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1
OGEDEGBE, A. B. O., and C. APOIY. "DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE HOUSEFLY, Musca domestica (DIPTERAL: MUSCIDAE) ON DIFFERENT MANURES IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 3, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v3i2.139.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out in the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, from June to August, 2013. Three organic manures (poultry manure collected from a poultry farm in the University of Benin; pig manure collected from a pig farm in Ugbighokho, Upper Ekehuan road and cow manure collected from a dairy farm located at Technical College road, all in Benin City, Nigeria), were used for the study. Exposure was done the day after collection and evaluation was made daily to ascertain the day each of the various developmental stages appeared. Egg to larva development took an average of 14 hours on the three manures. It took an average of 169 hours (7 days) and 187 hours (8 days) for the larvae to develop to pupae on poultry and pig manures respectively. No larva pupated in the cow manure. Adult eclosion took 261 hours (11 days) and 381 hours (16 days) on poultry and pig manure respectively. There was a high significant difference (P<0.01) in the time taken for each immature stage to develop to the next among the different manures. The mean size of the larvae of pig manure was 12mm while those of poultry and cow were 10mm and 9mm respectively. The mean length of the pupae was 4mm and 5mm on poultry and pig manures respectively. There were no pupae in the cow manure. There was a high significant difference (P<0.01) in the length of the lavae and pupae on the different manures. Poultry and pig manures recorded mean adult sizes of 4mm and 5mm respectively while no adult was recorded in cow manure. There was a high significant difference (P<0.01) in the sizes of M. Domestica bred on different manures with those in pig manure significantly longer than those in poultry manure. The average populations of immature stages of M. domestica in the different manures were: LARVAE = Poultry (228); pig (54), cow (06); PUPAE = Poultry (144); pig (42), cow (00); ADULT = Poultry (140); pig (40), cow (00). There was a high significant difference (P<0.01) in the population of immature stages of the housefly among the different substrates.
2
Kováčik, Peter, Milan Kozánek, Peter Takáč, Martina Galliková, and Ladislav Varga. "The effect of pig manure fermented by larvae of house flies on the yield parameters of sunflowers (Helianthus annus L.)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 2 (2010): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058020147.
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The effect of fermented pig manure processed on a bed of wooden shavings and fermented for seven days by larvae of house flies on the yield parameters of sunflowers have been investigated on Haplic Luvisol in the pot trial realized in vegetative cage placed on the territory of SAU in Nitra. The experiment consisted of six treatments (0, NPK, Manure1, Manure2, Manure3, Veget). Treatments 0, NPK, and Veget were compared with the treatments Manure1, Manure2, and Manure3, i.e. with fermented manure applied at doses of 4, 6, and 8 t . ha−1.The results showed that application of fermented manure resulted in statistically significant greater stem thickness, higher leaf chlorophyll content, composites and harvest yield of seeds. The plants appeared healthy. Increasing the doses of fermented manure resulted in greater harvest yield of achenes and fat content in them. The dose of 4 t . ha−1 of fermented manure has proven to be insufficient.Out of the tested doses of 4, 6 and 8 t . ha−1 of fermented manure the highest achene yield has been achieved at the dose of 8 t . ha−1 but it was lower than the yield of the treatments fertilized by NPK fertilizers or Veget. From the viewpoint of achene yield quality (fat content) out of six variants the best parameters were achieved with the treatment where fermented manure at the dose of 8 t . ha−1 was applied.The gathered data point towards the applicability and usefulness of manure processed by larvae of flies in agronomy. It is of note, that the manure fermentation period can be significantly shortened, whereby reducing the storage difficulties.
3
Bloukounon-Goubalan, Adin Y., Aliou Saïdou, Noël Obognon, Guillaume L. Amadji, Attanda M. Igué, Victor A. Clottey, and Marc Kenis. "Decomposition and nutrient release pattern of animal manures biodegraded by fly larvae in Acrisols." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 99, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2018-0076.
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This study aims to assess the decomposition of manure biodegraded by fly larvae and the nutrient mineralization rates to understand the efficiency of the biodegraded manures for further use as soil amendment. A litter bag experiment was carried out over 75 d in an Acrisol in Benin using poultry manure, pig manure, mixture of poultry and sheep manure, mixture of poultry and cow manure, and mixture of poultry and pig manure, biodegraded by Musca domestica larvae. Nutrients content in the manures during the different stages of decomposition was analyzed. The mono-component exponential model Yt = Y0 × e−kt best described the manure decomposition and nutrients mineralization. The manures decomposed fast in the soil, and their nutrients were released fast in the poultry manure, the mixture of poultry and pig manure, and the mixture of poultry and cow manure. Nutrient mineralization increased in the order of P < N < K or N < P < K. Biodegradation of animal manures by fly larvae produced high-quality organic fertilizer through fast N and P release. This could aid in reducing the quantities of these elements applied as mineral fertilizer by farmers for sustaining agricultural soil productivity.
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Hao, Jianwei, Shuang Liu, Aiguo Luo, Jia Zhao, Shengli Shi, Yun Zhang, and Chujun Li. "Assessing Nursery-Finishing Pig Manures on Growth of Black Soldier Fly Larvae." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030452.
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Livestock manure is an important component of agricultural organic waste, and in recent years, with the development of research on the bioconversion of manure, BSFs have been proven to be useful in the treatment of a variety of livestock wastes. In-depth research on the composition of manure and its effect on the development of BSFL is, however, very scarce. The purpose of this study was to identify the parameters that influenced the growth of BSFL that was fed fattening pig manure. The pH, moisture, and nutrients of the fattening manures (namely, nursery, growing, and finishing pig manures) were measured. To examine the influence of manure types on larval growth, 100 larvae were inoculated in 100 g of each type of manure in triplicate. According to the findings, larvae fed finishing pig manure had the lowest dry weight (30.2 ± 6.1 mg) compared to those fed growing (58.2 ± 7.3 mg) or nursery (65.5 ± 6.2 mg) pig manure. The correlation coefficients (r) between the nutrients in the manure and the weight of the larvae were calculated. Hemicellulose had the greatest |r| value (0.9569). Further research revealed that larvae raised on hemicellulase-pretreated finishing pig manure frequently weighed 21–30% (days 2–8) more than larvae raised on control manure. In conclusion, hemicellulose was a significant component that might hinder larval growth. The results of this study could be used to improve the system before it is put into use.
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Karimi, Rezvan, Wole Akinremi, and Don Flaten. "Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from solid and liquid pig manure in perennial and annual cropping systems." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0160.
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Applying pig manure in excess of crop demand can result in nutrient loss to water bodies. We studied the effect of liquid and solid pig manures and their N- and P-based application rates on yield and nutrient uptake in annual and perennial cropping systems for 3 yr. The experiment had a split-plot design with five nutrient management treatments including liquid-N (annual N-based liquid pig manure), liquid-P (P-based liquid pig manure once every 5 yr), solid-N (annual N-based solid pig manure), solid-P (P-based solid pig manure once every 5 yr), and control (no manure). The liquid-P treatment showed high apparent nitrogen and phosphorus recovery (ANR and APR, respectively) in each cropping system and yields similar to that of the liquid-N treatment. The solid-N treatment had the smallest ANR in the perennial cropping system (9%–27%) and also the smallest APR in both cropping systems (typically <4%) possibly due to N deficiency and high P application rate. The current formula for estimating organic N mineralization overestimated the available N, particularly for solid pig manure, reducing crop yield. Based on the ANR obtained in this study, a more appropriate coefficient is 10%–15% of the organic N from solid pig manure for no-till perennial cropping systems.
