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1
Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Characterization of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 11, no. 12 (December 2000): 959–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/a1hu-23jd-m5au-engw.
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In the beginning, the classical one-dimensional analysis of piezoelectric active sensors is reviewed. The complete derivation for a free-free sensor is then extended to cover the cases of clamped and elastically constrained sensors. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electromechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimensional structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. The numerical analysis was performed and supported by experimental results. Experiments were conducted on simple beam specimens to support the theoretical investigation, and on thin gauge aluminum plates to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the sensor’s non-invasive characteristics. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined and statistical analysis was presented. It was found that PZT active sensors have stable and repeatable characteristics not only in as-received condition, but also while mounted on 1-D or 2-D host structure. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a non-intrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring.
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Wang, Aochen, Ming Hu, Liwei Zhou, and Xiaoyong Qiang. "Self-Powered Wearable Pressure Sensors with Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties of Aligned P(VDF-TrFE)/MWCNT Composites for Monitoring Human Physiological and Muscle Motion Signs." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8121021.
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Self-powered operation, flexibility, excellent mechanical properties, and ultra-high sensitivity are highly desired properties for pressure sensors in human health monitoring and anthropomorphic robotic systems. Piezoelectric pressure sensors, with enhanced electromechanical performance to effectively distinguish multiple mechanical stimuli (including pressing, stretching, bending, and twisting), have attracted interest to precisely acquire the weak signals of the human body. In this work, we prepared a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/ multi-walled carbon nanotube (P(VDF-TrFE)/MWCNT) composite by an electrospinning process and stretched it to achieve alignment of the polymer chains. The composite membrane demonstrated excellent piezoelectricy, favorable mechanical strength, and high sensitivity. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 value was approximately 50 pm/V, the Young’s modulus was ~0.986 GPa, and the sensitivity was ~540 mV/N. The resulting composite membrane was employed as a piezoelectric pressure sensor to monitor small physiological signals including pulse, breath, and small motions of muscle and joints such as swallowing, chewing, and finger and wrist movements. Moderate doping with carbon nanotubes had a positive impact on the formation of the β phase of the piezoelectric device, and the piezoelectric pressure sensor has the potential for application in health care systems and smart wearable devices.
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Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Embedded Self-Sensing Piezoelectric Active Sensors for On-Line Structural Identification." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 124, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1421056.
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The benefits and limitations of using embedded piezoelectric active sensors for structural identification at ultrasonic frequency are highlighted. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimension structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. Experiments were conducted on simple specimens in support of the theoretical investigation, and on realistic turbine blade specimen to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the latter’s noninvasive characteristics. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a nonintrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined. Numerical estimation of the noninvasive properties of the proposed active sensors in comparison with conventional sensors is presented. Self-diagnostics capabilities of the proposed sensors were also investigated and methods for automatic self-test implementation are discussed. The paper underlines that the use of piezoelectric wafer active sensors is not only advantageous, but, in certain situations, may be the sole investigative option, as in the case of precision machinery, small but critical turbine-engine parts, and computer industry components.
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Zhang, Qi, Ying Jun Li, Ru Jian Ma, and Xiu Hua Men. "Design and Analysis of Force Sensor for Condition Monitoring System of Ball Cold Heading Forming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 364 (August 2013): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.364.253.
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In order to solve the forming defects in the steel ball cold heading process, a novel force sensor which chooses the PVDF piezoelectric films as force-sensing elements is designed. The advantages and disadvantages of piezoelectric force sensor on measurement of the cold heading force are compared with existing force sensors. By using FEM, sensor’s linearity and the structure size are analyzed. Compared with the traditional sensor, this structure is more reasonable. The presented PVDF piezoelectric force sensor has wide frequency range, good dynamic performance, and can realize dynamic measurement.
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Košir, Tilen, and Janko Slavič. "Modeling of Single-Process 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Sensors with Resistive Electrodes: The Low-Pass Filtering Effect." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010158.
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Three-dimensional printing by material extrusion enables the production of fully functional dynamic piezoelectric sensors in a single process. Because the complete product is finished without additional processes or assembly steps, single-process manufacturing opens up new possibilities in the field of smart dynamic structures. However, due to material limitations, the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors contain electrodes with significantly higher electrical resistance than classical piezoelectric sensors. The continuous distribution of the capacitance of the piezoelectric layer and the resistance of the electrodes results in low-pass filtering of the collected charge. Consequently, the usable frequency range of 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors is limited not only by the structural properties but also by the electrical properties. This research introduces an analytical model for determining the usable frequency range of a 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor with resistive electrodes. The model was used to determine the low-pass cutoff frequency and thus the usable frequency range of the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor. The low-pass electrical cutoff frequency of the 3D-printed piezoelectric sensor was also experimentally investigated and good agreement was found with the analytical model. Based on this research, it is possible to design the electrical and dynamic characteristics of 3D-printed piezoelectric sensors. This research opens new possibilities for the design of future intelligent dynamic systems 3D printed in a single process.
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Lec, Ryszard M. "Piezoelectric sensors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423549.
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Lee, C. K., and F. C. Moon. "Modal Sensors/Actuators." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2892008.
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A piezoelectric laminate theory that uses the piezoelectric phenomenon to effect distributed control and sensing of structural vibration of a flexible plate has been used to develop a class of distributed sensor/actuators, that of modal sensors/actuators. The one-dimensional modal sensors/actuator equations are first derived theoretically and then examined experimentally. These modal equations indicate that distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators can be adopted to measure/excite specific modes of one-dimensional plates and beams. If constructed correctly, actuator/observer spillover will not be present in systems adopting these types of sensors/actuators. A mode 1 and a mode 2 sensor for a one-dimensional cantilever plate were constructed and tested to examine the applicability of the modal sensors/actuators. A modal coordinate analyzer which allows us to measure any specific modal coordinate on-line real-time is proposed. Finally, a way to create a special two-dimensional modal sensor is presented.
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Yao, Jun, Zhen Yu Zhu, and Huan Wang. "Piezoelectric Equation and Two Types of Piezoelectric Sensors Model." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2021.
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This paper discusses four types of piezoelectric basic equations, and there are two piezoelectric sensors which are composed of piezoelectric ceramics tightly pasting in the thin-walled structure. They can respectively measure structure of strain and strain rate changes. Based on the description of two kinds of piezoelectric sensors formation, The output display solution and their frequency domain forms are furtherly presented, and the advantages of the sensor are discussed. This conclusion can provide theoretical guidance for structural vibration active control.
