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Journal articles on the topic 'Piezoelectric transducers – Design and construction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Karaiskos, Grigoris, Sébastien Flawinne, Jean Yves Sener, and Arnaud Deraemaeker. "Design and Validation of Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers for Damage Detection Applications in Concrete Structures." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.805.

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Current maintenance of concrete civil infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, dams and highways, is based on scheduled inspection consisting in visual and/or local inspection techniques (i.e. acoustic/ultrasonic methods, radiography, eddy-current methods). A major trend in the field is the development of automated on-line monitoring systems. The current study is focused on the use of ultrasonic wave propagation techniques based on embedded piezoelectric transducers for the on-line monitoring of the damage state in concrete. The technique is based on the use of an ultrasonic emitter-receiver pair and the construction of a damage indicator focused on the early wave arrival. The proposed simple monitoring system is implemented during several pull-out tests on concrete blocks. The results demonstrate the excellent performance of the system which is able to detect the initiation and follow the evolution of the cracking until complete failure.

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2

Zhang, Xu, Jiang Cheng, Gongzhe Qiu, Jun Tu, XiaoChun Song, and Chen Cai. "Shear horizontal circumferential wave EMAT design for pipeline inspection based on FEM." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209405.

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The electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is widely used in In-Line Inspection of gas pipeline. However, the transduction efficiency of the EMAT transmitter is lower compared with the traditional piezoelectric transducer and needs improving. To enhance the amplitude of the received signal, an improved periodic-permanent-magnet EMAT is provided as well as its construction method to generate shear horizontal guided waves propagating in the circumferential direction. By designing a racetrack coil and magnetic array with the same radian of the annular pipeline, the EMAT is more suitable to generate the circumferential wave in the pipeline. The performance of the EMAT transmitter has been assessed with the validated finite element model.

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3

WANG, Q., N. WU, and S. T. QUEK. "ACOUSTIC WAVE IN PIEZOELECTRIC COUPLED PLATES WITH OPEN CIRCUIT." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 10, no. 02 (June 2010): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455410003476.

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An accurate modeling of the piezoelectric effect of coupled structures is essential to application of piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators in engineering structures, such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems and Interdigital Transducer for health monitoring of structures. This paper presents a simulation for the shear horizontal wave propagation in an infinite metal plate surface bonded by a piezoelectric layer with open electrical circuit, with focus on the dispersion characteristics of a metal core bonded by a layer of piezoelectric material to be used in health monitoring of structures. The dispersive characteristics and mode shapes of the deflection, electric potential, and electric displacement of the piezoelectric layer are theoretically derived. The results from numerical simulations show that the phase velocity of the piezoelectric coupled plate approaches the bulk-shear wave velocity of the substrate at high wavenumbers. The mode shapes of electric potential and deflection of the piezoelectric layer with steel substrates change from a shape with few zero nodes to one with more zero nodes at higher wavenumbers and with thicker piezoelectric layer. For the coupled plate with gold substrates at higher wavenumbers, the electric potential is found to jump from null at the interface of the piezoelectric layer and the substrate to a constant at the surface of the piezoelectric layer along the thickness direction. These findings are useful to the design of sensors using the piezoelectric coupled structures.

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4

Luo, Ying, and Zi Ping Wang. "Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of OPCM Array Transducer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 83 (July 2011): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.83.109.

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Orthotropic piezoelectric compose material (OPCM) is used as functional material for a new OPCM array transducer which can be applied in a wide range of fields such as natural gas, power industry, aero-space, and other non-destructive evaluation fields. The development of ultrasonic array transducer is still in the initial stages and it can be strongly enhanced by using design tools. The transducer is designed by flat construction and composed of backing layer, OPCM array element and protective layer. A procedure and a specific constitutive model are presented in this work together with simulation of OPCM element transducer of general array parameters and matching layer thickness. Models are required for the design and fabrication of OPCM array transducer. Also the properties of frequency, impedance, directivity and relative sensitivity distribution are measured from calibration experiment. The OPCM array transducer is excited by voltage and the corresponding sensitivity analysis is presented. To frequency and impedance, the experimental results show that the bandwidth is increased and the effects of side and grating lobe are reduced by using the matching layer. The OPCM array transducer has orthotropic performance. This special performance can be used to actuate and sense the stress wave in special direction.

