Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pig producer'

O Brasil é, atualmente, o quarto maior produtor e quarto maior exportador mundial de suínos. O crescimento da suinocultura nacional tem sido resultado de avanços na produtividade do rebanho industrial, aumento do número de matrizes alojadas e investimentos nas instalações das granjas. O Rio Grande do Sul é o segundo produtor brasileiro de suínos. A cadeia de produção de suínos no estado encontra-se bem estruturada, a partir de mecanismos de coordenação vertical, sendo que o crescimento do sistema integrado de produção vem permitindo ganhos significativos de produtividade para a suinocultura gaúcha. Apesar dos resultados econômicos positivos, a suinocultura pode causar impactos negativos ao ambiente em que está inserida. Neste trabalho realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva com o objetivo de identificar as ações de alguns atores da suinocultura, no Vale do Taquari, visando a diminuição dos impactos ambientais na região. Os diferentes atores participantes desta pesquisa são as granjas de suínos que possuem licenciamento ambiental pela FEPAM - órgão oficial que fiscaliza e regulariza a suinocultura -, as integradoras, a extensão Rural - representada, neste trabalho, pela EMATER/RS-regional Estrela – e a comunidade envolvida com a suinocultura na região. O Vale do Taquari abriga cerca de 30 por cento do efetivo de suínos do estado. A região também é caracterizada por ter a maior concentração de suínos em criação no Rio Grande do Sul. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se utilizando o método interpretativo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Verificou-se o número de granjas com condições de receber a licença ambiental pela FEPAM em 2009, sendo que este órgão verifica apenas granjas de porte médio a excepcional, no Vale do Taquari. Até o término da coleta de dados desta pesquisa, foi constatado que esta Instituição havia registrado 1.237 granjas com processo de licenciamento ambiental, das quais 37 por cento estavam com suas licenças em vigor, 19 por cento encontravam-se com suas licenças vencidas e 44 por cento passaram para o licenciamento municipal. Os resultados indicam que para o Vale do Taquari, dentre as granjas com licença concedida pela FEPAM, as que operam em Unidades Produtoras de Leitão - UPLs são as que mais lançam dejetos a partir de sua produção, pois além de produzirem a quantidade diária de 45 litros/matriz, apresentam um número elevado de animais abrigados neste sistema. As UPLs são unidades de produção onde existem somente as fases do ciclo produtivo que compreendem os reprodutores, o nascimento dos leitões (maternidade) e crescimento inicial (Creche, peso de 6 a 25 kg). Verificou-se ainda que 45,76 por cento das propriedades estavam em condições de obter o licenciamento ambiental sem restrições e 54,23 necessitavam melhorias a serem feitas na propriedade. Quanto às agroindústrias, responsáveis por integrar grande parte dos suinocultores da região, estas apresentam políticas ambientais para seus integrados e buscam a efetivação da regulamentação ambiental nas propriedades. A Extensão Rural também contribui para o desenvolvimento da atividade na região levando projetos de melhoramento aos suinocultores visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental gerado pela atividade. Também tem papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade na região a UNIVATES por meio de iniciativas como a fundação do comitê de suinocultura do Vale do Taquari. Segundo os relatórios da FEPAM as melhorias a serem realizadas nas granjas do Vale do Taquari dizem respeito, na grande maioria, ao tratamento dos dejetos, todavia indicou-se também a necessidade de melhor manejo dos animais mortos e a necessidade de melhorar as instalações das granjas para melhor alocar os animais.<br>Nowadays Brazil is the fourth largest producer and fourth largest swine exporter around the world. The growth of the brasilian production has been the result from advances in industrial productivity of the herd, increasing in the number of animals and investment in the sties. Rio Grande do Sul is currently the second brasilian pig producer. The swine production chain is well structured at the State by the vertical coordination mechanisms and also, the growth of the pork producer system has taken significant productivity gains for the swine farmer at State. Despite the positive economic results the activity may produce negative impact at the environment in which it operates. This work is a descriptive study aiming to identify the actions from some swineculture actors, at the Vale do Taquari, aiming at reducing the environmental impacts on the region. The different actors participating in this research are swine farms from Vale do Taquari that have environmental licenses by FEPAM – government agency that supervises and regulates the swineculture - integrative companies, the Rural Extension- represented by EMATER/RS-Estrela department- and the community involved with the activity at that region.The Vale do Taquari has almost 30 percent of the Rio Grande do Sul’s swine herd and it is also characterized by having the largest concentration of animals in creating at the state. This study was conducted using the interpretative method, through literature and documentary researches. It was verified how many farms, at the Vale do Taquari, had conditions to receive the environmental license for FEPAM in 2009 being that FEPAM checks only a medium-sized farms to exceptional. Still the end of the data collection for this research, it was found that FEPAM had registered 1237 farms with environmental licensing process, of which 37 percent were with their licenses in force, 19 percent were with their expired licenses and 44 percent went to the municipal licensing. The results are that in that region, among the farms with licenses granted by the FEPAM, the farms that operating in UPLs are the ones that most throw waste from its production, because besides they produce the daily amount of 45 liters/animal they have a high number of animals housed in the system.The UPL system is a production unit where there are only the production cycle phases that include breeders, the birth of piglets (maternity) and first time life growth (weight of 6 to 25 kg). The results revealed that 45,76 percent of the farms were able to obtain an environmental license without restrictions and 54.23 needed improvements to be done on the property. It was also found that the agricultural industries, responsible for integrating many of the swine farmers in the region, have environmental policies for their integrated and seek this one for the properties. The Rural Extension also contributes to the development of activity in the region leading improvement projects to lessen the environmental impact generated by the activity. Also has a fundamental role for sustainable development in the region UNIVATES that through such initiatives founded a Vale do Taquari swine culture committee. According to reports FEPAM improvements to be carried out on Vale do Taquari farms concern, in most cases, the management and treatment of waste but also indicated the need for better management of the animals killed and the need to improve the facilities of the farms to better allocate the animals.

Master of Science<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>Robert D. Goodband<br>A total of 5,480 pigs involving 10 experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 evaluated 3 feeder gap settings: 1.27, 1.91, or 2.54 cm, while Exp. 2 evaluated the effects of feeder trough space (4.45 vs. 8.9 cm/pig) and minimum feeder gap opening of 1.27 vs. 2.54 cm. In Exp. 1, pigs fed with increasing feeder gap had decreased (linear; P < 0.03) G:F due to increased (linear; P <0.02) ADFI. In Exp. 2, there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for increased ADG as feeder trough space increased from 4.45 to 8.9 cm/pig. Pigs fed with the wide feeder gap setting had increased (P < 0.01) ADFI and decreased (P < 0.01) G:F compared to pigs with the narrow feeder gap setting. Experiments 3 and 4 were conducted to determine the effects of diet form (meal vs. pellet) and feeder design (conventional dry vs. wet-dry) on finisher pig performance. In Exp. 3, pigs fed pelleted diets or via a wet-dry feeder had greater (P < 0.07 and 0.01, respectively) ADG then those fed meal diets or with a dry feeder. Diet × feeder interactions (P < 0.02) were observed for G:F. When pelleted diets were presented in dry feeders, G:F decreased, while no difference in G:F was observed between meal and pelleted diets presented in wet-dry feeders. In Exp. 4, pigs fed with wet-dry feeders had increased (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI compared to those with dry feeders, while pigs presented pelleted diets had improved (P = 0.05) G:F compared to those presented meal diets. Experiments 5 to 9 were conducted to determine the effects of porcine intestinal mucosa products, PEP2+, Peptone 50, and PEP-NS, on the growth performance of nursery pigs. In Exp. 5, pigs fed increasing PEP2 had increased (quadratic; P < 0.02) overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F with the greatest response observed at 4% PEP2. In Exp. 6, pigs fed PEP2 had improved (P < 0.03) G:F compared to pigs fed select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) and increasing PEP2 improved (quadratic; P < 0.04) G:F with the greatest improvement seen when diets contained 4% PEP2. In Exp. 7 pigs fed PEP2+, Peptone 50 and PEP-NS had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed a negative control diet. In Exp. 8, pigs fed diets containing 6% SMFM, PEP2+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the negative control or 6% Peptone 50. In Exp. 9, pigs fed increasing PEP-NS had improved (quadratic; P < 0.01) ADG and G:F, with the greatest improvement observed in pigs fed 6% PEP-NS. Experiment 10 evaluated the effects of Liquitein and PCV2/M. hyo vaccine regimen on the growth performance of weanling pigs. Overall, there were no effects of Liquitein on growth performance and vaccinated pigs had decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared to non-vaccinated pigs.

The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effect of supplying mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to pig diets on both weanling pig and sow performances. Nursery pigs challenged with LPS to stimulate an immune challenge had increased body temperature and respiratory rate as well as elevated serum cortisol and TNF-α concentration, MOS-supplemented pigs had a lower rectal temperature and respiratory rate which implied that MOS improves some aspect of the immune function of piglets. MOS supplementation in sow diets during late gestation and lactation had no effect on litter size, but the piglets from MOS-fed sows were heavier at birth (P = 0.04), at weaning (P = 0.03), and during the entire nursery period (P < 0.01). Moreover, milk fat and protein levels as well as the Ig concentrations in milk from MOS-fed sows were numerically higher (2 – 12%; P > 0.10) than control sows. Overall, MOS supplementation in the nursery diet may have limited effects on the growth performance, but may have some beneficial influence on pigs under immune challenge. Furthermore, including MOS to the sow diet during late gestation and lactation can potentially improve piglet body weight as well as growth during the suckling and nursery periods.