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Shijer, Sameera Sadey. "Simulation of Piezoelectric in Engine Knock Sensor with Different Frequency Modes." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 17271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.17271ecst.
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A numerical study on deformation piezoelectric sensors is described in this study. Major objectives of this research are to compare the impacts of direct current voltage on piezoelectric structure, the effects of direct current voltage on the resonance frequency of piezoelectric knock sensors, and the effects of these parameters on the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensors. The impedance properties of the transient structure are studied under different engine operating conditions and in relation to various forms of sensor damage. Determining the degree of damage sensors and the prediction quality of the piezoelement within the sensor may be accomplished by measuring material flaws and fluctuations in material coefficients that are connected to the frequency characteristic of the sensor. To some extent, the preceding can be used in the calculations of several structural parts of knock sensors. On a prototype knock sensor, ranges of modes were tested using piezoelectric elements with varying numbers of cracks. In this work, it has discussed seven scenarios of frequency analysis to examine the piezoelectric in engine knock sensor with different electricity modes of operation. These scenarios include the engine normal operation mode, start engine operation mode, and different frequency of operation mode (2Hz, 200Hz, 2KHz, 20KHz, 200KHz).
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Sholar, S. A. "Comparative analysis of the applicability piezoelectric and piezore-sistive sensor to measure shock wave loads." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2017-1-19-23.
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Comparative analysis of pressure sensors used for measuring the shock wave loads was carried. In the experimental part were considered the four pressure sensors: piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and two piezoelectric sensors with integrated circuit. Our study tested the sensor sensitivity to shock wave loads and sensitivity to temperature differences between the sensors and the environment.
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Guan, Xin Chun, Hui Li, Hui Gang Xiao, Guo Fu Qiao, and Jin Ping Ou. "Development of some Smart Sensors for Monitoring Civil Infrastructures." Advances in Science and Technology 83 (September 2012): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.83.9.
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In this paper, some smart sensors or material used to make the smart sensors, such as piezoresistance composite, piezoelectric polymer, piezoelectric cement and corrosion monitoring sensor, developed by Harbin Institute of Technology were introduced. Piezoresistance composite is made with carbon nanotube and resin, one character of the work is the carbon nanotube is orientation arranged by magnetic field. Piezoelectric polymer is made with PZT particles and PVDF, in order to improve its performance a few carbon nanotube are also mixed in the composite. Piezoelectric cement is one kind of sensing material whose primary raw materials are cement and piezoelectric ceramic particles (or fiber). The sensing performance of piezoelectric cement is coming from its functional phase, the piezoelectric ceramic. The corrosion monitoring sensor is made with solid-state reference electrode, whose surface is one kind of binary alloy membrane produced with physical vapor deposition technology. The main producing technology, performance and applications of above sensors were introduced in this paper.
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Xie, Xin Chun, Jin Sen Zhang, Dong Yu Xu, Xiao Jing Guo, Fei Sha, and Shi Feng Huang. "Fabrication of 1-3 Cement-Based Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Sensors for NDE Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.580.
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This paper described fabrication and comparison of embedded ultrasonic sensors for NDE applications. A 1-3 cement-based piezoelectric composite was used as the sensing element of the ultrasonic sensor. As a front matching layer between test material and piezoelectric materials, cement/epoxy resin was selected. In order to make the backing materials for sensors had enough acoustic attenuation performance, the backing material of sensors doped with tungsten powder. When the mass ratio of tungsten/cement backing was two and the thickness of cement/epoxy resin front-face matching was 3mm, the 1-3 cement-based piezoelectric ultrasonic sensor showed a significant enhancement in both relative pulse-echo sensitivity and-6dB bandwidth. These promising results suggested the great potential for developing high-performance ultrasonic sensors using the 1-3 cement-based piezoelectric composite.
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Roloff, Thomas, Rytis Mitkus, Jann Niklas Lion, and Michael Sinapius. "3D-Printable Piezoelectric Composite Sensors for Acoustically Adapted Guided Ultrasonic Wave Detection." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 6964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186964.
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Commercially available photopolymer resins can be combined with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) micrometer size piezoelectric particles to form 3D-printable suspensions that solidify under UV light. This in turn makes it possible to realize various non-standard sensor geometries which might bring benefits, such as increased piezoelectric output in specific conditions and less interference with incoming waves due to better acoustical adaptation compared to solid PZT ceramics. However, it is unclear whether piezoelectric composite materials are suitable for guided ultrasonic wave (GUW) detection, which is crucial for structural health monitoring (SHM) in different applications. In this study, thin piezoelectric composite sensors are tape casted, solidified under UV light, covered with electrodes, polarized in a high electric field and adhesively bonded onto an isotropic aluminum waveguide. This approach helps to demonstrate the capabilities of tape casting’s freedom to manufacture geometrically differently shaped, thin piezoelectric composite sensors for GUW detection. In an experimental study, thin two-dimensional piezoelectric composite sensors demonstrate successful detection of GUW for frequency-thickness products of up to 0,5MHzmm. An analytical calculation of the maximum and minimum amplitudes for the ratio of the wavelength and the sensor length in wave propagation direction shows good agreement with the sensor-recorded signals. The output of the piezoelectric composite sensors and occurring reflections as measure for wave interactions are compared to commercial piezoelectric discs to evaluate their performance.
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Sanati, Mehdi, Allen Sandwell, Hamid Mostaghimi, and Simon Park. "Development of Nanocomposite-Based Strain Sensor with Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Properties." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 3789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113789.
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Sensors provide aninterface between mechanical systems and the physical world. With the move towardsIndustry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems, demands for cost-effective sensors are rapidly increasing. Conventional sensors used for monitoring manufacturing processes are often bulky and need complex processes. In this study, a novel high-sensitive nanocomposite-based sensor is developed for measuring strain. The developed sensor is comprised of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a piezoelectric polymer matrix, and embedded carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles creating a conductive network. Exhibiting both piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties, the developed sensors are capable of strain measurement over a wide frequency band, including static and dynamic measurements. The piezoresistive and piezoelectric properties are fused to improve the overall sensitivity and frequency bandwidth of the sensor. To simulate the sensor, a 3D random walk model and a 2D finite element (FE) model are used to predict the electrical resistivity and the piezoelectric characteristics of the sensor, respectively. The developed models are verified with the experimental results. The developed nanocomposite sensors were employed for strain measurement of a cantilever beam under static load, impulse excitation, free and forced vibrations, collecting both piezoelectric and piezoresistive properties measurements. The obtained signals were fused and compared with those of a reference sensor. The results show that the sensor is capable of strain measurement in the range of 0–10 kHz, indicating its effectiveness at measuring both static and high frequency signals which is an important feature of the sensor.