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5

Fusiek, Grzegorz, and Pawel Niewczas. "Photonic Voltage Transducer with Lightning Impulse Protection for Distributed Monitoring of MV Networks." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174830.

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The design, construction and characterization of a photonic voltage transducer with a lightning impulse protection for distributed measurements on medium voltage (MV) networks (11 kV) was presented in this paper. The sensor prototype, comprising a combination of a piezoelectric transducer and a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) as a core optical sensing element, and a dedicated lightning protection device comprising a set of reactive components, was evaluated through laboratory testing and its performance was assessed based on the accuracy requirements specified by the relevant industry standards. It was demonstrated that the sensor has the potential to meet the accuracy requirements for the 3P protection and 0.2 metering classes specified by the IEC 60044-7. The device successfully underwent lightning impulse withstand tests, satisfying the safety requirements applicable to 11 kV networks as specified by the standard. The usage of an FBG as a photonic sensing component enables the multiplexing of multiple such sensors to provide the distributed measurement of voltage along a power network.

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6

Sikorski, Wojciech. "Active Dielectric Window: A New Concept of Combined Acoustic Emission and Electromagnetic Partial Discharge Detector for Power Transformers." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010115.

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The detection and location of partial discharge (PD) is of great significance in evaluating the insulation condition of power transformers. This paper presents an active dielectric window (ADW), which is a new concept of combined acoustic emission (AE) and electromagnetic PD detector intended for assembly in a transformer’s inspection hatch. The novelty of this design lies in the fact that all structural components of an ultrasonic transducer, i.e., the matching and backing layer, an active piezoelectric element with electrodes, and electrical leads, were built into a dielectric window. Due to the fact that its construction was optimized for work in mineral oil, it is characterized by much higher sensitivity of PD detection than a general-purpose AE sensor mounted outside a transformer tank. Laboratory tests showed that the amplitude of the AE pulses generated by creeping discharges, which were registered by the ADW, was around five times higher on average than the pulses registered by a commonly used contact transducer. A possibility of simultaneous detection of acoustic and electromagnetic pulses (with an integrated ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna) is an important advantage of the ADW. It allows for an increase in the reliability of PD detection, the accuracy of defect location, and the effectiveness of disturbance identification. This paper describes in detail the applied methods of designing and modeling the ADW components, the manufacturing process of the prototype construction, and the results of preliminary laboratory tests, in which the detector’s sensitivity as well as the efficiency of the PD source location were evaluated.

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7

Hossack, J. A., and R. L. Bedi. "Design of Composite Piezoelectric Transducers." Key Engineering Materials 92-93 (February 1994): 301–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.92-93.301.

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8

Ruiz, David, José Carlos Bellido, and Alberto Donoso. "Optimal Design of Piezoelectric Modal Transducers." Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 25, no. 2 (November 18, 2016): 313–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11831-016-9200-5.

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9

Donoso, Alberto, and José Carlos Bellido. "Robust design of multimodal piezoelectric transducers." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 338 (August 2018): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.04.016.

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10

Silva, Emílio Carlos Nelli, and Noboru Kikuchi. "Design of piezoelectric transducers using topology optimization." Smart Materials and Structures 8, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/8/3/307.

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11

Brown, L. F. "Design considerations for piezoelectric polymer ultrasound transducers." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 47, no. 6 (November 2000): 1377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.883527.

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12

Naida, S. A. "Principles of construction of piezoelectric transducers of an acoustothermometer." Electronics and Communications 17, no. 1 (May 28, 2012): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2012.17.1.220273.

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13

Salowitz, Nathan Picchietti, Sang-Jong Kim, Fotis Kopsaftopoulos, Yu-Hung Li, and Fu-Kuo Chang. "Design and analysis of radially polarized screen-printed piezoelectric transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16666177.

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Piezoelectric transducers have applications from ultrasonic structural health monitoring to micro-electromechanical systems. Small physical size coupled with large actuation is desirable in many applications, requiring unique transducer designs to take advantage of the material properties. Screen-printed piezoceramics were developed as a means of mass producing mezzo-scale transducers that are geometrically small and light weight, but large enough to generate significant actuation. Screen-printed piezoceramic transducers display significantly different properties than chemically identical bulk ceramic elements, largely attributed to high void fraction of screen-printed piezoceramic materials and detrimental to the functionality of traditional transducer designs. This article presents analysis, simulation, and initial testing of new designs for screen-printed piezoceramic transducers with concentric through-thickness electrodes. Analytical models were developed enabling analysis across material properties and design parameters. Analytical results were verified against finite element models for some designs. Prototypes were created and underwent initial testing to assess the properties of the design.