6
Xu, Jiukai, Liang Yuan, Yanchen Wen, Shuiqin Zhang, Yanting Li, Guohua Mi, and Bingqiang Zhao. "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Replacement Value of Three Representative Livestock Manures Applied to Summer Maize in the North China Plain." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112716.
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Land application of livestock manure may reduce the use of mineral fertilizers and alleviate the environmental degradation associated with mineral fertilizers application. However, how to optimize utilization of livestock manure value is not well understood and documentation regarding the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer replacement values (NFRV and PFRV, respectively) needs further scrutiny. Therefore, three representative livestock manures, i.e., pig, chicken, and cattle manure, were applied at different usages to assess their N and P availability in comparison to reference mineral fertilizers over summer maize growing seasons. The results show that the average NFRVs of pig, chicken, and cattle manures were 41.7–58.4%, 27.5–44.4%, and −3.6–36.1%, respectively, when based on different references (grain yield, total dry matter yield, grain N uptake, total N uptake), at different N application levels. The NFRV increased with the elevated N application rate for cattle manure treatment. In the P trials, livestock manure had a higher PFRV at a low P application level, and the average PFRVs of pig, chicken, and cattle manures were 80.3–164.8%, 77.9–143.7%, and 94.1–168.0%, respectively, at different P application levels. We conclude that livestock manure produced the lowest NFRV and highest PFRV at a low fertilizer application rate; pig manure had the highest N availability; and cattle manure had the highest P availability.
7
Pan, Yajie, Huiqing Chang, and Panpan Song. "Effects of Superphosphate as an Additive on Nutrient Characteristics and NH3, CO2, CH4, and N2O Emissions during Pig Manure Composting." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020560.
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Nutrient conservation and greenhouse gas emission control during composting have attracted much attention. This study investigated the effects of different amounts of superphosphate (SSP) on greenhouse gas emissions and the dynamic changes in nutrients during pig manure composting. Six treatments were used: pig manure + straw (S1), pig manure + straw + 3% SSP (S2), pig manure + straw + 6% SSP (S3), pig manure (M1), pig manure + 3% SSP (M2), and pig manure + 6% SSP (M3). The results showed that the addition of SSP had no negative effect on organic matter composting, and all treatments met the requirement of being harmless. The contents of TN, TP, and TK increased during the composting process, but the content of organic matter decreased gradually. At the end of composting, the total nutrient content of the pig manure + straw + 6% SSP treatment was the highest (6.39%), while that of the pig manure treatment was the lowest (4.47%). The NH3 emission reductions with additions of 3% and 6% SSP were 37.13%~56.80% and 45.63%~77.04%, respectively, compared with the pig manure treatment. The treatment addition of 6% SSP reduced CO2 emissions by 10.3%~20.1% compared with the pig manure treatment. The pig manure + 6% SSP treatment resulted in the lowest cumulative emission of N2O, which was 79.75% lower than that of the pig manure treatment. For the cumulative emission of CH4, the treatment of pig manure + 6% SSP was at least 23.14 mg·kg−1 and had the lowest global warming potential. In conclusion, adding 6% SSP to pig manure compost effectively reduces NH3 and CO2 emissions and improves compost quality.
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Umoh, Florence, Okon Ekwere, and Uyime Udoh. "Effects of Animal Manure on the Performance of Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merri Grown on Ultisols, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.61090/aksuja.2023.004.
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Soil fertility attributes are relevant to improved crop yield and can be enhanced by organic manure from animal sources. The effect of animal manure on soil properties and performance (yield) of soybean Glycine max (L.) merri was evaluated. A pot experiment was conducted at the Screen house, of the Akwa Ibom State University Teaching and Research farm, Obio Akpa in 2020. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design in a 3 x 4 split plot arrangement replicated 3 times. The three manure sources served as the main plot (pig manure, goat manure, and poultry manure) and the four rates of manure (0, 10, 20, 40g/plant) as subplots. Before planting the soil sample was analyzed for its physical and chemical properties as well as the manure for its chemical composition. Results showed that the addition of manure did not change the soil’s textural class which was sandy. Animal manure contained essential plant nutrients (N.P.K, OM, Ca, Mg). The chemical properties showed a slight change upon application of animal manures when compared with the control. The trend of pH values were: pig manure (5.6) > poultry manure (5.2) > goat manure (5.0) >control (4.4). The trend of organic matter values were poultry (4.82%) > pig manure (4.65%)>goat manure (3.8%). The trend of available phosphorus were; pig manure (24.9 mg kg-1 ) > poultry (24.6 mg kg-1 )> goat manure (17.0 mg kg-1 ) > control (13.7 mg kg-1 ). There were no significant interactions between manure rate and type on soybean yield parameters but there was a single effect of manure rate on yield parameters. Animal manure at 40 grams/plant produced the highest pod no/plant (10.89), no of seeds/pod (30.44) and grain yield. The trend of animal manure on grain yield at 40 grams/plant were poultry manure (0.98 tonnes ha-1 )> pig manure (0.94 tonnes ha-1 )> goat manure (0.85tonnes ha-1 ). Therefore, poultry manure at 40 grams/plant was recommended for the cultivation of soybean in the study area.
9
MATTILA, P. K. "Spring barley yield and nitrogen recovery after application of peat manure and pig slurry." Agricultural and Food Science 15, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960606778644494.
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The effectiveness of peat manure, manufactured of pig slurry and moderately humified Sphagnum peat (slurry:peat ca. 1:1.5 v/v), as nitrogen (N) source for spring barley was investigated in a four.year field experiment on a clay loam soil in south-western Finland. Pig slurry, NPK fertilizer and plain peat were used as references. Manures were incorporated before sowing or surface-applied after sowing in spring at an ammoniacal N rate of.54.106 kg.ha-1 with or without supplementary NPK fertilizer (40.kg N.ha-1). Soil moisture conditions were varied by different irrigation treatments. Peat manure produced 5.15% higher grain yields than pig slurry, with the largest difference after surface application. Incorporation was more important for slurry than for peat manure in increasing N uptake and yield. Soil moisture deficit in spring and early summer limited the availability of manure N. Part of the manure N that was not available in the early growing period was apparently taken up by the crop later. Consequently, N concentration tended to be higher with lower yields, and differences in the recovery of manure N were smaller than the differences in grain yield. Supplementation of manures with inorganic fertilizer N increased yield by 37%, on average, and improved the N recovery.;
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Prado, Joana, David Fangueiro, Paula Alvarenga, and Henrique Ribeiro. "Assessment of the Agronomic Value of Manure-Based Fertilizers." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010140.
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Producing manure-based fertilizers (MBFs) with specific nutrient ratios is a solution to overpassing the imbalance of nitrogen and phosphorus in manures, and a way to recycle manure’s nutrients, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Several MBFs with different tailored N:P ratios (0.5:1, 1:1 and 2:1) were produced to determine their agronomic value in a pot experiment with oat (0.5:1 ratio: cattle manure with pig slurry (CaM+PiS), cattle manure with poultry manure (CaM+PoM) and poultry manure with superphosphate (PoM+SP); 1:1 ratio: poultry manure with cattle slurry (PoM+CaS) and poultry manure with pig slurry (PoM+PiS); 2:1 ratio: cattle slurry with the liquid fraction of cattle slurry (CaS+CaS-LIQ), pig slurry with the liquid fraction of pig slurry (PiS+PiS-LIQ) and poultry manure with urea (PoM+U)). The performance of these MBFs was compared with conventional mineral fertilizers (MFs) in sandy soils (Haplic Arenosols) with different nutrient requirements. Oat fertilized with PoM+SP (0.5:1) and PoM+PiS (1:1) led to yields similar to those obtained with the use of MFs (6.3 and 7.2 mg DM, respectively). The MBFs PoM+SP and PoM+PiS, as well as PiS+PiS-LIQ (2:1), were agronomically equivalent to the MFs. N uptake with those MBFs was equivalent to that obtained with the MFs. Replacing MFs with MBFs in the basal fertilization of oat was demonstrated to be a solution to turn agriculture more sustainable by recycling nutrients efficiently.
