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Cott, A. M. "Anaerobically digested pig manure as a resource for crop production." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371220.
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Tiquia, Sonia M. "Further composting of pig-manure disposed from the pig-on-litter (POL) system in Hong Kong /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665401.
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Cronjé, Angela Leigh. "Ammonia emissions and pathogen inactivation during controlled composting of pig manure." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/155/.
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The effects of adjusting the initial carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ration and pH of pig manure and straw mixes on ammonia emissions and pathogen marker inactivation during composting were investigated by experimentation and modelling. Three, 210-litre reactors were designed and built to control conditions, such as the maximum operating temperature, minimise temperature gradients and enable analysis of the off-gas for ammonia, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Respirometry showed that the optimal temperature for composting pig manure was about 60°C. A simulation model suggested that ammonia emissions could be reduced by lowering the initial pH and increasing the initial C:N ratio of the organic material. Experimentally, lowering the initial pH significantly reduced ammonia emissions. The effect of the initial C:N ratio on ammonia emissions was not significant because of variations in the pig manure. Pathogen markers were sometimes detected after composting from experiments with low ammonia emissions, so questioning the established criteria for pathogen inactivation. Experimental data validated the model, which simulated organic material decomposition using first order reaction rate kinetics and predicted the temperature and ammonia emissions profiles from initial conditions.
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Mamun, Abdulla. "Biogas yield performance with co-digestion of pig manure and slaughterhouse wastes." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för ekonomi och teknik (SET), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-13894.
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Utilization of renewable energy is an important component of the current sustainable global energy strategy. Currently, biogas is considered one of the most economic and environmentally friendly fuels. Animal waste may serve as an important substrate for biogas production. Pig/swine is the most common domestic animal in many of the European countries, and the swine manure may be a good source of biogas because of its richness in nutrients and energy. This study aimed to determine the production of biogas from the co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste from pigs and pig manure. Slaughterhouse waste from pigs and pig manure were collected from Ginsten slaughterhouse outside Halmstad, Sweden and were then co-digested in lab scale. In the lab, pig manure and slaughterhouse waste were mixed in different ratios (50-50%, 65-35%, 80-20% and 95-5%) to find out the best efficiency. The content of methane (CH4) in the biogas was monitored at four occasions (day 15, 17, 23 and 24). The results show that the methane content was highest in the 95-5% and 80-20% ratios. This study reports that anaerobic co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste from pigs and pig manure could be an important source of renewable energy if the amount of slaughterhouse waste was kept low.
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Tran, Sy Nam, Ngoc Dieu Hong Le, Van Thao Huynh, Huu Chiem Nguyen, Hoang Viet Le, Kjeld Ingvorsen, and Vo Chau Ngan Nguyen. "Enhancing biogas production by anaerobic codigestion of water hyacinth and pig manure." Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32617.
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The characteristics of anaerobic batch co-digestion of water hyacinth (WH) with pig manure (PM) under seven mixing ratio 100%WH; 80%WH : 20%PM; 60%WH : 40%PM; 50%WH : 50%PM; 40%WH : 60%PM; 20%WH : 80%PM and 100%PM were investigated, each treatment was conducted in five replications with daily loading rate at 1 gVS.L-1.day-1. During the anaerobic digestion process of 60 days, maximum biogas production occurred in two periods, the first stage from 12- 22 days and second stage from 30 - 35 days. The maximum daily biogas productions from each stage were 17.2 L.day-1 and 15.1 L.day-1, respectively. The cumulative biogas production varied between 60 L (100%PM) and 360 L (60%WH : 40%PM). The results showed that the biogas yields of co-digestion 40- 80%WH were higher from 34.6 to 56.1% in comparison with 100%PM and from 109 to 143% in comparison with 100%WH. When mixing with WH, treatments were received more methane and the methane contents were higher than 45% (v/v) that good for energy using purposes.Nghiên cứu được thực hiện nhằm khảo sát khả năng gia tăng lượng khí sinh học khi tiến hành đồng phân hủy yếm khí lục bình (WH) và phân heo (PM) ở các tỉ lệ phối trộn khác nhau gồm 100%WH; 80%WH : 20%PM; 60%WH : 40%PM; 50%WH : 50%PM; 40%WH : 60%PM; 20%WH : 80%PM và 100%PM. Các nghiệm thức được nạp lượng nguyên liệu là 1 gVS.L-1.ngày-1 và bố trí lặp lại 5 lần. Theo dõi quá trình phân hủy của các nghiệm thức trong 60 ngày ghi nhận có 2 khoảng thời gian lượng khí sản sinh nhiều nhất - giai đoạn 1 từ ngày 12 đến 22, giai đoạn 2 từ ngày 30 đến 35. Lượng khí sản sinh cao nhất tương ứng trong mỗi giai đoạn là 17.2 L.ngày-1 và 15.1 L.ngày-1. Lượng khí tích lũy trong suốt thời gian thí nghiệm ghi nhận thấp nhất ở nghiệm thức 100%PM đạt 60 L, và cao nhất ở nghiệm thức 60%WH : 40%PM đạt 360 L. Năng suất khí sinh ra của các nghiệm thức phối trộn lục bình từ 40 đến 80% cao hơn từ 34,6 đến 56,1% so với nghiệm thức 100%PM và cao hơn từ 109% đến 143% so với nghiệm thức 100%WH. Hàm lượng mê-tan sinh ra từ các nghiệm thức có phối trộn lục bình ổn định trong khoảng > 45% đảm bảo nhiệt lượng cho nhu cầu sử dụng năng lượng.
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Bajracharya, Keshari. "Corn responses to high levels of copper application as copper rich pig manure." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91157.
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The use of copper (Cu) in pig production to stimulate growth and improve feed efficiency is presently being questioned due to the potential environmental hazards associated with the repeated disposal of the resulting Cu rich manure in agricultural land. Results of field experiments conducted on three diverse Virginia soils indicated that the long-term application of Cu as either copper sulfate or Cu rich pig manure, even at high application rates (average application rate for 9 years was 108 metric tons of manure ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ or 32 kg Cu ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), had no adverse effects on corn yields. Copper levels in corn grain and leaf tissue were not increased by the nine annual applications of Cu rich manure or CuSO₄ , except for a slight increase in Cu concentration in corn grain from CuSO₄ application on only one soil. Copper concentrations in all plant tissues were well within normal ranges for all treatments at all sites. Corn grain yields were not decreased by Cu application on any of the three soils.M.S.
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Lindén, Anna. "Biomonitoring of cadmium in pig production /." Uppsala : Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences ([Institutionen för farmakologioch toxikologi], Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://projkat.slu.se/SafariDokument/222.htm.
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Gettier, Stacy W. "Corn response to long-term application of CuSO₄, ZnSO₄ and Cu-enriched pig manure." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49779.
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Nguyen, Vo Chau Ngan, and Klaus Fricke. "Energy recovery from anaerobic co-digestion with pig manure and spent mushroom compost in the Mekong Delta." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99247.
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This study aimed at seeking for the solution to recover the energy from agriculture waste in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The spent mushroom compost - a residue from the mushroom growing - was chosen for co-digestion with pig manure in anaerobic batch and semi-continuous experiments. The results showed that in case of spent mushroom compost made up 75% of the mixed substrate, the gained biogas volume was not significantly different compared to the treatment fed solely with 100% pig manure. The average produced biogas was 4.1 L×day-1 in the experimental conditions. The semi-continuous experiments remained in good operation up to the 90th day of the fermentation without any special agitating method application. The methane contents in both experiments were around 60%, which was significantly suitable for energy purposes. These results confirm that spent mushroom compost is possibly an acceptable material for energy recovery in the anaerobic fermentation processNghiên cứu này nhằm tìm kiếm giải pháp thu hồi năng lượng từ chất thải nông nghiệp tại ĐBSCL, Việt Nam. Rơm sau ủ nấm - phế phẩm sau khi trồng nấm rơm - được chọn để ủ kết hợp với phân heo trong các bộ ủ yếm khí theo mẻ và bán liên tục. Kết quả cho thấy nếu phối trộn đến 75% rơm sau ủ nấm trong nguyên liệu ủ, tổng lượng khí thu được không khác biệt đáng kể so với thí nghiệm ủ 100% phân heo. Trong điều kiện thí nghiệm, lượng khí thu được trung bình là 4.1 L.ngày-1. Thí nghiệm ủ bán liên tục vẫn vận hành tốt ở ngày thứ 90 mặc dù mẻ ủ không được khuấy đảo. Hàm lượng khí mê-tan đo được chiếm khoảng 60% hoàn toàn có thể sử dụng cho các nhu cầu về năng lượng. Những kết quả thí nghiệm khẳng định có thể sử dụng rơm sau ủ nấm để thu hồi năng lượng thông qua quá trình ủ yếm khí kết hợp
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Mendoza, Huaitalla Roxana [Verfasser], and Eva [Akademischer Betreuer] Gallmann. "Intensive pig production and manure management in Beijing, North China Plain / Roxana Mendoza Huaitalla. Betreuer: Eva Gallmann." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050767888/34.
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Salsinha, Henrique Faleiro Colaço Correia. "Efeitos da aplicação de resíduos orgânicos ao solo na flora espontânea." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5313.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe objective of this thesis was the observation of the effects of organic residues application on the spontaneous flora of a soil located in “Terra Grande” inside “Tapada da Ajuda”, the University campus. Sixteen plots have been marked and in each one of them an organic residue was applied, replicated four times. The organic residues tested were: pig slurry, poultry manure, and compost of municipal solid waste. Four plots with no residue application were marked for control. During three months, the growth of the spontaneous flora in this soil was monitored. Soil samples were taken from all sixteen plots after the application of the residues (one week, one month, and three months after residues application). With the objective of identifying the spontaneous plant species in all plots, the Quadrat Method was used.
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Pang, Zhiqi Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Londong. "Phosphorus enrichment in the treatment of pig manure in China using anaerobic digestion technology / Zhiqi Pang ; Betreuer: Jörg Londong." Weimar : Professur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1115341693/34.
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Pang, Zhiqi [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Londong. "Phosphorus enrichment in the treatment of pig manure in China using anaerobic digestion technology / Zhiqi Pang ; Betreuer: Jörg Londong." Weimar : Professur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:wim2-20080704-13640.
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Costa, Laura Vanessa Cabral da. "Biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de frango associada ou não ao biofertilizante obtido com dejetos de suínos : produção de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96558.
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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas JúniorBanca: Regina Maria Quintão Lana
Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biogás e a qualidade do biofertilizante, produzidos a partir da associação da cama de frango diluída no biofertilizante obtido com estrume de suíno em diferentes proporções. Esta dissertação está dividida em 3 capítulos: a primeira parte consiste na descrição e apresentação da problemática dos resíduos gerados, objetivo do estudo e descrição do experimento. No Capítulo 2 analisa-se ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia em sistemas contínuos abastecidos diariamente com dejetos de suínos, por aproximadamente 60 dias, em tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 30 dias com a finalidade de obtenção de biofertilizante, sendo que este foi armazenado em um tanque aberto, para que estivesse nas mesmas condições encontradas em lagoas, isto é, sujeito aos efeitos dos processos de evaporação e precipitação pluviométrica, sendo este armazenado por aproximadamente 60 dias, conclui-se que o sistema de biodigestão anaeróbia é eficaz para produção de biogás e biofertilizante. O Capitulo 3 consiste no abastecimento de biodigestores batelada, em que o biofertilizante obtido na primeira fase serviu como diluente para a cama de frango. Foram abastecidos doze biodigestores, com três diferentes tratamentos, a saber: cama de frango+biofertilizante+água CF+B+A, a cama de frango+biofertilizante CF+B e a cama+água CF+A, operados com aproximadamente 135 dias de retenção hidráulica. Caracterizaram-se os teores de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), análise de macro e micro nutrientes, bem como produção de biogás. Observou-se que o CF+B, foi o que melhor apresentou resultados em relação à produção e composição de biogás e melhores resultados para macro e micronutrientes.No capitulo 4, estão apresentados os dados de adequação de plantéis da avicultura de corte e suinocultura, para a operação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the production of biogas and the quality of fertilizer, produced from the combination of litter of broiler in diluted fertilizer obtained from pig manure in different proportions. This thesis is divided into 3 sections: the first part is the description and presentation of the problem of waste generated, objective of the study and description of the experiment. In Chapter 2 analyzes the test of anaerobic digestion in continuous systems supplied daily with pig manure, for approximately 60 days with hydraulic retention time (TRH) of 30 days with the purpose of obtaining fertilizer. The fertilizer produced during the whole period was stored in a tank open to the same conditions that were found in ponds, do then subject to the effects of the processes of evaporation and rainfall, which is stored for approximately 60 days, it appears that the system of anaerobic digestion is effective for production of biogas and fertilizer, adding values to swine. Chapter 3 is the supply of digester batch, where the biofertilizante obtained in the first round served as diluent of chicken litter. Were supplied twelve digester, with three different treatments: treatment 1 (biofertilizante+ litter of broiler + water), treatment 2 ( biofertilizante + litter of broiler) and treatment 3 (litter of broiler + water), operated at approximately 160 days of TRH. Were characterized the levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), analysis of macro and micronutrients, and production of biogas. It was observed that treatment 2, was presented the best results for production and composition of biogas, further reductions of volatile solids, and better results for macro-and micronutrients. Chapter 4 were's present adequacy by stud pigs and fowl, for the operation group digester with waste this activity from the production biogas and fertilizer.