Tesis por compendio<br>[ES] Actualmente, la sostenibilidad del sector porcino depende de su capacidad para responder a la elevada demanda de productos ganaderos derivada del crecimiento de la población, adaptándose a los cambios en los contextos económico y político, y mejorando su rendimiento medioambiental mediante la mitigación de su impacto ambiental. En este contexto, el uso de subproductos agroindustriales ofrece materias primas alternativas en producción animal, con una menor carga ambiental asociada, en forma de piensos para el ganado, fuente de compuestos bioactivos o materias primas útiles en la producción de bioenergía. Esta tesis doctoral pretende evaluar el uso de subproductos agroindustriales mediterráneos como ingredientes en piensos para el ganado porcino o como co-substratos para la producción de biogás. Con este objetivo, se diseñaron y realizaron cuatro ensayos para evaluar el uso de subproductos de la industria del aceite de oliva y del zumo de naranja en alimentación porcina, evaluando su valor nutricional y las consecuencias de su inclusión sobre el rendimiento y la salud de los animales, la calidad del producto final y las emisiones de gases de los purines. Además, se realizó un ensayo para evaluar el efecto de cuatro sustratos agrícolas sobre el potencial bioquímico de metano (BMP) en co-digestión anaerobia con purines. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de los ensayos de valor nutricional indican que las tortas de aceituna y las pulpas de naranja ensayadas pueden ser incluidas en la dieta con cambios asociados en la excreción de nutrientes que conducen a modificaciones en las emisiones potenciales de amoníaco y BMP de los purines. En cuanto a los subproductos de la torta de aceituna, el ensayo de valor nutricional con tortas de aceituna crudas (COC) y parcialmente desgrasadas (PDOC) mostró que ambas tortas son fuentes apreciables de fibra insoluble, pero tienen un valor energético limitado (11.2 y 7.4 MJ/kg MS para COC y PDOC respectivamente) y un bajo valor como fuente de proteínas. En cambio, las pulpas de naranja deshidratadas (DOP) y ensilada secada al sol (ESDOP) ensayadas son una fuente de energía relevante (14.2 y 13.2 MJ/kg MS para DOP y ESDOP respectivamente) con valor añadido debido a su contenido en fibra soluble. En los ensayos de emisiones in vitro, los subproductos ensayados generaron una disminución en la excreción de N en la orina y, en el caso de la pulpa de aceituna, un aumento de la excreción de materia seca en heces. La emisión de amoniaco por kg de purín disminuyó con la inclusión de torta de aceituna y pulpa de naranja, mientras que el BMP por animal y día se vio negativamente afectado por la inclusión de torta de aceituna obteniendo un mayor BMP con estos subproductos. En cuanto a los ensayos de rendimientos productivos, la PDOC y la DOP pueden incluirse en la dieta hasta 120 y 240 g/kg respectivamente, sin efectos negativos en el caso de la PDOC y efectos menores para la DOP sobre los rendimientos productivos, la composición corporal y la calidad de la canal. La inclusión de PDOC y DOP no afectó a los recuentos microbianos ni al volumen, la composición y la emisión global de gases de los purines. Además, se observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre la grasa subcutánea con la inclusión de PDOC, mejorando su concentración en ácido oleico. La co-digestión anaerobia de subproductos agrícolas y purines mejora el BMP de la mezcla de sustratos en comparación con la digestión única de purines. Se obtuvieron mayores valores de BMP con la adición de los sustratos agrícolas, lo que confirma el mejor rendimiento de los sistemas en co-digestión a niveles de inclusión adecuados. Las combinaciones con tomate, pimiento y melocotón al nivel de inclusión 3 (50% de SV) alcanzaron el mayor BMP. Esto supuso un incremento del BMP del 41% con tomate, 44% con pimiento, 28% con melocotón y 12% con caqui. Los sustratos vegetales mostraron un mayor contenido en lípidos, prote<br>[CAT Actualment, la sostenibilitat del sector porcí depèn de la seua capacitat per a respondre a l'elevada demanda de productes ramaders derivada del creixement de la població, adaptant-se als canvis en els contextos econòmic i polític, i millorant el seu rendiment mediambiental mitjançant la mitigació del seu impacte ambiental. En aquest context, l'ús de subproductes agroindustrials ofereix matèries primeres alternatives en producció animal, amb una menor càrrega ambiental associada, en forma de pinsos per al bestiar, font de compostos bioactius o matèries primeres útils en la producció de bioenergia. Aquesta tesi doctoral pretén avaluar l'ús de subproductes agroindustrials mediterranis com a ingredients en pinsos per al bestiar porcí o com co-substrats per a la producció de biogàs. Amb aquest objectiu, es van dissenyar i realitzar quatre assajos per a avaluar l'ús de subproductes de la indústria de l'oli d'oliva i del suc de taronja en alimentació porcina, avaluant el seu valor nutricional i les conseqüències de la seua inclusió sobre el rendiment i la salut dels animals, la qualitat del producte final i les emissions de gasos dels purins. A més, es va realitzar un assaig per a avaluar l'efecte de quatre substrats agrícoles sobre el potencial bioquímic de metà (BMP) en co-digestió anaeròbia amb purins. Els resultats obtinguts a partir dels assajos de valor nutricional indiquen que les trotes d'oliva i les polpes de taronja assajades poden ser incloses en la dieta amb canvis associats en l'excreció de nutrients que condueixen a modificacions en les emissions potencials d'amoníac i BMP dels purins. Quant als subproductes de la torta d'oliva, l'assaig de valor nutricional amb tortes d'oliva crues (COC) i parcialment desengreixades (PDOC) va mostrar que totes dues coques són fonts apreciables de fibra insoluble, però tenen un valor energètic limitat (11.2 i 7.4 MJ/kg MS per a COC i PDOC respectivament) i un baix valor com a font de proteïnes. En canvi, les polpes de taronja deshidratades (DOP) i ensitjada assecada al sol (ESDOP) assajades són una font d'energia rellevant (14.2 i 13.2 MJ/kg MS per a DOP i ESDOP respectivament) amb valor afegit a causa del seu contingut en fibra soluble. Pel que fa als assajos d'emissions in vitro, els subproductes assajats van generar una disminució en l'excreció de N en l'orina i, en el cas de la polpa d'oliva, un augment de l'excreció de matèria seca en femtes. L'emissió d'amoníac per kg de purí va disminuir amb la inclusió de torta d'oliva i polpa de taronja, mentre que el BMP per animal i dia es va veure negativament afectat per la inclusió de torta d'oliva obtenint un major BMP amb aquests subproductes. Quant als assajos de rendiments productius, la PDOC i la DOP poden incloure's en la dieta fins a 120 i 240 g/kg respectivament, sense efectes negatius en el cas de la PDOC i efectes menors per a la DOP sobre els rendiments productius, la composició corporal i la qualitat de la canal. La inclusió de PDOC i DOP no va afectar els recomptes microbians ni al volum, la composició i l'emissió global de gasos dels purins. A més, es van observar efectes beneficiosos sobre el greix subcutani amb la inclusió de PDOC, millorant la seua concentració en àcid oleic. La co-digestió anaeròbia de subproductes agrícoles i purins millora el BMP de la mescla de substrats en comparació amb la digestió única de purins. Es van obtenir majors valors de BMP amb l'addició dels substrats agrícoles, la qual cosa confirma el millor rendiment dels sistemes en co-digestió a nivells d'inclusió adequats. Les combinacions amb tomaca, pimentó i bresquilla al nivell d'inclusió 3 (50% de SV) van aconseguir el major BMP. Això va suposar un increment del BMP del 41% amb tomaca, 44% amb pimentó, 28% amb bresquilla i 12% amb caqui. Els substrats vegetals van mostrar un major contingut en lípids, proteïnes, lignina i cel·lulosa que els substrats de fruita.<br>[EN] Nowadays the sustainability of the pig sector relies on its capability to respond to the increasing demands for livestock products that are arising from population growth, adapting to changes in the economic and policy contexts, and improving its environmental performance through the mitigation of its impact on climate. In this framework, the use of the agro-industrial by-products offers potential alternative raw materials for animal production with a lower associated environmental burden in the form of feedstuffs for livestock, source of bioactive compounds or raw materials useful in bioenergy production. This PhD thesis aims to evaluate the use of Mediterranean agro-industrial by-products as feed ingredients for pigs or co-substrates for biogas production. To fulfil these objectives, four trials were designed and conducted to evaluate the use of olive oil and orange juice industry by-products in swine nutrition, assessing its nutritional value and the consequences of its inclusion in the diet on animals' performance and health, final product quality traits and gas emissions associated to the pig slurry. Additionally, one more trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of four agricultural substrates (tomato, pepper, peach and kaki) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) in anaerobic co-digestion with pig slurry, focusing on the type of substrate and its inclusion level on the final substrate's mixture. The results presented in this PhD Thesis from the nutritional value assays indicate that the olive cakes and orange pulps tested can be potentially included in pig diets with associated changes in urine and faeces nutrients excretion that leads to modifications in the potential ammonia and BMP emissions from slurries. Concerning olive cake by-products, the nutritional value assay designed to test the crude (COC) and partially defatted (PDOC) olive cakes showed that they are appreciable sources of insoluble fibre but have limited energy value (11.2 and 7.4 MJ/kg DM for COC and PDOC respectively) and a low value as protein source. On the contrary, the dehydrated (DOP) and ensiled sun-dried (ESDOP) orange pulps tested are a relevant energy source (14.2 and 13.2 MJ/kg DM for DOP and ESDOP respectively) with added value in terms of SF concentration. With respect to the in vitro potential ammonia and BMP emissions assays, the by-products tested led to a decreased N excretion in urine and, in the case of the OC, increased DM excretion in faeces. The ammonia emission per kg of slurry decreased with the inclusion of olive cake and orange pulp, whereas the BMP per animal and per day was negatively affected by the inclusion of olive cake obtaining higher BMP with these by-products. Regarding the performance assays, the PDOC and the DOP may be included in balanced pig diets at rates of up to 120 and 240 g/kg respectively, without negative effects in the case of PDOC and minor effects for DOC on growth performance, body composition and carcass quality traits. Contrary to what was expected, the inclusion of PDOC and DOP did not affect microbial counts nor excreta volume, composition and global gas emission from the slurry. Additionally, beneficial effects on subcutaneous fat were observed with the inclusion of PDOC, improving its oleic acid concentration. The anaerobic co-digestion of agricultural by-products and pig slurry improves the BMP from the mixture compared to only pig slurry anaerobic digestion. Higher BMP values were obtained with increasing addition of agricultural substrate, confirming the better performance of co-digestion systems at adequate inclusion levels. In fact, combinations with tomato, pepper and peach at inclusion level 3 (50% of VS) achieved the highest BMP. This resulted in an increase in BMP of 41% with tomato, 44% with pepper, 28% with peach and 12% with kaki. Vegetable substrates (pepper and tomato) showed higher lipid, protein, lignin and cellulose content than fruit substrates (kaki and peach).<br>Ferrer Riera, P. (2021). Valorisation of Mediterranean agroindustrial by-products in pig production as feed and anaerobic co-digestion of slurry [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171747<br>TESIS<br>Compendio