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Zhou, Kai, Fang Xie, and Yi Tao. "Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Wireless Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 546 (March 2013): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.546.147.
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For the advantage that working without the need for battery replacement and maintenance, the wireless sensor which harvests energy from ambient sources to power itself attracts numerous researches and becomes a focus in sensors. Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting has the widespread and stable source, higher efficiency and convenient electromechanical coupling. Therefore it becomes prominent in powering wireless sensors. The piezoelectric energy harvester which is used to power wireless sensors is systematically studied in this thesis.
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Kang, Sang-Hyeon, Dae-Hyun Han, and Lae-Hyong Kang. "Defect Visualization of a Steel Structure Using a Piezoelectric Line Sensor Based on Laser Ultrasonic Guided Wave." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 3992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233992.
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We studied the detection and visualization of defects in a test object using a laser ultrasonic guided wave. The scan area is irradiated by a laser generated from a Nd:YAG 532 nm Q-switched laser generator through a galvanometer scanner. The laser irradiation causes the surface temperature to suddenly rise and then become temporarily adiabatic. The locally heated region reaches thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. In other words, heat energy propagates inside the object in the form of elastic energy through adiabatic expansion. This thermoelastic wave is typically acquired by a piezoelectric sensor, which is sensitive in the ultrasonic domain. A single piezoelectric sensor has limited coverage in the scan area, while multi-channel piezoelectric sensors require many sensors, large-scale wiring, and many channeling devices for use and installation. In addition, the sensors may not acquire signals due to their installed locations, and the efficiency may be reduced because of the overlap between the sensing areas of multiple sensors. For these reasons, the concept of a piezoelectric line sensor is adopted in this study for the first time. To verify the feasibility of the line sensor, I- and L-shaped sensors were attached to a steel structure, and the ultrasound signal from laser excitation was obtained. If the steel structure has defects on the back, the ultrasonic propagation image will be distorted in the defect area. Thus, we can detect the defects easily from the visualization image. Three defects were simulated for the test. The results show that the piezoelectric line sensor can detect defects more precisely and accurately compared to a single piezoelectric sensor.
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Chiu, W. K. "Damage Monitoring in Metallic Structures Using Piezoelectric Thin Film Sensors." Engineering Plastics 5, no. 2 (January 1997): 147823919700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919700500205.
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The increasing emphasis on intelligent material systems and structures has resulted in a significant research effort in the areas of embedded and bonded sensors and actuators. Piezoelectric thin film sensors are one of the many sensing materials available. The piezoelectric sensor output is proportional to changes in surface displacement and can be used to interpret variations in structural and material properties, e.g., the compliance of the material. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of using piezoelectric thin film sensors for structural integrity monitoring and assessment. To illustrate this potential, piezoelectric film sensors will be used for monitoring crack growth in an aluminium alloy specimen. Structural integrity assessment traditionally requires a detailed knowledge of the stress field in the critical region. In this respect, a numerical/analytical scheme will also be presented to show that data from an array of piezoelectric thin film sensors can be used to predict the stress field in a given region.
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Chiu, W. K. "Damage Monitoring in Metallic Structures Using Piezoelectric Thin Film Sensors." Polymers and Polymer Composites 5, no. 2 (January 1997): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119700500205.
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The increasing emphasis on intelligent material systems and structures has resulted in a significant research effort in the areas of embedded and bonded sensors and actuators. Piezoelectric thin film sensors are one of the many sensing materials available. The piezoelectric sensor output is proportional to changes in surface displacement and can be used to interpret variations in structural and material properties, e.g., the compliance of the material. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of using piezoelectric thin film sensors for structural integrity monitoring and assessment. To illustrate this potential, piezoelectric film sensors will be used for monitoring crack growth in an aluminium alloy specimen. Structural integrity assessment traditionally requires a detailed knowledge of the stress field in the critical region. In this respect, a numerical/analytical scheme will also be presented to show that data from an array of piezoelectric thin film sensors can be used to predict the stress field in a given region.
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Choi, Sejin, Jihwan Lim, Hansol Park, and Han Seong Kim. "A Flexible Piezoelectric Device for Frequency Sensing from PVDF/SWCNT Composite Fibers." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 4773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214773.
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Polymer piezoelectric devices have been widely studied as sensors, energy harvesters, and generators with flexible and simple processes. Flexible piezoelectric devices are sensitive to external stimuli and are attracting attention because of their potential and usefulness as acoustic sensors. In this regard, the frequency sensing of sound must be studied to use flexible piezoelectric devices as sensors. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric device composed of a polymer and an electrode was successfully fabricated. Polyvinylidene fluoride, the active layer of the piezoelectric device, was prepared by electrospinning, and electrodes were formed by dip−coating in a prepared single−walled carbon nanotube dispersion. The output voltage of the external sound was matched with the input frequency through a fast Fourier transform, and frequency matching was successfully performed, even with mechanical stimulation. In a high−frequency test, the piezoelectric effect and frequency domain peak started to decrease sharply at 300 Hz, and the limit of the piezoelectric effect and sensing was observed from 800 Hz. The results of this study suggest a method for developing flexible piezoelectric-fiber frequency sensors based on piezoelectric devices for acoustic sensor systems.
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Ma, Chao Zhe, Jin Song Du, and Yi Yang Liu. "Research on PVDF Micro-Force Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.1135.
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At present, sub-micro-Newton (sub-μN) micro-force in micro-assembly and micro-manipulation is not able to be measured reliably. The piezoelectric micro-force sensors offer a lot of advantages for MEMS applications such as low power dissipation, high sensitivity, and easily integrated with piezoelectric micro-actuators. In spite of many advantages above, the research efforts are relatively limited compared to piezoresistive micro-force sensors. In this paper, Sensitive component is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the research object is micro-force sensor based on PVDF film. Moreover, the model of micro-force and sensor’s output voltage is built up, signal processing circuit is designed, and a novel calibration method of micro-force sensor is designed to reliably measure force in the range of sub-μN. The experimental results show the PVDF sensor is designed in this paper with sub-μN resolution.