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Davison, Nicholas, Aaron Brown, and Andrew Ross. "Potential Greenhouse Gas Mitigation from Utilising Pig Manure and Grass for Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion in the UK, EU, and China." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020479.
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Pig manure currently results in sizeable greenhouse gas emissions, during storage and spreading to land. Anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal carbonisation could provide significant greenhouse gas mitigation, as well as generate renewable heat and power (with anaerobic digestion), or a peat-like soil amendment product (with hydrothermal carbonisation). The greenhouse gas mitigation potential associated with avoidance of pig manure storage and spreading in the UK, EU, and China, as well as the potential to provide heat and power by anaerobic digestion and soil amendment products by hydrothermal carbonisation was herein determined. In each case, the mono-conversion of pig manure is compared to co-conversion with a 50:50 mixture of pig manure with grass. Anaerobic digestion displayed a greater greenhouse gas mitigation potential than hydrothermal carbonisation in all cases, and co-processing with grass greatly enhances greenhouse gas mitigation potential. China has the largest greenhouse gas mitigation potential (129 MT CO2 eq), and greatest mitigation per kg of pig manure (1.8 kgCO2/kg pig manure volatile solids). The energy grid carbon intensity has a significant impact on the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of the different approaches in the different regions. Pig manure is generated in large amounts in China, and the energy generated from biogas offsets a higher carbon intensity grid. Greenhouse gas savings from the anaerobic digestion of pig manure and grass have been calculated to provide a significant potential for reducing total greenhouse gas emissions representation in China (1.05%), the EU (0.92%), and the UK (0.19%). Overall, the utilisation of pig manure could bring about substantial greenhouse savings, especially through co-digestion of pig manure with grass in countries with large pig farming industries and carbon intense energy mixes.
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Zhao, Shouqiang, Zhongyang Li, Chuncheng Liu, Jiuming Sun, Jibin Song, Xiaotong Li, and Yuan Liu. "Effects of Different Manures in Combination with Fulvic Acid on the Abundance of N-Cycling Functional Genes in Greenhouse Soils." Agriculture 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13122224.
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To investigate the effects of different manures in combination with fulvic acid on the abundance of N-cycling functional genes in greenhouse soils, Chinese cabbage was planted for three growing seasons. A total of six treatments—pig manure (P), pig manure + fulvic acid (PH), chicken manure (C), chicken manure + fulvic acid (CH), sheep manure (S), sheep manure + fulvic acid (SH) and no fertilization (CK)—were set up. The abundance of 13 soil N-cycling functional genes (gdhA, amoA-1, amoA-2, amoB, narG, nirK-1, nirK-2, nirK-3, nirS-1, nirS-2, nirS-3, nosZ and nifH) were investigated after the harvest of the third growing season using a gene chip approach. The results showed that fertilization treatments increased the abundance of most N-cycling functional genes in the soil, such as nitrification genes amoA-2 and amoB as well as denitrification genes narG, nirK-1, nirS-1 and nirS-2, with the stronger influence of sheep and pig manure than chicken manure. Fortunately, the additional fulvic acid reduced the increasing effect resulting from pig, chicken and sheep manure application. The abundance of functional genes for nitrogen cycling in soil was positively correlated with the content of soil organic matter, available phosphorus and NO3−-N, and negatively correlated with electrical conductivity. Overall, fertilization treatments increased soil nitrification and denitrification genes abundance, with a risk of increasing soil nitrogen loss, but the supplementary fulvic acid could limit the increase. In this study, it was concluded that the sheep manure (31.3 t/ha) + fulvic acid (7.5 kg/ha) treatment was more powerful in regulating the abundance of N-cycling functional genes in soil.
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PETERSEN, S. O., A. M. LIND, and S. G. SOMMER. "Nitrogen and organic matter losses during storage of cattle and pig manure." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 1 (February 1998): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969700508x.
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Solid pig manure (240 g kg1 DM) and solid cattle manure (150-180 g kg1 DM) were stored in an open storage facility during spring-summer and autumn conditions for periods of 9-14 weeks during 1994 and 1995. Concentrations of C, N, P and K were determined prior to and after storage, corrected for dry matter losses and distance from the surface. Temperature and, in experiments with pig manure, gas phase composition inside the manure heap were monitored during storage. Nitrogen losses as ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission and leaching were measured, while total denitrification was estimated from mass balance calculations. For both cattle and pig manure there was little difference between seasons with respect to the pattern of decomposition, as reflected in temperature dynamics and C/N turnover. In contrast, there was a distinct difference between manure types. Pig manure was characterized by maximum temperatures of 60-70°C, although the concentrations of oxygen and methane clearly demonstrated that anaerobic conditions dominated the interior parts of the heap for several weeks. Losses of C and N from pig manure both amounted to c. 50%. In contrast, the temperature of cattle manure remained close to the air temperature throughout the storage period and cattle manure had lower, not significant losses of C and N. Leaching losses of N constituted 1-4% with both manure types. Ammonia volatilization from cattle manure constituted 4-5% of total N, and from pig manure 23-24%. In pig manure a similar amount of N (23-33%) could not be accounted for after storage, a loss that was attributed to denitrification. Nitrous oxide emissions amounted to <2% of estimated denitrification losses.
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MATTILA, P. K. "Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen in soil, and growth of barley after application of peat manure and pig slurry." Agricultural and Food Science 15, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960606778644520.
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Peat is added to manure, because its low pH and capacity to adsorb ammonia (NH3) give it potential to reduce nitrogen (N) loss. Peat manure was prepared by mixing pig slurry with moderately humified Sphagnum peat. Less than 1% of applied ammoniacal N was volatilized as NH3 from peat manure and pig slurry within 8 h of surface application on clay loam soil according to JTI method. Incorporated manures showed even smaller N loss. The low volatilization was due to the adsorption of manure ammoniacal N by peat, and the infiltration of slurry into harrowed, moist clay soil. In another experiment, peat manure was applied on polypropylene fabric without soil contact. Within the first 3 days there was only 9% reduction in the ammoniacal N of peat manure, but the major part of it was lost during several weeks of dry and warm weather. Peat manure did not cause any major improvements on the growth and N uptake of spring barley in spring and early summer as compared with slurry. Moisture deficit limited the availability of ammoniacal N of manures. As compared with surface application, incorporation of manures increased nitrification of ammonium in the soil, and dry matter mass (1973%) and N uptake of barley. Supplementing manures with inorganic NPK fertilizer increased both dry matter mass (4098%) and N concentration of barley stand.;
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Ogbuehi, H. C., and E. O. Emeribe. "Response of root growth parameters and nutrient uptake of cowpea (<i>Vigna unguculata L.</i>)to rates of organic manure." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 21, no. 2 (April 18, 2024): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v21i2.13.
