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Journal articles on the topic 'Piezoelectric transducer'
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1
Yang, Qing Feng, Peng Wang, Yu Hong Wang, and Kai Zhang. "Simulation Analysis on Cymbal Transducer." Advanced Engineering Forum 2-3 (December 2011): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.2-3.140.
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The resonance frequency of the cymbal transducer ranges from 2kHz to 40kHz and its effective electromechanical coupling factor is around 20%. Finite element analysis has been performed to ascertain how the transducer’s makeup affect the transducer’s performance parameters. Two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the cymbal transducer was founded by finite element software-ANSYS, the application of the element type was discussed and the FEM models were built up under the far field condition. Eight groups of cymbal transducers of resonance frequency around 3kHz with different structural dimensions were designed. It was better for choosing the cymbal transducer of the 8mm cavity coping diameter, 20.8mm cavity bottom diameter and 26.8mm piezoelectric ceramic wafer diameter than others for reducing distortion degree of the signal and improving communication turnover in the researched cymbal transducers. It was appropriate for choosing the cymbal transducer of the 8mm cavity coping diameter, 22.4mm cavity bottom diameter and 26.4mm piezoelectric ceramic wafer diameter in order to improve the free-field voltage sensitivity and transmission efficient.
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Xia, Lili, Hongwei Wang, and Qiguo Huang. "Design and Fabrication of a Stacked Three-Phase Piezoelectric Composites Ring Array Underwater Ultrasound Transducer." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205971.
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A stacked three-phase piezoelectric composites ring array underwater ultrasound transducer was developed in this paper. The circular structure of three-phase piezoelectric composite with a large open angle was improved based on the 1-3 piezoelectric composites. The structure size of the transducer’s sensitive component was designed by using ANSYS simulation software, and the single-ring samples of three-phase piezoelectric composites with different thicknesses were fabricated. Based on the bandwidth broadening theory of multimode coupled vibration, the piezoelectric composite ring-shaped sensitive component was fabricated by the piezoelectric composite curved-surface-forming process. According to the design structure of the transducer, the stacked three-phase piezoelectric composites ring array underwater ultrasound transducer was processed. The experimental results show that the maximum transmission voltage response is 154 dB, the open angle of the horizontal beam reaches 360°, and the bandwidth of −3 dB is 86 kHz. The developed transducers achieved a high frequency, broadband, and large open angle to radiate sound waves.
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Zhang, Yifan, and Yun Liu. "Simulation and fabrication of a 20 kHz single-beam transducer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2863, no. 1 (October 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2863/1/012007.
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Abstract With the vigorous development of underwater acoustic technology in China, underwater acoustic transducers are constantly moving towards broadband, low-frequency, and high-power directions. How to obtain piezoelectric transducers with lower frequencies is still a research direction that scholars from various countries are striving to study. This article mainly studies and manufactures a 20 kHz single-beam piezoelectric transducer, using the classic Tonpilz transducer structure. Firstly, the Tonpilz transducer is theoretically analyzed using the classical equivalent circuit method. Secondly, the transducer is analyzed using ANSYS finite element analysis software to study the influence of piezoelectric ceramics on the frequency of the transducer, and the size of the piezoelectric ceramics is optimized to determine the size of the piezoelectric ceramic structure of the transducer. The working frequency of the transducer was calculated using software, and it was determined that the working frequency was approximately 20 kHz.
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Mieczkowski, Grzegorz, Andrzej Borawski, and Dariusz Szpica. "Static Electromechanical Characteristic of a Three-Layer Circular Piezoelectric Transducer." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010222.
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The paper presents research related to the functional features of a novel three-layer circular piezoelectric actuator/sensor. The outer layers of the transducer are made of non-piezoelectric material. The middle layer comprises two elements—a piezoelectric disk, and a ring made of non-piezoelectric material. The additional external passive layer has a very important function; it protects the transducer’s electrical components against damage caused by external factors. Also, if sparking on the transducer wires or electrodes occurs, this layer prevents fire. So far, there is no analytical model for such a transducer. Closed-form analytical equations are important tools for predicting and optimizing the operation of devices. Thus, using both the Plate Theory and constitutive equations of piezoelectric materials, an analytical formula describing transducer deflection as a function of electrical loads has been found (electromechanical characteristic of the transducer). In addition, it is worth noting that under certain assumptions, the developed analytical model can also be used for two-layer transducers. The tests carried out show satisfactory compliance of the results obtained through the developed solution with both literature data and numerical data. Moreover, based on the obtained analytical model, the effect of selected non-dimensional variables on the actuator performance has been examined. These parameters include dimensions and mechanical properties of both piezoelectric disk and passive plates and strongly influence the behavior of the transducer.
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Pan, Jingxi. "Performance Analysis and Prospect of Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers Based on Vibration Modes." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v6i1.8280.
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With the maturity of ultrasonic transducer technology, as a traditional ultrasonic transducer, piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer has leaped into the public view. This article briefly summarizes the development of ultrasonic transducers and the classification of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. In practical applications, different piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers are mostly selected based on the different sound source vibrations in the application scenarios. The principle analysis and structure introduction of longitudinal vibration type ultrasonic transducers, longitudinal bending vibration mode conversion type ultrasonic transducers, and torsional vibration piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducers are conducted respectively, and the application fields are pointed out. Besides, heat dissipation is an important link that affects the energy transfer efficiency of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. For traditional air-cooled heat dissipation and phase change heat dissipation, the heat dissipation ability is investigated and analyzed separately, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two are compared. It is concluded that phase change heat dissipation can effectively solve the impact caused by excessive temperature difference inside the transducer, while traditional heat dissipation methods cannot solve this problem.
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Li, Guo, Ming Lei, Huan Xu, Shuyang Han, Yan Zeng, and Yujiao Li. "A novel theoretical analysis method for the longitudinal cascaded piezoelectric transducer based on equivalent circuit." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2822, no. 1 (September 1, 2024): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2822/1/012090.
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Abstract High power ultrasonic transducers are widely used in the fields of ultrasonic cleaning, ultrasonic welding and therapeutic ultrasound. To further improve the ultrasonic intensity and power of piezoelectric transducers for power ultrasound applications, the cascaded piezoelectric transducer have received tons of attention. The electromechanical equivalent circuit, as a classical transducer analysis method, translates the structural and mechanical parameters into the corresponding circuit parameters and helps us to better understand and analyze the performance characteristics of the transducer, which is of great significance for the design and optimization of the transducer. In this paper, a new theoretical analysis method based on the equivalent circuit is proposed for cascaded piezoelectric transducer. In this method, the equivalent circuit of each component of the longitudinal piezoelectric transducer is cascaded, and equivalent circuit is analyzed using the Kirchhoff’s law to obtain the frequency resonance equation of the piezoelectric transducer. This analysis method avoids the complex equivalent transformation of the equivalent circuit including multiple excitation sources and also obtains the vibration velocity of the piezoelectric transducer radiation surfaces, more information on the vibration characteristics of the transducer was gained from the theoretical aspect. Finally, the theoretical analysis results are compared with the finite element simulation analysis and the traditional analysis results for verification.
