identification of hysteresis drift. Based on the obtained models, a method for simultaneous compensation of the hysteresis of piezoelectric actuator is applied to the control of system nonlinearities. Simulation and experimental results based on an IPMC actuator are provided to illustrate the proposed approach. The result verified the validity of the model and effectiveness of the controller.
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Chen, Zhen, Yan Mei Liu, Zhao Hui Liu, Xiao Yu Liu, and Tian Ming Song. "Intelligent Controller Design for Nonlinear Piezoelectric Smart Actuators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1447.
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Nonlinear characteristic hinder the effective use of piezoelectric smart materials in sensors and actuators. In this paper, the intelligent fuzzy PID controller is designed in the Matlab-Simulink environment. The piezoelectric smart actuator model is built. An adaptive fuzzy PID control scheme was proposed. The proposed control scheme was implemented in Matlab. The results of simulation and experiment indicate that the control method has good control ability.
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Morikawa, Sergio Ricardo Kokay, Daniel Pontes Lannes, and Antonio Lopes Gama. "Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Monitoring the Growth of Defects in Structures." Materials Science Forum 643 (March 2010): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.643.113.
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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the use of piezoelectric materials as a technique for monitoring the growth of defects in structures. The method consists of exciting the structure with piezoelectric actuators while recording the electromechanical responses from sensors placed close to the defect. The piezoelectric sensors detect the damage growth or an incipient defect by monitoring changes in the dynamic strain field, induced by the piezoelectric actuator, near the defect. This technique was evaluated through experiments using an aluminum frame structure. Results show that the piezoelectric active method is capable of detecting small changes in defect depth.
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Huang, Xiu Feng, Ming Hong, and Hong Yu Cui. "The Optimal Location of Piezoelectric Sensor/Actuator Based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.799.
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This paper considered the optimal placement of collocated piezoelectric actuator-sensor pairs on a thin cantilever plate using a modal-based linear quadratic independent modal space controller. LQR performance was taken as objective for finding the optimal location of sensor–actuator pairs.The discrete optimal sensor and actuator location problem was formulated in the framework of a zero–one optimization problem,which was solved by real-coded adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA). The vibration response of the piezoelectric plate was calculated using the finite element method (FEM).The optimization and vibration control programs were written by FORTRAN language. The results of numrical examples show that the adaptive genetic algorithm based on the minimum of LQR performance for the optimal location of sensors and actuators is feasible and effective.
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Gunawan, Leonardo, Muhammad Hamzah Farrasamulya, Andi Kuswoyo, and Tatacipta Dirgantara. "Development of Laboratory-scale Lamb Wave-based Health Monitoring System for Laminated Composites." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 53, no. 4 (2021): 210407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.4.7.
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This paper presents the development process of a laboratory-scale Lamb wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) system for laminated composite plates. Piezoelectric patches are used in pairs as actuator/sensor to evaluate the time of flight (TOF), i.e. the time difference between the transmitted/received signals of a damaged plate and those of a healthy plate. The damage detection scheme is enabled by means of evaluating the TOF from at least three actuator/receiver pairs. In this work, experiments were performed on two GFRP plates, one healthy and the other one with artificial delamination. Nine piezoelectric transducers were mounted on each plate and the detection of the delamination location was demonstrated, using 4 pairs and 20 pairs of actuators/sensors. The combinations of fewer and more actuators/sensor pairs both provided a damage location that was in good agreement with the artificial damage location. The developed SHM system using simple and affordable equipment is suitable for supporting fundamental studies on damage detection, such as the development of an algorithm for location detection using the optimum number of actuator/sensor pairs.
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Chorsi, Meysam T., Eli J. Curry, Hamid T. Chorsi, et al. "Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Sensors and Actuators." Advanced Materials 31, no. 1 (2018): 1802084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802084.
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Soleymanzadeh, Davood, Hamed Ghafarirad, and Mohammad Zareinejad. "Sensorless adaptive sliding mode position control for piezoelectric actuators with charge leakage." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 1 (2019): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19880009.