In vitro production (IVP) in agricultural species such as pigs and cattle is performed in a similar manner to human IVF, and involves ovum pick up or oocyte maturation, fertilization outside the body and subsequent transfer of viable embryos. Its application in agricultural breeding can significantly speed up genetic gain rates by reducing generational intervals, increasing selection intensity, and facilitating the dissemination of valuable genetics. IVP is an increasingly important tool for breeding companies given the ongoing emphasis on feeding a growing population with fewer resources. With the above in mind, the aim of this work was to improve the yield of competent, euploid, and high genetic merit IVP embryos available for transfer. Oocytes destined for IVP are commonly assessed for developmental competence by morphological screening. To determine whether it would be possible to improve the utilisation of oocytes per donor, the developmental competence of porcine oocytes with decreasing cumulus oocyte complex (COC) investment was examined. It was found that current IVP practice is wasteful, through the elimination of oocytes with slightly impaired morphology, which still have remarkable developmental potentials. Moreover, whilst it is accepted that embryo splitting (generating more than one embryo from a single fertilized zygote) could benefit the breeding industry by increasing the offspring of the most desirable parents, a comparative analysis of the different splitting methodologies available, including stage of the split and single versus serial splitting strategies, is currently missing in the literature. Here, the splitting of an 8-cell stage embryo into four identical twins was identified as the strategy producing the greatest output of good quality embryos. Additionally, time-lapse investigation of the embryo splits found evidence of the existence of a developmental clock that tightly regulates early cleavage events. Normally, only embryos that display satisfactory morphology are selected for transfer. However, in cattle and pigs, this assessment is complicated by the accumulation of lipid droplets within the embryo, which renders it opaque. Consequently, there is scope for the application of new imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), which are able to image an embryo in full depth and non-invasively. In this work, swept source OCT was successfully tested for use in early stage bovine embryos to obtain both structural and functional imaging. Moreover, micron-scale movements were measured within blastocysts by OCT as a way to rapidly discriminate between living and deceased embryos, representing a novel application of this methodology. Embryo biopsies can be used to establish the genetic merit of an embryo through single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, allowing the application of genomic selection soon after fertilisation rather than at birth. Moreover, SNP information can be analysed by karyomapping to select the most chromosomally normal embryos for transfer. Here, the birth of the first five karyomapped calves in the world is reported. Additionally, karyomapping was used to measure the incidence of aneuploidy in bovine blastocysts by parent of origin and to determine the recombination frequency for each chromosome, demonstrating the applicability of this methodology to basic research.

Este trabalho foi concebido inicialmente através de projeto, montagem e ensaios preliminares de uma unidade analógica, para propósito didático, composta de um servomecanismo controlado pelas clássicas estratégias Proporcional, Integral e Derivativa (PID). Com este equipamento foi demonstrado os conceitos fundamentais da engenharia de controle com seus ensaios e medidas que permitem exemplificar, de forma simples e bastante pedagógica, o funcionamento e os limites operacionais de um controlador prático. Os valores medidos em experimento foram comparados com valores obtidos pela simulação numérica de um modelo equivalente implementado no software MatLab. Utilizando-se da tecnologia PIC (Controlador de Interface Programável), o hardware analógico foi substituído, com a intenção de comparar os resultados para melhor ilustrar os abstratos conceitos da ação PID sobre um dispositivo eletromecânico razoavelmente linear. A unidade desenvolvida permite estabelecer um elo valioso à aprendizagem, buscando unir a teoria clássica, a simulação numérica, a aplicação digital e o comportamento real em uma situação física. Tivemos êxito nos resultados, conseguindo comprovar as modelagens matemáticas em aplicações práticas, além de poder comparar os desempenhos dos resultados analógicos com os resultados digitais.<br>This work was initially conceived by design, assembly and preliminary tests of an analogic unit, for didactic purpose, composed of a servomechanism controlled by the classic strategies Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID). With this device was demonstrated the fundamental concepts of control engineering and its trials and measures allow exemplify, in a simple and very interactive way, the functioning and the operational limits of a practical controller. The values measured in assay were compared with values obtained by numerical simulation of an equivalent model implemented in MatLab. By using the technology PIC (Programmable Interface Controller), the analogical hardware will be substituted, in order to compare the results to better explain the abstract concepts of the PID action over a sufficiently linear electromechanical device. The developed unit enables a valuable link to the learning, seeking to unite the classical theory, numerical simulation, digital application and real performance in a physical case. We were successful in results, obtaining proof of the mathematical models in practical applications, besides being able to compare the performances of analogic results with digital ones.

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microorganisms play important roles in animal health, including providing energy and vitamins, improving the host immune response and preventing pathogenic microorganisms from colonizing. Prebiotic feed supplementation offers an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters by stimulating key populations of the GIT bacteria that can ferment these non-digestible compounds, producing various short chain fatty acids used by the animal. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of a proprietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (XPC, Diamond V Mills, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA) inclusion in nursery diets on the microbial diversity and growth performance of pigs before, during and after an oral challenge with Salmonella. Pigs (n= 40) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by body weight (BW) and assigned in a 2Ã 2 factorial arrangement consisting of diet (control or 0.2% XPC) and inoculation (broth or Salmonella). Diet had no effect on pig growth performance prior to inoculation; however, consumption of XPC altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbial community resulting in increased growth performance prior to inoculation. After Salmonella infection, XPC altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbial community resulting in increased (P < 0.05) populations of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus. Infection with Salmonella and treatment of the piglets with ceftiofur-HCl resulted in alterations to the species richness and abundance of key members of the GIT community. The addition of XPC to the diets of weaning pigs results in greater compensatory gains after infection with Salmonella and an increase in beneficial bacteria within the GIT.<br>Master of Science

A propriedade suinícola encontra-se hoje numa fase que, dificilmente poderá fugir ao processo integrador, disponibilizado pelas empresas detentoras de recursos financeiros e tecnológicos. No entanto, o produtor sujeita-se a margens estreitas de lucratividade pelas facilidades que o processo em si lhe oferece. A presente pesquisa consiste num estudo exploratório com o objetivo de analisar o desempenho dos produtores, no sistema integrado de suínos, a partir da caracterização da cadeia de valor adaptada à atividade suinícola. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos da área e aplicados questionários junto a doze suinocultores, — divididos em três categorias: pequenos, médios e grandes produtores — da Região Centro Oriental do Estado, participantes do sistema de integração da Cooperativa Agropecuária Languiru Ltda., em Teotônia — RS. A análise diagnóstico foi realizada com base no referencial teórico, envolvendo aspectos ligados à suinocultura, à cadeia produtiva, com ênfase no sistema de produção, e à cadeia de valores que ofereceu a melhor alternativa para identificar o desempenho dos suinocultores. Nesse contexto, observou-se estar o desempenho dos produtores condicionado à conversão alimentar e o período de engorda, associado ao processo de gestão da propriedade suinícola.<br>Rural properties devoted to pig breeding are currently in a situation in which they will hardly be able to avoid taking part in the integrating process made available by financially and technologically privileged companies. However, producers have to face low profit rates due to the features inherent to such process. This paper is a study which has as a goal to analyze the producers' performance in the pig breeding integrated system, departing from the chain of values adaptad to the pig breeding environment. To do so, interviews with technicians have been done, as well as questionnaires have been submitted to twelve pig breeders - split into three categories: small, medium and big producers - from the west central region of the state, that participate of the Cooperativa Agropecuária Languiru Ltda. integrating system, in Teutônia, RS. A diagnostic analysis was done based upon the theory related to pig breeding, the productive chain focused in this production system, and the chain of values that offered the best alternative to identify the producers' performances. In such context, it has been observed that the producers' performance is conditioned by food conversion and the fatten period, associated with the property mangement process.

E-commerce has grown rapidly in the last couple of years and has gotten more demanding customers that want better and more consistent product information. With more products on the market than ever, spreadsheets are not enough. Product Information Management (PIM) systems have been developed to meet those needs. Because these systems contain a lot of different processes and handles a lot of data, they can be complex and contain usability problems. The purpose of the study is to understand and explain the usability of the PIM system process of enriching products. The study answers the research questions: “How do the users experience the usability in the process of enriching products in PIM systems?” and “What are the main usability problems in the enrichment process in an existing PIM system?”. The result shows that the overall usability in the enrichment process is good and the investigated PIM system is easy to use and is flexible. The analysis shows that the main usability problems are the lack of functionality and efficiency. The two problems are connected to each other as the users need to do workarounds because the lack of certain functions. The efficiency would be improved if the missing functions were added. These usability attributes can be difficult to evaluate before the system has been used for a while because it can take time for the users to discover problem regarding them.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la relación que existe entre el PIB y el Gasto Púbico, en particular se busca modelar econométricamente la respuesta de la actividad productiva de los estados de México ante cambios en los niveles de gasto del sector público (política fiscal expansiva o contractiva). En este sentido, la pregunta de investigación es: ¿Cuál es la relación existente entre los cambios en las medidas del gasto público agregado y el comportamiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) en las entidades federativas de México en el periodo 1999-2014?2 De manera particular se busca verificar el efecto del gasto público en inversión y gasto en deuda pública sobre el comportamiento del PIB estatal. La hipótesis que sostiene este trabajo es que un mayor gasto agregado del sector público en los estados de México afectará de forma positiva y significativa al crecimiento económico, en particular en los estados que poseen una mayor participación en el PIB nacional. Así como, un mayor gasto público estatal en inversión y en pago de deuda pública tendrán efectos positivos sobre la actividad económica de dichos estados.3 Para alcanzar los objetivos de este estudio y dar evidencia a favor o en contra de la hipótesis planteada, se empleará una función de producción Cobb-Douglas aumentada para modelar econométricamente el efecto de los cambios en el gasto público sobre el comportamiento del Producto Interno Bruto Estatal. Las estimaciones de los parámetros 2 El periodo de análisis del estudio se delimitó principalmente por la disponibilidad de datos más recientes de dos variables: Población ocupada (empleo) y Formación Bruta de Capital fijo (inversión) bajo el planteamiento y empleo de una función de producción de Cobb-Douglas. Dichos datos fueron extraídos de los censos económicos que publica el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), éstos están integrados por varios proyectos, alusivos a los distintos sectores de actividad económica y se llevan a cabo cada cinco años (en los años que terminan en 4 y en 9). Los censos disponibles son de 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 y 2014 3 El análisis se hace para todos los sectores de la actividad económica; sin embargo, los dos primeros censos no muestran datos para el total de todos los sectores, solo para algunos. En el caso particular del censo de 1994 los datos de población ocupada del sector comercial solo se muestran a nivel nacional y no por Estado, por lo que los datos completos de los que se disponen, son a partir del censo de 1999 hasta 2014. 6 de la función referida se realizarán a través de la técnica de regresión cuantílica con datos en panel. La investigación se divide en cuatro secciones. En primer lugar, se realiza un breve resumen de los estudios realizados en torno al tema de investigación, en segundo lugar se presentan los principales enfoques teóricos acerca del efecto del gasto público sobre la actividad económica, destacando el keynesiano y neoclásico. En tercer lugar se describe la metodología econométrica utilizada para modelar el efecto del gasto público sobre el PIB de los estados de México y finalmente se comentan los principales resultados de la investigación y las conclusiones.