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different organic manure sources on Root growth parameters and nutrient uptake of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.). The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Imo State University, Owerri. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with five treatments replicated four times. The treatments are 0 ton T1 (Control), T2 (10tons and pig manure), T3 (15tons of pig manure), T4 (10tons of poultry manure), and T5 (15 tons of pig manure). From the result of the experiment, the application of poultry manure significantly improved, the number of roots, root length, root dry matter, phosphorus, and potassium uptake at various growth stages of data collection. The result also showed that pig manure significantly improved the percentage of emergence, plant height, number of leaves, Nitrogen uptake, and high number of pods (9.75), seed weight (101.47g), and yield 924.16kg/ha). The cowpea responded significantly in both root growth parameters and nutrient uptake to pig manure and poultry manure at the rates used.
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Rulkens, W. H., and P. J. W. ten Have. "Central processing of pig manure in the Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0333.
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One of the possibilities to abate the environmental problems caused by pig manure surpluses is separation of the manure into clean water and an organo-mineral fertilizer. An efficient way to realise such a separation is by central processing in large plants. The process in such a plant comprises a large number of logically arranged basic treatment steps. In the Netherlands, practical application of large-scale central processing of pig manure has just been started. Two of these systems are discussed, the Promest system and the Memon system. Based on several studies the investment of a central treatment plant, with a processing capacity of 500,000 tonnes of raw pig manure annually, is estimated at approximately Dfl. 100,000,000. Gross operating costs are estimated at about Dfl. 60 per tonne of raw pig manure. The value of the fertilizer produced per tonne of raw pig manure is estimated at an amount between Dfl. 20 and Dfl. 35. Foreign markets have to be opened for utilisation of this fertilizer in agriculture. To improve such central processing systems, current research focuses on the improvement of existing systems, development of new systems, and production of more valuable products such as lysine.
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Camarero, Jesús Julio, Antonio Gazol, Ester González de Andrés, Cristina Valeriano, José M. Igual, and Jesús Causapé. "Increasing Wood δ15N in Response to Pig Manure Application." Forests 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010008.
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Intensive livestock management impacts forest and trees in different ways. Pig manure is a major source of nitrogen (N) pollution of surface and ground waters in some European regions such as north-eastern Spain, but it is understudied how manure application impacts agroforestry systems. How pig manure affects tree radial growth and the N cycle was assessed by measuring N concentrations in soil, leaves and wood and δ15N in tree-ring wood in two tree species widely planted for agricultural (Prunus dulcis) and reforestation (Pinus halepensis) purposes in the study area. Soil physicochemical characteristics and the biomass and structure of major soil microbial groups were also measured. Trees irrigated with pig effluent (manure application) and control trees not subjected to manure application were compared. Soil N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations of fertilized trees increased, but soil microbiota biomass decreased. Similar growth between fertilized and non-fertilized pine trees was found, but lower growth in fertilized almond trees was observed. Leaf N concentrations decreased but δ15N wood increased in trees subjected to pig manure application. Pig manure application alters the N cycling in the soil and within trees.
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Nielsen, V. C. "Manure management and environmental effects." BSAP Occasional Publication 11 (January 1987): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001841.
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AbstractThe management of pig manures and slurries has not responded to the changes that have occurred in the development of pig farms. Management systems have remained unchanged despite the fact that the majority of pigs (64%) are kept on 10–3% of all pig units. The pressures of heavy applications of manures on restricted areas of land and the large numbers of animals kept in buildings has given rise to environmental pollution by odours and by contamination of water and of the soil.The cause of odour formation in buildings is discussed, together with the effects of dust on odour dispersion. Methods of reducing odours and the effect of straw on odour formation and slurry handling are discussed.Methods of controlling odours from buildings, stores and from manure applied to the land are reviewed and areas which need further research and development are proposed.Environmental pollution by manures and slurries of water and soils and measures to control pollution are reviewed.
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YEPTHO, AVITOLI K., A. K. SINGH, S. P. KANAUJIA, and V. B. SINGH. "Quality production of kharif onion (Allium cepa) in response to biofertilizers inoculated organic manures." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 82, no. 3 (March 12, 2012): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i3.15946.
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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a highly nutrient responsive vegetable crop. In the light of fragmental information available on the response of kharif onion to biofertilizers enriched organic manures, a field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2006–08 on acidic kaolinitic Rhodustalf soil representing foothill conditions of Nagaland. Amongst different organic manures, poultry manure produced the highest response on bulb yield (21.18 tonnes/ha), followed by FYM (16.74 tonnes/ha), vermicompost (14.37 tonnes/ha) = pig manure (12.74 tonnes/ha). Incorporation of Azotobacter chroococcum into different organic manures failed to improvise any significant changes in bulb yield due to high initial microbial abundance in organic manures. Different growth-attributing characters followed the similar response. Poultry manure similarly registered highest nutrient uptake as kg/ha (26.39 N – 10.91 P – 55.96 K), followed by FYM (22.80 N – 9.10 P – 47.90 K) with Pig manure and vermicompost (15.08/16.72 N – 7.30/10.91 P – 51.02/55.96 K) displaying no significant difference. Economic analysis in terms of cost : benefit ratio supported these observations. These studies proposed that if organic manures possess enough initial microbial load, the biofortification of organic manures need not be exercised.
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Akande, Tolulope Yetunde, Li Xiaoqing, Toluwase Oreoluwa Adegoke, Sun Taipeng, and Hongyan Wang. "Biochar with or without pig manure affects chemical properties of soil and maize yield." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2024): 5127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2024.112.5127.
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In many parts of the globe, agricultural soil degradation and nutrient loss both contribute to the decline of soil quality. The utilization of various organic sources has provided meaningful trends in sustainable agriculture. The research was carried out to examine how biochar (B) and pig manure (PM) affected soil chemical properties as well as the growth and yield of maize for two years. A randomized complete block design was adopted with three replications. The soil was amended with biochar and pig manure at two rates (15 and 30 t ha-1): biochar (B15 and B30), pig manure (PM15 and PM30), biochar with pig manure (BPM15 and BPM30), respectively, and control (CK). The incorporation of biochar and pig manure together at 15 and 30 t ha-1 improved soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) compared to control. Individual use of pig manure at 15 and 30 t ha-1 significantly decreased compared to its combination in SOC, TN and AP. The combined use of biochar and pig manure at 15 t ha-1 significantly increased compared to the lone addition of biochar in SOC, TN and AP. The application of organic amendments significantly increased plant height, dry matter yield, and grain yield in both years. The relationship pattern was measured between soil properties and agronomic characteristics. The use of biochar and pig manure separately or together offers strong potential to improve soil fertility and increase crop productivity in soils.
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Lu, Cai Yan, Yi Shi, Shao Jun Wang, Ming Fen Niu, and Di Zhang. "Effects of Untreated Pig Manure and Slurry on the Accumulation of Soil NH4+-N and NO3--N in Large-Scale Pig Farm." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1061.
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The amount of soil inorganic N declined significantly with increasing of sampling depth and sampling time (P < 0.001). Compared with CK, application of untreated pig manure and slurry increased significantly the amount of soil inorganic N by 76.0% and 156.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). Compared with CK, application of untreated pig manure increased significantly the amount of soil NH4+-N by 33.7%, however, application of untreated pig slurry decreased remarkably that of soil NH4+-N by 7.4% (P < 0.001). Application of untreated pig manure and pig slurry increased significantly the amount of soil NO3--N by 86.9% and 198.0%, respectively compared with CK, (P < 0.001). Soil NO3--N accounted for the majority of soil inorganic N irrespective of fertilization treatment or sampling time, its percent were 80.13%, 84.27% and 92.63% in the CK, pig manure and pig slurry treatments, respectively. This result indicated that application of untreated pig manure and slurry increased significantly the amount of soil inorganic N, especially soil NO3--N, which occurred the potential risk of nitrate pollution.