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Position control of piezoelectric actuators is greatly affected by nonlinearities such as hysteresis and creep. Therefore, precise position sensors must be utilized which have high cost and complicated structures in micro scales. Charge-based position estimation is an alternative method which resorts to piezoelectric linear charge-position property to estimate the actuator position, but in low-impedance actuators, there is a charge leakage caused by actuator internal resistance which deteriorates the position estimation and closed-loop control performance. In this article, the leakage is considered as a sensor fault. Therefore, a combination of charge measurement method and an appropriate observer is designed to detect and isolate the mentioned fault and estimate the actuator position properly. In addition, an adaptive sliding mode control procedure is proposed for trajectory tracking in the presence of estimated states. The required analysis is carried out to guarantee the closed-loop stability. Finally, experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Thomas, Ann Maria, Koovaparambil Ramunny Pradeep, and Praveen Mathew. "Structural Health Monitoring Using Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.255.
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Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an inevitable component of modern civil and aerospace structures. It essentially detects the damages in the system by evaluating the performance parameters by the integration of sensing and possibly also actuation devices into the structure. In this paper damage detection process in an aluminium cantilever plate using piezoelectric sensors and actuators is simulated. Possible root damage such as transverse crack and longitudinal crack are studied. The results are compared with undamaged case. The plate is actuated using PZT actuators and performance is evaluated using PVDF sensors. Modelling for PZT/PVDF and structural parts are carried out using coupled field finite element PLANE223 ofAnsys(TM) finite element package. Strain response at the root of the cantilever plate is captured as the voltage output of the PVDF sensor. Strain response is directly related to the voltage generated in the PVDF sensor. The percentage variation of the fundamental frequency is found to be less than 3% in the present study and hence it is not taken as an index of damage. The transient voltage response captured with the transient coupled field analysis shows variation up to 24% as a signature between damaged and undamaged systems. Therefore, the present study suggests transient response evaluation using PVDF sensor is a suitable evaluation technique for the cases under consideration.
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Abdelaziz, Lebied, Necib Brahim, and Sahli Mohamed Lakhdar. "Modeling and simulation of a deformed smart structure using piezoelectric patch." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 2 (2017): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2016-0053.
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Purpose Safety improvement and cost reduction have a strong influence on the way to achieve maintenance operations of complex structures, in particular in air transportation, in civil engineering and others. In this case, piezoelectric ceramics such as sensors and actuators have been used. The advantages of piezoelectric materials include high achievable bandwidth, reliability, compactness, lightness and ease of implementation, thus making them well-suited to be used as actuators and sensors in the case of onboard structures. In this context, this study based around the examination of health and deformation of smart structures, taking into consideration the mechanical and piezoelectric behaviour of sensors and actuators, mechanical contact as well as the initial conditions and the imposed boundary conditions. This paper aims to present an approach for modeling of an intelligent structure by the finite element method. This structure is of aluminum type beam with elastic behaviur where piezoelectric rectangular pellets discreetly spread on the surface of the beam are instrumented. The numerical results were computed and compared to the experimental tests available in the literature and the results show the effectiveness of these piezoelectric (PZT) elements, depending on their positions, and to control the deformed structure, good agreement has been found between the experimental data and numerical predictions. Design/methodology/approach Numerical modeling by finite elements model for the measurement of the deformation and the change in shape of a clamped-free structure composed of both elastic and piezoelectric materials have been given by using the Ansys® software. The numerical results were valid by comparisons with analytical and experimental results find in the literature. Findings The numerical results showing a good correlation and agree very well. It was also concluded that the actuator and the sensor will be better placed at the housing because it is the position or the actuator that has the greatest impact and where the sensor gives the greatest signal. They are said to be co-located as glues one below the other on either side of the beam. Originality/value These materials have an inverse piezoelectric effect allowing them to control the form and present any noise or vibration at any time or position on the structure. The study presented in this paper targets the modeling of a PZT beam device for deform generation by transforming electrical energy into usable load. In this paper, a unimorph piezoelectric cantilever with traditional geometry is investigated for micromanipulation by using the software Ansys®.
