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Knecht, Damian, Anna Jankowska-Mąkosa, and Kamil Duziński. "Does the activity of producer group organizations improve the production of pigs?" Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 3 (2015): 759–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0029.
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Abstract There are many works dealing with the activities of small farms, however there is a lack of papers about production and economic performance of small farms associated in producer group organizations. The aim of the study was to compare the production parameters of selected pig producer groups over two years (2010-2011). The basis for the analysis were the results of surveys carried out in 174 individual farms, which were members of 4 groups of pig producers. The study was conducted through direct interviews using a personal questionnaire. The average herd size of sows increased in the next year by 18.5% and the average annual production volume of fatteners by 9.3%. Average meatiness increased from 53.8% to 54.5%. In order to estimate the revenues a model of factors dependent on the farmer was created, expressed as the production of 1 kg of raw material. Three independent variables were introduced into the model: meatiness of fatteners (X1), the size of produced fatteners (X2), weight of fatteners (X3). The model developed in the study was proposed to groups as a tool to measure the efficiency of production and is currently being used by them. The results indicate that the activities of pig producers have a positive effect on production effectiveness and confirms the validity of horizontal integration in agriculture. Managing production in accordance with the statute imposed on the producer group showed a similar quality of produced raw materials, while the average annual sales of fatteners increased, which may contribute to the ability to negotiate purchase prices.
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Shull, Caleb M. "395 Impact of pig mortality on U.S. pig producers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.340.
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Abstract Swine producers in the U.S. face a significant challenge. On top of the ever-changing market dynamics that lead to wide swings in profitability or loss, is an underlying issue of pig mortality that the industry must address. While significant improvements in total piglets born per litter have been achieved over the last 10 years, pig mortality has seen no improvement or has worsened (Figure 1). When expressed as a percentage of piglets born (excluding mummies), a total of 7.9% were recorded as stillborn and 13.4% died prior to weaning in 2019. Assuming a typical mortality range of 7–10% from weaning to harvest, a typical U.S. producer could expect to lose around 27–30% of all piglets born. In addition, the average producer had around 12% annual sow mortality (Figure 1). Litter size and post-weaning growth rate and feed efficiency will always factor heavily into research priorities due to the economic impact associated with those traits; however, the opportunity to drive value through reduction in pig losses across the production cycle is staggering. In defense of the industry, improving pig survival is not an easy task for a number of reasons. The sample size (i.e., number of pigs) required to do mortality research correctly is often a limiting factor for many production systems. Furthermore, a cross-functional approach is likely required to make significant improvements in mortality. Specifically, the relationship between genetics, health, and management practices warrant consideration. Recent collaboration across the industry to improve mortality is a positive step forward and this collaboration should continue moving forward.
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I W., SUKANATA, B. R. T. PUTRI, and SUCIANI . "PREFERENSI PRODUSEN BABI GULING TERHADAP BABI BALI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU." Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 21, no. 2 (2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2018.v21.i02.p05.
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This study aims at observing the main attributes of bali pigs that prefer as a raw material suckling pig producer.Farmers have to know this thing in order to increase consumer satisfaction and their loyality. The data usedinterview and observation as primary data collected to fifty producers of suckling pig which is located in Bali. Theywere interviewed using questionnaires and analyzed with chi square and multiatribut Fishbein analysis. It showedthat preferences of producers based on attributes of color, gender, body size and body condition significantly differwithin 95% level of interest. Bali pig attributes that preferred by the producer as a raw material of roasted pig isbali pig with balck colour, sex of male, 10 up to 15 kg of body weight and fat body condition. The bali pig attributesconsidered by the producer in making decision to buy from the most consideration to the minimum such as bodysize, body condition, gender, and color. Body condition attribute was considered to be less satisfying for producersindicated with satisfaction score 2.9 from the maximum score of 5. So, it is important that farmers should payattention to these attributes in the future.
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LARSÉN, K., P. SKARGREN, and C. J. LAGERKVIST. "Optimal share contracts between pig producers." Agricultural and Food Science 16, no. 3 (2008): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607783328191.
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This paper analyses the economic benefits from vertical coordination in pig production (i.e. a contract between a specialised piglet and a specialised fattening pig producer) using a static model of a share contract. An empirical illustration is presented for Swedish pig producers considering the impact of growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and mortality rates. Moreover, the variation in pig prices and the biological variation in the growth rates of pigs are considered. Producers are assumed to be risk averse and the risk aversion concept is elaborated by obtaining the producers desired confidence level that corresponds to a given risk aversion coefficient. The results suggest that there exists a range of Pareto efficient share allocations. Potential gains in expected utility from vertical coordination compared to independent production are about 25% for both categories of producers.;
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Zhou, Ziyu, and Benjamin M. Bohrer. "PSII-8 Defining pig sort loss with a simulation of various marketing options of pigs with the assumption that marketing cuts improve variation in carcass weight and leanness." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.402.