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14

Ronda, Silvia, and Francisco Montero de Espinosa. "Design of piezoelectric piston-like piezoelectric transducers based on a phononic crystal." Advances in Applied Ceramics 117, no. 3 (November 21, 2017): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2017.1391974.

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15

Rubio, Wilfredo Montealegre, Flávio Buiochi, Julio Cezar Adamowski, and Emílio C. N. Silva. "Topology optimized design of functionally graded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers." Physics Procedia 3, no. 1 (January 2010): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.114.

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16

Ichinose, Yutaka. "Optimum design of a piezoelectric diaphragm for telephone transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 3 (September 1991): 1246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401916.

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17

Hladky‐Hennion, Anne‐Christine, Didace Ekeom, Fabrice Duval, and Eric Cattan. "Design, fabrication and characterisation of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2934000.

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18

Dreyer, Thomas, Marko Liebler, Rainer E. Riedlinger, and Siegfried Ginter. "Design of compact piezoelectric transducers for shock wave applications." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, no. 4 (October 2003): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4779871.

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19

Hladky-Hennion, A. C., J. C. Debus, B. Dubus, F. Duval, C. Granger, P. Mosbah, J. Assaad, S. Grondel, E. Cattan, and R. E. Newnham. "Design, analysis and fabrication of high frequency piezoelectric transducers." Journal of Electroceramics 19, no. 4 (February 23, 2007): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9057-y.

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20

Shi, Zhifei, and Jianjun Wang. "Dynamic analysis of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 1 (September 21, 2012): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12460340.

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Exact dynamic analysis of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers is presented based on the theory of piezo-elasticity in this article. The solutions of four different kinds of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers under external harmonic load are obtained by using the displacement method. The effects of polarization direction of piezoelectric layers and thickness and distance of piezoelectric layers on the responses of the transducers are discussed. Comparisons with other related experimental investigations are also given, and good agreement is found. The results obtained in the present investigation provide a comprehensive understanding and can be referenced in the design of 2-2 cement–based piezoelectric transducers.

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21

Eßlinger, Sophia, Andreas Schönecker, and Peter Neumeister. "Poling Technologies and Design Optimization for Integrated Piezoelectric Bulk Transducers and Piezoelectric Composites." Advanced Engineering Materials 20, no. 12 (August 7, 2018): 1800408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800408.

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22

Ahmad, K. A., A. Abd Manaf, Z. Hussain Hussain, and Z. Janin. "Design Flexural Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers Array based d33 Mode Polarization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp59-65.

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Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducer (PAT) is a transducers used in many application such as medical diagnostic, medical ultrasonic imaging and underwater acoustic applications. Latest research, PAT were investigated in marine application and underwater acoustic imaging. Conventional PAT is design based on sensing element, Piezoelectric Material, matching layer and backing layer. But the conventional method still has problem with issues of narrow bandwidth, directivity and low sensitivity. This problem is occurred when the transducer need to increase the image resolution. The size of single element will become smaller to meet the requirement of high resolution. PZT-5H have high piezoelectric constant (d31) and low dielectric loss. It is chosen as sensing element in this design of PAT because it will increase the sensitivity of transducers. The PAT is design based on d33 mode polarization to improve the receiving sensitivity. The fabrication process are included wet etching on Printed Circuit Board (PCB), spin coated Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and baked transducer on hot plate. PAT is characterized using Pulse-Echo method. Pulse-Echo method will determine the sensitivity, directivity and operating bandwidth of acoustic transducers in underwater applications. Open circuit receiving voltage (OCRV) is voltage response to determine the sensitivity of acoustic transducer. The commercial projector and hydrophone will calibrate to obtain the reliability of result. In cross talk test, at some particular frequency, Pin 2 and Pin 3 have low sensitivity value. It is because Pin 2 and Pin 3 received low acoustic wave pressure. The PAT array based d33 mode polarization shows it has more receiving sensitive compared to commercial acoustic transducers. The design transducer has sensitivity at -56 dB re 1V/µPa at resonance frequency, 100kHz and fractional bandwidth at 30%.