Dagens företagsklimat skapar ökad press på företag att minska sin tid till marknad för nya produkter, samtidigt som konstnader ska minskas och en hög produktkvalitet skall hållas. Ett resultat av detta är att tillverkningsföretag måste utveckla och producera produkter fortare, till en lägre kostnad, med ökande kvalité för att upprätthålla sin konkurrenskraft. Inom marknaden för informations- och kommunikationsteknik sker det snabba förändringar, detta göra att produktutvecklingen är allt mer viktig. Hanteringen av produktdata är en viktig aspekt av produktutvecklingen, men också en av de mest  utmanande.  Målet  med  denna  forskningsuppsats  är  att  undersöka  vilka  processer  inom industrialisering som används för att samla och hantera produktdata. Produktdata och hanteringen av den är en viktig del av industrialiseringsprocessen samt produktutvecklingsprocessen. PIM   (Product   Introduction   and   Maintenance)   RBS   (Radio   Base   Station)   Kista   är   en industrialiseringssite och har valts för denna fallstudie – då de representerar en ledande del av produktutvecklingen för utsedda produkter inom Ericsson som är ett världsledande företag inom informations-och kommunikationstekniks industrin. Denna forskning har utförst i linje med det valda fokusområdet att undersöka, beskriva och analysera de viktigaste metoderna som används inom PIM RBS Kista för att samla in, lagra och använda produktdata under produktutvecklingen i industrialiseringsprocessen.   Syftet   med   forskningen   är   att   bidra   till   forskningsområdet produktdatahantering. Fokus har legat inom Operations, där nya produkter realiseras under olika aktiviteter och från vilken produktdata är det viktigaste resultatet. De  arbetsmetoder  som  har  identifieras  under  fallstudien  diskuteras  och  skapar  insikt  hur produktdatahantering  används  under  förverkligandet  av  nya  produkter  –  med  koppling  till produktionsverkstadsgolvet. Denna forskingsuppsats diskuterar även de huvudsakliga implikationera relaterat till produktdatahantering inom organisationen som är vald för denna fallstudie. Detta för att bidra med förbättringsförslag gällande nuvarande produktdatahanteringsmetod och system, samt verktyg, som finns implementerade idag.<br>In today’s market there is an increasing pressure on companies to reduce their time-to-market and lower their cost whilst maintaining a high quality on their products. As a result, manufacturing firms have to develop and produce products faster, at lower costs, and with increased quality in order to maintain their competiveness. The information and communications technology (ICT) market is a fast  changing  market,  which  makes  the  development  process  all  the  more  important.  The management of product data is an important aspect of the product development process, but also one of the most challenging. Product data and product data management (PDM) are important aspects of the new product introduction (NPI) process and in turn the product development process. This research is based on a case study research conducted at PIM (Product Introduction and Maintenance) RBS (Radio Base Station) Kista. PIM RBS Kista is a lead-site responsible for NPI and product development for certain appointed products within Ericsson, a world leading multinational corporation in the ICT industry. In alignment with the research focus the main processes used within PIM RBS Kista to gather, store, and use product data during product development in the NPI process has been described and analysed – in order to contribute to the PDM research field. The focus has been within the Operations department, in which new products are realised during different activities and from which product data is the main output. The processes identified and analysed provides insight how PDM is used during product realisation and its connection to the production shop floor. The thesis also discusses the main complications within the case organisation and suggests improvements regarding the current PDM processes and systems/tools used.

As transformações econômicas, sociais e políticas ocorridas nos últimos anos do século XX no Brasil e na China, oriundas de uma série de medidas e ações governamentais e globais, atraíram investimentos estrangeiros. Por meio do aumento da industrialização, viabilizados pelos investimentos externos diretos (IEDs), pressupõe-se que a população esteja consumindo mais, o qual pode acontecer pelo fato de haver mais dinheiro e oportunidades no mercado, e, com isso, mais capital disponível. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar os segmentos industriais do Brasil e da China, através de seus níveis tecnológicos, que mais contribuíram para a melhora do produto interno bruto (PIB) e do índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) entre 1990 e 2010, atestando semelhança ou não entre esses países, pois há estudos sugerindo que países em desenvolvimento, mesmo com diferentes níveis de renda, tendem a apresentar um processo comum de desenvolvimento. A base de dados UNIDO, pertencente às Nações Unidas, foi a base adotada para este trabalho. A quantidade de estabelecimentos, a quantidade de empregados e os valores médios da massa salarial dos setores agrupados por níveis tecnológicos foram as variáveis endógenas. Por meio da regressão linear múltipla constatou-se que, no Brasil, os setores de baixa e média baixa intensidade tecnológica foram àqueles que mais agregaram para o crescimento do PIB. Já para o IDH, os setores de alta e média baixa intensidade tecnológica foram os principais responsáveis pelo incremento. Para a China, as indústrias de média baixa intensidade tecnológica influenciaram o PIB, ao passo que nenhum setor tecnológico foi estatisticamente significativo para o aumento do IDH.<br>The economic, social and political transformations that have occurred in the last years of the 20th century in Brazil and in China, which came from a series of government measures and global actions, attracted foreign investment. Through the increase of industrialization, feasible by the foreign direct investment (FDI), one can assume that the population is consuming more, which can happen by the fact that there is more money and opportunities in the market, and, with that, more available capital. This research aimed to compare the industrial segments, through their technological levels, that most contributed to the improvement of the gross domestic product (GDP) and to the human development indicator (HDI) in Brazil and China from 1990 to 2010, attesting similarity or not between these countries, as there are studies suggesting that developing countries, even with different levels of income, tend to have a common development process. The data basis UNIDO, belonging to the United Nations, was the basis adopted for this study. The number of establishments, number of employees and the average wages were the endogenous variables. Through multiple linear regressions it was possible to confirm that, in Brazil, the low and mid low technology levels were those that contributed most to the GDP growth. For the HDI, the high and mid low technology levels were the main responsible ones. For China, the mid low technology industries influenced the GDP, while no technology level significantly influenced the HDI.

Energy efficiency has become a growing concern in a world driven by a fossil fuel economy. Recuperated micro-gas-turbine systems offer the possibility of high efficiency power generation for low output power systems. To this end, increasing the performance while decreasing the cost, the weight and the volume of heat exchangers such as recuperators has become a critical research focus. Recent work done by Brayton Energy Canada (BEC) has renewed interest in Wire Mesh Heat Exchangers (WMHE) by introducing a new production method that uses cells of stacked wire mesh sheets that have a thick external shell deposited by cold spray. Fins are then machined in this external shell, creating a heat exchanger. Net shaped pin fins were successfully deposited using Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying (CGDS or simply cold spray) as an additive manufacturing technique to replace the plate fin arrays currently used. This new development is envisioned to save costs while providing higher heat transfer efficiency than traditional fin arrays. Increasing the performance of such fin arrays would yield higher heat exchanger efficiencies and increase the total efficiency of the gas turbine system. The present thesis provides a description of the research performed, as well as the results thereof, with regards to the performance of pin fin arrays produced using cold spray. A review of the relevant literature is performed to establish the motivation of this study and to describe the relevant work that has been performed by other authors in this respect. The research objectives are to evaluate the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of these fin arrays and relate those to the flow structures arising from fluid motion between these extended surfaces. Furthermore, the proposed approach and the experimental equipment that will be used are described in this work. The research objectives were successfully met, with the results obtained from this work presented in the form of peer-reviewed publications.