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Wang, Jianjun, Donghuan Liu, Weijie Li, Peijun Wei, and Lihua Tang. "Effects of electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers on dynamic characteristics of radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric cylindrical transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18803454.
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Piezoelectric cylindrical transducer is a type of excellent smart devices that can generate radial sound radiation due to its unique structural characteristics and has been widely used for ultrasonic and underwater sound applications. In the design of a piezoelectric cylindrical transducer, especially with the multilayer structure, the electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers are two key factors affecting the device performance but have not been well evaluated, which result in the inaccurate prediction of dynamic characteristics. This work establishes the exact theoretical models for radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric cylindrical transducers by taking into account the electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers. Based on the plane stress assumption, the dynamic solutions of the models are derived. Analytical expressions of electric impedances are also derived to obtain the resonance frequencies. In addition, the analytical solutions are validated using the special example in the earlier work and comparing them with the finite element analysis results. Subsequently, the effects of the electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers on the dynamic characteristics of the transducer are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the electrode thickness, the electrode type, and the parallel and series connections significantly affect the transducer’s performance, thus providing useful guidelines in the design of piezoelectric cylindrical transducers. This work contributes to an overall analysis on the dynamic characteristics of the radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric cylindrical transducers, which is very helpful to improve the performance of two-dimensional emitter and receiver in underwater sound and ultrasonic applications.
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Fa, Lin, Dongning Liu, Hong Gong, Wenhui Chen, Yandong Zhang, Yimei Wang, Rui Liang, et al. "A Frequency-Dependent Dynamic Electric–Mechanical Network for Thin-Wafer Piezoelectric Transducers Polarized in the Thickness Direction: Physical Model and Experimental Confirmation." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (August 20, 2023): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081641.
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This paper is concerned with electric–acoustic/acoustic–electric conversions of thin-wafer piezoelectric transducers polarized in the thickness direction. By introducing two mechanical components with frequency-dependent values, i.e., radiation resistance and radiation mass, into the equivalent circuit of the thin-wafer piezoelectric transducer, we established a frequency-dependent dynamic mechanic-electric equivalent network with four terminals for an arbitrary given frequency, an enhancement from the conventional circuit networks. We derived the analytic expressions of its electric–acoustic and acoustic–electric conversion impulse responses using the four-terminal equivalent circuit to replace the traditional six-terminal equivalent circuit for a thin-wafer transducer with harmonic vibrational motion. For multifrequency electrical/acoustic signals acting on the transducer, we established parallel electric–acoustic/acoustic–electric conversion transmission networks. These two transmission network models have simple structures and clear physical and mathematical descriptions of thin-wafer transducers for electric–acoustic/acoustic–electric conversion when excited by a multifrequency electric/acoustic signal wavelet. The calculated results showed that the transducer’s center frequency shift relates to its mechanical load and vibration state. The method reported in this paper can be applied to conventional-sized and small-sized piezoelectric transducers with universal applicability.
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Li, Cong. "Road Performance of Common Piezoelectric Transducer for Asphalt Pavement Energy Harvesting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1491.
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The discussion in the paper is focused on energy transition efficiency, stiffness and intensity of common piezoelectric transducers in the following aspects. Firstly, we have found out that bridge piezoelectric transducers possess high energy transition efficiency and the similar stiffness to asphalt pavement through comparing and analyzing road performance of several common piezoelectric transducers. Thus, we hold the view that it is applicable for energy collection of asphalt pavement and will be analyzed subsequently. Secondly, we have analyzed energy transition efficiency and stiffness characteristics of arc bridge piezoelectric transducer and rectangular bridge piezoelectric transducer in laboratory test. The results show that, under the same load stress, arc transducers are better than rectangular transducers in terms of energy transition efficiency; but comparing with rectangular transducers, arc transducers are more prone to be destroyed, which is not helpful for bearing traffic load.
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Kachanov, V. K., I. V. Sokolov, M. A. Karavaev, and D. V. Minaev. "Development of methods and devices for air-coupled ultrasonic through transmission testing of large-sized objects made of polymer composite materials." Дефектоскопия, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130308223010013.
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It is shown that in order to increase the sensitivity of air-coupled ultrasonic through transmission testing of products made of polymer composite materials, it is necessary to develop highly sensitive low-frequency wideband air-coupled piezoelectric transducers. The methods of providing both high sensitivity and a wideband of air-coupled ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer are considered. Air-coupled ultrasonic highly sensitive broadband piezoelectric transducer based on the use of mosaic contact piezoelectric transducer technology, the choice of optimal matching layers and the use of various options for excitation of piezoelectric transmitter have been proposed and developed. It is shown that by use of mosaic air-coupled low-frequency broadband piezoelectric transducers, it is possible to ensure high sensitivity of testing and ensure the accuracy of measurement of acoustic characteristics (ultrasound velocity, density, etc.) with air-coupled ultrasonic low-frequency through transmission testing of large-sized objects made of polymer composite materials.
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Fan, Dongming, Huiyan Niu, Kun Liu, Xinhao Sun, Husheng Wang, Kefei Shi, Wen Mo, et al. "Nb and Mn Co-Modified Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 Bismuth-Layered Ceramics for High-Frequency Transducer Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081246.
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Lead-free environmentally friendly piezoelectrical materials with enhanced piezoelectric properties are of great significance for high-resolution ultrasound imaging applications. In this paper, Na0.5Bi4.5Ti3.86Mn0.06Nb0.08O15+y (NBT-Nb-Mn) bismuth-layer-structured ceramics were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. The crystallographic structure, micromorphology, and piezoelectrical and electromechanical properties of NBT-Nb-Mn ceramics were examined, showing their enhanced piezoelectricity (d33 = 33 pC/N) and relatively high electromechanical coupling coefficient (kt = 0.4). The purpose of this article is to describe the development of single element ultrasonic transducers based on these piezoelectric ceramics. The as-prepared high-frequency tightly focused transducer (ƒ-number = 1.13) had an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.48. The center frequency was determined to be 37.4 MHz and the −6 dB bandwidth to be 47.2%. According to the B-mode imaging experiment of 25 μm tungsten wires, lateral resolution of the transducer was calculated as 56 μm. Additionally, the experimental results were highly correlated to the results simulated by COMSOL software. By scanning a coin, the imaging effect of the transducer was further evaluated, demonstrating the application advantages of the prepared transducer in the field of high-sensitivity ultrasound imaging.