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Yu, Wenjie, Renxin Liu, and Weiping Yang. "Parameter Calibration of Pig Manure with Discrete Element Method Based on JKR Contact Model." AgriEngineering 2, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering2030025.
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The conversion of pig manure into organic fertilizer has become a research hotspot in agricultural engineering, and many types of pig manure processing machinery have been derived. The discrete element method (DEM) can be used in the research of pig manure processing machinery to study the interaction between pig manure and machinery, which makes the research more direct and accurate. In order to introduce the discrete element method into the research of pig manure processing machinery, a reliable parameter basis for discrete element simulation is necessary, taking the angle of repose (AoR) as the reference and based on the hertz-mindlin with JKR contact model and Plackett–Burman experiment design. Three parameters with significant influence on the AoR are screened out from nine parameters related to pig manure. By conducting Box–Behnken experiment design, the quadratic polynomial regression equation between the AoR and three significant parameters is established. According to the parameters predicted by the quadratic polynomial regression equation, the discrete element simulation of AoR is conducted. The simulation result of AoR (38.54°) is close to the experimental result (38.65°) with a relative error of 0.28%, indicating that the regression equation can predict the relevant parameters of pig manure according to the AoR.
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Forshell, L. Plym. "Composting of Cattle and Pig Manure." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 40, no. 1-10 (January 12, 1993): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1993.tb00186.x.
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Seniczak, Anna, Stanisław Seniczak, Hanna Szczukowska, Radomir Graczyk, and Grzegorz Bukowski. "Preliminary study of the impact of pig or goat manure fertilization of a meadow on oribatid mites." Biological Letters 53, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biolet-2017-0004.
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AbstractWe investigated the impact of pig or goat manure fertilization of a meadow with doses of 80 kg N ha−1, 140 kg N ha−1, and 200 kg N ha−1(plots 1-6) on oribatid mites. A control plot (0) was left unfertilized. The manure was applied to the meadow in the early spring of 2012, and soil samples were collected in the spring of 2012 and 2013. In total, 6053 oribatid mites were examined, including 1163 juveniles. The effect of fertilizing on the Oribatida depended on the dose of manure, but not on its type. A low dose of pig or goat manure did not affect the density of Oribatida, whereas the other doses decreased it, but only the highest doses decreased it significantly, compared to the control. Species diversity decreased with the dose of manure. In total, 24 species of Oribatida were found and some species reacted differently to both types of manure. For example, a low dose of pig manure significantly increased the density ofEupelops occultus, whereas the density of other species significantly decreased under the influence of the highest dose of pig manure (Achipteria coleoptrata), highest doses of pig and goat manure (Galumna obvia,Liebstadia similis), and medium and highest doses of goat manure (Scheloribates laevigatus).
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Rosemarin, Arno, Nelson Ekane, and Kim Andersson. "Phosphorus Flows, Surpluses, and N/P Agronomic Balancing When Using Manure from Pig and Poultry Farms." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112228.
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The pig and poultry industries continue to grow across the world and together they provide the majority of meat consumed. The European Union (EU) in particular has the highest global relative meat production by monogastrics (i.e., pig and poultry). The fate of phosphorus (P) in pig and poultry farming was studied, accounting for P content in feed, animals, manure, soil, and runoff. P input from manure, and P offtake in crops receiving manure, were plotted against each other to arrive at “safe” P loading rates, in order to minimize soil P surpluses along the lines of the EU Nitrogen Expert Panel in their work with nitrogen (N). However, it was observed that it is the N/P ratio and the background soil P levels that determine whether a certain manure will end up producing surplus levels of soil P. Critical N/P weight ratios were derived over different crop P offtake rates when applying stored manure to croplands. At spreading rates of 170 and 250 kgN/ha/year and a crop P offtake of 15 or 30 kgP/ha/year, stored pig and chicken manure result in soil P surpluses. An important factor in determining effective N/P ratios is the plant availability of N in stored manure, which runs at around 47%, estimated from previously published results. The minimization of N losses to the atmosphere and to groundwater in housing, storage, and spreading of manure has a major impact on the N/P weight ratio of the manure that ends up on fields. In most cases, half of the ex-animal N content has been lost in stored or degraded manure, with N/P weight ratios running at two and less. Following only the EU Nitrates Directive, which allows for a maximum of 170 kgN/ha/year in NVZs (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones), will often result in soil P surpluses leading to runoff losses to adjacent water bodies. Therefore, for the pig and poultry industries to continue thriving, measures are required to better manage manure, including improved storage and spreading techniques, acidification, separation, struvite extraction and ammonia stripping of pig slurry, and drying and pelleting of poultry litter. This way, excess manure and derived biofertilizers from animal farms can find their way back into the commercial market, instead of ending up as legacy P in watersheds and coastal zones.
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Szatmári, István, Péter Laczay, and Zsuzsa Borbély. "Degradation of doxycycline in aged pig manure." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.59.2011.1.1.
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Two types of studies were carried out to characterise the degradation rate of doxycycline in manure. In the laboratory experiment, pig manure containing doxycycline was stored in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) bottles in a thermoregulated room at a temperature of 20 ± 3.5 °C to maintain the humid and anaerobic incubation conditions, and the relevant temperature. In the field study, the traditional manure composting process used by small farms and household plots was demonstrated, in which the manure heap containing doxycycline was exposed to the regular environmental conditions. In the laboratory experiment more than 30% and in the field study about 10% of the initial doxycycline amount could be detected in manure samples after 16 and 12 weeks of manure ageing period, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the studies performed under laboratory and field conditions, the half-life of doxycycline in manure was calculated to be 52.5 and 25.7 days, respectively.
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Limarenko, N. V., A. V. Shemyakin, S. N. Borychev, I. A. Uspensky, and I. A. Yukhin. "Digital Tool for Sedimentation Analysis of Pig Manure Without Bedding." Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2023-10-26-30.
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Existing digital tools for sedimentation analysis are reviewed. It has been established that solutions that allow taking into account the specifics of organic livestock waste, in particular pig liquid manure, are currently missing. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the mass of sedimented particles of pig litterless manure over time. A mathematical model has been developed that describes this dependence. Based on the research conducted, a digital tool for sedimentation analysis of pig liquid manure was developed and patented.
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Zhen, Xiaofei, Miao Luo, Zhenggui Li, Yongheng Zhang, Weiwei Wang, and Jian Kang. "Study on the Rate of O2 Consumption and Purification of Tail Biogas with a Biofilter in the Composting Process." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2022-0008.
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Abstract For aerobic static composting, fresh cow, pig, and chicken manures were used as feedstock and mixed with 10 % corn straws, which was considered as the bulking agent. In the composting process of different livestock and poultry manures, the changing trends of temperature, pH, conductivity, density, and other parameters were intensively studied. The results were as follows: (1) after the tail biogases of composting systems - using cattle manure, pig manure, and chicken manure - were introduced into the biofilter, the concentration of O2 decreased slightly, but the concentration of CO2 increased. The odour in these tail biogases declined significantly, and thus the biodegradation of tail biogas was obvious. (2) The oxygen consumption in the different periods of the composting process of these three manures was almost the same, and the average oxygen consumption for the three manures was 0.928, 0.937, and 0.945 m3/kg, respectively. Under standard conditions, the density of oxygen is 1.429 g/L, and the average oxygen consumption in the composting processes of these three manures was 1.326, 1.338, and 1.350 kg/kg, respectively.
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Nguyen, Thuan Thi Thanh, Anh Thuy Cao, Huy Quang Le, and Dung Thi Bao Nguyen. "Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the pig production in Lam Dong." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 1, no. M2 (December 31, 2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v1im2.439.