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LEE, Y. Y., K. C. LAM, K. K. YUEN, H. F. LAM, and J. YAO. "ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF AN AIRCRAFT CABIN PANEL USING PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS AND ACTUATORS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 03, no. 01 (2003): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455403000811.
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In this paper, the active vibration suppression of an aircraft cabin panel embedded with piezoelectric sensors and actuators under sinusoidal or random excitation is studied experimentally. The Independent Modal Space Control (IMSC) approach is employed in the controller design. The piezoelectric sensors and actuators associated with the IMSC technique have been applied to the active vibration control of the aircraft panel, and shown to be effective in vibration control. A second order controller is selected in the control scheme to suppress the fundamental modal vibration response of the aircraft cabin panel. The mode shapes of the panel are experimentally obtained, and used as the parameters of the objective functions for minimizing the unwanted vibration responses by appropriately selecting the sensor and actuator gains. Based on the experimental results, it is found that the vibration levels of the open and closed loop systems differ by up to 5.0 dB (for sinusoidal excitation) and 7.4 dB (for random excitation), even when the control circuit is interfered by electrical and magnetic noises.
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Sharif-Khodaei, Z., Omar Bacarreza, and M. H. Aliabadi. "Lamb-Wave Based Technique for Multi-Site Damage Detection." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.133.
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The propagation characteristic of Lamb waves activated by Piezoelectric actuators and collected by sensors in a stiffened panel has been investigated. A network of actuators is used to scan the structure before and after the presence of damage. A diagnostic imaging algorithm has been developed based on the probability of damage at each point of the structure measured by the signal reading of sensors in the baseline and damaged structure. A damage localization image is then reconstructed by superimposing the image obtained from each sensor-actuator path. Three-dimensional finite element model with a transducer network is modelled. Damage is introduced as a small softening area in the panel. Applying the imaging algorithm, the damage location was predicted with good accuracy. The validity of the algorithm was tested for multiple damages.
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Abreu, Gustavo L. C. M., José F. Ribeiro, and Valder Steffen Jr. "Experiments on Optimal Vibration Control of a Flexible Beam Containing Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators." Shock and Vibration 10, no. 5-6 (2003): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/594083.
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In this paper, a digital regulator is designed and experimentally implemented for a flexible beam type structure containing piezoelectric sensors and actuators by using optimal control design techniques. The controller consists of a linear quadratic regulator with a state estimator, namely a Kalman observer. The structure is a cantilever beam containing a set of sensor/actuator PVDF/PZT ceramic piezoelectric patches bonded to the beam surface at the optimal location obtained for the first three vibration modes. The equations of motion of the beam are developed by using the assumed modes technique for flexible structures in infinite-dimensional models. This paper uses a method of minimizing the effect of the removed higher order modes on the low frequency dynamics of the truncated model by adding a zero frequency term to the low order model of the system. A measure of the controllability and observability of the system based on the modal cost function for flexible structures containing piezoelectric elements (intelligent structures) is used. The observability and controllability measures are determined especially to guide the placement of sensors and actuators, respectively. The experimental and numerical transfer functions are adjusted by using an optimization procedure. Experimental results illustrate the optimal control design of a cantilever beam structure.
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Wang, Tian Wei, and Chun Hui Yang. "Effective Models of PZT Actuators for Numerical Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 553 (May 2014): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.553.705.
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In this study, to accurately identify the functions of piezoelectric actuators and sensors for the generation and collection of elastic waves in typical engineering structures, several effective models of surface-bounded flat PZT disks are further developed and validated for numerical modelling of elastic wave propagations. Based on these models, a series of finite element models of elastic waves in plates are devised using both implicit and explicit dynamics analysis techniques and those numerical simulations are conducted and verified one another. The results flowed from the present research is being used to study the elastic wave propagation in pipes and develop an online structural health monitoring (SHM) system with an integrated piezoelectric actuator-sensor network.
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Pota, H. R., and T. E. Alberts. "Multivariable Transfer Functions for a Slewing Piezoelectric Laminate Beam." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 117, no. 3 (1995): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2799126.