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23

Ronda, Silvia, José Aragón, Elvira Iglesias, and Francisco Montero de Espinosa. "The Use of Phononic Crystals to Design Piezoelectric Power Transducers." Sensors 17, no. 4 (March 31, 2017): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17040729.

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24

Goh, Pin Hong, Ming-Jun Li, and Nien-Ti Tsou. "The design and analysis for low-frequency piezoelectric cymbal transducers." Ceramics International 43 (August 2017): S49—S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.05.207.

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25

Lin, Shuyu. "Design of piezoelectric sandwich ultrasonic transducers with large cross-section." Applied Acoustics 44, no. 3 (1995): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-682x(94)00022-n.

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26

Bansevicius, Ramutis, Dalius Mazeika, Vytautas Jurenas, Genadijus Kulvietis, and Asta Drukteiniene. "Multi-DOF Ultrasonic Actuators for Laser Beam Positioning." Shock and Vibration 2019 (February 10, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4919505.

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A novel design concept of multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DOF) piezoelectric actuator is introduced in the paper. The main idea is to connect two identical piezoelectric transducers by hyperelastic material in order to increase the total number of degrees-of-freedom of the system. Such design principle also allows to separate vibrations of two piezoelectric transducers and to control them independently. The ring- and cylinder-type piezoelectric transducers were used to design two multi-DOF ultrasonic actuators for precise laser beam positioning. Reflecting mirror is mounted on the top of the actuator and is preloaded by magnetic force. Both disc- and cylinder-type actuators can realize up to six degrees-of-freedom, i.e., to rotate the mirror about three axes employing one transducer and to position mirror in the plane by using another transducer. Bidirectional rotation and translation motion of the mirror are obtained by switching excitation signals between different electrodes of the transducers. Both the numerical simulation and physical prototype were used to verify operating principle of the actuators. Numerical investigation of the piezoelectric actuator was performed to investigate modal-frequency and harmonic response analysis while experimental study was performed to measure electrical and mechanical output characteristics of the piezoelectric actuator. A mathematical model of contacting force control was proposed, and numerical verification was performed when the mirror need to be rotated according to the specific motion trajectory.

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27

He, Cunfu, Yaoyao Wang, Yan Lu, Yuepeng Liu, and Bin Wu. "Design and Fabrication of Air-Based 1-3 Piezoelectric Composite Transducer for Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Applications." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4982616.

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The air-based 1-3 piezoelectric composite transducers are designed and fabricated in order to solve the acoustic impedance matching problem. Firstly, a finite element model using honeycomb structure as the piezoelectric composite matrix is built to reduce the acoustic impedance of the sensitive element. Three important factors, volume fraction of piezoelectric materialsφ, the thicknessh, and the sizesof the square cross section of piezoelectric column, are examined and verified in simulation. Then, according to the result of simulation, the piezoelectric composites and the air-coupled transducers are fabricated. The honeycomb structures of resin are produced by the method of 3D printing technology, with the volume fraction of air being 30%. The impedance characteristics and the excitation/reception performance of the air-coupled transducers are measured and optimized. Meanwhile, a scanning experiment is carried out to demonstrate the crack detection process in monocrystalline silicon.A0mode of Lamb waves is excited and collected. The location and size of the defect will be determined by calculating the correlation coefficients of the received signals and reference signals. Finally, a 15 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm scratch is clearly distinguished.

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28

Dabrowski, Arkadiusz P., Slawomir Owczarzak, Henryk Roguszczak, and Leszek J. Golonka. "LTCC Piezoelectric Transducer for Energy Harvesting." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (September 1, 2015): 000105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tp41.