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Costa, Laura Vanessa Cabral da [UNESP]. "Biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de frango associada ou não ao biofertilizante obtido com dejetos de suínos: produção de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96558.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biogás e a qualidade do biofertilizante, produzidos a partir da associação da cama de frango diluída no biofertilizante obtido com estrume de suíno em diferentes proporções. Esta dissertação está dividida em 3 capítulos: a primeira parte consiste na descrição e apresentação da problemática dos resíduos gerados, objetivo do estudo e descrição do experimento. No Capítulo 2 analisa-se ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia em sistemas contínuos abastecidos diariamente com dejetos de suínos, por aproximadamente 60 dias, em tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 30 dias com a finalidade de obtenção de biofertilizante, sendo que este foi armazenado em um tanque aberto, para que estivesse nas mesmas condições encontradas em lagoas, isto é, sujeito aos efeitos dos processos de evaporação e precipitação pluviométrica, sendo este armazenado por aproximadamente 60 dias, conclui-se que o sistema de biodigestão anaeróbia é eficaz para produção de biogás e biofertilizante. O Capitulo 3 consiste no abastecimento de biodigestores batelada, em que o biofertilizante obtido na primeira fase serviu como diluente para a cama de frango. Foram abastecidos doze biodigestores, com três diferentes tratamentos, a saber: cama de frango+biofertilizante+água CF+B+A, a cama de frango+biofertilizante CF+B e a cama+água CF+A, operados com aproximadamente 135 dias de retenção hidráulica. Caracterizaram-se os teores de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), análise de macro e micro nutrientes, bem como produção de biogás. Observou-se que o CF+B, foi o que melhor apresentou resultados em relação à produção e composição de biogás e melhores resultados para macro e micronutrientes.No capitulo 4, estão apresentados os dados de adequação de plantéis da avicultura de corte e suinocultura, para a operação...
The objective was to evaluate the production of biogas and the quality of fertilizer, produced from the combination of litter of broiler in diluted fertilizer obtained from pig manure in different proportions. This thesis is divided into 3 sections: the first part is the description and presentation of the problem of waste generated, objective of the study and description of the experiment. In Chapter 2 analyzes the test of anaerobic digestion in continuous systems supplied daily with pig manure, for approximately 60 days with hydraulic retention time (TRH) of 30 days with the purpose of obtaining fertilizer. The fertilizer produced during the whole period was stored in a tank open to the same conditions that were found in ponds, do then subject to the effects of the processes of evaporation and rainfall, which is stored for approximately 60 days, it appears that the system of anaerobic digestion is effective for production of biogas and fertilizer, adding values to swine. Chapter 3 is the supply of digester batch, where the biofertilizante obtained in the first round served as diluent of chicken litter. Were supplied twelve digester, with three different treatments: treatment 1 (biofertilizante+ litter of broiler + water), treatment 2 ( biofertilizante + litter of broiler) and treatment 3 (litter of broiler + water), operated at approximately 160 days of TRH. Were characterized the levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), analysis of macro and micronutrients, and production of biogas. It was observed that treatment 2, was presented the best results for production and composition of biogas, further reductions of volatile solids, and better results for macro-and micronutrients. Chapter 4 were’s present adequacy by stud pigs and fowl, for the operation group digester with waste this activity from the production biogas and fertilizer.
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Pereira, Pâmela Aparecida Maldaner. "Água residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral No cultivo da soja: 18º ciclo." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/694.
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18 Abstract: The reuse of water in agricultural soils is an ancient and promising effective 19 practice in the development of cultures and important water resources management tool. 20 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous application of 21 swine wastewater in different doses, associated with mineral fertilizer, in eight years of 22 management in no-till system, about the chemical conditions of the soil and soybean. 23 The experiment was conducted in the field in typical Dystroferric Red Oxisol with a 24 very clayey texture. The wastewater doses of swine applied from the beginning in the experimental area were 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 25 prior to the seeding, associated with the 26 presence and absence of mineral fertilizer. The results were submitted to normality tests, ANOVA and Tukey test. The dose of 100 m3 ha-1 27 of swine wastewater associated with 28 mineral fertilizer was efficient nutrition soybean requirements, without causing damage 29 to the soil. Attention should be paid to the possible accumulation of copper and zinc in 30 the soil over the years.
Resumo: O reúso de águas em solos agrícolas é uma prática antiga e promissora eficaz 4 no desenvolvimento das culturas e importante ferramenta de gestão de recursos hídricos. 5 O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação continuada de água residuária 6 de suinocultura em diferentes doses, associada à adubação mineral, em oito anos de 7 manejo em sistema plantio direto, acerca das condições químicas do solo e da soja. O 8 experimento foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico de textura 9 muito argilosa. As doses de água residuária de suinocultura aplicadas desde o início na área experimental foram 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 10 antecedentes à semeadura, associadas 11 à presença e ausência de adubação mineral. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a testes de normalidade, análise de variância e teste de Tukey. A dose 100 m3 ha-1 12 de água 13 residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral mostrou-se eficiente às 14 exigências nutricionais da soja, sem causar danos ao solo. Deve-se atentar ao possível 15 acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo ao longo dos anos. 16 Palavras-chave: reúso de água, fertirrigação, dejetos suínos
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Mumbach, Mirian Carla. "Água residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral No cultivo da soja: 18º ciclo." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2015. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/695.
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The reuse of water in agricultural soils is an ancient and promising effective 19 practice in the development of cultures and important water resources management tool. 20 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous application of 21 swine wastewater in different doses, associated with mineral fertilizer, in eight years of 22 management in no-till system, about the chemical conditions of the soil and soybean. 23 The experiment was conducted in the field in typical Dystroferric Red Oxisol with a 24 very clayey texture. The wastewater doses of swine applied from the beginning in the experimental area were 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 25 prior to the seeding, associated with the 26 presence and absence of mineral fertilizer. The results were submitted to normality tests, ANOVA and Tukey test. The dose of 100 m3 ha-1 27 of swine wastewater associated with 28 mineral fertilizer was efficient nutrition soybean requirements, without causing damage 29 to the soil. Attention should be paid to the possible accumulation of copper and zinc in 30 the soil over the years.
O reúso de águas em solos agrícolas é uma prática antiga e promissora eficaz 4 no desenvolvimento das culturas e importante ferramenta de gestão de recursos hídricos. 5 O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação continuada de água residuária 6 de suinocultura em diferentes doses, associada à adubação mineral, em oito anos de 7 manejo em sistema plantio direto, acerca das condições químicas do solo e da soja. O 8 experimento foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico de textura 9 muito argilosa. As doses de água residuária de suinocultura aplicadas desde o início na área experimental foram 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 10 antecedentes à semeadura, associadas 11 à presença e ausência de adubação mineral. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a testes de normalidade, análise de variância e teste de Tukey. A dose 100 m3 ha-1 12 de água 13 residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral mostrou-se eficiente às 14 exigências nutricionais da soja, sem causar danos ao solo. Deve-se atentar ao possível 15 acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo ao longo dos anos.
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EL-Dosoky, Mohammed Mohammed Ahmed [Verfasser], and Robert [Akademischer Betreuer] Kreuzig. "Environmental Chemical Analysis Related to Drug Industries: Method Development for the Analysis of Benzimidazole Anthelmintics and Corresponding Metabolites in Liquid Pig Manure and Manured Soil / Mohammed Mohammed Ahmed EL-Dosoky ; Betreuer: Robert Kreuzig." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1175824399/34.
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Combalbert, Sarah. "Dynamique et impact des hormones stéroïdes et des activités endocriniennes dans les effluents porcins et les systèmes de traitement du lisier." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20054.
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Les activités d'élevage sont responsables de la dissémination dans l'environnement d'un grand nombre de polluants, dont les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) qui affectent le système endocrinien des organismes vivants. La disruption endocrinienne se fait par la liaison des PE sur des récepteurs nucléaires spécifiques dont le récepteur aux strogènes ERα, le récepteur à la dioxine AhR, le récepteur X aux pregnanes PXR, le récepteur aux androgènes AR et le récepteur régulant la prolifération des peroxysomes, PPARγ. Les hormones stéroïdes sont particulièrement actives sur le récepteur ERα. Elles sont naturellement produites par les animaux et concentrées dans les effluents d'élevage épandus sur les sols agricoles. Ce travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur l'étude du devenir des hormones dans des systèmes de gestion des lisiers porcins, à échelle réelle ou contrôliée, en conditions anaérobies ou aérobies. Au préalable, la méthodologie pour l'analyse des hormones dans le lisier a été validée. Les résultats montrent que les hormones sont principalement contenues dans la fraction solide; dans cette fraction les mesures d'activité strogénique (ERα) ont révélé une activité non explicable par les concentrations en hormones, suggérant la présence d'autres composés ayant une activité sur ERα. La quantification des nonylphénols, actifs sur ERα n'a pas permis d'expliquer cette activité. L'étude d'autres voies de perturbation endocrinienne via l'activation des récepteurs AhR, PXR, PPARγ et AR a permis de détecter une forte activité sur le récepteur AhR. L'analyse chimique de cette fraction a montré l'absence de dioxines et d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, suggérant l'implication d'autres PE qui restent à être identifiés. Dans les systèmes de traitement sous conditions réelles ou contrôlées, les conditions aérobies sont plus efficaces pour éliminer les hormones et les activités strogéniques et « dioxin-like » associées, bien que cette dernière semble plus récalcitranteLivestock activities are responsible for the release of a wide range of pollutants in the environment. Among these pollutants, the endocrine disruptors (ED) can affect the endocrine functions of living organism. The endocrine disruption occurs via the binding of ED to specific nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor ERα, dioxin receptor AhR, pregnane-X-receptor (xenobiotics), androgen receptor AR and peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ. Steroid hormones are particularly active on ERα receptor. Animals naturally produce high amounts of hormones which are concentrated in manure used for land spreading. This study deals with the fate of hormones in swine waste management facilities at full or pilot scale, under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Firstly, the analysis of hormones in such a complex matrix was validated. Hormones are mainly present in the solid fraction of the manure. At the same time, estrogenic activity measurements showed that in this solid fraction, the estrogenic activity cannot be explained by hormones; which suggest the presence of other compounds active on ERα. Nonylphenols concentrations cannot explain this additional activity. The study of the other pathways of endocrine disruption through the activation of AhR, PXR, PPARγ, and AR allowed to measure high AhR activity in the solid fraction of manure. The chemical analysis of this fraction did not show the presence of dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons traditionally involved in such kind of activity; it suggests the presence of other AhR ligands that remain to be identified. In swine manure treatment systems, aerobic conditions were more efficient to remove hormones and the associated estrogenic and AhR activities, even if this last seemed to be more recalcitrant