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In this paper a distributed parameter model of a slewing beam system with piezoelectric actuators and sensors is considered. The system has a torque motor at a pinned (proximal) end, an endpoint motion sensor at the distal end, and patches of thin piezoelectric laminates attached to its surface. The partial differential equation of motion for this system is transformed to Laplace domain transfer functions after application of the appropriate boundary conditions. Transfer functions relating the various actuator/sensor pairs are developed. The results are shown to reduce to previously known results which are special cases of the system under consideration. Examples and experimental results are presented using a beam experiment at the US Air Force, Frank J. Seller Research Laboratory.
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Weinberg, M. S. "Working equations for piezoelectric actuators and sensors." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 8, no. 4 (1999): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/84.809069.
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HOTTA, Yusuke, Yoshihiro NITTA, and Akira NISHITANI. "Vibration Control with Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators." Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion and Vibration Control 2003.8 (2003): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemovic.2003.8.597.
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Huang, Quanzhen, Suxia Chen, Huayan Pu, and Ning Zhang. "Optimal Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors Configuration for Vibration Suppression of Aircraft Framework Using Particle Swarm Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7213125.
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Numbers and locations of sensors and actuators play an important role in cost and control performance for active vibration control system of piezoelectric smart structure. This may lead to a diverse control system if sensors and actuators were not configured properly. An optimal location method of piezoelectric actuators and sensors is proposed in this paper based on particle swarm algorithm (PSA). Due to the complexity of the frame structure, it can be taken as a combination of many piezoelectric intelligent beams and L-type structures. Firstly, an optimal criterion of sensors and actuators is proposed with an optimal objective function. Secondly, each order natural frequency and modal strain are calculated and substituted into the optimal objective function. Preliminary optimal allocation is done using the particle swarm algorithm, based on the similar optimization method and the combination of the vibration stress and strain distribution at the lower modal frequency. Finally, the optimal location is given. An experimental platform was established and the experimental results indirectly verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Gattringer, Hubert, Manfred Nader, Michael Krommer, and Hans Irschik. "Collocative PD Control of Circular Plates with Shaped Piezoelectric Actuators/Sensors." Journal of Vibration and Control 9, no. 8 (2003): 965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10775463030098004.
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Abstract: In this paper, flexural vibrations of smart circular plates are considered. Distributed actuators and sensors are realized by means of spatially shaped piezoelastic layers. We use piezoelectric actuating layers shaped in order to annihilate deflections due to known external transverse forces. Such spatial shape functions correspond to the distribution of the static bending moment in the form of the so-called Marcus moment of the plate due to the external forces. When only the spatial distribution of the external forces is known, but their time evolution may be arbitrary, an automatic control system must be used in order to minimize the plate vibrations. To utilize the concept of collocated sensing, a shaped piezoelectric sensor is required that measures the so-called natural output. It is shown that the above shape function of the actuator can be used as the shape function of the sensor in order to achieve this goal. Hence, the shaped piezoelectric layer can be used as a self-sensing actuator without violating the requirements of collocated control. We develop the corresponding transfer function for the case of a clamped circular plate with a space-wise constant transverse force. This transfer function is used for the design of a self-sensing PD controller. It is proven that the energy of the closed-loop system becomes a positive definite function, its time derivative being negative semi-definite, such that the PD-controlled plate is stable. In a numerical study, output and input signals of the closed loop are discussed. This study successfully demonstrates the ability of the proposed method.
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Tzou, H. S., and R. V. Howard. "A Piezothermoelastic Thin Shell Theory Applied to Active Structures." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 116, no. 3 (1994): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930428.