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Siegl, Alexander, Stefan Leithner, Bernhard Schweighofer, and Hannes Wegleiter. "Excitation of Mechanical Resonances in the Stationary Ring of a Mechanical Seal by a Continuously Operated Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23021015.
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Acoustic/ultrasonic testing is now a common method in the field of nondestructive testing for detecting material defects or monitoring ongoing mechanical changes in a structure during operation. In many applications, piezoelectric transducers are used to generate mechanical waves inside the specimen. Their actual operating frequency is highly dependent on the dimensions of the transducer. Larger dimensions of the piezoelectric transducer allow for a lower operating frequency. However, these dimensions limit the use of piezoelectric transducers in certain applications where the size of the transducer is restricted due to limited installation space and when low-frequency excitation is required. One application that places these requirements on the transducer is the monitoring of mechanical seals. Here, the transducer must be mounted on the stationary ring of the seal. In this paper, a continuously operated electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is presented as an alternative to piezoelectric transducers as a transmitter. The advantage of a EMAT is that it meets the requirements of limited sensor size (sensor area < 10 × 6 mm) and can excite mechanical waves with frequencies below 10 kHz. A structural analysis of the stationary ring shows that the first two mechanical resonances occur around 4 and 5.5 kHz. An experimental study meterologically demonstrates the ability of the EMAT to excite these first two mechanical resonances of the ring. A comparative simulation agrees well with the measurement.
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Peng, Chang, Huaiyu Wu, Seungsoo Kim, Xuming Dai, and Xiaoning Jiang. "Recent Advances in Transducers for Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Imaging." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 3540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103540.
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As a well-known medical imaging methodology, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging plays a critical role in diagnosis, treatment guidance and post-treatment assessment of coronary artery diseases. By cannulating a miniature ultrasound transducer mounted catheter into an artery, the vessel lumen opening, vessel wall morphology and other associated blood and vessel properties can be precisely assessed in IVUS imaging. Ultrasound transducer, as the key component of an IVUS system, is critical in determining the IVUS imaging performance. In recent years, a wide range of achievements in ultrasound transducers have been reported for IVUS imaging applications. Herein, a comprehensive review is given on recent advances in ultrasound transducers for IVUS imaging. Firstly, a fundamental understanding of IVUS imaging principle, evaluation parameters and IVUS catheter are summarized. Secondly, three different types of ultrasound transducers (piezoelectric ultrasound transducer, piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer and capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer) for IVUS imaging are presented. Particularly, the recent advances in piezoelectric ultrasound transducer for IVUS imaging are extensively examined according to their different working mechanisms, configurations and materials adopted. Thirdly, IVUS-based multimodality intravascular imaging of atherosclerotic plaque is discussed. Finally, summary and perspectives on the future studies are highlighted for IVUS imaging applications.
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Wang, Jianjun, Lei Qin, Peijun Wei, and Lihua Tang. "Modeling and analysis of multilayer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 11 (April 25, 2018): 2437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18770868.
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An exact analytical model of multilayer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducers is established in this article, and their dynamic characteristics are studied. Based on the linear theory of piezoelasticity, the dynamic analytical solution is derived in terms of Bessel functions, Lommel functions, Gamma functions, and Generalized Hypergeometric functions, and the electric impedance is obtained to determine the resonance frequencies. By proper selection of the layer number and geometric dimensions, the proposed model can approximately degrade into some special cases in the previous works, including single-layer piezoelectric spherical transducer, two-layer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducer, and three-layer sandwiched piezoelectric-elastic-piezoelectric spherical transducer. Comparisons between the results of the proposed model and the ones of these special cases are also given and good agreements are found. Furthermore, parametric studies are conducted to discuss the effects of the key parameters on the dynamic characteristics of these special cases and a multilayer case, such as the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies as well as the corresponding electromechanical coupling factor. This work contributes to an overall understanding of the dynamic characteristics of miniature piezoelectric hollow sphere transducers (BBs) and stacked piezoelectric spherical transducers. The developed model can be used to guide the design of the multilayer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducers for promising applications in underwater acoustic detection, ultrasonic imaging, hydrophones, and nondestructive testing.
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Wang, Gang, Lei Qin, and Li Kun Wang. "A 300 kHz High-Frequency Underwater Transducer." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.259.
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A new type of piezoelectric composite ultrasonic transducer with high frequency in radial vibration is studied. A high-frequency acoustic transducer has been designed and prepared with pzt-5-type piezoelectric ceramic cylinder. When the piezoelectric ceramic cylinder vibrates along the direction of its radial direction, the working frequency is high. It is composed of a piezoelectric ceramic tube and a steel bracket which is inserted in the inner of the ceramic tube. Use the finite element method by ANSYS for analyzing the radial vibration of a piezoelectric tube. On that basis, through managing ANSYS simulation the vibration mode of transducer system is obtained, and analyzed the working frequency of transducer. According to the simulation, the high-frequency cylindrical acoustic transducer has been produced. Comparing the products and the traditional cylindrical transducers, the products haven’t only a good all-round circle directional, but it also has a high working frequency (300 kHz).
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Asry, Anis Maisarah Mohd, Farahiyah Mustafa, Sim Sy Yi, Maizul Ishak, and Aznizam Ahmad. "An investigation of piezoelectric tile with drop test technique for energy harvesting application." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1633-1638.
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This paper present test and analyses of piezoelectric transducers tile with drop test technique. This piezoelectric tile was tested together with bending mechanism. The bending mechanism was designed using SolidWork software and manufactured by employing 3D printer technology to conduct the evaluation. The piezoelectric transducers connected in a parallel configuration and inserted in piezoelectric tile together with bending mechanism. The drop test employed to test this piezoelectric tile with various loads and speeds. This test conducted based on free fall concept. A wooden box used as a guide to drop an object onto the piezoelectric tile. The various weight load released at a fixed height with different speeds. The output power generated based on the weight and speed of the object were recorded with average force applied on piezoelectric transducer. The highest output power generated was 634.54 µW when 6 kg load released at 2 drop/s with 1.89 N average force applied on each piezoelectric transducer. The lowest output power generated was 6.28 µW when 1 kg load released at 0.5 drop/s with 0.22 N average force applied. The results showed good output power of the piezoelectric transducer was generated for energy harvesting application.