A total of five studies were conducted to determine the nutritional value of co-products of bioethanol production for poultry and pigs. The objective in the first study was to evaluate the relationship between the chemical components of maize- and wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as develop prediction equations for indispensable amino acids (IAA), total indispensable amino acid (TIAA) and total amino acid (TAA) contents using nutrient composition data available in literature. The relationship between the chemical constituents of maize- and wheat-DDGS and associated probability values were determined by correlation analysis. Prediction models for determining the IAA, TIAA and TAA contents of maize- and wheat-DDGS from their crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) contents were developed using step-wise multiple regression analyses. Maximum improvement in adjusted r2 (adj r2) and reduction in Mallows Cp were the model selection criteria. The chemical composition of maize- and wheat-DDGS varied among sources with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 8.5% to 53.5% for total P and Ca respectively in maize-DDGS and 10.5% to 36.1% for CP and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in wheat-DDGS respectively. Of the IAA, Lys, Met and Trp were most variable in maize-DDGS with CV of 13.1%, 12.0%, 10.3%, respectively, whereas Lys, Phe and Met were the most variable IAA in wheat-DDGS with CV of 20.2%, 17.3%, and 16.9%, respectively. For maize-DDGS, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between CP and CF, NDF, Ca, ash (r ranged from 0.45 and 0.61). Adjusted r2 ranged from 0.57 to 0.99 in the best models for predicting the IAA in maize- and wheat-DDGS from CP and AA. Except for Trp and Lys, the IAA contents of maize- and wheat-DDGS can be predicted from their CP content alone. The best models for predicting TIAA and TAA in maize-DDGS included Arg, His and Leu (adj r2= 0.98) and His, Leu and Trp (adj r2= 0.90) respectively, the regression equations being TIAA (% DM) = 0.77 + 1.36 (Arg) + 3.87 (His) + 1.99 (Val) and TAA = -3.03 + 14.1 (His) + 3.79 (Leu) + 23.4 (Trp) respectively. For wheat-DDGS, the best three variables for predicting TIAA were Arg, Leu and Val (adj r2=0.99), the regression equation being TIAA (% DM) = -0.07 + 1.11 (Arg) + 0.99 (Leu) + 5.02 (Val). Predicted values were close to actual values in the prediction models for IAA, TIAA and TAA. It was concluded that the IAA, TIAA and TAA contents of both maize- and wheat-DDGS can be predicted from their CP contents with high accuracy. In the second study, the nutritional value of wheat-DDGS without- or with exogenous enzymes for broiler was determined using three experiments. The N-corrected- and apparent metabolisable energy contents (AMEn and AME, respectively) without- or with added admixture of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP) was determined in experiment 1, true P digestibility without- or with supplemental phytase was determined in experiment 2, whereas the apparent- or standardised ileal digestibility (AID and SID, respectively) of AA without- or with added protease was determined in experiment 3. Birds were fed a nutrient adequate pre-experimental diet from d 1 to 14 post-hatch followed by the dietary treatments from d 14 to 21 in experiment 1 and 2, or from d 25 to 28 in experiment 3, respectively. Each of the 3 experiments was arranged as a randomised complete block design consisting of 7 replicate pens and 3 birds per pen. Six dietary treatments consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (0, 300 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of XAP (0 or 0.25 g/kg) were used in experiment 1. Six diets consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (200, 400 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of phytase (0 or 1000 FTU/kg) were used in experiment 2, whereas four treatments consisting of a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) and an assay diet, both diets without- or with supplemental protease were used in experiment 3. In experiment 1, increasing the level of wheat-DDGS in the basal diet decreased linearly (P < 0.001) dry matter (DM) and energy retention, AME and AMEn. Supplemental XAP tended to improve both the dietary AME (P = 0.059) and AMEn (P = 0.085) values of the diet. The AME value of wheat-DDGS without- or with supplemental XAP was determined to be 15.0 or 15.5 MJ/kg, respectively. Corresponding values for AMEn were 14.0 and 14.5 MJ/kg, respectively. Supplemental XAP did not improve the energy value of wheat-DDGS for broilers. In experiment 2, increasing the level of wheat-DDGS in the diet decreased linearly (P < 0.05) ileal DM digestibility, DM retention and apparent P retention but there was no difference in apparent ileal P digestibility. Except for Fe and Zn at the ileal, and Mn and Zn at the total tract level, increasing the level of wheat-DDGS in the diet increased linearly (P < 0.05) the flow of all other minerals. Flow of minerals at the ileal and total tract level were not different with phytase supplementation. True ileal P digestibility in the wheat-DDGS for broilers was 93.6 or 96% without- or with added phytase, respectively. Corresponding values at the total tract level were 92.4 and 93.5%, respectively. Phytase addition did not improve P utilisation at the ileal or total tract level. In experiment 3, AID ranged from 33% (Asp) to 75% (Pro) without added protease whereas the range was 31% (Asp) to 82% (Pro) with protease supplementation. The AID of Lys was nil regardless of protease supplementation. Supplemental protease improved (P < 0.05) the AID of Arg and Pro and tended to improve (P < 0.10) the AID of Met. Without protease supplementation, SID ranged from 43% (Asp) to 84% (Pro) whereas the range was from 54% (Asp) to 93% (Pro) with added protease. Supplemental protease improved (P < 0.05) the SID of Arg, Leu, Phe, Met, Val and Pro by 21, 14, 13, 26, 13 and 10 percentage points, respectively. It was concluded that wheat-DDGS is a good dietary source of metabolisable energy and P for broilers. The ileal AA digestibility of wheat-DDGS for broilers is quite variable and generally low. Further, the ileal digestibility of some AA in the wheat-DDGS improved with protease supplementation. Using three experiments the third study determined the metabolisable energy content, true P digestibility and retention and AIAAD and SIAAD of wheat-DDGS for turkey. The AMEn and AME content of wheat-DDGS without- or with XAP was determined in experiment 1, the true P digestibility and retention without- or with supplemental phytase was determined in experiment 2, whereas the AIAAD and SIAAD of wheat-DDGS without- or with a protease were determined in experiment 3. Experiment 1 and 2 lasted for 21 days whereas experiment 3 lasted for 28 days. Experimental diets were fed for 7, 5 or 3 d in experiment 1, 2 or 3, respectively. Each of the 3 experiments was arranged as a randomised complete block design consisting of 7 replicate pens and 3 birds per pen. Six dietary treatments consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (0, 300 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of XAP (0 or 0.25 g/kg) were used in experiment 1. Six diets consisting of 3 levels of wheat-DDGS (200, 400 or 600 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of phytase (0 or 1000 FTU/kg) were used in experiment 2, whereas four diets consisting of a NFD and an assay diet, both diets without- or with supplemental protease were used in experiment 3. In experiment 1, increasing the dietary inclusion of wheat-DDGS from 0 to 600 g/kg decreased linearly (P < 0.05) DM and energy retention. There was wheat-DDGS × XAP interaction (P < 0.05) for dietary AME and AMEn. Dietary AME and AMEn values decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as the level of wheat-DDGS increased in the diets without XAP, whereas there was no effect of increasing wheat-DDGS level on dietary AME or AMEn for the XAP-supplemented diets.

I den tillverkande industrin ställer idag kunder krav på korta leveranstider samtidigt som de tillverkande företagen ser tid som en begränsad resurs. Detta innebär att företag tvingas fokusera på att reducera ledtiden och däribland produktionsledtiden. Vid tillverkning av kundanpassade produkter finns inte möjligheten att hålla lager för att snabbt kunna besvara kunders efterfrågan och därför måste dessa företag sträva efter att effektivisera sina processer för att reducera ledtiden. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur ledtiden kan reduceras i ett produktionssystem för kundanpassade produkter. Två frågeställningar har upprättats för att uppfylla syftet: 1. Vilka möjliga orsaker finns till långa ledtider i ett produktionssystem som tillverkar kundanpassade produkter? 2. Hur kan långa ledtider reduceras i ett produktionssystem som tillverkar kundanpassade produkter? För att kunna besvara dessa två frågeställningar har författarna genomfört en fallstudie samt litteraturstudier. I fallstudien har observationer, intervjuer, dokumentstudier samt en följesedel använts för att samla in empiri. Empirin har strukturerats, bl.a. i en värdeflödeskarta, och sedan analyserats mot teori som tagits fram i de litteraturstudier som genomförts. I den analys författarna genomfört har hög nivå av PIA identifierats som huvudorsak till lång ledtid. Vidare har en djupare analys bidragit till att författarna kunnat utröna underliggande orsaker till uppbyggnaden av PIA, fem i fallstudien och fyra i litteraturstudierna. De underliggande orsakerna författarna identifierade både i fallstudien och i litteraturstudierna var varierande materialflöden, pushbaserad materialstyrning, flaskhals och partiformning. Den femte identifierade orsaken i fallstudien var prioriteringsregler. Författarna har sedan tagit fram lösningsalternativ för respektive orsak och därefter diskuterat vilka lösningsalternativ som bäst kunde tillämpas i det studerade produktionssystemet. De lösningsalternativ som valts för att eliminera respektive orsak är omläggning av materialflöden för att minska variationerna, implementering av CONWIP för huvudflödet genom produktionssystemet, eliminering av flaskhals genom att tillämpa ett extra skift för denna maskin, användning av FIFO som prioriteringsregel samt tillämpning av överlappning för batcher av höga kvantiteter. Genom att tillämpa dessa förändringar anser författarna att ledtiden i det studerade produktionssystemet kan reduceras.<br>In the manufacturing industry today, customers require short lead times at the same time that manufacturing companies consider time as a scarce resource. This means that companies are forced to focus on reducing lead time, including production lead time. When manufacturing customized products there is not possible to keep stock to quickly answer customer demand and therefore, these companies strive to streamline their processes to reduce lead time. The purpose of this study is to examine how the lead time can be reduced in a manufacturing system for customized products. Two issues have been established to answer the purpose of this study: 1. What are the possible reasons for long lead time in a manufacturing system that produces customized products? 2. How can long lead times in a manufacturing system that produces customized products be reduced? In order to answer these two questions, the authors conducted a case study and literature reviews. In the case study observations, interviews, document studies, and a delivery note have been used to collect empirical data. The empirical data have been structured, for example in a value stream map, and then analyzed on theory developed in the conducted literature studies. In the conducted analysis the authors identified a high level of WIP as the main cause of the long lead time. Furthermore, a deeper analysis contributed by the authors have been able to determine the underlying causes for the development of WIP, in the case study five causes were identified and in the literary studies four causes. The underlying causes identified by the authors in the case study as well as in the literature studies were material flow variation, push-based material handling, bottleneck and lot sizing. The fifth identified cause in the case study was priority rules. The authors then developed optional solutions for each cause and then discussed the different solutions that could be applied in the manufacturing system the authors studied. The chosen solution for eliminating each cause is reduce diversion of material flows to reduce variability, implementation of CONWIP for the main flow through the manufacturing system, eliminating the bottleneck by applying an extra shift for this machine, using the FIFO priority rule and the application of overlapping batches of high quantities. By applying these changes, the authors consider that the lead time in the studied manufacturing system can be reduced.