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Rauber, Luiz Paulo. "Teores de nitrogênio no solo e volatilização de amônia após injeção de dejeto líquido de suínos e uso de inibidor de nitrificação." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/605.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-02Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Strategies to improve the use of nutrients and reducing the environmental impact of pig slurry (DLS) can enhance the use of this residue in the soil, especially in southern Brazil. Therefore, studies were conducted to evaluate the transformations of N in the soil-atmosphere system. Initially two studies were conducted with pig slurry in no-till system, testing the injection to the ground and use of nitrification inhibitor (DCD). The study was conducted in a I Hapludox Bruno and a Aluminic Humic Cambisol in Lages / SC. Treatments were structured in a 2x5 factorial arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The factor "A" was as DLS application with two levels (1-injected; 2 surface) and "B" types of fertilizers have been factor (1- Urea, Urea + DCD 2-, 3- slurry of pig (DLS); 4- DLS + DCD; 5- Control without fertilizer). Treatments were applied to soils with corn crops cultivation in 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 and wheat harvest in 2013. The samples were collected at depths of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm in each plot. The reviews on the ground were performed on alternate days after the application of fertilizers and consisted of mineral N content (NH4+ and NO3-). In Study II, an experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in order to evaluate the ammonia volatilization, applying DLS. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 with three replications. The factor "A" was the type of fertilizer: control, urea, pig slurry (DLS) and DLS + nitrification inhibitor; the factor "B" was the type of soil: sandy and clay; "C" factor was the pH condition, natural and corrected; "D" factor was the form of fertilizer application: Injected and superficial. The dose of DLS applied was 21 m3 ha-1, DCD was 10 kg ha-1, and all the fertilized ones added dose equivalent to 130 kg ha-1 of N. The evaluations consisted of ammonia volatilization held days after the application of fertilizers and mineral N content in the soil. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey test at 5% probability. In study I inhibitor reduced the use of nitrification of urea alone, when added to Hapludox Cambisol while in the addition of the inhibitor from DLS and the urea was efficient in blocking the nitrification evaluated in three crops in early assessment . The injection of fertilizers in the NH4+ showed higher levels than those of NO3- in the three crop seasons. In Study II DCD did not increase the emission of NH3 when mixed with applied DLS. The injection of fertilizers reduced volatilization of NH3
Estratégias para melhorar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes e redução do impacto ambiental do dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) podem valorizar o uso deste resíduo no solo, principalmente na região Sul do Brasil. Diante disso, estudos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar as transformações do N no sistema solo-atmosfera. Inicialmente dois estudos foram conduzidos, com dejeto líquido de suínos em sistema de plantio direto, testando a injeção ao solo e uso de inibidor da nitrificação (DCD). O estudo I foi conduzido em um Nitossolo Bruno e em um Cambisolo Húmico Alumínico em Lages/SC. Os tratamentos foram estruturados em um fatorial 2x5 dispostos em um delineamento blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O fator A foi forma de aplicação de DLS com dois níveis (1-injetado; 2- superfície), e o fator B foram tipos de fertilizantes (1- Uréia; 2- Uréia+DCD; 3- dejeto líquido de suíno (DLS); 4- DLS+DCD; 5- Controle sem fertilizante). Os tratamentos foram aplicados aos solos com cultivo de milho nas safras 2011/2012, 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 e de trigo na safra 2013. As amostras foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm em cada parcela. As avaliações no solo foram realizadas em dias alternados após a aplicação dos fertilizantes e constaram do teor de N-mineral (NH4+ e NO3-). No estudo II, conduziu-se um experimento em condições controladas, a fim de se avaliar a volatilização de amônia, com aplicação de DLS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 com três repetições. O fator A foi o tipo de fertilizante: testemunha, ureia, dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) e DLS + inibidor de nitrificação; o fator B foi o tipo de solo: arenoso e argiloso; o fator C foi a condição de pH: natural e corrigido; o fator D foi a forma de aplicação dos fertilizantes: Injetado e superficial. A dose de DLS aplicado foi de 21 m3 ha-1, a DCD foi de 10 kg ha-1, sendo que todos os tratamentos adubados adicionaram a dose equivalente a 130 kg ha-1 de N. As avaliações constaram da volatilização de amônia realizadas durante 14 dias após a aplicação dos fertilizantes e do teor de N-mineral no solo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. No estudo I o uso de inibidor reduziu a nitrificação apenas da ureia, quando adicionado ao Nitossolo, enquanto que no Cambissolo, a adição do inibidor junto a ureia e ao DLS, foi eficiente no bloqueio na nitrificação nas três safras avaliadas nos primeiros dias de avaliação. A injeção dos fertilizantes mostrou teores de NH4+ maiores que os de NO3-, nas três safras avaliadas. No estudo II a DCD não aumentou a emissão de NH3 quando misturada ao DLS aplicado. A injeção dos fertilizantes reduziu a volatilização de NH3
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Nehmtow, Julie. "Evaluation des potentialités de traitement par phytoépuration du lisier de porc en région PACA : paramètres chimiques, microbiologiques et macrophytiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4780.
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L’objectif de la thèse était de développer un procédé de traitement des lisiers de porc par zone humide artificielle (ZHA) adapté aux contraintes du climat méditerranéen ainsi qu’à celles des éleveurs porcins. Le lisier de porc présentant des teneurs en ammonium (NH4+) toxiques pour les espèces végétales, il a été nécessaire de prétraiter le lisier. Des expérimentations sur le prétraitement du lisier de porc par aération continue (30 jours) à petite (12 litres) et moyenne échelles (300 litres) ont donc été conduites, et ont permis une diminution des concentrations en NH4+ en dessous des seuils de tolérance végétale. Cependant, la volatilisation de l’ammoniac semble avoir été le processus majoritairement à l’origine des abattements observés (phénomène d'ihnibition). Afin d’améliorer la diminution du NH4+, des produits d’ensemencement microbiens commerciaux ont été utilisés sans que leur effet n'ait pu être mis en évidence. Lors des expérimentations à moyenne échelle, le lisier prétraité a été amendé en ZHA (mésocosmes constitués d’un filtre à écoulement vertical suivi d’un filtre à écoulement horizontal). La forte variabilité phénotypique en système expérimental des macrophytes sélectionnés et prélevés dans le milieu naturel environnant (Carex hispida, Typha latifolia, Carex cuprina, Iris pseudacorus, Alisma lanceolatum et Juncus effusus), a été illustrée. Lors des apports en lisier dans la ZHA, les espèces végétales ont répondu différement, soulignant l’intérêt des cortèges multi-spécifiques. Les premiers résultats épuratoires ont été probants. Cependant l’étude des processus épuratoires a mis en lumière la problématique de leur durabilitéThe aim of the thesis was to develop a treatment process of pig manure by constructed wetland (CW) and designed in order to be adapted to the Mediterranean climate constraints and those of pig farmers. However hog manure has concentrations above 2 g.l-1 of ammonium (NH4+), toxic to the plants. It is therefore necessary to establish a slurry pre-treatment step. The thesis has included experiments including pre-treatment of pig slurry by continuous aeration (30 days) to small (12 liters) and medium scale (300 liters). Commercial products for microbial seeding were also used. The results showed that the aeration of pig manure did allow lower concentrations of NH4+ below plant tolerance threshold. However, the ammonia volatilization process appears to be the leading cause behind the observed reductions (inhibition phenomenom). No effect could be demonstrated for microbial treatments. During meso-scale experiments, the CW was amended with the pre-treated slurry (mesocosms made of a vertical flow filter followed by a horizontal flow filter). As a first step, the high phenotypic variability of macrophytes (taken from the natural environment) in experimental system was illustrated and discussed. After manure application, the selected plant species (Carex hispida, Typha latifolia, Carex cuprina Iris pseudacorus, Alisma lanceolatum and Juncus effusus) have presented different responses, emphasizing the importance of multi-species selection for the CW. Finally, the first purifying results were conclusive. However the study of the underlying purifying processes has highlighted the issue of sustainability of these phenomena
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Piveteau, Simon. "Optimiser l'hydrolyse et l'acidogénèse pour dissoudre et recycler le phosphore des effluents organiques en amont des unités de méthanisation." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S123/document.
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Le phosphore est un élément crucial pour la vie sur Terre, de par son implication dans les processus bioénergétiques, le stockage et le traitement de l'information génétique. C'est également l'un des nutriments limitants en agriculture, aux côtés de l'azote et du potassium. Depuis la révolution verte au milieu du 20ième siècle, le monde agricole est dépendant des engrais phosphorés à bas coûts, fabriqués à partir d'une ressource fossile et nécessaires à l'amélioration des rendements des cultures à même de répondre aux besoins en nourriture d'une population en forte croissance. Cependant cette ressource, la roche phosphatée, s'épuise progressivement. De plus, son utilisation est très peu efficiente : moins de 20% du phosphore extrait se retrouve effectivement dans la nourriture consommée. L'une des raisons de cette faible efficience est la spécialisation de régions entières dans des productions agricoles spécifiques. Ainsi, les régions spécialisées dans les cultures à hauts rendements ont besoin de grandes quantités d'engrais minéraux alors que les régions d'élevage intensif ont des excédents de lisier sans terres agricoles suffisamment grandes et proches pour servir de zones d'épandage. L'épandage excessif de lisier en Bretagne est la cause première d'eutrophisation des cours d'eau. Le phosphore contenu dans le lisier porcin pourrait être recyclé sous forme de struvite (MgNH4PO4,6H2O), un engrais phosphaté à dissolution lente, très concentré et facilement transportable vers les régions de cultures végétales nécessitant une fertilisation phosphatée importante. Le phosphore du lisier porcin étant initialement présent sous une forme minérale solide, il est nécessaire de le dissoudre avant de le précipiter en struvite. Parce-que la dissolution par acidification chimique est trop chère et implique un mauvais bilan environnemental, le procédé développé lors de cette thèse utilise l'acidogénèse, un procédé biologique au cours duquel la matière organique est convertie en acides organiques en absence d'oxygène, acidifiant naturellement le lisier porcin. Différents déchets organiques ont été testés en tant que co-substrats dans du lisier porcin brut ou digéré, provoquant une fermentation de type lactique lorsque le co-substrat possédait une forte teneur en glucides facilement biodégradables, et une fermentation avec de nombreux acides organiques produits lorsque la teneur en glucides facilement biodégradables était faible. Il a pu être démontré que la fermentation lactique était le fait de bactéries appartenant au genre Lactobacillus, alors que divers Clostridiales dominaient lors des autres fermentations avec la production d'acétate, propionate, butyrate et valérate. Un réacteur en semi continu alimenté d'un mélange de lisier brut de petit pois et de carottes a permis la dissolution de 50% du phosphore total soit 750 mg-P/L. Après centrifugation, 3.4 g d'hydroxyde de magnésium par litre de surnageant a été ajouté afin d'élever le pH à 8 et ainsi précipiter la struvite. 99% du phosphore dissous a alors été abattu. Le solide obtenu contenait 70% de struvite, un léger excès de phosphore et de magnésium, ainsi que de la matière organique. L'acidogénèse permet l'hydrolyse de la matière organique complexe et la formation d'acides organiques. De ce fait, ce procédé de recyclage du phosphore contenu dans le lisier porcin pourrait être implémenté dans les nombreuses unités de méthanisation présentes en Bretagne et qui traitent des effluents animaux ainsi que des déchets organiques d'origine agricole, industrielle et municipale. La struvite obtenue pourrait être vendue dans les régions ayant besoin de fertilisation phosphatée alors que la matière organique du digestat pourrait être maintenue en Bretagne. Un tel procédé réduirait significativement l'eutrophisation due à l'épandage excessif du lisier tout en diminuant les besoins en fertilisants minéraux fossiles grâce à une source alternative aux performances fertilisantes équivalentesPhosphorus is a crucial nutrient for life, implicated in cellular bioenergetics as well as storage and processing of genetic information. It is also one of the limiting nutrients in agriculture with nitrogen and potassium. Since the green revolution in the middle of the 20th century, agriculture has relied on increasing amounts of cheap mineral P-fertilizers produced from a fossil resource to improve crop yields and sustain population growth. However, the resource is depleting and its use efficiency is poor: less than 20% of extracted P is actually consumed in food. One of the reasons for this is the specialization of entire regions into on type of agricultural production or another. Thus, regions focusing on high yield crops require large applications of fossil mineral fertilizers while intensive livestock breeding areas cannot find an output for their P-rich manure due to the distance with crop fields in need of P fertilization. Over application of animal manure in Brittany is the main cause of eutrophication in the region. Phosphorus could be recovered from pig manure as struvite, a concentrated, slow-release mineral fertilizer easily transported to crop-oriented regions in need of P fertilization. P in pig slurry is mostly under a solid inorganic form, requiring dissolution prior to precipitation as struvite. Because chemical acidification is too expensive and harmful to the environment, the process developed in this PhD relied on acidogenesis, a biological process in which organic matter is converted to organic acids under anaerobic conditions, thus naturally acidifying the swine slurry. Various organic wastes were tested as organic co-substrates on raw and digested pig slurry, leading to lactic acid fermentation when the co-substrate had a high content in easily biodegradable carbohydrates and a fermentation with diverse organic acids produced at low content in easily biodegradable carbohydrates. Lactobacillus was the genus responsible for lactic acid fermentation and various Clostridiales dominated otherwise, producing acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate. A reactor was operated with semi-continuous feeding of raw swine slurry and carrot/pea, leading to the dissolution of 50% total-phosphorus or 750 mg-P/L. After centrifugation, struvite was precipitated in the supernatant by adding magnesium hydroxide to increase the pH to 8. 99% of dissolved P precipitated. The solid recovered contained 70% of struvite, a slight excess of P and Mg as well as organic matter. Because hydrolysis of organic matter and production of organic acids occurs during acidogenesis, the process could be implemented in the many anaerobic digestion units installed in Brittany treating animal manure and agricultural, industrial and municipal organic waste. The struvite recovered could be sold to regions in need while the digestate impoverished in P and rich in organic matter could be kept locally. Such process would reduce eutrophication due to over application of pig manure and also reduce the reliance on fossil P fertilizer by offering an alternative source with equivalent fertilizing performances