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Hu, Jiuling, Lianjin Hong, Lili Yin, Yu Lan, Hao Sun, and Rongzhen Guo. "Research and Fabrication of Broadband Ring Flextensional Underwater Transducer." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041548.
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At present, high-speed underwater acoustic communication requires underwater transducers with the characteristics of low frequency and broadband. The low-frequency transducers also are expected to be low-frequency directional for realization of point-to-point communication. In order to achieve the above targets, this paper proposes a new type of flextensional transducer which is constructed of double mosaic piezoelectric ceramic rings and spherical cap metal shells. The transducer realizes broadband transmission by means of the coupling between radial vibration of the piezoelectric rings and high-order flexural vibration of the spherical cap metal shells. The low-frequency directional transmission of the transducer is realized by using excitation signals with different amplitude and phase on two mosaic piezoelectric rings. The relationship between transmitting voltage response (TVR), resonance frequency and structural parameters of the transducer is analyzed by finite element software COMSOL. The broadband performance of the transducer is also optimized. On this basis, the low-frequency directivity of the transducer is further analyzed and the ratio of the excitation signals of the two piezoelectric rings is obtained. Finally, a prototype of the broadband ring flextensional underwater transducer is fabricated according to the results of simulation. The electroacoustic performance of the transducer is tested in an anechoic water tank. Experimental results show that the maximum TVR of the transducer is 147.2 dB and the operation bandwidth is 1.5–4 kHz, which means that the transducer has good low-frequency, broadband transmission capability. Meanwhile, cardioid directivity is obtained at 1.4 kHz and low-frequency directivity is realized.
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Otero, Jorge, and Ivan Felis. "Measurement Transducer Impulse Response Using an Exponential Sine Sweep Method." Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-5-05752.
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The impulse response of a piezoelectric transducer can be calculated using the electrical equivalent circuit model with the Manson method for bandwidth transducers. Nevertheless, these approaches are not sufficiently precise because the importance of the homogeneous structure medium where the transducer emits the signal in part determines the bandwidth in which it acts due to the medium interactions with the environment. This paper describes preliminary research results on piezoelectric impulse response measurements in a small space, making use of the procedure presented by Angelo Farina for transducers emitting in reverberant spaces. Combining the basics of the exponential sine sweep (ESS) method, techniques of arrival detection, and signal processing it is possible to obtain the impulse response in a piezoelectric transducer emitting in a homogeneous medium.
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Pyun, Joo Young, Young Hun Kim, and Kwan Kyu Park. "Design of Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers for Underwater Applications." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041821.
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Interest in underwater transducers has persisted since the mid-1900s. Underwater transducers are designed in various shapes using various materials depending on the purpose of use, such as to achieve high power, improve broadband, and enhance beam steering. Therefore, in this study, an analysis is conducted according to the structural shape of the transducer, exterior material, and active material. By classifying transducers by structure, the transducer design trends and possible design issues can be identified. Researchers have constantly attempted new methods to improve the performance of transducers. In addition, a methodology to overcome this problem is presented. Finally, this review covers old and new research, and will serve as a reference for designers of underwater transducer.
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Gao, Quan Qin. "Modeling and Analyzing the Voltage-Displacement Performance of Cymbal Piezoelectric Transducers." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 1053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.1053.
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Voltage-Displacement Performance (VDP) is one of the most important characteristics of cymbal when it is used as actor. Based on analyzing the piezoelectric ceramic sheet stress of cymbal transducer, the piezoelectric equations with boundary stress conditions are given. And a VDP function of cymbal transducers is established. It is validated that the calculation results by the VDP function agree with the results by experiments. Through analyzing the VDP function, some curves of the relationship between the parameters of cymbal transducer and equivalent piezoelectric constant de33 are given. These curves are useful to cymbal transducer errors controlling, batch producing, and consistency performance controlling.
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Mohd Asry, Anis Maisarah, Farahiyah Mustafa, Sy Yi Sim, Maizul Ishak, and Aznizam Mohamad. "Study on footstep power generation using piezoelectric tile." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i2.pp593-599.
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<span>Electrical energy is important and had been demand increasingly. A lot of energy resources have been wasted and exhausted. An alternative way to generate electricity by using a population of human had been discovered When walking, the vibration that generates between the surface and the footstep is wasted. By utilizing this wasted energy, the electrical energy can be generated and fulfill the demand. The transducer that use to detect the vibration is a piezoelectric transducer. This transducer converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. When the pressure from the footstep is applied to the piezoelectric transducer, it will convert the pressure or the force into the electrical energy. The piezoelectric transducer is connected in series-parallel coonection. Then, it is placed on the tile that been made from wood as a model for footstep tile to give pressure to the piezoelectric transducers. This tile can be placed in the crowded area, walking pavement or exercise instruments. The electric energy that generates from this piezoelectric tile can be power up low power appliances.</span>
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Tian, Fenghua, Yiming Liu, Wenqiang Tian, Lei Wang, Baoan Hao, and Shuai Yang. "Research on the Characteristics of High-Performance Textured Ceramic Materials and Their Application in Composite Rod Transducers." Actuators 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2024): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act13110437.
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Recently, textured piezoelectric ceramics have become a hot topic in the field of piezoelectric materials. Due to their high cost-effectiveness, textured ceramics are expected to be the material of choice for the next generation of acoustic transducers. In this study, we investigated the coercive field (Ec), piezoelectric constant (d33), and dielectric constant (ε33) of textured PIN-PSN-PT ceramics under different torques, in response to the demand for the development of composite rod transducer technology for transmitting and receiving. Based on the obtained data, a wideband composite rod transducer was designed and fabricated using textured PIN-PSN-PT ceramics with high performance. Compared with conventional PZT piezoelectric ceramic transducers of the same size, the wideband composite rod transducer made with textured ceramics extends the frequency band to a lower frequency of 6.5 kHz, improves the emission performance by 2 dB, and enhances the reception performance by 2 dB. Compared with conventional PZT piezoelectric ceramics in the same frequency band, the acoustic performance is comparable, but there is a volume reduction of 59.23% and a weight reduction of 49.7%, solving the technical bottleneck of developing composite rod transducers that are miniaturized and lightweight. The research results of this study have important reference value for the engineering application of textured ceramic materials in acoustic transducers.
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Yamaguchi, Masaki. "Piezoelectric transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 4 (October 1993): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407388.
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Kikuchi, Takashi. "Piezoelectric transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99, no. 6 (1996): 3279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.414915.
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Sawafuji, Tadashi. "Piezoelectric transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, no. 5 (May 1987): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.395045.