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In this paper, design, technology and properties of multi cantilever transducer for energy harvesting application were described. The piezoelectric transducer was made in LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics) technology using PZT (Lead Zirconate-Titanate) based tape. In such devices the highest power can be reached at resonance frequencies of the cantilevers. Eight bimorph transducers with lengths corresponding to 33, 50, 58, 66, 75, 82, 91 and 100 Hz resonant frequency, were designed. The transducers were polarized in serial or parallel configuration. To avoid voltage reduction in the system of a few piezoelectric bimorphs, rectifiers were applied for each cantilever. Transducers had optimum resistance in ranges of 60–140 kΩ and 300–600 kΩ for bimorphs poled in parallel and serial configuration, respectively. The mean output power under sinusoidal excitation with 20 μm vibration amplitude calculated from all maxima at resonant frequencies for optimum load, were equal to 10.3 μW and 12.4μW for parallel and serial configurations with rectifier. Without rectifier the values were equal to 18.2 μW for both the transducers. In case of mean output power, the difference between both the transducers was not really significant, however at higher frequency the maximum power was higher for serial configuration. Besides, the output voltage obtained in serial bimorph was higher than in parallel one. The mean power density for all the resonant peaks measured at 0.41 g was equal to 210 μW/cm3/g and 360 μW/cm3/g with and without rectifier, respectively.

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29

Altammar, Hussain, Anoop Dhingra, and Nathan Salowitz. "Damage Detection Using d15 Piezoelectric Sensors in a Laminate Beam Undergoing Three-Point Bending." Actuators 8, no. 4 (September 29, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act8040070.

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A major inhibition to the widespread use of laminate structures is the inability of nondestructive testing techniques to effectively evaluate the bondline integrity. This work proposes and analyzes a bondline-integrity health monitoring approach utilizing shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers. The d15 transducers were embedded in the bondlines of symmetric laminate structures to monitor and evaluate the bondline integrity using ultrasonic inspection. The d15 piezoelectric transducers made of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) enabled ultrasonic inspection of bonds by actuating and sensing antisymmetric waves in laminate structures. Design considerations, fabrication process, and experimental methods for testing a laminate specimen are presented. Designs included bondline-embedded d15 PZT piezoelectric transducers with surface-mounted transverse (d31) piezoelectric transducers for signal comparison. Defects in the bondline were created by a quasi-static three-point bending test, with results showing the ability of d15 piezoelectric transducers to detect bondline damage. Two damage indices based on Pearson correlation coefficient and normalized signal energy were implemented to evaluate the presence of damage and its severity. The experimental results demonstrate the ability of bondline-embedded d15 piezoelectric transducers to be used as actuators and sensors for ultrasonic health monitoring of bondline integrity. A comparison between surface-mounted d31 PZT and bondline-embedded d15 PZT sensors was also conducted. It was seen that signals sensed by bondline-embedded d15 PZTs showed higher distortion due to bondline defects compared with the sensed signals from the surface-mounted d31 PZT.

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30

Biscani, Fabio, Houssein Nasser, and Salim Belouettar. "Directional dependence of the static response of layered piezoelectric transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 23, no. 12 (May 28, 2012): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12445646.

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Directionality of the static response of piezoelectric transducers is investigated in terms of strain and stress piezoelectric constants. Layered transducers that are composed of several orthotropic passive layers and one single active layer are considered. Both monolithic and composite piezoelectric layers are taken into account. Equivalent properties are derived via analytical mixing rules and validated towards a numerical homogenisation method. A design that guarantees maximum directional dependence in terms of strain piezoelectric constants is proposed. Transducer’s response in terms of directionality when it is mounted as a sensor patch on a mechanical structure is investigated.

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31

Kim, Gaul, and Köhler. "Improved SH0 Guided Wave Transducers Based on Piezoelectric Fiber Patches." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 6, 2019): 2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132990.

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A piezoelectric fiber patch (PFP) is a transducer type that is suitable for guided-wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) due to its light, thin, and flexible characteristics. In our previous work, a PFP-based transducer design for selective excitation of the zero-order shear horizontal wave mode (SH0) was introduced (shear horizontal PFP (SHPFP)). In this work, two modified SH0 wave PFP transducer designs are proposed: the rounded corner design and the dual design. The degree of improvement is determined by a numerical simulation and the dual design—the design with the most promise—is experimentally realized. Laser Vibrometry measured the generated wave field, confirming the results from the simulation. The new designs can generate an almost pure SH0 wave. The dual design has a very strong directivity that is useful for several guided-wave-based SHM applications. The conclusions on the design’s properties as a transmitter are also valid for its properties as a sensor due to the reciprocity of piezoelectric transducers.