Effects of dairy fat composition on LDL metabolism were measured in male guinea pigs fed 15% (w/w) fat diets, either butterfat (BF) or a synthetic butter-like fat mix (SBF). Dietary groups were: whole milk powder (WM), skim milk powder-SBF (SM/S), casein-SBF (C/S), and skim milk powder-BF (SM/B). A hypocholesterolemic effect was observed in guinea pigs fed the WM (plasma cholesterol, 1.5 mmol/L) diet compared to all other diet groups (3. 1 mmol/L). Hepatic LDL receptor B(max) and K(d) values were not different between WM and SM/B diet groups. Animals fed the WM or SM/B diets had higher HMG-CoA reductase activities than animals fed the SM/S or C/S diets. The results demonstrate that butterfat intake results in a hypercholesterolemic response of plasma and liver; however, the predicted hypercholesterolemic effect of miikfat was not observed with the WM diet compared to the SBF and BF fats. These data suggest that some factor(s) in milk, other than the milkfat itself, negates the hypercholesterolemic effect of dairy fat. Additional experiments evaluated the effects of diet supplemented with whole milk and partially reconstituted milk fractions in guinea pigs fed diets containing 15% (w/w) butter-palm oil (1:1) fat, with or without liquid milk products. Dietary groups were: water (WE), non-processed whole milk (NPWM), re-constituted whole milk (RCWM), buttermilk-enriched skim milk (BMSM), butterserum-enriched skim milk (BSSM), and butteroil-skim milk (BOSM). Plasma total cholesterol (3.0 ± 1.4 versus 2.6 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and hepatic cholesterol (8.1 ± 0.6 versus 9.0 ± 1.2 μmol/g) were not different between WE and milk product treated diets. LDL peak densities and calculated diameters, and hepatic LDL receptor B(max) and K(d) were not different among diets. In summary, potential plasma cholesterol lowering factor(s) associated with whole milk may exist in buttermilk or butterserum but can not be identified; however, a diet supplemented with liquid milk products providing up to 46% of the daily energy intake, with higher total fat (1.4-fold) and dietary cholesterol (2.3-fold) did not increase plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels or alter LDL metabolism in the guinea pig.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Finanzas<br>La relación entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo financiero ha sido un tema extensamente investigado. La pregunta es si el desarrollo financiero causa crecimiento económico o viceversa. El principal objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación causal entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo financiero tomando en cuenta el efecto de los inversionistas institucionales, como fondos de pensiones, fondos mutuos, compañías de seguros y los créditos privados de bancos e instituciones financieras, a través de los activos mantenidos como porcentaje del PIB. Se utilizan datos de panel para 54 economías del mundo para el periodo 1999-2011, la estimación se realiza a través del método generalizado de momentos (GMM). Utilizando los métodos de estimación propuestos por Arellano-Bond (1991), y Arellano-Bover (1995) y Blundell-Bond (1998). Se encuentra un impacto positivo y estadísticamente significativo de los inversionistas institucionales sobre el crecimiento económico. Este trabajo se basa principalmente en el estudio desarrollado por Rault et al. (2014) quienes investigan la relación entre desarrollo financiero y crecimiento económico para cinco economías del centro y este de Europa, estimando a través de datos de panel para el periodo 1994-2011. Las variables utilizadas en el presente estudio son las mismas utilizadas por estos autores y se basan en la amplia literatura previa que existe con respecto a esta relación, específicamente las variables se dividen en dos grupos: el primero, corresponde a variables que pertenecen a una ecuación estándar de crecimiento, y el segundo, a variables del sector y desarrollo financiero de los países de la muestra. Además de estas variables, se incluye una medida de la presencia de inversionistas institucionales con el objetivo de testear el efecto de estos en el crecimiento económico, esta variable es calculada como la suma de los activos mantenidos en compañías de seguros, fondos mutuos, fondos de pensiones y créditos bancarios, como porcentaje del PIB. Y luego se mide el impacto de cada uno de estos actores por separado. Existen varios estudios que intentan probar la relación entre crecimiento económico e inversionistas institucionales, la mayoría se enfocan en otras muestras de países, años, y utilizan diferentes metodologías econométricas y variables explicativas a las que se usaron en el presente estudio. Harichandra y Thangavelu (2004) estudian el rol de los inversionistas institucionales en el desarrollo del sector financiero y el crecimiento económico para países de la OECD, específicamente, utilizan los fondos de pensiones, compañías de seguros y compañías de inversión. Utilizan un panel dinámico VAR para 23 países de la OECD sobre el periodo 1988-1999. Encuentran que los inversionistas institucionales tienen un fuerte impacto causal en el desarrollo del mercado accionario, pero no en el desarrollo de intermediarios financieros. Esto sugiere que los inversionistas institucionales estarían aumentando el crecimiento de los mercados accionarios a expensas del progreso en préstamos y depósitos tomando la función del sector bancario. En general, la causalidad en el crecimiento de inversionistas institucionales hacia el desarrollo del sector financiero se ha extendido sobre el crecimiento económico. Cavenaile y Sougne (2012) utilizan un panel cointegrado para estudiar la potencial relación de largo plazo entre crecimiento económico, desarrollo bancario e inversionistas institucionales para 6 economías de la OECD. Encuentran una causalidad de largo plazo entre el desarrollo financiero y el crecimiento económico que difiere por país, también encuentran que para 4 de las 6 economías existe una relación negativa entre los bancos y los inversionistas institucionales. Este estudio es un aporte a la literatura con respecto a estudios previos, dado que no existen estudios que testeen esta relación para la muestra de países seleccionados y los años utilizados, por tanto para su realización se formo una nueva base de datos que puede ser un aporte para futuras investigaciones. Por otro lado, la mayoría de los estudios previos utilizan una metodología de corte transversal o datos de panel, pero no datos de paneles dinámicos, éste último consiste en una técnica basada en Arellano Bond (1991) la cual utiliza instrumentos basados en previas realizaciones de las variables explicativas para tener en cuenta la endogeneidad de los regresores y por lo tanto, provee una estimación más eficiente y sin sesgo. Se espera que este estudio aporte a la relación entre crecimiento económico e inversionistas institucionales y pueda ser utilizado como punto de partida para futuros análisis de esta relación. Los inversionistas institucionales son organizaciones que operan grandes volúmenes de activos: bancos, sociedades financieras, compañías de seguro, AFP, entidades nacionales de reaseguro y administradoras de fondos autorizados por ley1. También tendrán este carácter, las entidades que señale la Superintendencia mediante una norma de carácter general, siempre que se cumplan las siguientes condiciones copulativas: que el giro principal de las entidades sea la realización de inversiones financieras o en activos financieros, con fondos de terceros; y que el volumen de transacciones, naturaleza de sus activos u otras características, permita calificar de relevante su participación en el mercado. Los intermediarios financieros y de mercado tienden a disminuir los costos de búsqueda de potenciales inversionistas y proyectos, ejerciendo el control corporativo, administrando riesgos, y movilizando el ahorro. Por lo tanto, es por el gran volumen de activos e instrumentos que manejan estos actores financieros que economías con intermediarios financieros y de mercado más desarrollados gozan de mayores tasas de crecimiento. Pagano (1993) sugiere tres formas en las que el desarrollo del sector financiero puede afectar el crecimiento económico bajo un modelo básico de crecimiento endógeno. Primero, puede aumentar la productividad de las inversiones. Segundo, un sector financiero eficiente reduce los costos de transacción y por tanto, aumenta la proporción de los ahorros destinados a inversiones productivas. Un sector financiero eficiente aumenta la liquidez de las inversiones. Tercero, el desarrollo del sector financiero puede promover o disminuir los ahorros. Los inversionistas institucionales estarían ayudando en estos tres aspectos, dada la importancia que han ganado en el mercado de capitales a través de su mayor participación y como inyectores de liquides. La literatura teórica y empírica ha llegado a un creciente consenso acerca del significativo impacto que tiene el desarrollo del sistema financiero en el crecimiento económico. Un sistema financiero más desarrollado afecta las decisiones de inversión y ahorro, mejorando la asignación de recursos en la economía y, con ello, impulsando el crecimiento económico. Leahy et al. (2001) usan datos de los países pertenecientes a la OECD y muestran que el mercado accionario y el desarrollo de las instituciones financieras están relacionados con el crecimiento económico. Por otro lado, Rybczinski (1997) sugiere que se pueden distinguir tres etapas: banco, mercado y fase securitizadora. La mayoría de las economías de mercados emergentes están todavía en la fase orientada en bancos, mientras que los países de la OECD están ya sea, en la fase de mercado o la fase securitizada; donde “securitizada” implica un aumento en la importancia de las finanzas de securities, en vez de paquetes de préstamos en forma de securities. Donde existe ausencia de inversionistas institucionales los bancos dominan, estos inversionistas comienzan a desarrollarse en la etapa de mercado y se vuelven dominantes en la etapa securitizada. Davis (2003) indica que naciones pertenecientes a la OECD presentan un mercado financiero que se basa en una mayor participación de inversionistas institucionales, a diferencia de países emergente que se basan en bancos. Corbo, Hernández y Parro (2004), en un estudio de corte transversal, analizan el rol de las instituciones y las políticas en el crecimiento económico. Las estimaciones arrojan como resultado que, una vez que se toma en cuenta la calidad de las instituciones, variables de política como el grado de apertura y gasto de gobierno no son importantes (no resultan estadísticamente significativas). Sin embargo, el grado de desarrollo financiero es un determinante significativo e importante del crecimiento, aunque su significancia económica resulta menor que lo reportado en estudios previos. Utilizando estas estimaciones estos autores muestran que casi un 65% de la diferencia de crecimiento entre Asia y América Latina durante la década de los 90s se debe a la diferencia en el desarrollo financiero entre ambas regiones. Hernández y Parro (2005), analizan si el sistema financiero ha determinado el crecimiento económico en Chile, tomando como medida de desarrollo financiero el crecimiento del crédito privado como porcentaje del PIB. Los resultados sugieren que en periodos con mayor desarrollo financiero, el ratio de crédito privado fue mayor, apoyando la hipótesis de mayor crecimiento económico. También concluyen que un problema puntual del sistema financiero chileno es la baja liquidez del mercado accionario; a pesar de ser un mercado relativamente grande éste es tremendamente ilíquido. Otra área donde también existe un desafío importante es el desarrollo de la industria de capital de riesgo, tal que ésta permita desarrollar firmas con un alto potencial de crecimiento. También es necesario apoyar el desarrollo del mercado de derivados financieros. La estructura de este estudio está definida de la siguiente forma, en la sección II se presenta una revisión bibliográfica respecto a diferentes estudios que proveen la relación entre desarrollo financiero y crecimiento económico, y la relación de éste último con inversionistas institucionales o instituciones no bancarias. La sección III presenta los datos y variables que serán utilizados en la estimación. En la sección IV, se explica la metodología econométrica de datos de panel que será utilizada, específicamente GMM desarrollado por Arellano-Bond y Arellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond. Luego, en la sección V se presentan los resultados obtenidos y en la sección VI se recalculan separando por inversionistas institucionales, para finalizar en la sección VII con las principales conclusiones de este estudio.

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Economía<br>La relación entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo financiero ha sido un tema extensamente investigado. La pregunta es si el desarrollo financiero causa crecimiento económico o viceversa. El principal objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación causal entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo financiero tomando en cuenta el efecto de los inversionistas institucionales, como fondos mutuos, compañías de seguros y los créditos privados de bancos e instituciones financieras, a través de los activos mantenidos como porcentaje del PIB. Los inversionistas institucionales son organizaciones que operan grandes volúmenes de activos: bancos, sociedades financieras, compañías de seguro, AFP, entidades nacionales de reaseguro y administradoras de fondos autorizados por ley1. También tendrán este carácter, las entidades que señale la Superintendencia mediante una norma de carácter general, siempre que se cumplan las siguientes condiciones copulativas: que el giro principal de las entidades sea la realización de inversiones financieras o en activos financieros, con fondos de terceros; y que el volumen de transacciones, naturaleza de sus activos u otras características, permita calificar de relevante su participación en el mercado. Los intermediarios financieros y de mercado tienden a disminuir los costos de búsqueda de potenciales inversionistas y proyectos, ejerciendo el control corporativo, administrando riesgos, y movilizando el ahorro. Por lo tanto, es por el gran volumen de activos e instrumentos que manejan estos actores financieros que economías con intermediarios financieros y de mercado más desarrollados gozan de mayores tasas de crecimiento. Pagano (1993) sugiere tres formas en las que el desarrollo del sector financiero puede afectar el crecimiento económico bajo un modelo básico de crecimiento endógeno. Primero, puede aumentar la productividad de las inversiones. Segundo, un sector financiero eficiente reduce los costos de transacción y por tanto, aumenta la proporción de los ahorros destinados a inversiones productivas. Un sector financiero eficiente aumenta la liquidez de las inversiones. Tercero, el desarrollo del sector financiero puede promover o disminuir los ahorros. Los inversionistas institucionales estarían ayudando en estos tres aspectos, dada la importancia que han ganado en el mercado de capitales a través su mayor participación y como inyectores de liquides.