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d’Aavolio, Antonio, and Luigi Pesenti. "Piezoelectric transducer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 6 (December 1994): 3827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410527.
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Mosland, Eivind N., Jan Kocbach, and Per Lunde. "Errors using the spatially averaged free-field pressure approximation for description of the receiving properties of piezoelectric transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016092.
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In modelling of ultrasonic measurement systems and calculation of diffraction corrections for such systems, it is often assumed that the spatially averaged free-field pressure over the front surface of a piezoelectric transducer, ⟨ p⟩, can be used to calculate its voltage output. It is of interest to investigate whether errors due to this ⟨ p⟩-approximation are acceptable for piezoelectric transducers applied in high-precision ultrasonic measurements in fluids. 3D-axisymmetric finite element (FE) modelling is used to investigate such errors in a transmit-receive measurement setup employing two identical transducers. The approximate output voltage is found by Vout = ⟨ p⟩ MV and compared to the output voltage from FE modelling of the transmitter-medium-receiver system, Vout,ref , using the appropriate boundary conditions at the two transducers. MV is the open-circuit free-field receiving voltage sensitivity of the receiver for normally incident plane wavefronts, calculated assuming spherical reciprocity. Two examples of piezoelectric transducer pairs are studied, operated in the frequency range of their lower radial modes. It is shown that the ⟨ p⟩-approximation may introduce notable deviations between V out and Vout,ref , of up to approximately 40° for the phase angle and 2 dB for the magnitude. The deviations depend on the fluid medium, separation distance, frequency, and the transducer’s construction and vibrational characteristics.
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Paeng, Dong Guk, Hyung Ham Kim, Sang Goo Lee, Sung Min Rhim, and Min Joo Choi. "Fabrication of a 40 MHz Single Element Ultrasonic Transducer Using a PMN-PT Single Crystal." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 978–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.978.
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PMN-PT, a piezoelectric single crystal, has been known to be a better material for transducer arrays due to its high electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33) and high dielectric and piezoelectric constants. It may also be good even for high frequency single element transducers using relatively high kt and low attenuation and velocity dispersion. However, it’s challenging to fabricate high frequency transducers using PMN-PT since it is easily breakable and requires small area and thickness of the transducer. A KLM model was used to simulate a 40 MHz single element transducer including 2 matching layers and a conductive backing. The simulation showed that the PMN-PT transducer turned out to be better in sensitivity and bandwidth than a 40 MHz LiNbO3 transducer. A 40 MHz PMN-29%PT transducer was fabricated and the pulse echo signals were obtained and analyzed. Its sensitivity was found to be –48 dB and –6dB bandwidth was about 48 %.
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Khandelwal, Gaurav Kumar. "Footstep Power Generation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44204.
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Abstract: We require energy for our day-to-day activities. There are numerous traditional energy-producing methods, but they are rapidly decreasing, thus a non-conventional energy system is critical to our nation at this time. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how individuals may generate electricity by walking on the floor. Piezoelectricity is recommended as an alternative energy source in this research. The goal is to discover a pollution-free energy source as well as to use and maximize the energy that is now being squandered. A piezoelectric transducer is the type of transducer used to detect vibrations. The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by this transducer. When the pressure from a footstep is delivered to a piezoelectric transducer, the pressure or force is converted into electrical energy. A series-parallel connection is used to connect the piezoelectric transducer. It is then put on a wooden tile as a model for a footstep tile to apply pressure to the piezoelectric transducers. This tile may be used in a congested location, on a walking path, or workout equipment. Low-power appliances can be powered by the electric energy generated by this piezoelectric tile.
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Dong, Yilei, Cheng Chen, and Shuyu Lin. "Coupled vibration of a radially polarized piezoelectric cylinder with a co-axial elastic cylinder of varying height." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0024358.
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The cylindrical piezoelectric transducer has the advantages of large radiation area, high electromechanical coupled coefficient, and omni-direction radiation along the radius. In this paper, a piezoelectric transducer consisting of a radially polarized piezoelectric cylinder and an outer metal cylinder of varying height is presented. The metal cylinder of varying height is approximated as the radial superposition of multiple uniform height metal cylinders, and the equivalent impedance of the transducer's coupled vibration is obtained by using the impedance matrix method, and then the resonance frequency, anti-resonance frequency, effective electromechanical coupled coefficient, and displacement amplification coefficient are obtained. In this paper, the relationship between the vibration characteristics of the cylindrical piezoelectric transducer and its geometric dimensions is studied. An experimental sample of the transducer is fabricated and assembled, and its electrical impedance curve is measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation results and the theoretical calculation results. The displacement distribution of the radiation surface of the transducer at resonance frequency is measured, which verifies that the two coupled vibration modes of the transducer can be effectively excited.
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Lu, Yuren, Chunguang Xu, Qinxue Pan, Quanpeng Yu, and Dingguo Xiao. "Research on Inherent Frequency and Vibration Characteristics of Sandwich Piezoelectric Ceramic Transducer." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239431.
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Great progress has been made in the field of ultrasonic processing in recent years, and piezoelectric ceramic transducers have been widely used as drive sources. In this paper, a sandwich piezoelectric ceramic transducer is designed, and the vibration of each part of the transducer is analyzed by elastic mechanics and piezoelectric theory. According to its mechanical and electrical boundary conditions, the vibration model of the piezoelectric transducer was established. Based on the equivalent elastic modulus method for simplifying the pre-stressed bolts into a one-dimensional transducer vibration model, the relationship between the one-dimensional axial response frequency of the transducer and the length of each component was obtained. Based on the half wavelength theory, a transducer with the vibration node in the crystal stack and an inherent frequency of 15 kHz was designed and fabricated. In order to verify the natural frequency and vibration characteristics of the piezoelectric transducer, a laser vibration measurement system was built in this study. The vibration characteristics of the transducer under different parameters such as voltage and frequency were analyzed, and the accuracy of the vibration model was verified. The vibration states of the end surface of the transducer and the radial surface were evaluated at the first-order inherent frequency and second-order inherent frequency. The results show that the equivalent simplified model established in this study can effectively design the inherent frequency of the transducer, and the operation at the first-order inherent frequency meets the one-dimensional assumptions of this study. The transducer operating conditions measured in this study also provide a more detailed reference for ultrasonic processing applications.
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Khazaee, Majid, Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, and Alireza Rezania. "Online Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machines by Self-Powered Piezoelectric Transducer from Real-Time Experimental Investigations." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 3395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093395.