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“Smart” structures with integrated sensors, actuators, and control electronics are of importance to the next-generation high-performance structural systems. Piezoelectric materials possess unique electromechanical properties, the direct and converse effects, which, respectively, can be used in sensor and actuator applications. In this study, piezothermoelastic characteristics of piezoelectric shell continua are studied and applications of the theory to active structures in sensing and control are discussed. A generic piezothermoelastic shell theory for thin piezoelectric shells is derived, using the linear piezoelectric theory and Kirchhoff-Love assumptions. It shows that the piezothermoelastic equations, in three principal directions, include thermal induced loads, as well as conventional electric and mechanical loads. The electric membrane forces and moments induced by the converse effect can be used to control the thermal and mechanical loads. A simplification procedure, based on the Lame´ parameters and radii of curvatures, is proposed and applications of the theory to (1) a piezoelectric cylindrical shell, (2) a piezoelectric ring, and (3) a piezoelectric beam are demonstrated.
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Ma, Chao Zhe, Jin Song Du, and Yi Yang Liu. "Research on PVDF Micro-Force Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1135.
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At present, sub-micro-Newton (sub-μN) micro-force in micro-assembly and micro-manipulation is not able to be measured reliably. The piezoelectric micro-force sensors offer a lot of advantages for MEMS applications such as low power dissipation, high sensitivity, and easily integrated with piezoelectric micro-actuators. In spite of many advantages above, the research efforts are relatively limited compared to piezoresistive micro-force sensors. In this paper, Sensitive component is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the research object is micro-force sensor based on PVDF film. Moreover, the model of micro-force and sensor’s output voltage is built up, signal processing circuit is designed, and a novel calibration method of micro-force sensor is designed to reliably measure force in the range of sub-μN. The experimental results show the PVDF sensor is designed in this paper with sub-μN resolution.
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Jha, Akhilesh K., and Daniel J. Inman. "Sliding Mode Control of a Gossamer Structure Using Smart Materials." Journal of Vibration and Control 10, no. 8 (2004): 1199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546304044796.
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Gossamer structures have been a subject of renewed interest for space applications because of their low weights, on-orbit deploying capabilities, and minimal stowage volumes. In this study, vibration suppression of an inflated structure using piezoelectric actuators and sensors has been attempted. These actuators and sensors can be suitably used for gossamer structures since they can conform to curved surfaces and provide distributed actuation and sensing capabilities. Using the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system (structure, actuators, and sensors), a state-space model is derived. For designing a robust vibration controller, we used a sliding mode technique. The derivations of the sliding model controller and observer are presented in details. Finally, by means of numerical analysis, the method was demonstrated for an inflated torus considering Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC™) as actuators and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) as sensors. The simulation studies show that the piezoelectric actuators and sensors are suitable for vibration suppression of an inflatable torus. The robustness properties of the controller and observer against the parameter uncertainty and disturbances are also studied.
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Käsgen, Johannes, and Dirk Mayer. "Vibration Based Damage Diagnosis of an Aircraft Structure Using Piezoelectric Transducers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 7-8 (August 2007): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.7-8.295.
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This paper presents a practical approach for health monitoring of an aircraft fuselage using vibration measurements with piezoelectric transducers. For the test specimen, a fuselage element of an Airbus A320, the feasibility of health monitoring of stringers, frames and panels, is studied. The proposed structural health monitoring (SHM) system consists of three major components: vibration measurement, signal processing and damage diagnosis. By using applied piezoelectric patch actuators, flexural waves are excited which propagate along the monitored component. The used signal for the actuator is a broadband sine-sweep signal with an upper frequency of 100 kHz. The structural response is measured with piezoelectric patch transducers, which generate a charge proportional to the induced strain due to the vibration. These sensors are positioned on different locations around the exciting piezoelectric actuator. The sampled time signal is used to compute the complex frequency response functions between actuator and sensor. After measuring the vibration behaviour of the undamaged structure, the structure is artificially damaged by saw cuts to simulate cracks. After that the vibration behaviour is measured again in the same way. The measurements of the damaged and undamaged state are now evaluated with different mathematical algorithms, like root mean square value, norm, energy content, analysis of the phase and correlation coefficient. The aim is to find a method that needs very small computation effort and that even might be implemented by an analogue circuit. Finally the data are analysed to find appropriate damage metrics. It can be shown that some of the tested methods are a sensitive damage metric. With only a few actuators and sensors cracks in the outer panel with a length of 30-60 mm and in the stringer profile with a length of 10 mm can be found.