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Kim, Kyungrim, Jinwook Kim, Xiaoning Jiang, and Taeyang Kim. "Static Force Measurement Using Piezoelectric Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2021 (March 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6664200.
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In force measurement applications, a piezoelectric force sensor is one of the most popular sensors due to its advantages of low cost, linear response, and high sensitivity. Piezoelectric sensors effectively convert dynamic forces to electrical signals by the direct piezoelectric effect, but their use has been limited in measuring static forces due to the easily neutralized surface charge. To overcome this shortcoming, several static (either pure static or quasistatic) force sensing techniques using piezoelectric materials have been developed utilizing several unique parameters rather than just the surface charge produced by an applied force. The parameters for static force measurement include the resonance frequency, electrical impedance, decay time constant, and capacitance. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of these piezoelectric-type, static force sensing methods that use more than the direct piezoelectric effect. We also highlight the challenges and potentials of each method for static force sensing applications.
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Ippili, Swathi, Venkatraju Jella, Alphi Maria Thomas, and Soon-Gil Yoon. "The Recent Progress on Halide Perovskite-Based Self-Powered Sensors Enabled by Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Effects." Nanoenergy Advances 1, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv1010002.
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Sensors have recently gathered significant attention owing to the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for the real-time monitoring of surroundings and human activities. Particularly, recently discovered nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors are potential candidates to overcome the existing problems of the conventional sensors, including regular monitoring, lifetime of a power unit, and portability. Halide perovskites (HPs), with an excellent photoactive nature, dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric properties, have been potential candidates for obtaining flexible and self-powered sensors including light, pressure, and temperature. Additionally, the photo-stimulated dielectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric properties of HPs make them efficient entrants for developing bimodal and multimode sensors to sense multi-physical signals individually or simultaneously. Therefore, we provide an update on the recent progress in self-powered sensors based on pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric effects of HP materials. First, the detailed working mechanism of HP-based piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators—operated as self-powered sensors—is presented. Additionally, the effect of light on piezoelectric and triboelectric effects of HPs, which is indispensable in multimode sensor application, is also systematically discussed. Furthermore, the recent advances in nanogenerator-based self-powered bimodal sensors comprising HPs as light-active materials are summarized. Finally, the perspectives and continuing challenges of HP-based self-powered sensors are presented with some opportunities for future development in self-powered multimode sensors.
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Li, Xiang, Keyi Wang, Yan Lin Wang, and Kui Cheng Wang. "Plantar pressure measurement system based on piezoelectric sensor: a review." Sensor Review 42, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2021-0333.
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Purpose Plantar force is the interface pressure existing between the foot plantar surface and the shoe sole during static or dynamic gait. Plantar force derived from gait and posture plays a critical role for rehabilitation, footwear design, clinical diagnostics and sports activities, and so on. This paper aims to review plantar force measurement technologies based on piezoelectric materials, which can make the reader understand preliminary works systematically and provide convenience for researchers to further study. Design/methodology/approach The review introduces working principle of piezoelectric sensor, structures and hardware design of plantar force measurement systems based on piezoelectric materials. The structures of sensors in plantar force measurement systems can be divided into four kinds, including monolayered sensor, multilayered sensor, tri-axial sensor and other sensor. The previous studies about plantar force measurement system based on piezoelectric technology are reviewed in detail, and their characteristics and performances are compared. Findings A good deal of measurement technologies have been studied by researchers to detect and analyze the plantar force. Among these measurement technologies, taking advantage of easy fabrication and high sensitivity, piezoelectric sensor is an ideal candidate sensing element. However, the number and arrangement of the sensors will influence the characteristics and performances of plantar force measurement systems. Therefore, it is necessary to further study plantar force measurement system for better performances. Originality/value So far, many plantar force measurement systems have been proposed, and several reviews already introduced plantar force measurement systems in the aspect of types of pressure sensors, experimental setups for foot pressure measurement analysis and the technologies used in plantar shear stress measurements. However, this paper reviews plantar force measurement systems based on piezoelectric materials. The structures of piezoelectric sensors in the measurement systems are discussed. Hardware design applied to measurement system is summarized. Moreover, the main point of further study is presented in this paper.
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Mecea, V. M. "Vibrating piezoelectric sensors." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 42, no. 1-3 (April 1994): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(94)80067-7.
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Rahmany, Mrs Zamzama. "Application of Piezoelectric Sensors in Daily Life." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (October 31, 2018): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18589.
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Li, H., and Z. B. Chen. "Torsional Sensors for Conical Shell in Torsional Vibrations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 11 (March 19, 2010): 2382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1940.
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This paper presents shear piezoelectric sensors for conical shell sensing. The piezoelectric patch is polarized in the longitudinal direction of conical shell structure. The electrodes are fixed at the sides parallel to the directions of polarization. Sensors in this arrangement are only sensitive to the in-plane shear strains. Both sensing equations and modal signals are derived based on the thin-shell assumption and piezoelectric effect. Numerical results are presented for free torsional vibrations of frustum shell of revolution with clamped-free boundary, and the effects of sensor length on the output are evaluated. The amplitudes of the output signal of the sensors are lower than that of modal ones, but they are all share the same trends. The amplitudes depend on the deformation of the shell and the length of the sensor. The results indicate the optimal locations of the piezoelectric sensor for sensing the torsional vibration of clamped-free shell. The output signals of the sensor can be used as the control input for later active vibration control. The sensing equations are applicable to sense shear strains and torsion of other type shells by replacing the strain equation.
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Qian, Rong Rong, Zhi Yu Wen, and Li Chen. "A Piezoelectrically Actuated Scaning Micromirror Integrated with Angle Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.437.
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A novel piezoelectrically actuated scanning micromirror integrated with angle sensors is presented. The mirror with large size of 3×3mm2 locates in the center of the device, and piezoelectric actuators are symmetrically placed on both sides of the mirror. They are connected through torsion bars in which piezoelectric angle sensors are integrated. In order to obtain large deflection angle at a low operation voltage, the new actuator consisting of several parallel piezoelectric cantilevers is adopted. The machematical models of the mirror and piezoelectric actuator are given, and the piezoelectric angle sensors are designed to obtain high sensitivities. The simulation results indicate that the maximum mechanical deflection angle of the micromirror is 12.4° at an operation voltage of 25V, and the maximum output voltage of the angle sensor is 164.3mV. The resonant frequency associated with the torsional mode is 960Hz. The sensitivity of the angle sensor is 13.3mV/° without amplifying. The Scanning miromirror is suitable for optical scanning systems such as the microscope, the micro-spectrometer, the medical imaging, the barcode reader and so on.