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Abstract The study offers clarification on pig sort loss and associated marketing strategies using a simulated pig marketing modeling system. The objective was to investigate the economic variability associated with marketing strategies using the simulated pig marketing models. Typically, individual pigs are assessed by measuring carcass weight and predicted leanness, which is then incorporated into a two-factor grid for producer payment, providing incentives for producers who consistently produce desirable carcasses and discounts for producers who produce inconsistent or undesirable carcasses. The simulation considered six producers with the presumption that each had a maximum capacity for 4,800 grow-finish pigs, in order to imitate commercial finishing barns with 48 pens of roughly 100 pigs per pen. The simulation dataset was created using a random number generator with the inverse of the cumulative normal distribution function on Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Inc., USA) with a targeted carcass weight (102.86 kg) and average predicted lean (60%) based on industry averages and previous research studies. Under the assumption that variability in carcass weight and predicted leanness decreased with the addition of each marketing cut, the simulation incorporated a standard deviation reduction of 20% per increase of one marketing cut for both carcass weight and predicted leanness of the population of pigs marketed on a given day. Consequently, there was an increase in profitability; as well as, a decrease in pig sort loss (defined with both carcass weight and predicted leanness) with each marketing cut, but these profitability improvements diminished (as a percentage improvement) with each additional marketing cut. Finally, this simulation provides an appropriate framework and the necessary equations to allow repetition of the different parameters and marketing grid specifically related to an individual producer and processing facility. Thus, helping the industry gain a better understanding of how market cuts can decrease variation and consequently improve profitability.
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NIEMI, J. K. "A dynamic programming model for optimising feeding and slaughter decisions regarding fattening pigs." Agricultural and Food Science 15, Supplement (2006): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5855.
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Costs of purchasing new piglets and of feeding them until slaughter are the main variable expenditures in pig fattening. They both depend on slaughter intensity, the nature of feeding patterns and the technological constraints of pig fattening, such as genotype. Therefore, it is of interest to examine the effect of production technology and changes in input and output prices on feeding and slaughter decisions. This study examines the problem by using a dynamic programming model that links genetic characteristics of a pig to feeding decisions and the timing of slaughter and takes into account how these jointly affect the quality-adjusted value of a carcass. The state of nature and the genotype of a pig are known in the analysis. The results suggest that producer can benefit from improvements in the pigs genotype. Animals of improved genotype can reach optimal slaughter maturity quicker and produce leaner meat than animals of poor genotype. In order to fully utilise the benefits of animal breeding, the producer must adjust feeding and slaughter patterns on the basis of genotype. The results also suggest that the producer can benefit from flexible feeding technology. Typically, such a technology provides incentives to feed piglets with protein-rich feed. When the pig approaches slaughter maturity, the share of protein-rich feed in the diet gradually decreases and the amount of energy-rich feed increases. Generally, the optimal slaughter weight is within the weight range that pays the highest price per kilogram of pig meat. The optimal feeding pattern and the optimal timing of slaughter depend on price ratios. Particularly, an increase in the price of pig meat provides incentives to increase the growth rates up to the pigs biological maximum by increasing the amount of energy in the feed. Price changes and changes in slaughter premium can also have large income effects.;
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Balogh, Péter. "Global and national economic importance of pig meat production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 73 (August 29, 2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/73/1620.
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The pork production has changed significant in recent decades. Pig production fell significantly due to the need to adapt to new animal welfare rules in the sector. Furthermore, change in the meat consumption habit had also a negative effect on pig meat production. Hungarian pig sector and meat industry are in a difficult situation. Due to the high feed prices, the average production cost of pig farming has often exceeded the producer prices in recent years, therefore an increase of pig population could not be realised yet. Pig market is characterised by cyclical fluctuations of supply and prices, furthermore the decreasing producer price occurred parallel with increasing feed prices.Technology is also a critical fact in the Hungarian pig sector because there is a huge gap in the level of technology compared to that of competitive member states. With the development of production methods the efficiency of pork meat production can be improved in an environmentally friendly way.
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Liu, Xuanli, Gay Y. Miller, and Paul E. McNamara. "Do Antibiotics Reduce Production Risk for U.S. Pork Producers?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 3 (2005): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800027085.
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We combine econometric and financial analyses of the NAHMS 2000 Swine Survey data to examine whether evidence exists for reducing risk by using antibiotics for growth promotion (AGP) in the U.S. swine industry. A stochastic dominance analysis of alternative lengths of time (days) of AGP application reveals that AGP used in the range of 65–75 days is preferred by risk-averse producers. Risk is reduced and profits are increased from use of AGP. The combined impacts of increased average daily gain and decreased variability in pig live weight increase producer profits by $2.99 per pig marketed.
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Franco, Katherine, Luis Leyda, and Sven Kallen. "Life Smart Fertirrigation: Integrated Pig Manure Processing for Direct Injection of Organic Liquid Fertilizer into Irrigation Systems." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030092.