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Vel, Senthil S., and Brian P. Baillargeon. "Analysis of Static Deformation, Vibration and Active Damping of Cylindrical Composite Shells with Piezoelectric Shear Actuators." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 127, no. 4 (2004): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1898337.
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An analytical solution is presented for the static deformation and steady-state vibration of simply supported hybrid cylindrical shells consisting of fiber-reinforced layers with embedded piezoelectric shear sensors and actuators. The piezoelectric shear actuator, which is poled in the circumferential direction, will induce transverse shear deformation of the hybrid shell when it is subjected to an electric field in the radial direction. Suitable displacement and electric potential functions that identically satisfy the boundary conditions at the simply supported edges are used to reduce the governing equations of static deformation and steady-state vibrations of the hybrid laminate to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations in the radial coordinate, which are solved by employing the Frobenius method. Natural frequencies, mode shapes, displacements, electric potential, and stresses are presented for four-layer hybrid laminates consisting of a piezoelectric shear sensor and actuator sandwiched between fiber-reinforced composite layers. Active vibration damping is implemented using a positive position feedback controller. Frequency response curves for different controller frequencies, controller damping ratio, and feedback gain demonstrate that the embedded shear actuator can be used for active damping of the fundamental flexural mode. In addition, it is demonstrated that vibration suppression of thickness modes is also feasible using the piezoelectric shear actuator.
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Sharif-Khodaei, Z., Ramon Rojas-Diaz, and M. H. Aliabadi. "Lamb-Wave Based Technique for Impact Damage Detection in Composite Stiffened Panels." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.5.
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The propagation characteristic of Lamb waves activated by Piezoelectric actuators and collected by sensors in a stiffened panel has been investigated. A network of actuators is used to scan the structure before and after the presence of damage. A diagnostic imaging algorithm has been developed based on the probability of damage at each point of the structure measured by the signal reading of sensors in the benchmark and damaged structure. A damage localization image is then reconstructed by superimposing the image obtained from each sensor-actuator path. Three-dimensional finite element model with a transducer network is modeled. Damage is introduced as a small softening area in the stiffened panel. Applying the imaging algorithm, the damage location was predicted with good accuracy. This method proves to be suitable for stiffened panels, where the complicated geometry and boundary reflections make the signal processing more complicated.
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Zaszczyńska, Angelika, Arkadiusz Gradys, and Paweł Sajkiewicz. "Progress in the Applications of Smart Piezoelectric Materials for Medical Devices." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112754.
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Smart piezoelectric materials are of great interest due to their unique properties. Piezoelectric materials can transform mechanical energy into electricity and vice versa. There are mono and polycrystals (piezoceramics), polymers, and composites in the group of piezoelectric materials. Recent years show progress in the applications of piezoelectric materials in biomedical devices due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Medical devices such as actuators and sensors, energy harvesting devices, and active scaffolds for neural tissue engineering are continually explored. Sensors and actuators from piezoelectric materials can convert flow rate, pressure, etc., to generate energy or consume it. This paper consists of using smart materials to design medical devices and provide a greater understanding of the piezoelectric effect in the medical industry presently. A greater understanding of piezoelectricity is necessary regarding the future development and industry challenges.
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Mateescu, Dan, Yong Han, and Arun Misra. "Dynamics of Structures with Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators for Structural Health Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 347 (September 2007): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.347.493.
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The dynamic analysis of structures with piezoelectric sensors and actuators is used in this paper to establish a method for crack detection in aerospace structures. Piezoelectric strips used as sensors and actuators are bonded on both sides of a thin structure which executes flexural oscillations. The differential voltage outputs of the piezoelectric sensors are used to detect the presence of cracks in the structure. The structural analysis uses a finite element formulation for the piezoelectric strips coupled with the structure and a nonlinear model for the cracks. This paper presents first the results of the dynamic analysis in the frequency domain of healthy and cracked plates undergoing forced flexural vibrations generated by a pair of piezoelectric actuators submitted to an oscillatory voltage excitation. The peaks in the differential voltage output obtained in the case of a cracked plate at several frequencies during the frequency sweep were found to be indicative measures for the presence of a crack in the structure. The results of the dynamic analysis in the time domain have also shown that this method has a good sensitivity in detecting cracks in the structures.