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Lee, Ye Rim, Justin Neubauer, Kwang Jin Kim, and Youngsu Cha. "Multidirectional Cylindrical Piezoelectric Force Sensor: Design and Experimental Validation." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 4840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174840.
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A common design concept of the piezoelectric force sensor, which is to assemble a bump structure from a flat or fine columnar piezoelectric structure or to use a specific type of electrode, is quite limited. In this paper, we propose a new design of cylindrical piezoelectric sensors that can detect multidirectional forces. The proposed sensor consists of four row and four column sensors. The design of the sensor was investigated by the finite element method. The response of the sensor to various force directions was observed, and it was demonstrated that the direction of the force applied to the sensor could be derived from the signals of one row sensor and three column sensors. As a result, this sensor proved to be able to detect forces in the area of 225° about the central axis of the sensor. In addition, a cylindrical sensor was fabricated to verify the proposed sensor and a series of experiments were performed. The simulation and experimental results were compared, and the actual sensor response tended to be similar to the simulation.
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Di Patrizio Stanchieri, Guido Di Patrizio, Moustafa Saleh, Andrea De De Marcellis, Ali Ibrahim, Marco Faccio, Maurizio Valle, and Elia Palange. "FPGA-Based Tactile Sensory Platform with Optical Fiber Data Link for Feedback Systems in Prosthetics." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030627.
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In this paper, we propose and validate a tactile sensory feedback system for prosthetic applications based on an optical communication link. The optical link features a low power and wide transmission bandwidth, which makes the feedback system suitable for a large number and variety of tactile sensors. The low-power transmission is derived from the employed UWB-based optical modulation technique. A system prototype, consisting of digital transmitter and receiver boards and acquisition circuits to interface 32 piezoelectric sensors, was implemented and experimentally tested. The system functionality was demonstrated by processing and transmitting data from the piezoelectric sensor at a 100 Mbps data rate through the optical link, measuring a communication energy consumption of 50 pJ/bit. The reported experimental results validate the functionality of the proposed sensory feedback system and demonstrate its real-time operation capabilities.
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Tzou, H. S., J. P. Zhong, and M. Natori. "Sensor Mechanics of Distributed Shell Convolving Sensors Applied to Flexible Rings." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930312.
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Observation spillover can introduce system instability to undamped distributed structural systems. This problem can be prevented via modal filtering using distributed piezoelectric modal sensors which are spatially shaped and convoluted such that they are only sensitive to specific modal mode(s). In this paper, detailed electro-mechanics—sensor mechanics—of spatially distributed piezoelectric shell convolving sensors are analyzed and results presented. It is observed that sensor sensitivity can be classified into two components: (1) the transverse modal sensitivity and (2) the membrane modal sensitivity in which the former is primarily contributed by bending strains and the later is by membrane strains. Design of spatially distributed cosine-shaped convolving sensors for ring structures is proposed and evaluated. Parametric studies suggest that the transverse sensitivity increases and the circumferential sensitivity remained constant when the ring becomes thicker. Both transverse and circumferential sensitivities increase when the piezoelectric layer becomes thicker or with higher piezoelectric constants.
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Park, Gyuhae, Charles R. Farrar, Amanda C. Rutherford, and Amy N. Robertson. "Piezoelectric Active Sensor Self-Diagnostics Using Electrical Admittance Measurements." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 128, no. 4 (January 24, 2006): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2202157.
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This paper presents a piezoelectric sensor self-diagnostic procedure that performs in situ monitoring of the operational status of piezoelectric materials used for sensors and actuators in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The sensor/actuator self-diagnostic procedure, where the sensors/actuators are confirmed to be functioning properly during operation, is a critical component to successfully complete the SHM process with large numbers of active sensors typically installed in a structure. The premise of this procedure is to track the changes in the capacitive value of piezoelectric materials resulting from the degradation of the mechanical/electrical properties and its attachment to a host structure, which is manifested in the imaginary part of the measured electrical admittances. This paper concludes with an experimental example to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed procedure.
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Wang, Hui, Xiaolin Wang, Matthew Wadsworth, Mohammad Faisal Ahmed, Zhe Liu, and Changchun Zeng. "Design, Fabrication, Structure Optimization and Pressure Sensing Demonstration of COC Piezoelectret Sensor and Sensor Array." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081177.
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This study reported on the design and fabrication of a pseudo-piezoelectric material (piezoelectret) from cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) based on a micropillar structure. The fabrication feasibility of such structure was explored and piezoelectret with the good piezoelectric activity (characterized by quasi-static piezoelectric coefficient d33) was demonstrated. Response surface method with a central composite design was employed to investigate the effects of the structure parameter on the piezoelectric coefficient d33. An optimal structure design was obtained and was validated by experiments. With the optimal design, d33 can reach an exceptional high value of ~9000 pC/N under low pressure. The charging process and the electrical and electromechanical characteristics were further investigated by experimentation and modeling. We further demonstrated the scalability of the fabrication process and demonstrated the application of these sensors in position specific pressure sensing (pressure mapping).
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Pan’kov, A. A., and P. V. Pisarev. "Numerical Modeling of Electroelastic Fields in the Surface Piezoelectric Luminescent Optical Fiber Sensor to Diagnose Deformation of Composite Plates." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2020.2.06.
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We developed a three-dimensional numerical model of a piezoelectric luminescent optical fiber sensor fixed on a composite’s plate. The computational region of the sensor is the optical fiber with two concentric (with 6 sectors) shells of electroluminescent and piezoelectric materials, two control electrodes on interface surfaces, such as optical fiber-electroluminophore and piezoelectric-cover. The external sensor’s cover is made in the form of a semi-elliptic cylindrical polymer shell, which rectangular base is fixed on the surface of the fiberglass plate. In the piezoelectric shell sectors, the polarization directions of the PVDF transversal-isotropic polymer piezoelectric are different and non-planar for any three sectors. Deformation of the plate causes deformation of the sensor fixed on its surface, as well as the occurrence of informative piezoelectric fields in it, thus the occurrence of informative glows of electroluminescent elements. As a result, we find the requested information about the combined deformed state of the composite plate along the length of the sensor based on the digital processing of the integral intensities of the polychrome light signals at the output of the optical fiber. In simple cases of electric and mechanical loads, we present new numerical results of simulating the distribution of non-uniform electroelastic fields in the sensor multiphase volume, the sensor’s external cover and inside fragment of the composite plate. Loading of the sensor-covering-plate system is performed by controlling electric voltage on the sensor’s electrodes and the plate’s mechanical deformation by stretching along the transverse and longitudinal axes, as well as by twisting around these axes and bending in transverse and longitudinal planes. Numerical values of the control and informative transfer coefficients of the piezoelectric luminescent optical fiber sensor are determined, which makes it possible to perform a reliable and high-precision diagnostics of complex deformations of the composite plates and design sensors of this type.