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Kessler, Nathalie Caroline Hirt. "Água residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral em culturas de milho, aveia e soja." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/400.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-20This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic and environmental aspects as results from the continuing application of swine wastewater and mineral fertilizer in corn, black oats and soybeans. The experimental area has a history of swine wastewater application with trials that have been carried out since 2006, whose cycles under management are the seventh, eighth and ninth ones. Four doses of swine wastewater associated with the presence and absence of mineral fertilizer consisted on eight treatments applied to experimental plots. The agronomic and nutritional indices were determined in the three studied crops. The compounds of leachate collected at the beginning and end of each cycle were also recorded as well as soil characteristics at the beginning and end of each crop. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, under a 4x 2 factorial scheme with three replications. The results were submitted to ANOVA and means compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. In maize crop, after a swine wastewater application, treated in digester, it could be observed that it could be partially used as an alternative fertilizer, since P and Mn+2 were supplemented with specific fertilization. A special management should be given to the accumulation of Fe+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 in soil. Attention should be paid also to the levels of Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, NO3-+NO2-, Na+ and Zn+2 in leachate material. In black oats crop, after two applications of swine wastewater treated in digester, it was concluded that swine wastewater can be partially used as an alternative fertilizer, since N, P and S could be supplied. Some attention should be taken with Cu+2 and Zn+2 accumulation in soil and some special care should also be given to the leaching of Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, NO3-+NO2-, Na+ and Zn+2. In soybean crop, after three applications of wastewater treated in digester, the remaining wastewater could be partially used as an alternative fertilizer, since N, P, K+ and S were supplied by specific fertilization. There must have extra attention to the accumulation of Fe+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 in soil as well as to percolation of Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, NO3-+NO2-, Na+ and Zn+2 According to leachate.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos ambientais e agronômicos decorrentes da aplicação continuada de água residuária da suinocultura e adubação mineral, nas culturas de milho, aveia e soja. A área experimental possui histórico de aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura, com experimentos conduzidos desde 2006, os quais são o sétimo, oitavo e nono ciclos conduzidos na área. Quatro doses de água residuária da suinocultura, associadas à ausência e presença de adubação mineral, consistiram em oito tratamentos aplicados às parcelas experimentais. Foram determinados índices agronômicos e nutricionais nas três culturas, avaliadas as composições dos lixiviados coletados no início e final de cada ciclo, bem como as características químicas do solo ao início e final de cada cultura. O delineamento experimental consistiu de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (4x2) com três repetições. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Na cultura do milho, após uma aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura tratada em biodigestor, verifica-se que a água residuária da suinocultura pode ser parcialmente utilizada como fertilizante alternativo, desde que o P e Mn+2 sejam complementados com adubação específica. Cuidado especial deve ser dado ao acúmulo de Fe+2, Cu+2 e Zn+2 no solo. Devem-se atentar também para os níveis de Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, NO3-+NO2-, Na+ e Zn+2 no material percolado. Na cultura da aveia, após duas aplicações de água residuária de suinocultura tratada em biodigestor, conclui-se que essa pode ser parcialmente utilizada como fertilizante alternativo, desde que o N, P e S sejam complementados. Deve-se ter atenção com o acúmulo de Cu+2 e Zn+2 no solo, e com a lixiviação de Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, NO3-+NO2-, Na+ e Zn+2. Na cultura da soja, após três aplicações de água residuária de suinocultura tratada em biodigestor, constata-se que a mesma pode ser parcialmente utilizada como fertilizante alternativo, desde que o N, P, K+ e S sejam complementados com adubação específica. Deve-se ter atenção com o acúmulo de Fe+2, Cu+2 e Zn+2 no solo. Deve ser dada maior atenção à percolação de Cu+2, Fe+2, Mn+2, NO3-+NO2-, Na+ e Zn+2 de acordo com o lixiviado
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Girotto, Eduardo. "Alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em plantas cultivadas em solos com acúmulo de cobre e zinco." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3321.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorSoil pollution by heavy metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) has deserved special attention as it may represent risks to the quality of the environment. In Brazil particularly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the application of high doses of pig slurry in soil as nutrient source to plants and the continued application of copper-based fungicides in vineyards are two activities that are alarming due to the addition of high amounts of Cu and Zn in the soil. For this reason continued application of copper-based fungicides and pig slurry along the years has caused great increment in Cu and Zn contents, mainly in the superficial layers, thus increasing bioavailability of these metals which can cause phytotoxicity to the plants. The objectives of this paper were to infer the possibility of phytotoxicity of Cu and Zn to plants grown in soils submitted to successive applications of pig slurry and in soils collected from vineyards with a long history of copper-based fungicide applications of the Serra Gaúcha and Campanha Gaúcha regions, as well as to evaluate bioavailability of accumulated Cu in soils collected from vineyards of the aforementioned regions. To develop this work was carried out three studies. In first study was grown corn until 25 days after plant emergence in a greenhouse using deformed and undeformed soil samples collected in 0 - 20 cm depth was setup where 19 successive pig slurry applications of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1 were done for the period of seven years. A second study which composes this work was done with soils collected from vineyards of the Serra Gaúcha and Campanha Gaúcha regions. In March 2009, soil samples were collected in soil depths of 0 - 20 and 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 40 cm in three vineyards and native forest from the Serra Gaúcha region and in two vineyards and native land of the Campanha Gaúcha region. Soil samples of the 0 20 cm depth were dried, grounded and later used for the cultivation of black oat in a greenhouse for period of 40 days after plant emergence the plants. In both studies, enzymatic biochemical parameters linked to oxidative stress in the aerial part of corn and black oat plants such as lipid peroxidation, H2O2 concentration, superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were evaluated. Further, non-enzymatic parameters linked to oxidative stress in the aerial part of corn and black oat plants such as ascorbic acid and non-protein thiol group concentrations were also evaluated. The third study was conducted with vineyard soils, which assessed the bioavailability of Cu in soils. The total content of Cu, pseudo-total content (extraction using the EPA 3050B method), available content (extraction with HCl 0.1 mol L-1 and EDTA), as well the chemical fractionation of Cu through sequential extraction were determined. Overall, the biochemical parameters were not intensely altered in the corn plants, thus indicating that the 19 pig slurry applications did not cause excessive accumulation of copper and zinc in soil. On the other hand, Haplumbrept soil from vineyards of the Serra Gaúcha region and the Typic Hapludalf soil from the vineyards of the Campanha Gaúcha region with a long history of cupric fungicide application caused great oxidative stress and the antioxidant system of the black oat plants was not effective enough to reverse the stress condition, indicating that these soils present toxic levels of copper to the black oat plants. Lastly, it was observed that a high concentration of Cu in black oat roots may be an indicator of bioavailability of Cu in soil, but it is not an indicator to evaluate phytotoxicity to the plants. In addition, copper added to the soil via foliar application in grapevines accumulates mainly in the superficial layers of soil predominately in bioavailable forms, especially those linked to the mineral fraction of the soil.
A poluição do solo por metais pesados como cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) tem merecido atenção especial, porque pode representar riscos à qualidade do ambiente. No Brasil, especialmente, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a aplicação de altas doses de dejeto de suínos no solo, como fonte de nutrientes às plantas, e a aplicação continuada de fungicidas à base de Cu em vinhedos são duas atividades que preocupam pelo incremento das quantidades de frações de Cu e Zn no solo, principalmente em camadas superficiais, aumentando a biodisponibilidade destes metais, o que pode causar fitotoxidez. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (a) inferir sobre a possibilidade de fitotoxidez de Cu e Zn às plantas cultivadas em solos submetidos a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos e em solos coletados sob vinhedos, com longo histórico com aplicações de fungicidas a base de Cu, da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha; (b) avaliar a biodisponiblidade do Cu acumulado em solos coletados sob vinhedos da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha. Para desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram realizados três estudos. No primeiro estudo foi realizado o cultivo de milho em casa de vegetação por um período de 25 dias após amergência das plantas, utilizando-se de amostras de solo deformadas e indeformadas coletadas da camada de 0 - 20 cm de profundidade, onde foram feitas 19 aplicações sucessivas de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos, durante sete anos. O segundo estudo foi realizado com solos coletados sob vinhedos da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha. Em março de 2009 foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0 - 20 e de 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 40 cm de profundidade, em três vinhedos e mata nativa na Serra Gaúcha e, em dois vinhedos e em campo nativo, na Campanha Gaúcha. Os solos da camada 0 - 20 cm foram secos, moídos e, posteriormente, utilizados para o cultivo com aveia preta em casa de vegetação por um período de 40 dias após a emergência das plantas. Nos dois primeiros estudos foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos enzimáticos ligados ao estresse oxidativo na parte aérea das plantas de milho e aveia preta, tais como peroxidação lipídica, concentração de H2O2 e atividade das enzimas superoxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX). Além disso, foram avaliados parâmetros não enzimáticos ligados ao estresse oxidativo na parte área das plantas de aveia preta e milho como concentração de ácido ascórbico e de grupos tióis não protéica. O terceiro estudo foi realizado com solos de vinhedos, onde foi avaliado a biodisponibilidade de Cu nos solos. Foram determinados os teores totais de Cu, teores pseudo-totais (extração pelo método 3050B da EPA), teores disponíveis (extração com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 e EDTA), além do fracionamento químico do Cu através da extração sequencial. De forma geral, os parâmetros bioquímicos não foram alterados de forma intensa nas plantas de milho, indicando que o acúmulo de Cu e Zn no solo proporcionado pelas 19 aplicações de dejeto líquido de suínos não causaram impacto negativo sobre as plantas. Por outro lado, os solos Cambissolo Húmico de vinhedos da Serra Gaúcha e os solos Argissolo Vermelho da região da Campanha, com longo histórico de aplicação de fungicidas cúpricos, apresentaram teores de Cu que causaram estresse oxidativo e o sistema antioxidante das plantas de aveia preta não foi suficientemente eficaz para reverter à condição de estresse, indicando que estes solos apresentam teores de cobre tóxicos para as plantas de aveia preta. Em adição, se observou que a concentração de Cu nas raízes da aveia preta pode ser utilizada como indicativo de biodisponiblidade de Cu no solo, mas não é indicador para avaliar fitotoxidez às plantas. Além disso, o cobre adicionado ao solo via aplicação foliar nas videiras acumulou, principalmente, nas camadas superficiais no solo e predominantemente em formas biodisponíveis, especialmente aquelas ligadas à fração mineral do solo.
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Durecu, Sylvain. "Biométhanisation des déchets d'élevage : approche de la solubilisation de la fraction solide et valorisation de sous-produits." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10304.
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Afin d'améliorer les performances de la digestion mésophile du lisier de porc au temps de rétention défini de 10 jours, la solubilisation de la fraction solide, étape limitante de la biométhanisation, a été étudiée en digesteurs expérimentaux infiniment mélangésTo improve the performances of the mésophile digestion of pork's(pig) liquid manure in the time of retention defined of 10 days, the solubilization of the solid fraction, the limitante stage of the biomethanation, was studied experimental infinitely mixed digesteurs there
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Kalén, Jonas, and Nathan Åkerlund. "Gårdsbaserad biogas på Nya Skottorp : utvärdering och optimering av anläggningen och uppgradering av biogasen." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Energiteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-22566.