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This paper investigates self-powering online condition monitoring for rotating machines by the piezoelectric transducer as an energy harvester and sensor. The method is devised for real-time working motors and relies on self-powered wireless data transfer where the data comes from the piezoelectric transducer’s output. Energy harvesting by Piezoceramic is studied under real-time motor excitations, followed by power optimization schemes. The maximum power and root mean square power generation from the motor excitation are 13.43 mW/g2 and 5.9 mW/g2, which can be enough for providing autonomous wireless data transfer. The piezoelectric transducer sensitivity to the fault is experimentally investigated, showing the considerable fault sensitivity of piezoelectric transducer output to the fault. For instance, the piezoelectric transducer output under a shaft-misalignment fault is more than 200% higher than the healthy working conditions. This outcome indicates that the monitoring of rotating machines can be achieved by using a self-powered system of the piezoelectric harvesters. Finally, a discussion on the feasible self-powered online condition monitoring is presented.
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Kacprzyk, Ryszard, and Agnieszka Mirkowska. "Bubble Electret-Elastomer Piezoelectric Transducer." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112884.
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Ferroelectret-based piezoelectric transducers are, nowadays, commonly used in energy harvesting applications due to their high piezoelectric activity. Unfortunately, the processing properties of such materials are limited, and new solutions are sought. This paper presents a new solution of a piezoelectric transducer containing electret bubbles immersed in an elastomer matrix. Application of a gas-filled dielectric bubble as the fundamental cell of the piezo-active structure is discussed. A simplified model of the structure, containing electret thin-wall bubbles and elastomer dielectric filling, was applied to determine the value of the piezoelectric coefficient, d33. An exemplary structure containing piezo-active bubbles, made of an electret material, immersed in an elastomer filling is presented. The influence of the mechanical and electrical properties of particular components on the structure piezoelectric properties are experimentally examined and confirmed. The quasi-static method was used to measure the piezoelectric coefficient, d33. The separation of requirements related to the mechanical and electrical properties of the transducer is discussed.
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Pham, Thanh Huyen, Thanh Danh Bui, and Toan Thanh Dao. "A High-Reliability Piezoelectric Tile Transducer for Converting Bridge Vibration to Electrical Energy for Smart Transportation." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051058.
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Piezoelectric energy transducers offer great potential for converting the vibrations of pedestrian footsteps or cars moving on a bridge or road into electricity. However, existing piezoelectric energy-harvesting transducers are limited by their poor durability. In this paper, to enhance this durability, a piezoelectric energy transducer with a flexible piezoelectric sensor is fabricated in a tile protype with indirect touch points and a protective spring. The electrical output of the proposed transducer is examined as a function of pressure, frequency, displacement, and load resistance. The maximum output voltage and maximum output power obtained were 6.8 V and 4.5 mW, respectively, at a pressure of 70 kPa, a displacement of 2.5 mm, and a load resistance of 15 kΩ. The designed structure limits the risk of destroying the piezoelectric sensor during operation. The harvesting tile transducer can work properly even after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, to demonstrate its practical applications, the tile was placed on the floor of an overpass and a walking tunnel. Consequently, it was observed that the electrical energy harvested from the pedestrian footsteps could power an LED light fixture. The findings suggest that the proposed tile offers promise with respect to harvesting energy produced during transportation.
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Nakamura, Kae, Yuna Koike, Yusuke Sato, and Takahiko Yanagitani. "Giga-hertz ultrasonic reflectometry for fingerprint imaging using epitaxial PbTiO3 transducers." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 17 (October 24, 2022): 172903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106931.
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A fingerprint reader based on epitaxial PbTiO3 (PTO) transducer array operating thickness extensional mode in GHz range was fabricated. The device consisted of nine square transducers with 0.1 mm per side arranged 1.3 mm apart in a 3 × 3 array. Minimum conversion loss of the fabricated transducer was 2.5 dB at 0.8 GHz, and electromechanical coupling coefficient kt2 was estimated to be 28.9%. In contrast to MHz range ultrasonic fingerprint readers such as those based on piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers using a piezoelectric transducer and ScAlN, a GHz range transducer enables imaging in higher spatial resolution. Furthermore, PTO transducers have a high dielectric constant and electromechanical coupling coefficient kt2. A high dielectric constant realizes 50 Ω impedance matching with small electrode area. The small acoustic source is expected to improve the spatial resolution of a fingerprint reader. We achieved the fingerprint imaging by evaluating the acoustic reflectance of the medium/transducer interface. Furthermore, piezostage that allows mechanical movement in the 100 nm order was introduced to image a 12 × 12 μm2 area with total of 3600 data points.
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Liu, Houguang, Hehe Wang, Zhushi Rao, Jianhua Yang, and Shanguo Yang. "Numerical Study and Optimization of a Novel Piezoelectric Transducer for a Round-Window Stimulating Type Middle-Ear Implant." Micromachines 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10010040.
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Round window (RW) stimulation is a new application of middle ear implants for treating hearing loss, especially for those with middle ear disease. However, most reports on it are based on the use of the floating mass transducer (FMT), which was not originally designed for round window stimulation. The mismatch of the FMT’s diameter and the round window membrane’s diameter and the uncontrollable preload of the transducer, leads to a high variability in its clinical outcomes. Accordingly, a new piezoelectric transducer for the round-window-stimulating-type middle ear implant is proposed in this paper. The transducer consists of a piezoelectric stack, a flextensional amplifier, a coupling rod, a salver, a plate, a titanium housing and a supporting spring. Based on a constructed coupling finite element model of the human ear and the transducer, the influences of the transducer design parameters on its performance were analyzed. The optimal structure of the supporting spring, which determines the transducer’s resonance frequency, was ascertained. The results demonstrate that our designed transducer generates better output than the FMT, especially at low frequency. Besides this, the power consumption of the transducer was significantly decreased compared with a recently reported RW-stimulating piezoelectric transducer.
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Dabrowski, Arkadiusz P., Slawomir Owczarzak, Henryk Roguszczak, and Leszek J. Golonka. "LTCC Piezoelectric Transducer for Energy Harvesting." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (September 1, 2015): 000105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tp41.