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YIN, SHIH-HSUN. "A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR MASS DETECTION OF A PIEZOELECTRIC CANTILEVER USING ACTIVE BIFURCATIONS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 10, no. 03 (September 2010): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455410003567.
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Most current vibration-based chemical sensors and biosensors use the sensors resonance frequency change to quantify the small mass of chemical and biological agents attached to the surface of the sensors. In contrast, this paper proposes a novel technique for mass detection of a piezoelectric cantilever by actively triggering the bifurcation behavior. The cantilever is forced to bifurcate and exhibit complex dynamics (e.g., chaos) by using a nonlinear feedback excitation. Meanwhile, a feedback loop is constructed by measuring the voltage from a piezoelectric sensor, by processing the signal, and then by applying the voltage to a piezoelectric actuator. Due to the high sensitivity of a chaotic system to small parametric variations, the morphing of the attractor of the dynamic response of the piezoelectric cantilever can be utilized as an indicator to detect a small amount of mass and its location. The numerical investigation in this paper provides a basis to develop the next generation of high sensitivity vibration-based mass detection sensors.
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Ramadoss, Tamil Selvan, Yuya Ishii, Amutha Chinnappan, Marcelo H. Ang, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "Fabrication of Pressure Sensor Using Electrospinning Method for Robotic Tactile Sensing Application." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051320.
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Tactile sensors are widely used by the robotics industries over decades to measure force or pressure produced by external stimuli. Piezoelectric-based pressure sensors have intensively been investigated as promising candidates for tactile sensing applications. In contrast, piezoelectric-based pressure sensors are expensive due to their high cost of manufacturing and expensive base materials. Recently, an effect similar to the piezoelectric effect has been identified in non-piezoelectric polymers such as poly(d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene. Hence investigations were conducted on alternative materials to find their suitability. In this article, we used inexpensive atactic polystyrene (aPS) as the base polymer and fabricated functional fibers using an electrospinning method. Fiber morphologies were studied using a field-emission scanning electron microscope and proposed a unique pressure sensor fabrication method. A fabricated pressure sensor was subjected to different pressures and corresponding electrical and mechanical characteristics were analyzed. An open circuit voltage of 3.1 V was generated at 19.9 kPa applied pressure, followed by an integral output charge (ΔQ), which was measured to calculate the average apparent piezoelectric constant dapp and was found to be 12.9 ± 1.8 pC N−1. A fabricated pressure sensor was attached to a commercially available robotic arm to mimic the tactile sensing.
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Wang, Songlai, Wanrong Wu, Yiping Shen, Hui Li, and Binlong Tang. "Lamb Wave Directional Sensing with Piezoelectric Fiber Rosette in Structure Health Monitoring." Shock and Vibration 2019 (June 24, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6189290.
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Directional piezoelectric sensors can detect the Lamb wave propagation direction to locate damage in structural health monitoring (SHM). The directivity of the round piezoelectric fiber is exploited with a 0°/45°/90° rosette configuration to acquire flexural Lamb wave signals. The directional response of the piezoelectric fiber under narrowband tone-burst excitation is theoretically deduced. Experimental tests are conducted to demonstrate the directivity and the frequency response property of the piezoelectric fiber under different excitation central frequencies in comparison with the MFC, rectangular piezoelectric sheet, and circular piezoelectric disc. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is applied to extract the maximum response amplitude information of the acquired Lamb wave signal at a central frequency. Experimental test results indicate that the piezoelectric fiber is capable to be used as a Lamb wave directional sensor than other piezoelectric sensors. A numerical estimation method for the Lamb wave propagation direction is proposed by defining an error function between the theoretical and experimental normalized response amplitude. The proposed method is generally applicable for different rosette configurations. Experimental results validate the accuracy of the proposed estimation method. The research results are significant to design or select the piezoelectric sensor to measure Lamb wave signals.
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Yao, Jun, Yan Fei Wu, and Huan Wang. "Optimal Design Method for Piezoelectric Sensors/Actuators Configuration." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.815.
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In the active vibration control field, the piezoelectric element was extensively researched with the advantages of wide response frequency band, light weight, big driving force and good linearity, but they were mainly focused on the vibration suppression for smart structure and the study on the piezoelectric element used as excitation source in the vibration test was still limited. First, according to the electromechanical coupling equation of the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric equation when the piezoelectric ceramic applied on the one-dimensional structure like beam was derived. Then the transfer functions from piezoelectric actuator to the piezoelectric sensor were established in cases of micro-element and limited size. The quasi-independent modal control method for piezoelectric beam was studied, which made several step modals being controlled by one group of piezoelectric film simultaneously is possible. And based on this, an optimal design method for placement of sensors/actuators in the vibration test in which the piezoelectric element was used as excitation source is found.
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Lu, En, Wei Li, Xuefeng Yang, Yuqiao Wang, and Yufei Liu. "Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of a Rotating Piezoelectric Smart Beam." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 01 (January 2018): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500037.
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In active vibration control study, piezoelectric actuators and sensors are bonded on the surface of a beam. They can change the frequency and modal characteristics of the system. This paper presents an analysis of the frequency response to a rotating piezoelectric smart beam. Hamilton’s principle along with the assumed mode method are employed to derive the governing equations of the first-order approximate coupling model for the piezoelectric smart beam. The coupling is taken into account as the second-order coupling effect of the axial elongation caused by the transverse displacement of the beam. Then, the equations are transformed into a dimensionless form after identifying the necessary parameters. The dimensionless natural frequencies of the piezoelectric smart beam corresponding to the bending and stretching vibrations are obtained through a numerical simulation, with comparison made of those of the beam with no actuator or sensor. Furthermore, the implication is investigated of the structural parameters and bond location on the piezoelectric actuators and sensors. Besides, the common case of a smart beam bonded with multiple pairs of piezoelectric actuators and sensors is studied, and the effects of the first natural frequency and tip deformation are analyzed. The research provides a theoretical reference for the optimization of structural parameters and location of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, thereby preventing the resonance when the excitation frequency is approximately equal to the natural frequency of the beam.