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32

Wang, Wenjie, Weihao Shi, Peter Thomas, and Mingsui Yang. "Design and Analysis of Two Piezoelectric Cymbal Transducers with Metal Ring and Add Mass." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010137.

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Based on traditional sandwich structure, two piezoelectric transducers were designed to meet the strict underwater application backgrounds such as high pressure, corrosion resistance, and high strength. Both transducers integrated most of previous researches while one transducer has a multilayer cavity structure which is different from the other structure and previous transducer structures. After a detailed simulation analysis of every structural parameter, key parameters were pointed out to have an obvious influence on its performance. Then, two models were constructed and compared with chosen sets of geometry parameters and manufacturing process, which can also provide a reference for low-frequency transducer design. The simulation results and experimental results of our transducers show a good consistency which indicates the cavity structure can reduce the resonance frequency.

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33

Takano, Masahiro, Mikio Takimoto, and Kentaro Nakamura. "Electrode design of multilayered piezoelectric transducers for longitudinal-bending ultrasonic actuators." Acoustical Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (2011): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.32.100.

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34

Kwon, Soo Won, Joo Young Pyun, Young Hun Kim, Won Young Choi, and Kwan Kyu Park. "Design and Fabrication of Piezoelectric Transducers Separating Incident and Reflected Wave." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7779/jksnt.2019.39.1.29.

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35

Kermani, M. R., M. Moallem, and R. V. Patel. "Parameter selection and control design for vibration suppression using piezoelectric transducers." Control Engineering Practice 12, no. 8 (August 2004): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2003.10.002.

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36

Wang, Mingjun, and Yufeng Zhou. "Design of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (pMUTs) for high pressure output." Microsystem Technologies 23, no. 6 (April 8, 2016): 1761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-016-2929-9.

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37

Włodarczyk, Marek. "Fiber optic-based in-cylinder pressure sensor for advanced engine control and monitoring." Combustion Engines 151, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117016.

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This paper describes the design and performance of a miniature cylinder pressure sensor packaged either as a stand-alone device or integrated with a cylinder head gasket, glow plug, fuel injector, or spark plug. Benefitting from a fiber-optic based design the sensing element can operate at ultra-high temperatures and is not affected by EMI. This low cost device utilizes the principle of light intensity changes transmitted by two optical fibers upon reflection from a metal diaphragm deflecting under the effect of pressure. When the diaphragm thickness and shape are optimized, the sensor can operate up to 5 billion pressure cycles. The device is compensated for all temperature effects encountered in combustion engines, resulting from the thermal shock, engine load changes, and under-hood temperature fluctuations. Due to the diaphragm small thermal mass the sensor is subject to the thermal shock error if no heat shield is employed. While a suitable shield can almost eliminate the thermal shock error, it can get clogged in engines fuelled by diesel or landfill gas. For such engines a dual diaphragm construction offers a robust solution against soot and other combustion deposits as well as minimum thermal shock error. In comparison to a water cooled piezoelectric quartz transducer the present sensor offers the accuracy of ±1.5% of reading at pressures above 5 bars, ±0.1 bar error at pressure below 5 bars during compression, and the thermal shock error ranging from 0.1 bar to 0.3 bar dependent if a single or dual diaphragm is used. Such accuracy is possible with both stand-alone sensors as well as those 1.7 mm in diameter used in the “pressure sensing” cylinder head gaskets, glow plugs, fuel injectors, or spark plugs. This accuracy is maintained under all combustion conditions, sensor tip continuous temperatures up to 380 oC, signal conditioner temperature range of –40 oC to 140 oC, pressures up to 350 bar, and over frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 30 kHz. Such remarkable accuracy allows advanced engine controls based on highly accurate values of the Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, Mass Fraction Burned, Maximum Pressure Gradient, and Peak Pressure. Benefitting from sensor’s high accuracy at both low and high pressures the device enables closed-loop control of fuel injection as well as in-cylinder prediction of mass air flow and engine NOx emission levels.

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Wang, Jianjun, Lei Qin, Peijun Wei, and Lihua Tang. "Modeling and analysis of multilayer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 11 (April 25, 2018): 2437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18770868.