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Applying the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in calculating the greenhouse gas emission from pig farming operations at Lam Dong province in 2015, calculated results show that the application of swine manure management solutions can significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment. Using of energy in pig farming operations around 0.0007 tCO2 emissions/ head/ month, the digestion of pig feed create a greenhouse gas emission at around 152.96 tCO2/month with emission factor of 0.0029 tCO2/head / month. Greenhouse gases emitted from the current manure management system (manure are treated by various forms and the rest will directly disposed into the environment) into the atmosphere is around 400.08tCO2/month, respectively a pig emitted about 0.0076 tCO2/head/month. The total emission factor during pig production under the scenarios: (1) manure are directly discharged into the environment, (2) manure are managed by current management system, (3) manure are managed by current management systems with the gas generated from biogas recovery is converted into electrical energy and (4) manure are managed by Biogas recovery system, respectively 0.0593; 0.0112; 0.0101; 0.0077 tCO2/ head/month.
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Kang, Yijun, Yangyang Hao, Dan Xia, Min Shen, Qing Li, and Jian Hu. "The effects of pig manure application on the spread of tetracycline resistance in bulk and cucumber rhizosphere soils: a greenhouse experiment." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 7 (July 2017): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2016-0767.
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It is important to understand the dynamics of tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) and tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) in bulk and rhizosphere soils for evaluating the spread of TRGs from pig manure to human. In this work, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the difference in abundance of TRB, tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (TRE), tetracycline-resistant Pseudomonas spp. (TRP), and TRGs between bulk and cucumber rhizosphere soils. The application of pig manure resulted in the long-term persistence of TRB, TRE, TRP, and TRGs in bulk soil and rhizosphere of cucumber for at least 65 days. Pig manure application dose was the major driving force in altering the abundances of TRB and TRE, whereas TRP was disturbed mainly by compartment (bulk soil or rhizosphere). Both TRE and the percentage of TRE in bulk and rhizosphere soils increased linearly with an increase in dose of pig manure. The exponential relationships between pig manure dose and TRP along with TRP percentage were also noted. There were significant differences in the relative abundances of TRGs between bulk and cucumber rhizosphere soils, suggesting the use of pig manure exerted a more lasting impact on the spread of TRGs in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil.
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Čičková, Helena, Berta Pastor, Milan Kozánek, Anabel Martínez-Sánchez, Santos Rojo, and Peter Takáč. "Biodegradation of Pig Manure by the Housefly, Musca domestica: A Viable Ecological Strategy for Pig Manure Management." PLoS ONE 7, no. 3 (March 14, 2012): e32798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032798.
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Chu, Yajun, Shengyong Liu, Hao Bai, Shuqing Zhang, Lei Peng, Dongdong Wei, Jie Lu, Libin Jie, and Yibo Pan. "Experimental study on gas production optimization of pig manure and wheat straw under different pig manure levels." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 446 (March 21, 2020): 022013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/446/2/022013.
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Xu, Y., W. Yu, Q. Ma, and H. Zhou. "Accumulation of copper and zinc in soil and plant within ten-year application of different pig manure rates." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 11 (November 7, 2013): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/121/2013-pse.
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Fertilization of crops with pig manure is a common practice throughout the world. Nevertheless, due to the relatively high copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) contents in pig manure, continuous application of pig manure could have negative effects on soil and plant. The study aimed at the impacts of long-term applying different pig manure rates (equivalently 0, 100, 250 and 500 kg total N/ha/year from 2002 to 2008 and 0, 10, 25 and 50 t fresh weight/ha/year from 2009 to 2011, respectively) on Cu and Zn accumulation in soil and plant. During the 10 years of the experiment, a total of 2.04 to 10.20 kg/ha/year for Cu, 3.15 to 15.73 kg/ha/year for Zn were applied to the soil. Results from this study showed that long-term pig manure application resulted in serious accumulation of Cu and Zn in soil, total Cu and Zn concentrations increased by 204% and 107% at high application rates, respectively. Although topsoil Cu and Zn concentrations were below concentrations considered phytotoxic to crops, according to current Chinese legislation, it would take only less time than 16 and 27 years of high application rates to reach the allowable limits. Our result also suggested that Cu and Zn leaching occurred in the tested soil. The Cu and Zn concentrations in stalks and grains were not affected by the application of pig manure, and these values were lower than the threshold values for animal and human ingestion.
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Faz, A., D. M. Carmona, A. Zanuzzi, and A. R. Mermut. "Pig Manure Application for Remediation of Mine Soils in Murcia Province, SE Spain." Scientific World JOURNAL 8 (2008): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.98.
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In southern Spain, specifically in Murcia Province, an increased pig population causes large amounts of slurry production that creates a very serious environmental concern. Our aim was to use this waste to reduce the acid mine drainage process, heavy metal mobilization, and to improve soil conditions to enhance plant establishment in mine soils. Pig manure, sewage sludge, and lime were used as soil amendments in a field experiment and in undisturbed soil column. Field experiments showed an increase in pH, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and carbonate contents; a reduction of diethylene-tetramine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)– and water-extractable metals; and an improvement of plant establishment. The field studies showed that pig manure could be utilized to remediate polluted soils. Column studies in the laboratory showed that amendment of mine soil with pig manure initially increased soil pH from 2.21 to 6.34, promoted reduced conditions in the surface soil, and decreased the metal mobility. After 21 weeks, while the leachate was slightly acidic, however, the mobility of metals was substantially low. Additions of 7 and 14% of pig manure were insufficient to maintain a neutral pH in the leachate. Therefore, continuous application of the pig manure may be advised.
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Buncha Tongmee, Niwooti Whangchai, Sudaporn Tongsiri, and Yuwalee Unpaprom. "Replacement of fish meal using pig manure as protein source for Nile tilapia culture." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i2.244959.
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The cost of fish feed is a significant constraint to freshwater fish farming in Asia. In the aquaculture value chain, feed is a responsible factor and accounts for nearly 75% of the total cost of fish production in many countries. Therefore, this study attempts to focus the feasibility of using pig manure fermentation to formulate feed pellets to culture the tilapia fish in the cement pond, along with the cultured using ready-made feed containing the residue from the manure fermentation at different ratios. Accordingly, the experimental studies were approached by two types of experiments, namely, experiment 1 (focused on the nutrients in pig manure collected from an anaerobic system farm), and experiment 2 (studied the appropriate level of pig manure to be used as a raw material for fish feeding). The five months’ fermentation of pig manure contains 17.09% protein, which is the highest amount of nutrition source. Digestate manure was estimated; other primary macronutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were 2.73, 0.55 and 1.22 %, respectively. Also, a considerable amount of essential micronutrients, for example, copper, manganese and zinc, were found in the digestate. Nile tilapia were grown at the cement ponds for 120 days. The maximum verified dry matter and protein digestibility in tilapia were attained for diets containing 10 % percent pig manure at 89.28 ± 4.09 and 56.64 ± 1.43 (p> 0.05), respectively. In this study experimental results indicated that fish meal consisting of 15% manure was found to be the most acceptable substitute source of protein for tilapia production. This implies that the cost of fish meal production using fermented pig manure can be significantly lowered, gain higher profit and provide significant economic benefits to farmers.
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Hickmann, Felipe M. W., Ines Andretta, Léa Cappelaere, Bernard Goyette, Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy, and Rajinikanth Rajagopal. "47 Feeding Pigs with Low Crude Protein Diets: Impact of Pig Manure Nitrogen Content on Biogas Production and Digestate Quality." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (October 28, 2023): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.052.