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Li, Cheng Zhe, Deng Hua Li, Shuang Zhai, and Jin Ao Li. "Research on Transverse Sensitivity Property of Cymbal Piezoelectric Vibration Acceleration Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1495.
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For the problem of higher transverse sensitivity ratio of the cymbal piezoelectric vibration acceleration sensors, a mathematical model of output voltage sensitivity is established which employ orthogonal and array methods to reduce the transverse sensitivity ratio of the piezoelectric vibration acceleration sensor. Two compensation methods are designed. The results showed that the array and orthogonal methods can decrease the effect of the transverse interference of acceleration sensor effectively and control the relative error in a smaller range, improve the measurement accuracy of the sensors.
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Korobiichuk, Igor. "Analysis of Errors of Piezoelectric Sensors used in Weapon Stabilizers." Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0001.
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Abstract Effectiveness of operation of a weapon stabilization system is largely dependent on the choice of a sensor, i.e. an accelerometer. The paper identifies and examines fundamental errors of piezoelectric accelerometers and offers measures for their reduction. Errors of a weapon stabilizer piezoelectric sensor have been calculated. The instrumental measurement error does not exceed 0.1 × 10−5 m/s2. The errors caused by the method of attachment to the base, different noise sources and zero point drift can be mitigated by the design features of piezoelectric sensors used in weapon stabilizers.
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Yan, Yun Ju, Huan Guo Chen, and Jie Sheng Jiang. "Optimal Placement of Sensors for Damage Characterization Using Genetic Algorithms." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1033.
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Sensor data are the basis for health assessment of complex structural systems. Careful selection and logical layout of sensors is critical to enable the high reliability of system health assessment. This paper presents a methodology how to use a minimum number of sensors, and what locations of them should be placed, so that the voltage signals received from the sensor can be used to detect both presence and extent of damage. In this study, an optimization procedure is developed using Genetic Algorithm (GA) to determine the location of piezoelectric sensor for damage detection in a composite wingbox. A new damage index using all differences in voltage signals decomposed by wavelet transform is proposed. Results show that the proposed method is available at determining number and location of sensors for structural damage detection using piezoelectric patch sensors.
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Lee, Young Sup. "A New Position Sensor Using a Triangularly Shaped Piezoelectric PVDF Film." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2115.
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This paper describes a novel tip position sensor for a cantilever beam made of a triangularly shaped distributed piezoelectric PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) film. Due to the boundary condition of the cantilever beam and the spatial sensitivity function of the distributed PVDF sensor, the charge output of the PVDF sensor can be shown to be proportional to the tip position of the beam. Experimental result using the triangular PVDF sensor were compared with those using two commercially available position sensors: an inductive sensor and an accelerometer (after double integration). The resonance frequencies of the test beam, measured using the PVDF sensor, matched well with those measured with the two commercial sensors and the PVDF sensor also showed good coherence over wide frequency range, whereas the inductive sensor became poor above 300Hz. However, the measured response of the PVDF sensor showed a bit larger magnitude compared with the two commercial sensors at higher frequencies. The triangular PVDF sensor have a number of advantages over conventional position sensors and could be used as tip position sensors.
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Sung, C. K., T. F. Chen, and S. G. Chen. "Piezoelectric Modal Sensor/Actuator Design for Monitoring/Generating Flexural and Torsional Vibrations of Cylindrical Shells." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889634.
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This paper presents a methodology for designing piezoelectric sensors/actuators in an application to monitor/generate flexural and torsional vibrations of cylindrical shells. Based upon the classical laminate theory the equations of the electro-mechanical interactions, the constitutive, and the strain-displacement relations of piezoelectric composite cylindrical shells are derived. With these relations the piezoelectric sensor and actuator equations of the cylindrical shell are then developed. The modal sensors/actuators fabricated with PVDF embedded in the composite cylindrical shell capable of monitoring and generating vibrations of a particular mode or several combined modes are also developed. Finally, an experimental rig is designed to generate both the flexural and torsional vibrations of a circular cylindrical shaft for examining the capabilities of the modal sensors.
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Perez-Alfaro, Irene, Daniel Gil-Hernandez, Oscar Muñoz-Navascues, Jesus Casbas-Gimenez, Juan Carlos Sanchez-Catalan, and Nieves Murillo. "Low-Cost Piezoelectric Sensors for Time Domain Load Monitoring of Metallic Structures During Operational and Maintenance Processes." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051471.
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The versatility of piezoelectric sensors in measurement techniques and their performance in applications has given rise to an increased interest in their use for structural and manufacturing component monitoring. They enable wireless and sensor network solutions to be developed in order to directly integrate the sensors into machines, fixtures and tools. Piezoelectric sensors increasingly compete with strain-gauges due to their wide operational temperature range, load and strain sensing accuracy, low power consumption and low cost. This research sets out the use of piezoelectric sensors for real-time monitoring of mechanical strength in metallic structures in the ongoing operational control of machinery components. The behaviour of aluminium and steel structures under flexural strength was studied using piezoelectric sensors. Variations in structural behaviour and geometry were measured, and the load and μstrains during operational conditions were quantified in the time domain at a specific frequency. The lead zirconium titanate (PZT) sensors were able to distinguish between material types and thicknesses. Moreover, this work covers frequency selection and optimisation from 20 Hz to 300 kHz. Significant differences in terms of optimal operating frequencies and sensitivity were found in both structures. The influence of the PZT voltage applied was assessed to reduce power consumption without signal loss, and calibration to μstrains and loads was performed.
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Qin, Lei, En Rong Wang, Kai Ge Tian, Xiao Dong Wang, Yue Hua Shi, Qi Qin, and Zheng Xiao Hua. "Dynamic Monitoring of Concrete Structure Using Piezoelectric Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1160.