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An exact analytical model of multilayer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducers is established in this article, and their dynamic characteristics are studied. Based on the linear theory of piezoelasticity, the dynamic analytical solution is derived in terms of Bessel functions, Lommel functions, Gamma functions, and Generalized Hypergeometric functions, and the electric impedance is obtained to determine the resonance frequencies. By proper selection of the layer number and geometric dimensions, the proposed model can approximately degrade into some special cases in the previous works, including single-layer piezoelectric spherical transducer, two-layer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducer, and three-layer sandwiched piezoelectric-elastic-piezoelectric spherical transducer. Comparisons between the results of the proposed model and the ones of these special cases are also given and good agreements are found. Furthermore, parametric studies are conducted to discuss the effects of the key parameters on the dynamic characteristics of these special cases and a multilayer case, such as the first resonance and anti-resonance frequencies as well as the corresponding electromechanical coupling factor. This work contributes to an overall understanding of the dynamic characteristics of miniature piezoelectric hollow sphere transducers (BBs) and stacked piezoelectric spherical transducers. The developed model can be used to guide the design of the multilayer piezoelectric-elastic spherical transducers for promising applications in underwater acoustic detection, ultrasonic imaging, hydrophones, and nondestructive testing.

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Taghaddos, Elaheh, Mehdi Hejazi, and Ahmad Safari. "Lead-free piezoelectric materials and ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 05, no. 02 (June 2015): 1530002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x15300029.

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Piezoelectric materials have been vastly used in ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging. In this paper, firstly, the most promising lead-free compositions with perovskite structure for medical imaging applications have been reviewed. The electromechanical properties of various lead-free ceramics, composites, and single crystals based on barium titanate, bismuth sodium titanate, potassium sodium niobate, and lithium niobate are presented. Then, fundamental principles and design considerations of ultrasonic transducers are briefly described. Finally, recent developments in lead-free ultrasonic probes are discussed and their acoustic performance is compared to lead-based transducers. Focused transducers with different beam focusing methods such as lens focusing and mechanical shaping are explained. Additionally, acoustic characteristics of lead-free probes including the pulse-echo results as well as their imaging capabilities for various applications such as phantom imaging, in vitro intravascular ultrasound imaging of swine aorta, and in vivo or ex vivo imaging of human eyes and skin are reviewed.

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Wang, Jianjun, Donghuan Liu, Weijie Li, Peijun Wei, and Lihua Tang. "Effects of electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers on dynamic characteristics of radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric cylindrical transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18803454.

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Piezoelectric cylindrical transducer is a type of excellent smart devices that can generate radial sound radiation due to its unique structural characteristics and has been widely used for ultrasonic and underwater sound applications. In the design of a piezoelectric cylindrical transducer, especially with the multilayer structure, the electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers are two key factors affecting the device performance but have not been well evaluated, which result in the inaccurate prediction of dynamic characteristics. This work establishes the exact theoretical models for radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric cylindrical transducers by taking into account the electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers. Based on the plane stress assumption, the dynamic solutions of the models are derived. Analytical expressions of electric impedances are also derived to obtain the resonance frequencies. In addition, the analytical solutions are validated using the special example in the earlier work and comparing them with the finite element analysis results. Subsequently, the effects of the electrodes and electrical connections of piezoelectric layers on the dynamic characteristics of the transducer are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the electrode thickness, the electrode type, and the parallel and series connections significantly affect the transducer’s performance, thus providing useful guidelines in the design of piezoelectric cylindrical transducers. This work contributes to an overall analysis on the dynamic characteristics of the radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric cylindrical transducers, which is very helpful to improve the performance of two-dimensional emitter and receiver in underwater sound and ultrasonic applications.

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Lerch, Reinhard, and Hans T. Kaarmann. "Optimization of medical imaging transducers by a piezoelectric computer‐aided design system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 5 (May 1994): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409044.

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Liu, Yingxiang, Dongmei Xu, Weishan Chen, Kai Li, and Liang Wang. "Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Stepper Piezoelectric Actuator Using Bending Transducers." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 50518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2868842.

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Motta Mello, Luis Augusto, César Yukishigue Kiyono, Paulo Henrique Nakasone, and Emílio Carlos Nelli Silva. "Design of quasi-static piezoelectric plate based transducers by using topology optimization." Smart Materials and Structures 23, no. 2 (January 9, 2014): 025035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/2/025035.