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Biogas is an expanding sector within the broad field of agriculture and animal production. Small-scale biogas offers local combined power and heating production and the substrate is transformed into high-quality biological fertilizer. This bachelor thesis focuses on a pig farm in south-western Sweden, where biogas is produced from pig manure, evaluates and suggests ways of optimizing the process and investigates whether investing in an upgrading plant would be a feasible and more cost-efficient option. The results show that the biogas plant is working well, although the production differs from the original plans. This shows in turn that planning and examining the basic conditions before making the investment is of great importance, as well as monitoring and keeping detailed statistics of the running process. Logistical factors make optimizing the process through additional substrates difficult. The thesis shows that investing in a Biosling upgrading plant would be a profitable option, supposing that the upgraded gas is sold via the natural gas infrastructure. Furthermore, many farmers are interested in producing their own fuel for tractors and other machines, which offers more future alternatives for the upgraded biogas. However, biogas producers in Sweden today are not offered any particular subsidies, which makes it especially hard for small-scale producers.
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Wendel, Carolina Façanha. "Adubação nitrogenada em pastagem tropical por meio de compostos orgânicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-18012013-140249/.
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A compostagem é uma solução inteligente para a destinação final de resíduos orgânicos. O presente trabalho baseou-se na hipótese de que é possível, por meio da aplicação de compostos orgânicos ao solo, alcançar patamares de produção agrícola equivalentes aos obtidos pela adubação nitrogenada mineral. O experimento foi realizado em vasos com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em dois solos, um de textura argilosa e outro de textura média. Objetivou-se avaliar a dose de nitrogênio (N) proveniente de composto de lixo, composto de lodo de esgoto e composto de lodo de dejetos suínos que fosse equivalente à dose de 150 mg dm-3 de N proveniente da adubação nitrogenada mineral. Para isso, as doses de composto orgânico foram determinadas com base nas frações de mineralização de N, estimadas em 30, 15 e 7%. Assim, para a obtenção de 150 mg dm-3 de N mineralizado, foram aplicadas doses de, respectivamente, 500, 1.000 e 2.143 mg dm-3 de N total, provenientes dos compostos orgânicos. Foram realizados três cortes no capim Marandu, sendo mensurados, a cada corte, o teor de clorofila, o número de folhas e de perfilhos, a área foliar, a biomassa e o teor de N total da parte aérea das plantas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de médias e análise de regressão. Foi possível, por meio dos compostos orgânicos, obter resultados de adubação nitrogenada equivalentes, e até superiores, aos obtidos pela adubação mineral, dependendo do tipo de composto, a dose aplicada e a escala temporal. De modo geral, os tratamentos com composto de lodo de esgoto, a partir da dose 1.000 mg dm-3 de N, foram superiores ao com adubação mineral no primeiro corte, equivalentes no segundo corte, e superiores no terceiro corte do capim Marandu. A quantidade de N liberada ao sistema por meio dos compostos de lixo e de lodo de dejetos suínos chegou aos patamares dos tratamentos com adubação mineral no segundo corte, na dose 2.143 mg dm-3 e no terceiro corte, na dose 1.000 mg dm-3 de N. As frações de mineralização de N que geraram resultados mais próximos aos da adubação nitrogenada mineral foram, em média, de 15% para o composto de lodo de esgoto e de 7% para os compostos de lixo e de lodo de dejetos suínosComposting is a smart final destination for organic residues. The present work was based in the hypothesis that it is possible to obtain similar agricultural productivity levels applying organic compounds on soil in comparison with mineral nitrogen application. The experiment was conducted in pots with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in two soil types, with clay and sandy clay loam texture. The objective was to evaluate if estimated doses of nitrogen (N) from waste compost, sewage sludge compost and and pig manure compost, when applied on the soil, was equivalent to 150 mg dm-3 of mineral Nitrogen fertilizer. The doses of organic composts applied were based in estimations of N mineralized of 30, 15 and 7%, correspondent, respectively, to doses of 500, 1000 and 2143 mg dm-3 of total N. The grass was harvested three times, on each time the chlorophyll level, the number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, biomass and total N were measured in the aerial part of the plants. The results were submitted to variance analysis, and regression analysis. It was possible, trough the N fertilization by organic composts, to obtain similar and even superior results, in comparison to the mineral N, depending on type of compost, the applied dose and the time frame. The treatment with sewage sludge compost in the dose of 1000 mg dm-3 of N was superior to the mineral N in the first harvest, similar in the second and superior in the third harvest of the grass. The waste and pig manure composts reached similarity with the mineral fertilization in the second harvest, in the dose of 2143 mg dm-3, and in the third harvest, in the dose of 1000 mg dm-3 of N. The mineralization fractions of N found for the composts that were the most similar the mineral fertilization were, in average, of 15% for the sewage sludge compost and 7% for the waste and pig manure compost
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Pereira, Sandra Mara. "Estudo dos custos operacionais e da viabilidade de implantação de um sistema de coleta de dejetos suínos para geração de bioenergia, no município de Toledo PR." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2009. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2246.
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The theme focused in this study is the analysis of operating costs and the feasibility of implementation of a collecting system of pig manure (terminal phase) in rural properties from Toledo-PR, for the bioenergy generation. The theoretical framework includes topics about agribusiness, route planner and logistics, transportation costs and investment analysis, characterization of the local swine, as well as the potential for bioenergy generation by pig manure. The method is exploratory, collecting information related to 380 properties, with pigs in the terminal phase, locating these properties and making the road map with the help of Clark and Wright s heuristic. Information about vehicles and equipment, usually used in this activity, operating costs and investment in their acquisition were researched, as well as the implementation of a center of biodigestion. The potential to generate waste, biogas and electricity, and the quantities of pigs in the investigated properties were also examined. It was observed that the implementation of this project is viable. Although large investments are required, the profitability with biogas and electricity sales is significant. The conclusion is that it is viable to implement the project, due to the benefits for the farmers, who will have new source of revenue with the sale of pig slurry, with the provision of a new energy matrix, using a highly waste polluter; and to preserve the environment that will not suffer the damage by indiscriminate manure dumping.
Este trabalho tem como tema a análise dos custos operacionais e da viabilidade de implantação de um sistema de coleta de dejetos suínos (em fase de terminação), em propriedades rurais do município de Toledo-PR, para a geração de bioenergia. O referencial teórico compreende tópicos do agronegócio; logística e roteirização; custos de transporte e análise de investimentos; caracterização da suinocultura local, bem como as potencialidades de geração de bioenergia com os dejetos suínos. A metodologia tem caráter exploratório, coletando informações relacionadas a 380 propriedades com suínos em fase de terminação, que foram localizadas em mapa e realizando a roteirização com auxilio da heurística de Clark e Wright. Foram pesquisadas informações referentes aos veículos e aos equipamentos geralmente utilizados nesta atividade, bem como informações sobre os custos operacionais e de investimento para a aquisição dos mesmos, assim como para a implementação de um centro de biodigestão. Analisaram-se também os potenciais de geração de dejetos, biogás e energia elétrica considerando as quantidades de suínos existentes nas propriedades pesquisadas. Constatou-se que, para a implementação do projeto, são necessários grandes investimentos; entretanto a rentabilidade com a venda de biogás e de energia elétrica é considerável. Conclui-se que é viável a implementação de semelhante projeto, por beneficiar os produtores rurais, os quais terão nova fonte de renda com a venda dos dejetos; por possibilitar uma nova matriz energética, utilizando um resíduo altamente poluidor; e por preservar o meio ambiente, que deixará de sofrer os anteriores danos pelo despejo indiscriminado dos dejetos suínos.
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Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304/document.
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Les substances pharmaceutiques font partie du groupe des contaminants émergents du fait de leur intérêt récent dans les études environnementales comparativement à des polluants étudiés depuis plus longtemps tels que les pesticides. Elles correspondent aux principes actifs des médicaments et, à ce titre, sont responsables des propriétés pharmacologiques des médicaments. Ce sont donc des molécules biologiquement actives qui peuvent agir sur les organismes vivants présents dans les écosystèmes impactés. L’origine des substances pharmaceutiques dans l’environnement est variable mais les principales sources sont liées à leur utilisation en médecine humaine ou vétérinaire. Une fois consommées, les substances pharmaceutiques sont excrétées dans les urines ou les fèces et se retrouvent dans les eaux usées (consommation humaine) ou dans les déchets d’élevage (consommation vétérinaire). Dans le premier cas, elles peuvent être rejetées directement dans le milieu, ou indirectement, avec les eaux usées traitées ou les boues résiduaires, après traitement dans les stations d’épuration (STEP). Dans le deuxième cas, elles atteignent directement le milieu lorsque les animaux sont élevés en prairie ou indirectement lorsque les déchets d’élevage sont épandus sur les sols agricoles pour les fertiliser. Ces travaux de thèse se sont attachés à étudier l’origine et le devenir de ces substances dans ces 2 cas de figure. Ainsi en se basant sur des critères de consommation, de présence dans l’environnement par rapport à des études antérieures, de toxicité et d’écotoxicité, d’originalité et de disponibilité des composés standards de référence, 32 puis 78 molécules appartenant aux classes thérapeutiques des antibiotiques, des anticancéreux, des béta-bloquants, des anti-VIH et des inhibiteurs de phosphodiestérase de type 5 (PDE 5) ont été étudiées dans 2 continuums : i) effluents hospitaliers - eaux usées brutes et traitées – eaux de surface, et ii) eaux usées brutes et traitées - eaux de surface - eaux de captage souterraines. En s’appuyant sur les mêmes critères de sélection, le devenir de 7 antibiotiques a été étudié dans des lisiers porcins dans des filières simples de traitement du lisier (fosse de stockage), dans des filières complexes de traitement du lisier (système de traitement ressemblant à des mini STEP) et dans des mésocosmes en conditions contrôlées. Pour pouvoir réaliser l’ensemble de ces études, des protocoles analytiques mettant en œuvre une étape d’extraction par SPE (Solide Phase Extraction) ou d’extraction ASE (Extraction Accélérée par Solvant) puis de purification par SPE et d’analyse par LC/MS/MS (Chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem) ont été développés. Ces protocoles, en remplissant des critères de qualité tels que des limites de détection et de quantification compatibles avec des analyses environnementales (de l’ordre du ng/l à la dizaine de ng/l), une bonne linéarité, précision, justesse et performance, ont permis d’analyser la phase dissoute des échantillons d’eaux et la phase dissoute et solide des échantillons de lisiers. Il ressort des analyses des échantillons aqueux que : i) les béta-bloquants, les anti-VIH et les antibiotiques appartenant aux familles des macrolides, des fluoroquinolones et des sulfonamides, sont les molécules les plus représentatifs de la contamination du milieu naturel parmi les classes étudiées ; ii) les rejets de STEP sont une source majeure de la contamination des systèmes aquatiques ; iii) les eaux usées sont davantage contaminées en hiver qu’en été ; et iv) les eaux de surface sont davantage contaminées en été qu’en hiverPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
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Sabattini, Laura. "Building a community : single mothers manage family responsibilities /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304.