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de Oliveira, Aguinaldo Soares, Douglas da Costa Ferreira, Fábio Roberto Chavarette, Nelson José Peruzzi, and Viviane Cassol Marques. "Piezoelectric Optimum Placement via LQR Controller." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.166.
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The piezoelectric elements have received important attention from researchers because the piezoelectric materials are small, lightweight and resilient against adverse working environments and also piezoelectric materials can be used as both actuators and sensors. Actuators and sensors placement identification is a center study to avoid undesirable effects in flexible structure under control such as lack of observability and controllability system. In this research it was used a singular analysis of input control matrix as a piezoelectric placement tool and after piezoelectric placement study it was checked these positions through the piezoelectric elements placement in an optimum and no optimum positions and simulating the control through linear quadratic regulator technique in both positions. The flexible structure used as a model is a simply supported beam. As a main result the simulation demonstrate to be robust to piezoelectric placement identification.
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Lu, Yifan, Marco Amabili, Jian Wang, et al. "Active vibration control of a polyvinylidene fluoride laminated membrane plate mirror." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 19-20 (2019): 2611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319862445.
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Lightweight optical mirrors usually play key roles in aerospace and optical structural systems applied to space telescopes, radars, solar collectors, communication antennas, etc. Due to their high flexibility and low damping properties, external excitations such as orbital maneuver may induce unexpected oscillations and thus reduce their working performance. Active vibration control is therefore essential for the lightweight optical mirror systems. In this spirit, a lightweight mirror structronic system with a linear quadratic optimal controller is presented. The mirror is modeled as a membrane plate with pretension and distributed polyvinylidene fluoride sensors and actuators. The sensing sensitivity of the piezoelectric (PVDF) sensors and the modal actuation factor of the PVDF actuators are derived. The state-space equations are established and the feedback control gains between sensing and control signals are obtained. Sensor and actuator of different shape, size, and position are employed to actively control the first four natural modes of the mirror. The influences of mode order, pretension, and the two weighting factors Q and R on the control performance are also investigated. Analytical results in this paper could guide the design and layout of the PZT sensor and actuator on lightweight membrane plate mirrors.
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Ren, Tao, Chunchuan Liu, Fengming Li, and Chuanzeng Zhang. "Active tuning of the vibration band gap characteristics of periodic laminated composite metamaterial beams." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 6 (2020): 843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19898757.
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A novel strategy is proposed to investigate the vibration band-gap and active tuning characteristics of the laminated composite metamaterial beams. The piezoelectric actuator/sensor pairs are periodically placed along the laminated composite beam axis so that the vibration frequency band-gap and active tuning characteristics can be induced. The dynamic equations of the laminated composite metamaterial beams bonded by the piezoelectric actuator/sensor pairs are established based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The negative proportional feedback control strategy is employed to provide the positive active control stiffness for the piezoelectric actuator/sensor patches. The spectral element method is used to calculate the dynamic responses of the laminated composite metamaterial beams with the periodically placed piezoelectric patches, and the calculation accuracy for the dynamic responses is validated by the finite element method. The results demonstrating the high-performance vibration band-gap properties in the low-frequency ranges can be achieved by properly designing the sizes and the number of the piezoelectric patches. Moreover, the vibration band-gap characteristics, especially the band-gap width and the normalized band-gap width with respect to the considered excitation frequency range, can be significantly changed by tuning the structural parameters of the piezoelectric actuators and sensors. In addition, the cross-ply angle of the laminated composite metamaterial beams has significant influences on the band-gap characteristics and the vibration reduction performance of the laminated composite beam structures.
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Li, Wen Bo, Xiao Ran Li, Zhi Gang Zhao, You Yi Wang, and Yang Zhao. "Optimal Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators Deployment for Active Vibration Suppression of Satellite Antenna Reflector." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1490.