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Nelli Silva, E. C., and N. Kikuchi. "Design of piezocomposite materials and piezoelectric transducers using topology optimization— Part III." Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 6, no. 4 (December 1999): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02818918.

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Silva, E. C. Nelli, Shinji Nishiwaki, and Noboru Kikuchi. "Design of piezocomposite materials and piezoelectric transducers using topology optimization—Part II." Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1999): 191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02896423.

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Nelli Silva, E. C., J. S. Ono Fonseca, F. Montero de Espinosa, A. T. Crumm, G. A. Brady, J. W. Halloran, and N. Kikuchi. "Design of piezocomposite materials and piezoelectric transducers using topology optimization—Part I." Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 1999): 117–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736183.

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Chen, Dongdong, Linwei Wang, Xingjun Luo, Chunlong Fei, Di Li, Guangbao Shan, and Yintang Yang. "Recent Development and Perspectives of Optimization Design Methods for Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducers." Micromachines 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070779.

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A piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer (PUT) is widely used in nondestructive testing, medical imaging, and particle manipulation, etc., and the performance of the PUT determines its functional performance and effectiveness in these applications. The optimization design method of a PUT is very important for the fabrication of a high-performance PUT. In this paper, traditional and efficient optimization design methods for a PUT are presented. The traditional optimization design methods are mainly based on an analytical model, an equivalent circuit model, or a finite element model and the design parameters are adjusted by a trial-and-error method, which relies on the experience of experts and has a relatively low efficiency. Recently, by combining intelligent optimization algorithms, efficient optimization design methods for a PUT have been developed based on a traditional model or a data-driven model, which can effectively improve the design efficiency of a PUT and reduce its development cycle and cost. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented methods are compared and discussed. Finally, the optimization design methods for PUT are concluded, and their future perspectives are discussed.

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Eddiai, Adil, Mounir Meddad, Mohamed Rguiti, Aïda Chérif, and Christian Courtois. "Design and construction of a multifunction piezoelectric transformer." Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society 55, no. 1 (May 27, 2018): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41779-018-0206-3.

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Wang, Jianjun, Shuyuan Cai, Lei Qin, Donghuan Liu, Peijun Wei, and Lihua Tang. "Modeling and electromechanical performance analysis of frequency-variable piezoelectric stack transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 6 (February 17, 2020): 897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20905982.

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An exact analytical model of frequency-variable piezoelectric stack transducers is proposed, and their dynamic characteristics are studied in this article. Based on the linear piezoelasticity theory, the dynamic analytical solution is first derived, and then its correctness is validated by comparing it with the results of a special example in the previous literature and the ones of the experimental study. The effects of the tuning resistance and the layer number of the active element on the dynamic characteristics are discussed. Numerical results show that tuning the resistance and the layer number of the active element can enable the multi-frequency characteristics of the piezoelectric stack transducers. A proper layer number of the active element can minimize the short-circuited resonance frequency and the open-circuited anti-resonance frequency. These findings provide guidelines to design and optimize the piezoelectric stack transducers, which have promising potential in developing the multi-frequency Langevin transducers for some underwater sound and ultrasonic applications, such as ultrasonic cleaning, ultrasonic chemistry, and sonar radiators.

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Choi, Seong-Won, Kevin M. Farinholt, Stuart G. Taylor, Abraham Light-Marquez, and Gyuhae Park. "Damage Identification of Wind Turbine Blades Using Piezoelectric Transducers." Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/430854.

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This paper presents the experimental results of active-sensing structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, which utilize piezoelectric transducers as sensors and actuators, for determining the structural integrity of wind turbine blades. Specifically, Lamb wave propagations and frequency response functions at high frequency ranges are used to estimate the condition of wind turbine blades. For experiments, a 1 m section of a CX-100 blade is used. The goal of this study is to assess and compare the performance of each method in identifying incipient damage with a consideration given to field deployability. Overall, these methods yielded a sufficient damage detection capability to warrant further investigation. This paper also summarizes the SHM results of a full-scale fatigue test of a 9 m CX-100 blade using piezoelectric active sensors. This paper outlines considerations needed to design such SHM systems, experimental procedures and results, and additional issues that can be used as guidelines for future investigations.

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