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In this paper, design, technology and properties of multi cantilever transducer for energy harvesting application were described. The piezoelectric transducer was made in LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics) technology using PZT (Lead Zirconate-Titanate) based tape. In such devices the highest power can be reached at resonance frequencies of the cantilevers. Eight bimorph transducers with lengths corresponding to 33, 50, 58, 66, 75, 82, 91 and 100 Hz resonant frequency, were designed. The transducers were polarized in serial or parallel configuration. To avoid voltage reduction in the system of a few piezoelectric bimorphs, rectifiers were applied for each cantilever. Transducers had optimum resistance in ranges of 60–140 kΩ and 300–600 kΩ for bimorphs poled in parallel and serial configuration, respectively. The mean output power under sinusoidal excitation with 20 μm vibration amplitude calculated from all maxima at resonant frequencies for optimum load, were equal to 10.3 μW and 12.4μW for parallel and serial configurations with rectifier. Without rectifier the values were equal to 18.2 μW for both the transducers. In case of mean output power, the difference between both the transducers was not really significant, however at higher frequency the maximum power was higher for serial configuration. Besides, the output voltage obtained in serial bimorph was higher than in parallel one. The mean power density for all the resonant peaks measured at 0.41 g was equal to 210 μW/cm3/g and 360 μW/cm3/g with and without rectifier, respectively.
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Hale, J. M., and J. Tuck. "A novel thick-film strain transducer using piezoelectric paint." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522545.
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This paper describes the manufacture and testing of a novel strain transducer for use in structural vibration monitoring, based on piezoelectric paint. The materials selection and development of application techniques are outlined for the three principal components of the transducer (paint binder, piezoelectric material and electrode). The final design comprised a suspension of milled lead zirconate/lead titanate (PZT) ceramic powder in lacquer with a gold electrode formed by vapour deposition. The transducers were tested for variability and for dynamic properties (bandwidth and dynamic range). It was found that there is considerable scatter between the output sensitivities of individual transducers, but that the dynamic properties are very consistent. It is shown that the techniques developed form the basis for a viable vibration transducer in the range 20–600 Hz.
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Rządkowski, Witold, and Paweł Pyrzanowski. "Determination of Damage to the Piezoelectric Sensor by Measuring the Electrical Capacitance." Solid State Phenomena 240 (August 2015): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.240.31.
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This work presents testing mechanical defects of MFC piezoelectric transducers. The issue is important when piezoelectric transducer is used as eg. strain sensor. Repeatability of measurements is a goal, which can be obtained only if transducer has the same physical properties in every measurement. One way to determine damaged part of the sensor is measuring capacitance of MFC transducer. A couple of tests were performed to determine capacitance under non-destroying cyclic loading, and with loads causing PZT failure. Relation of capacity and load level was also investigated. All tests were validated with results from traditional resistive strain gauge
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Nek Daud, Nik Fakhri, Ruzlaini Ghoni, Mohd Tarmizi Ibrahim, and Wan Raihan Wan Shaaidi. "Piezoelectric transducer comparison for vibrational motion energy harvesting." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2319, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2319/1/012016.
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Abstract Mechanical waste energy can be used to generate naturally responsive power. Vibration is a frequent type of mechanical energy source. This work describes the use of unimorph, bimorph, and ceramic disc piezoelectric transducers to capture vibrational motion energy to fulfil the energy requirements of mobile electronic gadgets. The piezoelectric transducer is one of the most widely utilised mechanisms for vibration energy collecting due to its design versatility. The ability to collect vibration energy from motorcycle engines was conceptually and experimentally assessed on different motorcycle engine speeds, frequency and comparable time length, acceleration, and output voltages. The study’s goal was to empirically confirm the idea that bimorph piezoelectric transducers outperform unimorph and ceramic disc piezoelectric transducers. We also show that increased motor speeds and varied frequencies provided to the output voltage production.
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Koyano, Akio. "Piezoelectric transducer for piezoelectric loudspeaker." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, no. 1 (January 1987): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.394967.
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Wang, Ying. "Simulation study on acoustic performance of Tonpilz piezoelectric transducers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2814, no. 1 (August 1, 2024): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2814/1/012044.
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Abstract The Tonpilz configuration of transducers is recognized for its capability to generate high-power acoustic emissions at relatively lower frequencies, which is a prevalent setup in sonar systems. Comprising a frontal radiating element, a rear casing, and a piezoelectric ceramic ring sandwiched between them and affixed by a central bolt, this study delineates the inclusion of bolt pretension impact. The investigation assesses the structural and acoustic ramifications of the transducer’s frequency response. These findings indicate the commendable acoustic performance of the transducer.
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Ahmad, K. A., A. Abd Manaf, Z. Hussain Hussain, and Z. Janin. "Design Flexural Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers Array based d33 Mode Polarization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp59-65.
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Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducer (PAT) is a transducers used in many application such as medical diagnostic, medical ultrasonic imaging and underwater acoustic applications. Latest research, PAT were investigated in marine application and underwater acoustic imaging. Conventional PAT is design based on sensing element, Piezoelectric Material, matching layer and backing layer. But the conventional method still has problem with issues of narrow bandwidth, directivity and low sensitivity. This problem is occurred when the transducer need to increase the image resolution. The size of single element will become smaller to meet the requirement of high resolution. PZT-5H have high piezoelectric constant (d31) and low dielectric loss. It is chosen as sensing element in this design of PAT because it will increase the sensitivity of transducers. The PAT is design based on d33 mode polarization to improve the receiving sensitivity. The fabrication process are included wet etching on Printed Circuit Board (PCB), spin coated Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and baked transducer on hot plate. PAT is characterized using Pulse-Echo method. Pulse-Echo method will determine the sensitivity, directivity and operating bandwidth of acoustic transducers in underwater applications. Open circuit receiving voltage (OCRV) is voltage response to determine the sensitivity of acoustic transducer. The commercial projector and hydrophone will calibrate to obtain the reliability of result. In cross talk test, at some particular frequency, Pin 2 and Pin 3 have low sensitivity value. It is because Pin 2 and Pin 3 received low acoustic wave pressure. The PAT array based d33 mode polarization shows it has more receiving sensitive compared to commercial acoustic transducers. The design transducer has sensitivity at -56 dB re 1V/µPa at resonance frequency, 100kHz and fractional bandwidth at 30%.
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Meng, Xiangdi, and Shuyu Lin. "Analysis of a Cascaded Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducer with Three Sets of Piezoelectric Ceramic Stacks." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030580.
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To increase the ultrasonic intensity and power of a piezoelectric transducer, a cascaded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with the three sets of piezoelectric ceramic stacks is analyzed. The cascaded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer consists of four metal cylinders and three sets of piezoelectric ceramic stacks in the longitudinal direction. In analysis, the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the cascaded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer is obtained, as well as the resonance/anti-resonance frequencies equations. By means of an analytical method, when the position of piezoelectric ceramic stacks PZT-2/PZT-3 changes, the resonance/anti-resonance frequencies and the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of the cascaded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer have certain characteristics. Several prototypes of the cascaded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer are manufactured. The experimentally measured resonance frequencies are in good agreement with the theoretical and simulated results. The cascaded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with three sets of piezoelectric ceramic stacks presented in this paper is expected to be used in the field of high power ultrasound.