Full textAbstract:
Les substances pharmaceutiques font partie du groupe des contaminants émergents du fait de leur intérêt récent dans les études environnementales comparativement à des polluants étudiés depuis plus longtemps tels que les pesticides. Elles correspondent aux principes actifs des médicaments et, à ce titre, sont responsables des propriétés pharmacologiques des médicaments. Ce sont donc des molécules biologiquement actives qui peuvent agir sur les organismes vivants présents dans les écosystèmes impactés. L’origine des substances pharmaceutiques dans l’environnement est variable mais les principales sources sont liées à leur utilisation en médecine humaine ou vétérinaire. Une fois consommées, les substances pharmaceutiques sont excrétées dans les urines ou les fèces et se retrouvent dans les eaux usées (consommation humaine) ou dans les déchets d’élevage (consommation vétérinaire). Dans le premier cas, elles peuvent être rejetées directement dans le milieu, ou indirectement, avec les eaux usées traitées ou les boues résiduaires, après traitement dans les stations d’épuration (STEP). Dans le deuxième cas, elles atteignent directement le milieu lorsque les animaux sont élevés en prairie ou indirectement lorsque les déchets d’élevage sont épandus sur les sols agricoles pour les fertiliser. Ces travaux de thèse se sont attachés à étudier l’origine et le devenir de ces substances dans ces 2 cas de figure. Ainsi en se basant sur des critères de consommation, de présence dans l’environnement par rapport à des études antérieures, de toxicité et d’écotoxicité, d’originalité et de disponibilité des composés standards de référence, 32 puis 78 molécules appartenant aux classes thérapeutiques des antibiotiques, des anticancéreux, des béta-bloquants, des anti-VIH et des inhibiteurs de phosphodiestérase de type 5 (PDE 5) ont été étudiées dans 2 continuums : i) effluents hospitaliers - eaux usées brutes et traitées – eaux de surface, et ii) eaux usées brutes et traitées - eaux de surface - eaux de captage souterraines. En s’appuyant sur les mêmes critères de sélection, le devenir de 7 antibiotiques a été étudié dans des lisiers porcins dans des filières simples de traitement du lisier (fosse de stockage), dans des filières complexes de traitement du lisier (système de traitement ressemblant à des mini STEP) et dans des mésocosmes en conditions contrôlées. Pour pouvoir réaliser l’ensemble de ces études, des protocoles analytiques mettant en œuvre une étape d’extraction par SPE (Solide Phase Extraction) ou d’extraction ASE (Extraction Accélérée par Solvant) puis de purification par SPE et d’analyse par LC/MS/MS (Chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem) ont été développés. Ces protocoles, en remplissant des critères de qualité tels que des limites de détection et de quantification compatibles avec des analyses environnementales (de l’ordre du ng/l à la dizaine de ng/l), une bonne linéarité, précision, justesse et performance, ont permis d’analyser la phase dissoute des échantillons d’eaux et la phase dissoute et solide des échantillons de lisiers. Il ressort des analyses des échantillons aqueux que : i) les béta-bloquants, les anti-VIH et les antibiotiques appartenant aux familles des macrolides, des fluoroquinolones et des sulfonamides, sont les molécules les plus représentatifs de la contamination du milieu naturel parmi les classes étudiées ; ii) les rejets de STEP sont une source majeure de la contamination des systèmes aquatiques ; iii) les eaux usées sont davantage contaminées en hiver qu’en été ; et iv) les eaux de surface sont davantage contaminées en été qu’en hiverPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
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PEREIRA, Cl?udio Henrique. "Scolytidae (Coleoptera) degradadores de ess?ncias de mangue no Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2003. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1889.
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Studies to observe insects of the family Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in mangrove essences were carried in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Barra da Tijuca, Parque da Gleba "E" (Area 1) and Barra de Guaratiba (Area 2) during 25 months from August 1999 to August 2001, based on weekly observations of stems of three essences occurring in these areas: Rhysophora mangle L. (Rhysophoraceae), Avicennia schaueriana STAPFT & LEECHM (Acanthaceae) and Hibiscus pernambucensis L. (Malvaceae). It was utilized 120 stems of each essence in each area. After the observation of occurrence of Scolytidae attack in essences samples of 10cm of each stem were take biweekly for laboratory observation. The numbers of perforations, the number of insects captured, number of galleries and larvae were analyzed statistically and graphically compared to weather data collected from the Esta??o Meteorol?gica do Aeroporto de Jacarepagu? (?rea 1) and the Esta??o Experimental do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, INMET, RJ, located in Barra de Guaratiba (area 2). Were captured nine species of Scolytidae, distributed in six genera: Xileborus, Hypotenemus, Premnobius, Ambrosiodmus, Cryptocaremus and Cnesinus. The most significant species in the two areas were Xileborus affinis (29.70%), Hypothenemus eruditos (23.17%) and Ambrosiodmus haguedorni (20.78%). There was significant correlation between population density and climatic variations for the three species of Scolytidae with the highest percentage of occurrence. The peak of occurrence was observed in January and February and decreased in June, July and August. There was significant variation in the incidence of beetles preference regarding botanical essences, Rhysophora mangle being the most attacked and Hibiscus pernambucensis unless attacked. Were also used traps baited with alcohol Modelo Carvalho - 47, to catch the Scolytidae. The observations and collections of insects were held weekly. The data underwent the same statistical methods. The results obtained with the traps did not differ from those obtained with the use of stem. It was verified that the area with the highest incidence of insects was the area 2, which presents more degraded vegetation at the expense of area 1 which presents a more preserved mangrove.
Estudos para observa??o de insetos da fam?lia Scolytidae (Coleoptera), em ess?ncias de mangue, foram realizados no Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro, Barra da Tijuca, Parque da Gleba ?E? ? ?rea 1 e Barra de Guaratiba ? ?rea 2, durante 25 meses, de agosto de 1999 ? agosto de 2001, baseando-se na observa??o semanal de toletes de tr?s ess?ncias ocorrentes nestas ?reas: Rhysophora mangle L. (Rhysophoraceae), Avicennia schaueriana STAPFT & LEECHM (Acanthaceae) e Hibiscus pernambucensis L. (Malvaceae). Foram utilizados 120 toletes de cada ess?ncia em cada ?rea. Posteriormente ? observa??o da ocorr?ncia do ataque dos Scolytidae ?s ess?ncias, foram retirados, quinzenalmente amostras de 10 cm de cada tolete, para observa??o em laborat?rio. Os n?meros de perfura??es, n?mero de insetos capturados, n?mero de galerias e de larvas foram analisados estat?stica e graficamente em rela??o aos dados clim?ticos coletados junto ? Esta??o Meteorol?gica do Aeroporto de Jacarepagu? (?rea 1) e a Esta??o Experimental do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, INMET, RJ, localizada na Barra de Guaratiba (?rea 2). Foram capturadas nove esp?cies de Scolytidae, distribu?das em seis g?neros: Xileborus, Hypotenemus, Premnobius, Ambrosiodmus, Cryptocaremus e Cnesinus. As esp?cies mais significativas nas duas ?reas foram Xileborus affinis (29,70%), Hypothenemus eruditos (23,17%) e Ambrosiodmus haguedorni (20,78%). Houve correla??o significativa entre a densidade populacional e as varia??es clim?ticas para as tr?s esp?cies de Scolytidae com maior percentual de ocorr?ncia. Obsevou-se picos de ocorr?ncia nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro e queda nos meses de junho, julho e agosto. Houve varia??o significativa na prefer?ncia de incid?ncia dos cole?pteros em rela??o ?s ess?ncias bot?nicas, sendo Rhysophora mangle a mais atacada e Hibiscus pernambucensis a menos atacada. Ainda foram utilizadas armadilhas com isca de etanol Modelo Carvalho ? 47, para a captura dos Scolytidae. As observa??es e coletas dos insetos foram realizadas semanalmente. Os dados sofreram os mesmos tratamentos estat?sticos. Os resultados obtidos com as armadilhas n?o diferiram dos obtidos com a utiliza??o dos toletes. Constatou-se que a ?rea com maior incid?ncia dos insetos foi a ?rea 2, que apresenta uma vegeta??o mais degradada em detrimento da ?rea 1 a qual apresenta um manguezal mais preservado.
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Olewski, Jakub Szymon. "Effects of soil pH and plant material quality on soil mineral nitrogen dynamics and nitrous oxide production following addition of green manure to soil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202373.
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Human activities have doubled the loading of ecosystems with reactive nitrogen (N) contributing to many serious problems such as eutrophication, climate change and pollution. As most anthropogenic reactive N is created to supply plant-available N in agriculture, one of the ways to mitigate the situation is to improve N use efficiency in crop production. It is also potentially more sustainable to supply N to crops using biological N fixation (BNF) rather than synthetic N fertilisers, because BNF does not rely on energy from fossil fuels to create plant-available N. Soil pH affects N transformations (e.g. nitrification is generally slower in low pH), but pH effects during decomposition of green manure and pH interactions with physico-chemical properties of the plant material are not well known. Here, effects of soil pH on N release, mineral-N dynamics and N2O emissions during plant material decomposition were studied. One of the objectives was to establish if regulation of soil pH could be used to manipulate N supply from green manures to crops. It was the first time such study was conducted using a long-term pH gradient (Woodlands Field, Craibstone, Aberdeen, UK). This enabled to avoid short-term effects of pH change on soil biochemical processes and confounding effects of other variables, such as soil texture and organic matter content, which vary when soils from different locations are used. Field and laboratory experiments showed that soil acidification is unlikely to be useful as a means regulate N supply from green manure (e.g. to reduce risk of nitrate leaching) as it did not significantly affect N release and nitrate dynamics. Comparison of different green manure species showed that tannin-rich plant material and purified tannins can interact with soil pH affecting soil microbial community composition and N2O emissions, but the effects were not related causally, which warrants further investigation.
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Gerhard, Pia [Verfasser], Gert [Gutachter] Webelhuth, and Manfred [Gutachter] Sailer. "Translating from English to German: structural and stylistic preferences / Pia Gerhard ; Gutachter: Gert Webelhuth, Manfred Sailer." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1139775073/34.
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Zhao, Ping [Verfasser], Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Glesner, and Thilo [Akademischer Betreuer] Bein. "Energy Harvesting Techniques for Autonomous WSNs/RFID with a Focus on RF Energy Harvesting / Ping Zhao. Betreuer: Manfred Glesner ; Thilo Bein." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1106117824/34.
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Klinger, Sandra [Verfasser], and Manfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Berroth. "Germanium pin photodiodes on silicon and photonic integrated circuits : components for high-speed optical data communications / Sandra Klinger. Betreuer: Manfred Berroth." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025465458/34.
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Wanderley, Filha Iracy. "Territ?rio, participa??o cidad? e turismo: um estudo sobre as experi?ncias participativas em turismo no munic?pio de Porto do Mangue/RN." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM TURISMO, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24073.
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Este estudo tem como objetivo principal investigar as experi?ncias participativas em Porto do Mangue/RN, nos direcionamentos do turismo, com foco nas rela??es entre a sociedade civil, o poder p?blico e suas inst?ncias, visando compreender como ? produzido o turismo no local. Os objetivos espec?ficos delineados para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram: a) Apresentar a articula??o conceitual e os princ?pios l?gicos que orientam as an?lises emp?ricas deste estudo, notadamente sobre territ?rio, participa??o cidad? e turismo; b) Caracterizar o munic?pio de Porto do Mangue, evidenciando os processos tur?sticos locais e os Programas das Pol?ticas P?blicas de Turismo, com foco na participa??o dos agentes/atores sociais; c) Identificar as tipologias de participa??o previstas pela Escada da Participa??o Cidad? e as poss?veis ocorr?ncias em Porto do Mangue/RN. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, um aporte metodol?gico explorat?rio e descritivo, com o aux?lio de t?cnicas de pesquisa bibliogr?fica e documental. Utilizou-se a investiga??o participativa de campo, obedecendo ?s seguintes etapas: 1) Aplica??o de roteiros de entrevistas semiestruturadas com agentes/atores sociais do poder p?blico (municipal e estadual), sociedade civil e empreendedores locais ligados ? atividade tur?stica; 2) Sistematiza??o das informa??es constantes nas entrevistas semiestruturadas; 3)Reuni?es para confirma??o e legitima??o das informa??es pelos agentes/atores da sociedade civil. Para tratar as informa??es coletadas em campo, utilizou-se a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do. A reposta aos objetivos parte das an?lises realizadas sobre os n?veis de participa??o da sociedade civil de Porto do Mangue/RN na elabora??o e implementa??o de Pol?ticas P?blicas para o desenvolvimento do turismo neste munic?pio. Dessa forma, pode-se observar que, de modo geral, as experi?ncias participativas neste munic?pio est?o concentradas em modos n?o participativos e de participa??o simb?lica, tendo por base a classifica??o proposta pela Escada da Participa??o Cidad?. Sem perder de vista a complexidade do fen?meno tur?stico, as reflex?es deste estudo permitem compreender a import?ncia da participa??o cidad? como um dos instrumentos capazes de transformar as decis?es coletivas em projetos de interesses sociais, com foco na realidade do territ?rio. Destarte, os resultados deste trabalho identificam a realidade atual do turismo em Porto do Mangue/RN, podendo assim auxiliar nos desafios do planejamento, organiza??o e gest?o da atividade tur?stica e sua interface com os demais setores da sociedade.