The processing of soya oilcake is important to ensure protein availability and high degradability of the soya proteins. Pig producers in South Africa are concerned about the quality of locally processed soya oilcakes and the effect that it may have on the intestinal health and lifetime production of the pig. The primary aim of this study was to compare the quality of locally processed soya oilcake to soya oilcake imported from Argentina. The trail consisted of two parts. In part one of the trail, eighty-eight samples of soya oilcakes from three different processing plants in South Africa and one from Argentina was analysed for their nutritive value and antinutritive factors. The results from the in vitro analyses were used to conduct the second part of this trail. Thirty-two piglets were divided into four treatment groups, the control group (diet containing no trypsin inhibitors), a low trypsin inhibitor group, a medium trypsin inhibitor group and a high trypsin inhibitor group. A digestibility trail was conducted to determine the effect of antinutritive factors on the digestibility of CP in pigs. The nutrient analyses suggested that the imported soya oilcake is of better quality than the locally produced product. All the results for the imported soya oilcakes were very consistent, with minor variations and had lower trypsin inhibitor activity. The results obtained from this study showed that some of the local soya oilcake processing plants in South Africa produced products of higher quality than others. One of the locally processed soya oilcakes, named soya oilcake 3 in this study, was identified as a good replacement for the imported soya oilcake. Soya oilcake 3 had a CP value of 53.11% which compared well with the imported soya oilcake with a similar CP value of 53.51%. The trypsin inhibitor concentration of the imported soya oilcake was the lowest and the second lowest in soya oilcake 3. Due to the high variance found in the results obtained from the in vivo digestibility study, it is not possible to make a conclusion on the effect of feeding lower quality soya oilcakes to weaner pigs. Further research is needed on the effect of trypsin inhibitor on gut health and digestibility of crude protein in weaner pigs.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>Topigs, Evonik Africa (Pty) Ltd, Addesio<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted

Biosurfactants are produced by a variety of microorganisms most of which are bacteria. Their ability to reduce surface and interfacial tensions makes them suitable for environmental applications where hydrophobic compounds are concerned. The biodegradability and lower toxicity of biosurfactants compared to chemical surfactants is ecologically valuable. Four biosurfactant producing bacteria (Alcanivorax borkumensis DSM 11573, Bacillus subtilis DSM 3256, Bacillus licheniformis RS1, and Rhodococcus ruber DSM 43338) were investigated in this study. Their growth and biosurfactant producing profiles were studied. The Bacillus species produced exogenous biosurfactants which were extracted and identified as surfactin and lichenysin. The other isolates produced cell bound biosurfactants and were therefore selected for augmentation in hydrocarbon degradation. Bacterial bioluminescent biosensor derived quantitative structure activity relationships were employed as a tool to validate the suitability of the extracted biosurfactants as solvents for ecotoxicity assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds. The relationships obtained in biosurfactants and water did not differ (p > 0.05) and suggests that the biosurfactants did not compromise the performance of the biosensors. Remediation of diesel hydrocarbons by degraders in the presence of Alcanivorax borkumensis or Rhodococcus ruber was tested. Degradation was 5 and 3 times more effective with respiration rates 20 and 5 times higher in the presence of A. borkumensis and R. ruber respectively. The effect of biosurfactants on bioactivity in historically contaminated soils was evaluated using the extracted lichenysin. Bioactivity was improved in the presence of the biosurfactant. Bioactivity was correlated to biodegradation of hydrocarbons in a crude oil impacted soil amended with degraders, biosurfactant producers and a chemical dispersant (p < 0.001). The lowest CFU counts for heterotrophs and degraders were observed for the chemical dispersant. The results from this study further highlight the value of biosurfactants for environmental application. Improvement in production is necessary to encourage widespread commercial application of biosurfactants.

I fordonsindustrin är det högt fokus på lönsamhet och att ständigt förnya sin produktflora. Företagen jobbar ständigt med att göra sina processer effektivare och nå en högre produktivitet. Som underleverantör till bilindustrin är detta något man ständigt jobbar med. Trycket från kunder som vill ha billigare produkter gör att Kongsberg Automotive AB behöver jobba med sina processer för att behålla sina kunder och för att förbli lönsamma. Kongsberg Automotive AB har ett monteringsområde som inte uppfyller den standard som krävs. Genom att sänka PIA-nivån (produkter i arbete) minskas materialet inom området. Detta ska åstadkommas genom att effektivisera materialhanteringen.   Målet med studien blev då att identifiera de aktiviteter som bidrar till att man får en hög PIA-nivå och därmed får onödig materialhantering. När dessa aktiviteter hade identifierats skulle de reduceras eller elimineras helt för att öka effektiviteten i materialhanteringen och även öka produktiviteten i monteringsområdet.   För att identifiera hur stor del av en arbetsdag som försvinner på grund utav ineffektiv materialhantering, gjordes en frekvensstudie. Frekvensstudien identifierade alla aktiviteter som var icke-värdeskapande och deras andel av det totala arbetet. Några av de aktiviteter som var av icke-värdeskapande karaktär kunde kopplas till problemet PIA. Till dessa aktiviteter formades åtgärdsförslag. En VSM (värdeflödesanalys) utfördes för att få en större bild över alla produkter som ingår i monteringsområdet och denna analys gav underlag till hur åtgärdsförslagen utformades.    Resultatet av frekvensstudien visade på att 19,5% av aktiviteterna i monteringsområdet hamnade under kategorin, icke-värdeskapande. Grundorsakerna till varför denna kategori var 19,5% av den totala arbetsdagen analyserades fram. Tre åtgärdsförslag utformades för att reducera de icke-värdeskapande aktiviteterna och effektivisera materialhanteringen. Dessa tre åtgärdsförslag var kittning av produkterna, kittning av emballaget, samt att lägga till de småkomponenter som redan borde tillhöra line feedingen.<br>In the automotive industry there is a high focus on profitability and to constantly renew its product range. Companies are constantly working to make their processes more effective and achieve higher productivity. As a subcontractor to the automotive industry, this is something that you continuously work with. The pressure from customers who want cheaper products means that Kongsberg Automotive AB will need to work with its processes to keep its customers and to remain profitable. Kongsberg Automotive AB has an assembly area that does not meet the required standard. By lowering the WIP (work in progress) level, the material is reduced in the area. This should be achieved by making the material handling more effective.   The aim of the study was to identify the activities that contribute to a high WIP level and unnecessary material handling. Once identified, these activities would be reduced or eliminated entirely to increase the efficiency of the material handling and also to increase the productivity in the assembly area.   In order to identify how much of a workday that disappears due to inefficient material handling, a frequency study was made. The frequency study identified all non-value added activities and their share of the total work. Some of the activities that were of non-value added nature could be linked to the problem WIP. For these activities action proposals were formed. A VSM (value stream map) was conducted to get the bigger picture of all products included in the assembly area, and this analysis provided a basis for the action proposals.   The result of the frequency study showed that 19,5% of the activities in the assembly area fell under the category of non-value added activities. The root cause of why this category was 19,5% of the total working day was analyzed. Three action proposals were designed to reduce non-value added activities and to make the material handling more efficient. These three action proposals were kitting of the products, kitting of the packaging, and also to add the small components to the line feeding, that should already have belonged there.

Product Information Management (PIM) is a field that deals with the product master data management and combines into one base the experience and the principles of data integration and data quality. Product Information Management merges the specific attributes of products across all channels in the supply chain. By unification, centralization and standardization of product information into one platform, quality and timely information with added value can be achieved. The goal of the theoretical part of the thesis is to construct a picture of the PIM, to place the PIM into a broader context, to define and describe various parts of the PIM solution, to describe the main differences in characteristics between the product data and data about clients and to summarize the available information on the administration and management of knowledge bases of the PIM data quality relevant for solving practical problems. The practical part of the thesis focuses on designing the structure, the content and the method of filling the knowledge base of the Product Information Management solution in the environment of the DataFlux software tools from SAS Institute. The practical part of the thesis further incorporates the analysis of the real product data, the design of definitions and objects of the knowledge base, the creation of a reference database and the testing of the knowledge base with the help of specially designed web services.

This thesis is focused on Master Data Management of Product Data. At present, most publications on the topic of MDM take into account customer data, and a very limited number of sources focus solely on product data. Some resources actually do attempt to cover MDM in full-depth. Even those publications are typically are very customer oriented. The lack of Product MDM oriented literature became one of the motivations for this thesis. Another motivation was to outline and analyze specifics of Product MDM in context of its implementation and software requirements for a vendor of MDM application software. For this I chose to create and describe a methodology for implementing MDM of product data. The methodology was derived from personal experience on projects focused on MDM of customer data, which was applied on findings from the theoretical part of this thesis. By analyzing product data characteristics and their impacts on MDM implementation as well as their requirements for application software, this thesis helps vendors of Customer MDM to understand the challenges of Product MDM and therefore to embark onto the product data MDM domain. Moreover this thesis can also serve as an information resource for enterprises considering adopting MDM of product data into their infrastructure.

The effect of expression of foreign proteins on the physiology of the bacterium <I>Escherichia coli </I>has been investigated. To quantitate accurately protein production a model system was developed based upon the expression of an α-2 Interferon fragment, (amino acids 4-155). A polyclonal antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for α-2 IFN was developed for rapid determination of accumulated protein. As with many foreign proteins expressed in <I>E. coli,</I> α-2 IFN (4-155) was accumulated in an entirely insoluble form as an inclusion body. For accurate determination of α-2 IFN (4-155) by ELISA, protocols for the solubilisation of the foreign protein were developed. Foreign proteins could be accumulated at up to 30% of total cell protein with no significant difference in the specific growth rate of the recombinant cell compared to its parent. Determination of RNA: protein ratios indicated that the protein synthetic capacity of parental and recombinant cells were not significantly different. A model is proposed in which the expression of certain proteins was reduced to accommodate the extra translational load of recombinant protein production. Since RNA pools were unaffected by recombinant protein production it is inferred that the ribosomes and other proteins involved in translation are not significantly affected. The data predict that many <I>E. coli </I> proteins are synthesised at rates faster than those needed to sustain specific growth rate. The susceptibility of recombinant cells to environmental challenge is, however, increased indicating proteins, that are accumulated to lower levels during foreign protein expression, have a role in the ability of <I>E. coli</I> to adapt to a changing environment.