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Dynamic response of civil engineering structures was monitored in the paper, on basis of the excellent properties of piezoelectric smart sensor. There were two experiments: One was to study the relationship between the loading frequency and the piezoelectric sensor output by concrete block cyclic loading test; the other was to study the relationship between the sensor output and the stress amplitude by steel cantilever beam dynamic test. The results show that piezoelectric sensors have a good linear output performance.
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Zhang, He Bin, Zhong Hua Zhang, Ya Ding Jin, Hui Lun Jiang, Lin Jun Fan, and Xue Cai Yu. "Experimental Study on Tertiary Piezoelectric Effect of X-Cut Quartz Crystal." Key Engineering Materials 620 (August 2014): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.620.134.
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This Paper has analyzed the relationship between the generation of multiple piezoelectric effects and boundary conditions of piezoelectrics and the experiments have studied tertiary piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric quartz which is applied extensively in engineering practice. We processed our experiment by piezoelectric quartz crystal unit made by two pieces of X-cut piezoelectric quartz, parallel connected it to a capacitor with the equivalent capacitance of about 1,000 times of that of piezoelectric quartz crystal unit and then got the result of pure primary piezoelectric effect excluding tertiary induced effect; then compared it with conventional primary piezoelectric effect and concluded that tertiary piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric quartz is about 1.7% of primary piezoelectric effect; thus quantified longitudinally tertiary piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric quartz crystal, concluded that piezoelectric coefficient of tertiary effect of X-cut piezoelectric quartz is about 0.04 pC/N by experiment and got relative uncertainty and standard uncertainty of the results by such experiment methods respectively as 9.49×10-3and 1.37×10-2. This study on tertiary piezoelectric effect has provided a new approach for improving precision and sensitivity of piezoelectric sensors.
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Christof, Hans, Lena Müller, Simon Küppers, Paul Hofmann, Elisabeth Giebel, Sabine Frick, Markus Gabler, and Götz T. Gresser. "Integration Methods of Sensors in FRP Components." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.586.
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Structural health monitoring is an important research topic in the field of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). An effective way to detect defects or overloads in these FRP has still not been found. One way to monitor the actual state of FRP components is via integrated sensors. Integrating current standard sensors negatively affects the flux of force. Therefore investigations about integration methods of sensors in FRP components have been made. The integration of an optical fiber sensor into FRP profiles via a pultrusion process was investigated. It could be shown that the pultrusion process is suitable method for the integration of fiber optic sensors for strain measurements. Another investigated sensor principle was the integration of piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibers via a vacuum assisted process. The PVDF fibers were integrated into 3-point bending specimen and the piezoelectric effect was tested with and without polarization. The investigation showed that it is possible to measure the piezoelectric effect of PVDF fibers integrated into a 3-point bending test specimen. It could also be shown that carbon fibers can be used as textile electrodes for the measurement of the generated charge on the PVDF surface.
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Wang, Ding, and Jian Sheng Chen. "Progress on the Applications of Piezoelectric Materials in Sensors." Materials Science Forum 848 (March 2016): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.848.749.
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Piezoelectric materials, which can couple electrical and mechanical displacements, are one of the most important functional materials nowadays. They comprises piezoelectric monocrystals, piezoelectric polycrystals (piezoelectric ceramics), piezoelectric polymers, and piezoelectric composites. Sensors made of these materials can convert pressure, acceleration, flow rate, etc. to surface charge (voltage) that can be easily processed, and at the same time generate their own energy instead of consuming it. Compared to other electromechanical transduction technologies, piezoelectric sensors have the advantages of high environmental and chemical stability, broad temperature and frequency band, as well as self-sufficiency. Piezoelectric materials can also be used in various applications such as energy harvesters, actuators, transducers, and capacitors. This paper reviews the piezoelectric materials and their recent application progress on sensors and others. These published results show the developing trend of piezoelectric sensors to become lead-free, flexible, and with high performance.
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Stuber, Vincent L., Marios Kotsonis, and Sybrand van der Zwaag. "Boundary layer state detection using piezoelectric sensors." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 015014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac3900.
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Abstract Two piezoelectric series bimorph sensors were embedded below the skin of a NACA 0012 symmetrical airfoil to detect the local state of the boundary layer during wind tunnel testing. Small vanes piercing the airfoil skin were glued onto the bimorphs providing a mechanical coupling to the local mechanical force fluctuations imparted by the local unsteady boundary layer flow. The state of the boundary layer at the sensor sites was varied by changing the angle of attack. The objective of this work was to establish the ability of this sensor concept to accurately distinguish among typical boundary layer states such as attached laminar flow, turbulent flow and separated flow. The output of the sensor was compared to concurrent time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements, which served as a validation technique. Using the developed sensor response envelope, a single data point time series of the piezo electrical signal was proven to be sufficient to accurately detect the boundary layer state on classical airfoils in the low Reynolds number regime. In projected future applications, single or arrays of bimorph sensors can be used to map the boundary layer of more complex or morphing shape airfoils. The fast response of the sensor can in principle be utilised in closed-loop flow control systems, aimed at drag reduction or lift enhancement.
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Lozoya-Santos, Jorge de-J., L. C. Félix-Herrán, Juan C. Tudón-Martínez, Adriana Vargas-Martinez, and Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza. "Design and Implementation of an IoT-Oriented Strain Smart Sensor with Exploratory Capabilities on Energy Harvesting and Magnetorheological Elastomer Transducers." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 4387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124387.
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This work designed and implemented a new low-cost, Internet of Things-oriented, wireless smart sensor prototype to measure mechanical strain. The research effort explores the use of smart materials as transducers, e.g., a magnetorheological elastomer as an electrical-resistance sensor, and a cantilever beam with piezoelectric sensors to harvest energy from vibrations. The study includes subsequent and validated results with a magnetorheological elastomer transducer that contained multiwall carbon nanotubes with iron particles, generated voltage tests from an energy-harvesting system that functions with an array of piezoelectric sensors embedded in a rubber-based cantilever beam, wireless communication to send data from the sensor’s central processing unit towards a website that displays and stores the handled data, and an integrated manufactured prototype. Experiments showed that electrical-resistivity variation versus measured strain, and the voltage-generation capability from vibrations have the potential to be employed in smart sensors that could be integrated into commercial solutions to measure strain in automotive and aircraft systems, and civil structures. The reported experiments included cloud-computing capabilities towards a potential Internet of Things application of the smart sensor in the context of monitoring automotive-chassis vibrations and airfoil damage for further analysis and diagnostics, and in general structural-health-monitoring applications.