The aim of this study is to investigate the participative experiences in Porto do Mangue/RN, in the tourism directions, focused on the relationship between society, the government and its institutions, to understand how tourism is developed there. The specific objectives that we outlined for the development of this work were: a) Present the conceptual articulation and the logical principles that guide the empirical analyzes of this study, especially on territory, citizen participation and tourism; b) Distinguish the municipality of Porto do Mangue, evidencing the local tourist processes and the Programs of the Public Policies of Tourism, focusing on the participation of the social agents / actors; c) Identify the types of participation provided by the Participation?s Ladder and their occurrence in Porto do Mangue/RN .A qualitative approach, an exploratory and descriptive methodological contribution was adopted. In addition to this, we had an aid of bibliographic and documentary research techniques. Participatory field research was used, following the following steps: 1) Application of semi-structured interviews with agents / social actors of the public power (municipal and state), civil society and local entrepreneurs linked to the tourist activity; 2) organization of the information contained in semi-structured interviews; 3) Meetings to confirm and legitimize information by civil society actors / actors. To treat the information collected in the field, the technique of content analysis was used. The response to the objectives is based on the analyzes carried out on the levels of society participation in Porto do Mangue/RN in the elaboration and implementation of Public Policies for the development of tourism in this city. In such wise as to, it can be observed that, in general, participatory experiences in this municipality are concentrated in non-participatory and figurative participation modes, based on the classification proposed by the Participation?s Ladder. Without losing sight of the complexity of the tourist phenomenon, the reflections of this study allow us to understand the importance of citizen participation as one of the instruments capable of transforming collective decisions into social interest projects, focusing on the reality of the territory. Therefore, the results of this work identify the current tourism reality in Porto do Mangue / RN, and thus help in the challenges of planning, organizing and managing the tourism activity and its interface with other sectors of society.
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Alencar, Carlos Eduardo Rocha Duarte. "Din?mica populacional do caranguejo-u??, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (CRUSTACEA, BRACHYURA, UCIDIDAE) no munic?pio de Porto do Mangue, litoral norte do estado do Rio Grande do Norte." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18553.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-28Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Decapod crustaceans are one of the most important portions of megafaunal of coastal waters, playing a role as modifier of the environment and controlling populations of other organisms. Among the Decapoda, crab (brachyuran) constitutes the dominant macrofauna of mangroves. Among brachyuran is the mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus, Linnaeus, 1763), which represents the main component of the macrofauna of mangroves, particularly in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. In Brazil, its distribution is known from the state of Amap? to the north of Santa Catarina. This species is distinguished by its economic importance, being one of the main fishing resources in Brazil, generating a significant impact on their natural populations. This reduction would result in loss of value to the product, preventing its commercialization. Although it?s great ecological and economic importance, there are few articles about the biological aspects of U. cordatus, mainly in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. This work aimed to study the population dynamics of the mangrove crab, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763), in Conchas estuary, Porto do Mangue, northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte. During the period November 2009 to October 2010 the crabs were collected monthly, obeying predetermined lunar periods (new moon or full moon) in a mangrove area in Porto do Mangue - RN. With the aid of a steel caliper (0.01 mm) and a precision balance (0.01 g) were measured biometric variables related to the animal's carapace, major propodus chela, width of abdomen (female), length of gonopodium ( males) and total weight. In addition, it was recorded, the gonads and molt stages, for males and females. In total, 476 crabs were collected, with 338 males and 138 females. Males were larger, heavier and in greater proportion than females. The reproductive period for the species in this location was limited during the months November to May, suggesting a change in current environmental legislation for the closure period. Synchrony was observed between the morphological and physiological maturity with females maturing earlier, possibly, a reproductive strategy adopted, compared to the low fishing pressure in the area. The molting period occurred in the dry season peaking in October. The analysis of growth, based on the parameters of von Bertalanffy was calculated using the nonlinear fit using modes (AJMOD). High growth rates for both males (L = 7.54 cm, k = 0.95, t0 =- 00:08; tmax = 4.84) and females (L = 6.50, k = 1 , 2, t0 =- 0008; tmax = 3.28) were found, contrasting with data from the literature, using other techniques. Males had higher asymptotic width size and longevity, but a lower growth constant when compared with females. The estimated age, for males and females, reaching the minimum capture size was 1.82 years and 1.63 years respectively. The size of physiological maturity, when individuals are able to reproduce, was estimated at 1.4 years and 1.05 years, for males and females, respectively. The recruitment period for this species is seasonal, with two peaks of occurrence, one in the rainy season and one in the dry season. This work represented the first effort on understanding the ecology of the mangrove crab, to the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte. However, further studies on its biology should be undertaken, especially those related to growth, and recruitment, where observed that literature is more scarce
Os crust?ceos dec?podos constituem uma das parcelas mais importantes da megafauna b?ntica de ?guas costeiras, visto que desempenham papel modificador do ambiente e controlador de popula??es de outros organismos. S?o tanto abundantes como diversos. Entre os Decapodas, os caranguejos (Braqui?ros) constituem a macrofauna predominante dos manguezais. Dentre os braqui?ros, encontra-se o caranguejou?? (Ucides cordatus, Linnaeus, 1763), que representa o principal componente da macrofauna dos manguezais, principalmente nas regi?es norte e nordeste brasileira. No Brasil sua distribui??o ? compreendida desde o estado do Amap? at? o norte de Santa Catarina. Esta esp?cie destaca-se por sua import?ncia econ?mica, sendo um dos principais recursos pesqueiros no Brasil, gerando um expressivo impacto sobre suas popula??es naturais. Esta diminui??o resultaria na perda do valor agregado ao produto, inviabilizando a sua comercializa??o. Embora seja uma esp?cie de grande import?ncia ecol?gica e econ?mica, poucos s?o os artigos que tratam de aspectos biol?gicos de U. cordatus, principalmente no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a din?mica populacional do caranguejo Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) no estu?rio do Rio das Conchas, pertencente ao munic?pio de Porto do Mangue, litoral norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Durante o per?odo de novembro de 2009 a outubro de 2010 foram realizadas coletas mensais de exemplares da esp?cie U. cordatus, sempre sobre os mesmos per?odos lunares estabelecidos previamente (Lua Nova/Lua Cheia) em uma ?rea de manguezal localizada no munic?pio de Porto do Mangue ? RN. Com o aux?lio de um paqu?metro de a?o (0,01mm) e de uma balan?a de precis?o (0,01g) foram medidas vari?veis biom?tricas referentes ? carapa?a do animal, pr?podo da quela maior, largura do abd?men (f?meas), comprimento do gonop?dio (machos) e peso total. Al?m disso, tamb?m foi registrado os est?gios de muda e de g?nadas para machos e f?meas. No total, foram coletados 476 caranguejos, sendo 338 machos e 138 f?meas. Os machos foram maiores, mais pesados e em maior propor??o que as f?meas. O per?odo reprodutivo para a esp?cie nesta localidade foi limitado entre os meses de novembro a maio, sugerindo uma mudan?a na legisla??o ambiental atual para o per?odo de defeso. Foi observada uma sincronia entre a maturidade morfol?gica e fisiol?gica com as f?meas amadurecendo precocemente, possivelmente, uma estrat?gia reprodutiva adotada, frente ? baixa press?o de pesca na ?rea. O per?odo de ocorr?ncia de mudas ocorreu na esta??o seca com pico em outubro. A an?lise de crescimento, baseado nos par?metros de Von Bertalanffy, foi calculada utilizando o ajuste n?o-linear usando-se modas (AJMOD). Evidenciaram-se altas taxas de crescimento tanto para machos (L =7,54cm; k=0,95; t0=-0.08; tm?x=4,84), como para f?meas (L =6,50; k=1,2; t0=-0.008; tm?x=3,28), contrastando com dados obtidos na literatura, utilizando outras t?cnicas. Os machos obtiveram maior tamanho de largura assint?tico e longevidade, por?m uma menor constante de crescimento, quando comparados com as f?meas. A idade estimada para machos e f?meas atingindo o tamanho m?nimo de captura foi de 1,82anos e 1,63anos, respectivamente. O tamanho de maturidade fisiol?gica, quando os indiv?duos est?o aptos a reprodu??o, foi estimado em 1,4anos e 1,05anos para machos e f?meas, respectivamente. O per?odo de recrutamento para a esp?cie ? sazonal, com dois picos de ocorr?ncia, um no per?odo chuvoso e outro no per?odo seco. Este trabalho representou o primeiro esfor?o sobre o entendimento da ecologia do caranguejo-u??, para o litoral norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. No entanto, mais estudos sobre a sua biologia devem ser realizados, sobretudo os referentes ao crescimento, e ao recrutamento, onde se observou que a literatura ? mais escassa
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Huamán, Bustamante Jesús Omar. "Implementación de un controlador difuso de temperatura prototipo usando la inferencia difusa de Takagi Sugeno." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2007. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2007/huaman_bj/html/index-frames.html.
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Chen, Li-En, and 陳立恩. "Recognizing and Positioning of the Pig Manure in a Simulated Pig Pen by Computer Vision." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51349589074079019116.
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碩士臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
96
In order to achieve the automatic manure removal in pig pens, a computer vision system was developed to accurately position the simulated manures thru the camera image of the simulated pig pen in this study. The simulated pig pen including simulated pigs and simulated manures was constructed. An image acquiring system, including camera, dimmer, incandescent lamp, photometric sensor and photometer was set up for testing the computer vision system. The top view image was taken by the camera mounted on top of the simulated pig pen while the ambient luminosity was adjusted by using the dimmer. In experimental design, 9 different distribution patterns and 5 levels of luminosity, totally 45 conditions were tested for evaluating the positioning efficiency of the system. The parameters used in tests include the minimum enclosing rectangle (MER), density, self-defined mask and the gradient threshold value. The image was acquired at the previous 45 different conditions, and there were 10 gradient threshold levels for each condition, thereafter 450 tests were conducted in this study. Two indices of positioning efficiency, error rate and missing rate, were recorded for each test. These data were presented by drawing the three-dimension curved surfaces and their top views by using the luminosity as the x-axis, the gradient threshold value as the y-axis and the missing rate (or error rate) as the z-axis. The optimal condition was then investigated through the above three-dimension drawings. Experimental results showed that the optimal recognizing effect of 4.57% of average missing rate and 8.21% of average error rate was achieved under the condition of 500 lux of luminosity and gradient threshold value of 40. Also, except the three distribution patterns - “scattered pigs, clustered manures”, “randomized pigs, clustered manures” and “clustered pigs, clustered manures”, the missing rate and error rate of the system were all less than 10%.
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Tang, Yi-Hsuan, and 湯貽瑄. "Rapid Composting and Stabilizing of Feces–A Case Study with Pig Manure." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ep835t.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
104
There are still 2.4 billion people practicing open defecation around the world in 2015 according to United Nations’ statistics. Untreated human feces will not only pollute the environmental waters and soils but may also cause human deseases and even death. Accordingly, we must solve the problems of open defecation in areas without flushing toilet or sanitary sewer system. The concept of Eco-toilets has emerged. Eco-toilets should ensure hygienic functions, be environmental friendly, require little to no water and treat human feces in-situ. Besides, the design principles of eco-toilets should be well aligned with economic consideration. In this study a composting system was established to stabilize pig manure, which was used to mimic human feces. The tested system includes a composting vessel, temperature and moisture controling devices and supplying materials. Physical indicators, such as pH value, conductivity and moisture content, chemical indexes, including total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon, and C/N ratio, and biological indicators, including germination rate, relative germination rate and fecal coliforms were monitored during each cycle of batch-type composting test. The results of this study revealed that pH value was maintained slightly alkali, C / N ratio was raised due to significant nitrogen loss, and pig manure could be stabilized under suitable moisture content and temperature in 7 days. Finally, we found that the best operational condition for batch-type composting is under 50 ℃, moisture content at 45% and with appropriate amount of seeding and bulking materials.
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Chen, Bau-Hung, and 陳保宏. "Development of the Gantry Platform Prototype for Manure Collection in Pig Pens." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34495923053234662866.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
95
Owing to the rapid development of swine industry, huge amount of wastewater has been discharged to the river and causes pollution to our environment. The impact is getting worse especially for the land limited country such as Taiwan. The three-stage wastewater treatment system, which is widely used in Taiwan, is hard to meet the more and more strict effluent standard. Therefore, to develop an effective treatment method is necessary to solve this problem. As we know, the primary pollution source of swine wastewater is the solid manure. Therefore, if the solid manure can be removed before flushing the pig pens, lots of pollutants will be reduced and the consequent wastewater treatment will be much easier to deal with. Also, tremendous cleaning water can be saved. A suction-type manure collecting facility has been developed by NTU and successfully proved to be able to remove the solid manure effectively. However, intensive labor is required to operate this facility. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a labor-saving automatic moving platform which is able to integrate the manure collector. This study has developed a prototype of gantry-type moving platform, of which the horizontal moving mechanism is able to position the x, y coordinates, and its z-axis is able to move up and down freely to simulate the motion of the suctioning process. Test results showed that the precision of the single target point can be accurate up to 1 mm, and for the multiple target points operation, the maximum error was less than 0.5 cm. Therefore, the precision of the platform prototype should be able to meet the requirement for field operation in pig farms.