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Buchacz, Andrzej, and Marek Płaczek. "Damping of Mechanical Vibrations Using Piezoelements, Including Influence of Connection Layer’s Properties on the Dynamic Characteristic." Solid State Phenomena 147-149 (January 2009): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.147-149.869.
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The paper presents analysis of flexural vibrating machatronic system. Considered system is compounded of a cantilever bending beam and a strip-like piezoelectric transducer. The transducer is bonded with the beam surface by means of connection layer which has homogeneous properties in whole length. External RC circuit is adjoined to the transducer’s clamps. This mechatronic system is loaded with harmoniousness variable force. Beam’s vibrations affect piezoelectric transducer through the agency of connection layer which generates electric charge and produces additional stiffness. Dynamic equations of considered mechatronic system were determined on the basis of elementary beam and transducer’s section dynamic equilibrium. Transducer’s dynamic equation was assigned using transducer’s piezoelectric properties. Dynamic flexibility of considered mechatronic system was assigned on the basis of approximate Galerkin’s method. Solution of beam’s differential motion’s equation was defined as a product of time and displacement’s eigenfunctions which satisfy defined boundary conditions. Dynamic characteristic of considered mechatronic system, including pure shear of the connection layer was assigned on the end of the beam and illustrated on the chart at the same time taking into account beam and transducer’s geometrical and material parameters.
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Hao, Shaohua, Hongwei Wang, Chao Zhong, Likun Wang, and Hao Zhang. "Research and Fabrication of High-Frequency Broadband and Omnidirectional Transmitting Transducer." Sensors 18, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072347.
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A wide-band cylindrical transducer was developed by using the wide band of the composite material and the matched matching layer for multimode coupling. Firstly, the structure size of the transducer’s sensitive component was designed by using ANSYS simulation software. Secondly, the piezoelectric composite ring-shaped sensitive component was fabricated by the piezoelectric composite curved-surface forming process, and the matching layer was coated on the periphery of the ring-shaped piezoelectric composite material. Finally, it was encapsulated and the electrodes were drawn out to make a high-frequency broadband horizontal omnidirectional water acoustic transducer prototype. After testing, the working frequency range of the transducer was 230–380 kHz, and the maximum transmission voltage response was 168 dB in the water.
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Liu, Zhao, Yang, and Rao. "The Influence of Piezoelectric Transducer Stimulating Sites on the Performance of Implantable Middle Ear Hearing Devices: A Numerical Analysis." Micromachines 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10110782.
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To overcome the inherent deficiencies of hearing aids, implantable middle ear hearing devices (IMEHDs) have emerged as a new treatment for hearing loss. However, clinical results show that the IMEHD performance varies with its transducer’s stimulating site. To numerically analyze the influence of the piezoelectric transducer’s stimulating sites on its hearing compensation performance, we constructed a human ear finite element model and confirmed its validity. Based on this finite element model, the displacement stimulation, which simulates the piezoelectric transducer’s stimulation, was applied to the umbo, the incus long process, the incus body, the stapes, and the round window membrane, respectively. Then, the stimulating site’s effect of the piezoelectric transducer was analyzed by comparing the corresponding displacements of the basilar membrane. Besides, the stimulating site’s sensitivity to the direction of excitation was also studied. The result of the finite element analysis shows that stimulating the incus body is least efficient for the piezoelectric transducer. Meanwhile, stimulating the round window membrane or the stapes generates a higher basilar membrane displacement than stimulating the eardrum or the incus long process. However, the performance of these two ideal sites’ stimulation is sensitive to the changes in the excitation’s direction. Thus, the round window membrane and the stapes is the ideal stimulating sites for the piezoelectric transducer regarding the driving efficiency. The direction of the excitation should be guaranteed for these ideal sites.
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Rodríguez, Orlando, and J. Enrique Chong-Quero. "A numerical investigation of power loss in a thickness-mode piezoelectric transducer." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 30, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 045003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-651x/ac54c6.
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Abstract Power loss reduction in piezoelectric transducers has been attracting the attention of diverse researchers and the ultrasonic technology manufactures for years. In this context, fundamentally two frequencies have been profusely investigated to excite these transducers, namely the resonance and antiresonance ones. However, more recently other operation points have been examined. This article presents a numerical investigation of power loss in a thickness-extensional mode piezoelectric transducer, excited at its fundamental resonance, and designed with the data compatible with a very-high mechanical quality factor (Q m) piezoceramic. Additionally, harmonic electric excitations of the device and a constant velocity of its front face were supposed, when it was acoustically coupled to air or water loads, i.e. in real loading conditions for numerous applications. In this investigation it was found an optimal operation point where a remarkable power loss reduction may be obtained regarding excitations at the resonance or antiresonance frequencies. Finally, it was discovered that power loss frequency spectrum depends on the external acoustic load for this type of transducers. In simulations, a linear piezoelectrics was assumed.
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Bansevicius, Ramutis, Dalius Mazeika, Vytautas Jurenas, Genadijus Kulvietis, and Asta Drukteiniene. "Multi-DOF Ultrasonic Actuators for Laser Beam Positioning." Shock and Vibration 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4919505.
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A novel design concept of multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) piezoelectric actuator is introduced in the paper. The main idea is to connect two identical piezoelectric transducers by hyperelastic material in order to increase the total number of degrees-of-freedom of the system. Such design principle also allows to separate vibrations of two piezoelectric transducers and to control them independently. The ring- and cylinder-type piezoelectric transducers were used to design two multi-DOF ultrasonic actuators for precise laser beam positioning. Reflecting mirror is mounted on the top of the actuator and is preloaded by magnetic force. Both disc- and cylinder-type actuators can realize up to six degrees-of-freedom, i.e., to rotate the mirror about three axes employing one transducer and to position mirror in the plane by using another transducer. Bidirectional rotation and translation motion of the mirror are obtained by switching excitation signals between different electrodes of the transducers. Both the numerical simulation and physical prototype were used to verify operating principle of the actuators. Numerical investigation of the piezoelectric actuator was performed to investigate modal-frequency and harmonic response analysis while experimental study was performed to measure electrical and mechanical output characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator. A mathematical model of contacting force control was proposed, and numerical verification was performed when the mirror need to be rotated according to the specific motion trajectory.
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HASEGAWA, Akio, and Toshiaki KIKUCHI. "Piezoelectric rubber transducer." Journal of the Marine Acoustics Society of Japan 19, no. 3 (1992): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3135/jmasj.19.133.
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