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Abstract Lowering dietary crude protein levels is a nutritional strategy recognized to both decrease the use of high-impact feed ingredients and reduce nitrogen (N) excretion. Improved pig manure management practices can further mitigate the environmental impacts associated with pig production towards net-zero emissions. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising technology for transforming pig manure into energy as biogas and into bio-based fertilizers (i.e., digestate from AD). However, little is known about the effects of pig manure N content on AD. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of pig manure N content on biogas production and digestate quality through the AD of manure from pigs fed low crude protein diets. Three pig manure N concentrations were tested: T1 = 5873, T2 = 5421, and T3 = 5149 total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN, mg/L). Throughout 5 sequential fed-batch cycles (25 ± 4 days/cycle), biogas production and its composition (CH4, CO2, and H2S) were measured, while raw manure and weekly digestate samples were analyzed for total solids (TS, %), volatile solids (VS, %), pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD, mg/L), TKN, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N, mg/L). In a temperature-controlled room (20 ± 1ºC), 6 digesters (3 treatments x 2 replicates) were operated as single-stage reactors to digest pig slurry (mixture of urine and feces, TS: 5.6%) inoculated with a liquid inoculum (TS: 2.3%) to improve manure-microbe interactions. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED with repeated measures and comparison of means through the Tukey test (SAS software). In addition, both correlation and regression analyses were performed with R to evaluate the relationship among variables. Decreasing pig manure N content showed a tendency to reduce biogas (-20% in T3 vs T1; P = 0.0782) and methane (-22% in T3 vs T1; P = 0.0576) production per cycle, as shown in Table 1. Regarding biogas composition, CH4/biogas and CH4/CO2 decreased with N content (-3 and -4% in T3 vs T1; P ≤ 0.0082). There were strong positive correlations between the N content of pig manure and the amount of NH3-N (linear: r = 0.94, R2 = 0.88) and TKN (linear: r = 0.90, R2 = 0.81) present in the digestate at the end of each cycle. These results suggest that a reduction in pig manure N content reduces biogas production and its quality (ratio of CH4 to CO2). This latter variable is important for biogas efficiency; thus, reducing crude protein in pig diets may impair the production of biogas in AD. However, a decreased N content may cause less emissions into the environment, but when using the digestate as fertilizer, it may not entirely fulfill the N requirements of fast-growing crops for a given application rate.
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Guardini, Renato, Jucinei José Comin, Danilo Rheinheimer dos Santos, Luciano Colpo Gatiboni, Tales Tiecher, Djalma Schmitt, Marcos Antônio Bender, Paulo Belli Filho, Paulo Amando Victoria de Oliveira, and Gustavo Brunetto. "Phosphorus accumulation and pollution potential in a hapludult fertilized with pig manure." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 4 (August 2012): 1333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000400027.
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Successive applications of pig litter to the soil surface can increase the phosphorus (P) content and alter its adsorption, promoting P transfer to surface or subsurface waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate P accumulation and the pollution potential of a soil after application of pig litter. In March 2010, eight years after the installation of an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil, on a Typic Hapludult, soil was sampled (layers 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-30 cm) after the following fertilization treatments: no pig litter fertilization, pig slurry application and pig manure application. In this period, 694 and 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 were applied in the treatments with pig slurry and pig manure, respectively. The P content was determined, based on Mehlich-1, anion exchange resin (AER), 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 and total P in the samples. The adsorption isotherm parameters were also determined by the Langmuir and Koski-Vähälä & Hartikainem models in the layers 0-2.5 and 20-30 cm. The application of 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 in the form of pig manure led to P accumulation, as evidenced by Mehlich-1, down to a depth of 15 cm, by AER and 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 down to 20 cm and by total P to 30 cm. After application of 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 in the form of pig manure, the values of maximum P adsorption capacity were lowest in the deepest layer (20-30 cm), indicating the occupation of part of the adsorption sites of the particles. The application of swine manure to the soil over eight years increased the P quantity in the soil solution of the surface layer, indicating environmental contamination risk for surface and subsurface waters.
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Ferreira, Paulo Ademar Avelar, Carlos Alberto Ceretta, Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi, Lessandro De Conti, Carina Marchezan, Eduardo Girotto, Tadeu Luis Tiecher, Natália Moreira Palermo, Léon-Étienne Parent, and Gustavo Brunetto. "Long-Term Effects of Animal Manures on Nutrient Recovery and Soil Quality in Acid Typic Hapludalf under No-Till Conditions." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020243.
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No-till farming and manure application are means of storing carbon in soil and increasing soil quality. However, the organic fertilization of no-till soils may sustain subtropical agroecosystems for only a limited period until the soil quality declines. The C, N, P, and other nutrient cycles are perturbed due to the nutrient imbalance in manures and their application on the soil surface, which poses a risk for nutrient dispersion into the environment. Long-term N-based manure application also impacts the apparent nutrient recovery (ANR) by crops and, hence, the crop quality. Our objective was to monitor changes in soil quality and to measure nutrient recovery from N-based organic fertilization in a Brazilian agroecosystem. A long-term experiment was established in May 2004 on Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil. The experiment comprised two periods: 2004–2009 and 2009–2020. The treatments were unfertilized (control), pig slurry, pig deep litter (swine manure and rice husk), cattle slurry, and mineral fertilizer (urea, triple superphosphate, and K chloride). Grain and cover crops were grown. The maize grain yield and oat biomass were used as indicators of productivity. The application of cattle slurry, pig deep litter, and pig slurry increased the grain production by 20% on average compared to mineral fertilization. Organic manuring increased the soil pH by up to one unit, while urea acidified the soil. The highest crop yields were obtained with pig deep litter, which increased the levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, and C in the soil test. Pig deep litter showed the highest N-ANR for the aboveground part of the plants. The ANRs for P, K, Ca, and Mg were also highest when pig slurry had been applied. The ANR values for the micronutrients varied widely among the organic sources but indicated large marginal offtake gains compared to mineral fertilization. The N-based fertilization with animal manures increased the rate of nutrient uptake by plants but led to an accumulation of nutrients in the soil, threatening the sustainability of the system. Manure applications must be monitored regularly to avoid the accumulation of nutrients that could impair the soil quality and become an environmental problem in the future.
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Zhang, Fengsong, Yanxia Li, Xiong Xiong, Ming Yang, and Wei Li. "Effect of Composting on Dissolved Organic Matter in Animal Manure and Its Binding with Cu." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/289896.
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The agricultural application of raw animal manure introduces large amounts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) into soil and would increase transport of heavy metals such as Cu which are widely present in animal manure. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the evolution of DOM from pig and cattle manures during composting through excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and the binding ability of DOM toward copper (Cu) ions with the aid of fluorescence quenching titration. The excitation-emission matrix spectra indicated that tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like, and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescence decreased significantly, while humic-like and fulvic-like fluorescence increased and became the main peaks in composted manure DOM. Fluorescence quenching titration showed that the complexing capacities of pig and cattle manure DOM decreased after composting. Correlation analysis confirmed that complexing capacity of DOM positively and significantly correlates with tyrosine-like and soluble microbial byproduct-like materials which mostly degraded after composting. These results would suggest that the ability of manure DOM to complex with Cu is inhibited as a result of reduced protein-like materials after composting.
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Arnesen, A. K. M., and B. R. Singh. "Plant uptake and DTPA-extractability of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in a Norwegian alum shale soil as affected by previous addition of dairy and pig manures and peat." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-093.