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Chen, Chien-Hao, and 陳建豪. "Facilitation of Pig Manure/Rice Straw Compost Maturity by Inoculating Isolated Microorganisms." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81635184874683804473.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
103
Pig manure and rice straw are two major agricultural wastes in Taiwan. Solid pig manure contains 75% organic compounds and rice straw contains up to 90% organic compounds. Owing to the high organic contents of pig manure and rice straw, they are potential materials used for composting. Compost of pig manure and rice straw not only can be used as crop fertilizer for nutrient recycling, but also achieve the goal of waste reutilization. It is beneficial for a sustainable future.This study contains three sections. The first part was to isolate and identify the bacteria capable of decomposing cellulose, xylan, starch and protein. Then, their optimum initial pH, temperature and carbon source concentration for maximum enzyme activity were carefully investigated using batch strategy. The final section is to inoculate the isolates into compost of pig manure and rice straw, and the effects of the initial C/N ratios and the inoculated times on compost maturation were explored. Besides, white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium purchased from collection center was also used as the inoculum. It was inoculated into compost with or without the isolates to realize whether co-inoculation was more effective for compost maturation than the inoculation of the white-rot fungus alone. The results indicated that the optimal temperature, initial pH and carbon source concentration for cellulose degrading bacterium Kitasatospora phosalacinea C1 were 31℃, pH5.5 and 0.8%, respectively. For xylan decomposing bacterium Paenibacillus glycanilyticus X1, the optimal temperature, initial pH and carbon source concentration were 45℃, pH7.5 and 0.5%, respectively. The optimal temperature, initial pH and carbon source concentration with the maximum enzyme activity for starch degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis S3 were 31℃, pH7.5 and 0.8%, respectively. For protein degrading bacterium Brevibacillus agri E4, the maximum protease activity were obtained atpH8.5 and 45℃ using 1% skim milk as the substrate.Comparing to the compost without inoculation (trial 1), the temperature of compost could be effectively enhanced and the final C/N ratio was 23.91 when inoculating white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium alone (trial 2) at the initial C/N ratio of 27.5.The final C/N ratios of the composts inoculated 4 isolates and white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium at the initial C/N ratio of 27.5 (trial 3), 25 (trial 4), and 30 (trial 5) were 18.93, 20.57and 23.09, respectively. This indicated that the optimal initial C/N ratio for composting pig manure and rice straw was 27.5, and co-inoculation was superior to single inoculation.Moreover, the compost with second co-inoculation in the cooling stage (trial 6) could promote compost maturation and the final C/N ratio was the lowest, 17.03, among all trials in this study. Keywords：rice straw, Pig manure, Compost, C/N ratio
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Chiang, Yi Chun, and 江易錞. "The Effect of Acid Pretreatment on the Anaerobic Codigestion of Pig Manure and Sludge." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57993661742116535598.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
99
Abstract The total number of pigs about 6.2 million in Taiwan according to the Council of Agriculture (COA) in 2010 statistics. The manure can be collected about 0.2 kg per once per day, that can produce about 1,241,000 kg of manure per day. It’s will cause significant environmental problems without proper treatment. This study is aimed to investigate the digestion rate and biogas production rate of waste activated sludge (WAS) with wasted sludge form food industry and pig manure by anaerobic codigestion. There are four parts of this study, in the first parts add nitric acid to Investigate the most suitable of pH value and reaction time in waste activated sludge and pig manure. The second parts to investigate the effect of different pretreatment on the anaerobic by batch experiment. The third parts to investigate the effect of acid pretreatment on the anaerobic codigestion of WAS and wasted sludge form food industry. Lastly, to investigate the effect of different pretreatment on the anaerobic codigestion of pig manure and WAS. The removal rate of anaerobic WAS digestion in batch experiment by acid pretreatment, the COD and TVS removal rate were about 23.4% and 24.3%. Pretreatment received by the acid of the COD and TVS removal rate increase 4.9%,6.6%, the methane yield were about 29.9 ml CH4/g COD added, which were the best results than the other pretreatment. The anaerobic codigestion of pig manure and WAS by acid pretreatment can increase the removal rate and biogas yield, the methane yield about 47.0ml CH4/g COD added, and increase the TVS removal rate about 7.1% and COD removal rate 9.5%.
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Po-Chin, Chang, and 張博欽. "Study on The Utilization of Pig Manure in Vermicomposting Production by Earthworm (Eisenia andrei)." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40675506560386000853.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立宜蘭大學
生物技術與動物科學系動物科學碩士班
102
Abstract The pig farming industry is the fourth largest livestock industry in Taiwan, however its value and manure production is the greatest. It not only generates a considerable amount of waste, but also contains a wealth of nutrients, which can be utilized as compost by mixing with the provision of agricultural production and possibly be used as a food source for earthworms. This study aims to evaluate if the largest amount of animal waste in Taiwan i.e pig manure (PM) mixed with sawdust (spent mushroom substrate/SMS) in different proportions, can be used for the culture medium of earthworms. Their growth efficiency was also analyzed. In the present study, 0% to 70% of the pig manure (PM0-PM7) was respectively mixed with 100% to 30% sawdust as the experimental groups (groups at every 10% interval) for vermiculture at the density 2.5g earthworm /100g substrate (dry weight)lasted for 8 -12 weeks in Trials 1 and 2. The results showed that the group PM7 (70% pig manure : 30% sawdust ) was significantly higher than other groups either in the final biomass or the growth rate. The performance of earthworms from the stratified experiments in Trial 3 showed that the earthworms not being able to adapt well with the treatment of 100% pig manure (PM10) but adapt well with the stratified substrate. Hence based on the preliminary results from Trial 3 the following experiment PM0, PM5, PM7 respectively mixed and placing PM in the upper or lower layers of SMS in Trial 4. For the treatment of pig manure placing underneath the sawust, its performance is worse than that of the upper and mixed treatments. Both PM5 and PM7 treatments with density 10g earthworm/100g (dry weight) achieved the greatest biomass in the eighth week and growth rate in the sixth week respectively, and aftetrwards both slowly decreased with the passing weeks. The commercial pig feed generally administered Cu, Zn to promote the growth and health of the animal will often lead to its manure containing high level of heavy metals. In the present study, the concentration of heavy metals in either earthworms or vermicomposting for 8 weeks both meet the safety requirements from the regulations of compost and fish meal. Therefore this study can be applied to the practical promotion of waste (pig manure) recycling and utilization.
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chen, Hsueh-ju, and 陳學儒. "The study effects of recirculation on solid-state thermophilic anaerobic digestion of pig manure." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65979308679018169283.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所碩士在職專班
100
This methane daily production, concentration total production and VFA experiment adopts the percolation system to circulate infiltrating fluid in the thermophilic (55℃) anaerobic solid-state digestion, weighting 500g fresh pig manure of total solids converses the different base ratio. As the experimental group as 0 L/min, while added 0.36 L/min；0.9 L/min and 1.8 L/min of flow rate in as three circulate infiltrating fluid comparison groups, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the group of 1.8 L/min in pig manure is superior to the control group and other comparison groups, such as the cumulative methane production of 4.57-liter, Day maximum methane production of 885ml, specific methane yield of 99.291 ml CH4 /g-VS and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal rate of 59.39%.The parameters demonstrate that adequate amount of circulate infiltrating fluid in pig manure to react the thermophilic anaerobic solid-state digestion, therefore, it can improve the substrate conversion rate and enhance the methane production.
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Mpendulo, Conference Thando. "Effects of dietary fibre on pig excreta characteristics and odours from slurry." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10149.
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A study was conducted to test the effects that different high fibre sources and their varying inclusion levels had on the characteristics of the excreta (faeces, urine and the slurry), and on odour from the slurry of growing pigs. Faeces and urine characteristics were tested from 52 pigs fed rations containing grass hay (GH), lucerne hay (LH), maize cobs (MC), maize stover (MS) and sunflower husk (SH) diets at inclusion levels up to 400 g/kg as fed basis. Faecal output, faecal consistency and nitrogen were influenced by fibre type (P <0.01) and inclusion level (P <0.01). Nitrogen content in faeces and urine was also affected by dietary fibre inclusion. Increasing fibre inclusion levelled to a reduction in urinary nitrogen content, indicating nitrogen repartitioning from urine to faeces, thereby minimizing nitrogen volatilization.
The slurry from pigs fed on LH, MC and SH at levels up to 160 g/kg was tested for chemical composition and odour offensiveness. The slurry was incubated for 16 days. The pH and nitrogen content varied among fibre types and incubation period (P <0.05). Isobutyrate and butyrate concentrations varied with fibre type and the incubation period tested (P <0.01). Using panellists, the SH containing rations resulted in low odour offensiveness score. Maize cob-containing diets resulted in the largest odour scores, with (mean rank of 2.2 and 4.3 for SH and MC, respectively). To reduce odour offensiveness from piggeries, sunflower husk was recommended as an alternative feed ingredient for growing pigs.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Chen, Chien-hung, and 陳建宏. "Characteristic study on solid-state thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw and pig manure." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16379601050883097757.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所碩士在職專班
100
A high temperature(55℃) solid-state anaerobic digestion system equipped with leachate recirculation apparatus was adopted in this study. Digestion of pig manure with rice straw was carried out that the rice straw may balanced the nutrition requirements for digestion and may provide the mass with porosity to facilitate the leachate recirculation. Un the study, four mix ratios of rice straw/pig manure (i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5, based on dry weight of pig manure) were tested for methane generation. The mixture for digestion has a initial C/N ratio ranging from 14 to 30, and a initial VS 17.68 to 31.21%. During the digestion process, the concentration of acetate acid generated was found ranging from 7,849~10,884 mg/L, and propionate acid from 5,068~6,987 mg/L. Methane generation increased from 25 ml-CH4/g-feed VS to 167 ml-CH4/g-feed VS, and cumulative methane production from 2,210 ml-CH4 to 34,701 ml-CH4, indicating methane generation increased with the mix ratio of rice straw. However, Adding 55 gram of rice straw in pig manure of the experiment responses that pH sharp rises to 7.91 in the digestive process, meanwhile, the ammonia concentration is 1,972 mg/L. Furthermore, the cumulative methane production, specific methane yield and average methane concentration are the worst profile in these experiments. These performances conform to literatures pointed that pH ≧8 induce the ammonia concentration will be relatively increased, further, inhibited the methane production.
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Adesanya, Theresa. "Properties of an Orthic Black Chernozem after 5 years of liquid and solid pig manure applications to annual and perennial crops." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31011.
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Soil physical and chemical properties determine a soil's crop production potential and the sustainability of a production system. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of solid and liquid pig manure application on the physical and chemical properties of soil after 5 years of manure application. Solid pig manure increased saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) by 110%, aggregate stability by 30%, available and total phosphorus by 471% and 52% respectively, available nitrogen by 38%, organic carbon by 29% and exchangeable K by 308%, and reduced soil bulk density by 14%. Liquid pig manure (LPM) also increased aggregate stability by 21%, exchangeable K by 45%, available P and total P by 258% and 27%, respectively and, reduced bulk density by 6%. An important finding was the 33% decrease in the concentration of exchangeable Ca in LPM-amended soils. Significant manure by cropping system interaction was also obtained for water retention parameters and available water, total nitrogen and electrical conductivity. There was no effect of pig manure on pH and exchangeable Mg concentrations. Soils under perennial vegetation had 31% greater Ksat, 26% increase in available N, 31% greater available P, 15% greater total P and 12% lower bulk density compared with those under annual crops. Our results show that SPM has a potential as a better organic amendment in improving physical and chemical properties of surface soils.February 2016
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Beechey, Nicole Elizabeth. "Economic Assessment of Compliance Costs for Ontario Pig Producers Under Nutrient Management Regulations." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3282.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the impact of nutrient management regulations on pig farms in Ontario, Canada. Using mathematical programming, small, medium and large farrow to finish and finishing pig farms are examined using uniform and crop requirement based manure application. The model scenarios characterize the cost of compliance when nutrient application standards are applied from the Nutrient Management Act and a previously proposed standard from the Clean Water Act. Compliance costs for scenarios with uniform manure application are ≤6.47%; while compliance costs for scenarios with crop requirement based manure application are ≤0.25%. The Nutrient Management Act has two calculations for nutrient application standards, producers must comply with the less binding calculation. Compliance costs for producers under the less binding standard following a uniform manure application strategy are ≤1.53%; while producers following a crop requirement based manure application strategy have no compliance costs. The proposed Clean Water Act standard is more restrictive than the Nutrient Management Act standards.Ontario Pork, OMAFRA