This study examines the circumstances that led to the call for legal reform in the law of product liability in Britain, and their relevance to the reform of Cameroonian law for victims of defective products. It analyses the current position under the British Consumer Protection Act 1987. To this end, the study endeavours to appraise the effectiveness of the regime as enacted in the 1987 Act, in addressing the shortcomings in the <I>status qua ante</I>, and to what extent the regime could be a model for Cameroon. Reform of the privity rule in contrast is also considered as a possible medium of facilitating redress for Cameroonian consumers. The thesis considers key contemporary socio-economic and legal factors and their implications for Cameroonian consumers, and argues that the existing system of fault-based liability, is neither justifiable nor sustainable. It is argued further, that the operation of legal dualism within Cameroon (i.e. French-received law in the francophone Provinces and English common law in the anglophone Provinces), creates the potential for an even deeper disparity in the compensation laws in the two different parts of the country. If that happens, it would have serious adverse consequences for consumers and business alike, and thwart the goal of legal unification. Proposals are made accordingly for the adoption of a regime of strict liability for the entire country. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter one is a background to the legal history of, and a brief conspectus of product liability law in Cameroon. Chapter two is divided into two main parts; the first deals with the common law position under the law of negligence, while the second deals with the tort of breach of statutory duty.

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas<br>El presente trabajo estudia la incidencia económica que tienen los Proyectos de Inversión Pública por Sectores en el Producto Interno Bruto Real de Bolivia, para este propósito se aplicó el método econométrico que permitió analizar y correlacionar cifras de ejecución financiera de proyectos según sectores económicos con el PIB del país, obteniendo de esta forma el modelo de regresión lineal multivariable; es importante destacar que se examinaron datos oficiales para el período de tiempo 2000-2013 contemplando proyectos de todas las entidades públicas del territorio nacional, esta información fue obtenida del Sistema de Información Sobre Inversiones, instrumento que es utilizado por el Viceministerio de Inversión Pública y Financiamiento Externo. El modelo econométrico que proponemos está fundamentado en la teoría macroeconómica y define que el cálculo del PIB por el lado del gasto es igual a la suma de variables agregadas de Consumo, Inversión, Gasto, Exportaciones e Importaciones; sin embargo para nuestro caso solo se consideró la variable Inversión Pública (CÉTERIS PÁRIBUS) como una de las principales causas de crecimiento económico del país. De igual manera se utilizaron conceptos vinculados al Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública de Bolivia, definiendo la composición de cuatro sectores económicos a nivel agregado, clasificando a los proyectos de inversión pública en: Producción, Infraestructura, Social y Multisectorial, convirtiéndose estos componentes en las principales variables explicativas del modelo econométrico planteado. Asimismo la caracterización y análisis de información financiera de estos sectores más el PIB, permitieron responder a nuestra principal pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuál de los Sectores de Proyectos de Inversión Pública tiene mayor incidencia económica en el Producto Interno Bruto de Bolivia? Para dar respuesta a esta interrogante y considerando el período de tiempo mencionado, primero se analizó la evolución presupuestaria y ejecución financiera para cada uno de los sectores económicos, identificando los principales subsectores y proyectos de inversión pública que fueron ejecutados. Posteriormente y luego de emplear el instrumento estadístico SPSS se obtuvieron resultados cuantitativos que permitieron llegar a la siguiente conclusión: los Proyectos de Inversión Pública de los Sectores Infraestructura y Social son estadísticamente significativos y tienen aproximadamente la misma elasticidad económica sobre el PIB Real igual a 0.3%, demostrando así que estas dos variables inciden positivamente en el crecimiento económico del país; adicionalmente los resultados también demuestran que los sectores de Producción y Multisectorial no tienen incidencia directa en el PIB de Bolivia por ser estadísticamente poco significativos. Estas conclusiones son muy importantes, porque permiten evaluar las políticas nacionales de inversión pública, cuyo rol es esencial como factor de crecimiento económico para el país; asimismo esta información ayuda a determinar la coherencia entre la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas sectoriales, proporcionándonos los insumos necesarios para realizar el seguimiento y evaluación de dichas políticas públicas; finalmente el análisis conjunto de todos estos elementos es fundamental, porque ayudan a comprender de mejor manera la estrategia de desarrollo nacional que Bolivia está impulsando en estos últimos años.

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en México analizando los periodos de dos sexenios correspondientes a los presidentes Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) y Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018) con la finalidad de analizar el impacto de la política monetaria de México en el crecimiento económico para el periodo de 2006 a 2018. La metodología empleada fue realizada en dos fases, la primera consistió en la revisión de datos otorgados por el Banco de México, así como también en la Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público (SHCP), revistas científicas, periódicos y páginas de internet. Así se pueda tener una mejor comprensión y desarrollo del tema. La segunda fase fue un proceso de datos y se hizo para calcular la tasa de crecimiento anual compuesta (TCMA) del PIB, tasa de interés, tasa de inflación, tipo de cambio, reserva internacional y cetes. Se hace un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple de cada uno de los periodos asimilados y así poder comprobar la hipótesis que apoya el estudio. Los principales resultados fueron que para la (𝑅𝑖) reserva internacional y él (𝐸) tipo de cambio desde el lado de la exportación tiene un crecimiento a la par con el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), por lo que concluyo que ha existido un crecimiento lento y varios decesos económicos, ya que su contribución económica ha ido disminuyendo

Aluminum and aluminum-alumina powder mixtures were used to produce pyramidal fin arrays on aluminum substrates using cold spray as an additive manufacturing process. Using aluminum-alumina mixtures instead of pure aluminum powder could be seen as a cost-effective measure, preventing nozzle clogging. The fin geometries that were produced were observed using a 3D digital microscope to determine the flow passages width and fins geometric details. Heat transfer and pressure tests were carried out using different ranges of appropriate Reynolds numbers for the sought commercial application to compare each fin array and determine the effect of alumina content. It was found that the presence of alumina reduces the fins’ performance when compared to pure aluminum but that they still outperform traditional fins. Numerical simulations were performed and were used to explain the obtained experimental results. The numerical model opens up new avenues in predicting different parameters such as pressure and substrate temperature.

Information är något som i dagens samhälle ständigt expanderar och utökas varje dag. För mycket information kan ofta leda till komplexa förhållanden i verksamheter, framförallt när det kommer till hantering av produktinformation. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vilka utmaningar och möjligheter verksamheter ställs inför vid ett införande av ett Product Information Management (PIM)- system, ett system som litteraturen säger krävs i en verksamhet för att bemästra komplexa förhållanden som ofta uppstår vid en omfattande hantering av produktinformation. Genom en kvalitativ datainsamling med induktiv ansats genomfördes fyra intervjuer med personer på ett företag som idag har en relativt komplex lösning för hantering av produktinformation. Undersökningen utgick ifrån två teman, utmaningar och möjligheter, för att ta reda på informanternas åsikter kring ett införande av ett PIM-system i verksamheten. Resultatet visade på en relativt enad bild bland informanterna över vilka utmaningar och möjligheter som företaget står inför vid ett införande av ett PIM-system. Studiens teoriområden kunde sedan styrka det resultat som framkommit utifrån empirin och påvisade att utmaningar och möjligheter representerades av totalt fem faktorer. Utmaningar utgjordes av språk och förändring medan möjligheter utgjordes av innehåll, central källa för information samt spårbarhet/navigering.<br>Information is something that in society is constantly expanding every day. Too much information can often lead to complex business conditions, especially when it comes to managing product information. The purpose of this study is to find out which challenges and opportunities businesses face when introducing a Product Information Management (PIM) system, a system that the literature say is required in an effort to master complex conditions that often arise in a comprehensive handling of product information. Through a qualitative data collection with an inductive approach, four interviews were conducted with individuals at a company that today has a relatively complex solution for managing product information. The investigation was based on two themes, challenges and opportunities, to find out the informants' views on the introduction of a PIM system in the business. The result showed a relatively united image among the informants on the challenges and opportunities that businesses face when introducing a PIM system. The theoretical areas of this study could then strengthen the result that emerged from empirics and demonstrate that challenges and opportunities were represented by a total of five factors. Challenges consisted of language and change while opportunities consisted of content, central source of information as well as traceability/navigation.

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas<br>Esta investigación analiza la dinámica de la inversión definida por la Formación Bruta de Capital Fijo (FBKF) y su incidencia en el PIB real del Ecuador para el periodo 1965-2014. Se aplicó métodos econométricos correlacionando el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) como variable dependiente con cada uno de los sectores institucionales de la FBKF que forman el Sector Público: Sociedades no financieras (inversión de empresas públicas y privadas), Sociedades financieras (inversión de bancos, cooperativas, seguros) y Gobierno en General (100% inversión pública). Se obtuvo un modelo de regresión lineal multivariable cuyos datos corresponden a cifras oficiales para el periodo especificado. Se consideró la variable Inversión Pública realizada por el sector institucional Gobierno en General (Ceteris Paribus) como una de las posibles causas del crecimiento económico. Mediante la herramienta estadística SPSS se estableció que el 98,1% de los cambios en el PIB son producto de la inversión realizada en los sectores institucionales: Gobierno en General y Sociedades no Financieras . Del modelo econométrico se define que el Sector Institucional que mayor incidencia tuvo en el crecimiento económico del Ecuador es Sociedades no Financieras excluyendo el Sector institucional Sociedades Financieras por ser estadísticamente poco significativo al representar en gran medida inversión de empresas privadas cuyo análisis no es objeto de la presente investigación. En este sentido, si se excluyen las inversiones de las Sociedades Financieras , la inversión realizada por el sector Sociedades no Financieras creció tres veces entre los años 2007 y 2014, representando una participación del 99% en el mercado ecuatoriano. Frente al 1% de participación del Sector Institucional Gobierno en General que a pesar de la mayor inversión pública realizada, no llega a ser el sector que da mayor dinamismo a la economía del país. Del análisis de las políticas de inversión, se observa que el énfasis de la inversión realizada por el Sector Sociedades no Financieras es en los sectores estratégicos (infraestructura y desarrollo social) proceso que destaca el papel de las empresas públicas como motores de desarrollo de las industrias básicas generadoras de empleo y encadenamientos productivos con el sector privado a través de alianzas público-privadas. Para futuras investigaciones se sugiere evaluar las actividades de inversión realizadas por cada sector institucional a fin de contrastar la cantidad, calidad e impacto de la inversión efectuada por cada sector, además sería importante considerar el análisis de éstas variables excluyendo las inversiones realizadas por la Empresas Públicas de Petróleo a fin de aislar la influencia de la variabilidad de los precios de dicho commodity.