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To solve the problem of active vibration control for satellite antenna reflector, which is weak damping and closely spaced modes, the optimal actuators/sensors deployment and controller designing need to be considered. Firstly, the optimal criterions of controllability and observability are designed according to the specificity of Gram Matrix eigenvalue in satellite antenna system equations. Secondly, based on the above criterions, piezoelectric materials (as sensors and actuators) and genetic algorithm are utilized to optimize the deployed locations of sensors and actuators. Finally, to suppress the vibration of satellite antenna reflector, a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is designed under the impulse and white noise excitation respectively. The simulate results show the effectively deployed locations of sensors and actuators, and the correctness of designed LQG controller.
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Nguyen, Vinh-Tan, Pankaj Kumar, and Jason Leong. "Finite Element Modellingand Simulations of Piezoelectric Actuators Responses with Uncertainty Quantification." Computation 6, no. 4 (2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation6040060.
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Piezoelectric structures are widely used in engineering designs including sensors, actuators, and energy-harvesting devices. In this paper, we present the development of a three-dimensional finite element model for simulations of piezoelectric actuators and quantification of their responses under uncertain parameter inputs. The implementation of the finite element model is based on standard nodal approach extended for piezoelectric materials using three-dimensional tetrahedral and hexahedral elements. To account for electrical-mechanical coupling in piezoelectric materials, an additional degree of freedom for electrical potential is added to each node in those elements together with their usual mechanical displacement unknowns. The development was validated with analytical and experimental data for a range of problems from a single-layer piezoelectric beam to multiple layer beams in unimorph and bimorph arrangement. A more detailed analysis is conducted for a unimorph composite plate actuator with different design parameters. Uncertainty quantification was also performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the responses of the piezoelectric composite plate with an uncertain input of material properties. This sheds light on understanding the variations in reported responses of the device; at the same time, providing extra confidence to the numerical model.
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Wang, Chun H., and L. R. Francis Rose. "Imaging Damage Using Mixed Passive and Active Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 558 (June 2013): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.558.244.
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Existing damage imaging techniques rely on the use of active sensors, such as piezoelectric actuators, that can both transmit and receive guided waves. This paper presents a new time-reversal imaging approach to enable the use of passive sensors, such as optical fibre sensors and strain gauges, to augment active sensors for imaging structural damage. Computational simulations have revealed that damage size and severity can be accurately determined from the scattered wave using as few as six sensors: one active sensor and five passive sensors.
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Muralt, P., R. G. Polcawich, and S. Trolier-McKinstry. "Piezoelectric Thin Films for Sensors, Actuators, and Energy Harvesting." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 9 (2009): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.177.
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AbstractPiezoelectric microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) offer the opportunity for high-sensitivity sensors and large displacement, low-voltage actuators. In particular, recent advances in the deposition of perovskite thin films point to a generation of MEMS devices capable of large displacements at complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible voltage levels. Moreover, if the devices are mounted in mechanically noisy environments, they also can be used for energy harvesting. Key to all of these applications is the ability to obtain high piezoelectric coefficients and retain these coefficients throughout the microfabrication process. This article will review the impact of composition, orientation, and microstructure on the piezoelectric properties of perovskite thin films such as PbZr1−xTixO3 (PZT). Superior piezoelectric coefficients (e31, f of −18 C/m2) are achieved in {001}-oriented PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films with improved compositional homogeneity on Si substrates. The advent of such high piezoelectric responses in films opens up a wide variety of possible applications. A few examples of these, including low-voltage radio frequency MEMS switches and resonators, actuators for millimeter-scale robotics, droplet ejectors, energy scavengers for unattended sensors, and medical imaging transducers, will be discussed.
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Hwang, Woo-Seok, and Hyun Chul Park. "Finite element modeling of piezoelectric sensors and actuators." AIAA Journal 31, no. 5 (1993): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.11707.
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Giordano, C., I. Ingrosso, M. T. Todaro, et al. "AlN on polysilicon piezoelectric cantilevers for sensors/actuators." Microelectronic Engineering 86, no. 4-6 (2009): 1204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.12.075.
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