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Residual effects of cow manure, pig manure and peat soil on the DTPA-extractability and plant uptake of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc were investigated in the second and third years after application to an alum shale soil. Wheat and barley were grown in alternate years. The effects of the organic matter applied differed among metals, sources of organic matter and time after application. The Cd concentrations in grain was reduced by the rates of peat soil, whereas the manures had no significant effect. Copper concentrations in grain and Zn concentrations in both grain and straw generally increased with rates of organic matter. Nickel concentration in grain tended to decrease with increasing rates of cow and pig manure applied, whereas it tended to increase with the addition of peat soil.The concentrations of DTPA-extractable metals in the soil were generally higher in the second and third years than in the first year after application of organic matter. Some of the metals bound by organic matter in the first year were probably released as the organic matter was decomposed. Decreases in DTPA-extractable Cd and Ni were found by the addition of pig and cow manure, whereas these manures resulted in increased DTPA-extractable Zn. The application of peat soil, on the other hand, resulted in increased amounts of DTPA-extractable Cu, Zn and Ni, probably due to decreased soil pH. Key words: Heavy metals, solubility, plant uptake, organic matter
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Shalavina, Ekaterina V., Eduard V. Vasilev, and Eduard A. Papushin. "Analysis of Manure Separation Technology Efficiency into Fractions Followed by Liquid Fraction Rectification." Engineering Technologies and Systems 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.033.202302.237-255.
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Introduction. There is not enough data on the used intensive technologies of processing pig manure into organic fertilizer to accurately calculate the content of nutrients in the final products and, accordingly, their doses of application. Aim of the Article. To determine the efficiency of pig manure processing technology, which includes liquid fraction rectification, by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of manure and final products, and to trace the redistributing total nitrogen between the final products on the example of a pilot pig breeding complex production. Materials and Methods. For the study, there was chosen a typical pig-breeding complex, where the pig manure processing included slurry acidification, flocculation, separation into fractions in a decanter centrifuge, rectification of liquid fraction, passive composting of solid fraction, and long-term storing of liquid fraction. The technology allows producing three types of end products: solid organic fertilizer, concentrated liquid (ammonia water), and fertilizer solution. Quantity and quality of pig manure and the end products were calculated by the known methods. Experimental studies were performed to compare the results. Samples were analyzed in the analytical laboratory of Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production in 2022. Three replications were carried out for each sample. The experimental data were statistically analysed in MS Excel. Results. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pig manure, its solid and liquid fractions, and end products were calculated. The difference between the calculated and actual values does not exceed 10.2% that indicates the reliability of calculations. Discussion and Conclusion. The introduction of a new technology at the pig-breeding complex has reduced atmospheric emissions by 10% due to the nitrogen conservation, has reduced operating costs for transporting organic fertilizer by 47% due to the concentration of nutrients in a smaller volume and has improved soil fertility through fertilizer irrigation.
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Ganda, H., E. T. Zannou-Boukari, M. Kenis, C. A. A. M. Chrysostome, and G. A. Mensah. "Potentials of animal, crop and agri-food wastes for the production of fly larvae." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 5, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0064.
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Fly larvae, in particular those of house fly (Musca domestica) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), are increasingly considered for animal feed worldwide. A simple way to produce fly larvae is to expose suitable substrates to attract adult flies that will lay eggs in the substrates from where larvae will be subsequently extracted. This study aims to evaluate the potential of animal manures and agri-food wastes for maggot production and to identify the fly species developing in the substrates. Experiments were conducted in the Republic of Benin. Twenty-six substrates were left uncovered for 10 hours and maggots were harvested after four days. Fresh substrates were then added to residual substrates and left uncovered for another 10 hours for another production cycle. In total, three production cycles were monitored. In the first cycle, nearly 100% of the flies were house flies but black soldier flies appeared in the following cycles. The result showed that crop and agri-food substrates produced more larvae than manures. The highest yield at the first production cycle was obtained with the mixture of soybean bran and maize grain pericarp. Maize bran, pig manure and chicken manure also showed potential for maggot production. Other substrates such as cow and sheep/goat manure produced nearly no maggot when used alone but the amount of larvae substantially increased when attractants such as chicken offal were added, or when mixed with pig and chicken manure. Production decreased with the production cycles for the majority of substrates, except for mixtures based on spent grain and pineapple grain, which produced a large amount of larva at the second harvest. The activity of maggots led to temperature elevation and reduction of substrate biomass. This study showed that several substrates, in particular soybean bran, maize bran, pig manure and chicken manure show potential for maggot production.
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Ma, Haixia, Feier Li, Evode Niyitanga, Xicun Chai, Shipeng Wang, and Yutao Liu. "The Odor Release Regularity of Livestock and Poultry Manure and the Screening of Deodorizing Strains." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122488.
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Human living environments and health are seriously affected by the odor produced from fermentation of livestock and poultry manure. In order to reduce the odor pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, efficient strains were screened and two methods were tried in this study. The orthogonal test design was used to analyze the gas produced by pig manure under different conditions of temperature, time, wheat straw doping amount and calcium carbonate doping amount. Then, according to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and comprehensive odor removal effects, the high efficiency of deodorizing strains were screened. The results showed that pig manure produced the least odor when the temperature was 20 °C, added 0% calcium carbonate, 20% wheat straw and waited for 48 h. Three strains were screened to inhibit the odor production of pig manure: Paracoccus denitrificans, Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showed that their highest removal rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas could reach 96.58% and 99.74% among them; while for three strains of end-control pig manure stench: Pichia kudriavzevii, P. denitrificans and Bacillus subtilis, the highest removal rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas reached 85.91% and 90.80% among them. This research provides bacteria resources as the high-efficiency deodorizing function for the source suppression and the end treatment of the odor gas of pig manure, which has high application value for the control of odor pollution.
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Li, Yumei, Jixue Xiao, Yawei Meng, and Jia You. "Overview of ecology and automation status of pig breeding." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1171, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1171/1/012060.
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Abstract The mass production of pigs will affect the ecological environment around the pig farm. It requires hard work and a lot of manpower and material resources. This paper investigates the ecological environment status of pig manure cleaning and treatment, antibiotic and nitrogen and phosphorus treatment in manure, and gas pollution treatment in pig farms. The development of pig house environmental monitoring and pig farm feeding automation is reviewed. It is pointed out that the research on the cleaning and disposal methods of pig excretion pollutants, the integration of these methods, and the automation and intelligence of pig breeding will become the main research trend of pig breeding.
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Cronjé, Angela L., Claire Turner, Adrian G. Williams, Andrew J. Barker, and Stuart Guy. "The Respiration Rate of Composting Pig Manure." Compost Science & Utilization 12, no. 2 (March 2004): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2004.10702170.
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Huang, G. F., M. Fang, Q. T. Wu, L. X. Zhou, X. D. Liao, and J. W. C. Wong. "Co-Composting of Pig Manure with Leaves." Environmental Technology 22, no. 10 (October 2001): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332208618207.
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Makara, A., and Z. Kowalski. "Pig manure treatment and purification by filtration." Journal of Environmental Management 161 (September 2015): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.022.
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Chan, Paul L. S., and D. A. Griffiths. "The vermicomposting of pre-treated pig manure." Biological Wastes 24, no. 1 (January 1988): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(88)90027-4.
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Buelna, Gerardo, Rino Dubé, and Nicolas Turgeon. "Pig manure treatment by organic bed biofiltration." Desalination 231, no. 1-3 (October 2008): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.049.
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Wang, Feng, Lina Xie, Wenfang Gao, Di Wu, Xiaomeng Chen, and Zimin Wei. "The role of microbiota during chicken manure and pig manure co-composting." Bioresource Technology 384 (September 2023): 129360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129360.
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