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Spain is Europe’s second largest producer of pork with 99.561 pig farms. The excess of manure available in intensive pig breeding areas in combination with lack of land to spread it on, needs addressing. Around 70 million kg of pig manure is produced daily in the country. A variety of methods exists for slurry processing, although few can be considered as nutrient recovering processes or resource-efficient techniques. Currently, the solid fraction is dried or composted but little attention is paid to the liquid fraction which is considered to be “waste water” and can be expensive to treat. The liquid fraction is either applied directly to crops, left in lagoons to evaporate as much as possible or even illegally dumped into lakes or rivers. These processes cause an enormous environmental impact, increasing greenhouse emissions, polluting water reserves and soil.
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Duvaleix, Sabine, Marie Lassalas, Laure Latruffe, Vasilia Konstantidelli, and Irene Tzouramani. "Adopting Environmentally Friendly Farming Practices and the Role of Quality Labels and Producer Organisations: A Qualitative Analysis Based on Two European Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (2020): 10457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410457.
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Various drivers behind the adoption of environmentally friendly practices have been investigated at the farm level in the literature, e.g., farmers’ motivations and attitudes, farms’ structure, and management or policies. Yet, the way in which quality labels and producer organisations influence the adoption of environmentally friendly practices by farmers is still under-researched. We contribute to this topic and present the results of qualitative interviews with producer organisations, conducted in 2019 in two contrasting case studies: the pig sector in Brittany (western France), and the olive oil sector in Crete (Greece). Our study shows that economic actors of food supply chains in these two case studies use European quality labels, a couple of national schemes, and a proliferation of private quality labels (in Brittany’s pig sector). Our interviews reveal that many quality labels, for which agricultural farming systems must comply with a set of rules, are not specifically aimed at improving environmental impacts. In the Cretan olive oil sector, we observe several European public labels. In the French pig sector, many quality labels do not include requirements for practices aiming at improving the environment, but instead focus on other practices that matter for society, namely improving animal welfare. However, advisory services provided by the producer organisations can play a key role in the adoption of environmentally friendly practices. They include research programmes and agronomic events. In Crete, producer organisations are able to offer technical assistance thanks to European support programmes.
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Picardy, Jamie A., Silvana Pietrosemoli, Timothy S. Griffin, and Christian J. Peters. "Niche pork: Comparing pig performance and understanding producer benefits, barriers and labeling interest." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 1 (2017): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000230.
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AbstractOpportunities for alternative swine production and marketing are emerging across the value chain. Given the developing nature of the differentiated pork industry, measurements of niche performance and success are not yet fully known. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to determine performance metrics across all major life phases for niche pork production and compare such metrics with national averages of conventional commodity pork production. Additionally, this study aimed to quantify producers’ reasoning and barriers to successfully raising niche swine. Niche meat producers in the USA self-identified for this study (n = 176); their swine production had alternative characteristics that included small- to mid-sized farms, farrow-to-finish operations, heritage breeds, housing with bedding and outdoor or pasture access, no use of antibiotics (sub-therapeutic for growth promotion or no antibiotics ever), vegetarian feed, diverse agricultural enterprises and alternative marketing avenues. This study focused on the metric categories regarding reproduction, mortality, culling and growth characteristics. The niche system produced approximately 15% fewer weaned piglets per bred sow per year than the conventional system due to fewer breeding cycles, smaller litters and higher piglet mortality in alternative production. Similarly, niche production finished 12% fewer hogs per bred sow per year than conventional production. Regarding age benchmarks of finishing and breeding, the niche system averaged 18 additional days to finish hogs at a standardized market weight of 124 kg. Likewise, niche production gilts were first bred at 283 days, whereas conventional production breeds gilts at 225 days. All directly comparable metrics were found to be statistically significant with 95% confidence for the one-sample test of means. Regarding farmer attitudes toward niche pork, survey participants shared personal reasons for raising swine and barriers to successful niche production. Choosing niche over commodity swine, participants’ reasons were grouped into three intra-related categories: (1) farm and producer viability, (2) animal and environmental welfare, and (3) consumer preference and taste. Despite these benefits, participants were faced with numerous challenges, which were organized into four intra-related categories: (1) alternative production requirements, restrictions and knowledge; (2) access and affordability of credit and inputs; (3) alternative supply chain for processing, marketing and customers; and (4) non-niche production competition and governmental policies. In sum, the success of these niche pork operations equates to high welfare for the pigs, economic viability for the operation, personal enjoyment for the farmer, customer satisfaction with meat flavor and quality, and responsible environmental practices, inclusive of many components of an alternative food system.
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Ouma, Emily, Justus Ochieng, Michel Dione, and Danilo Pezo. "Governance structures in smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: constraints and opportunities for upgrading." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 20, no. 3 (2017): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2014.0176.
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This paper analyses governance structures in Uganda’s smallholder pig value chains by applying the New Institutional Economics framework. It utilises cross sectional and qualitative survey data from randomly selected pig value chain actors in 4 districts. A multinomial logit model is applied to assess the determinants of vertical integration among pig traders. The findings indicate that most relationships at the pig production node of the value chain are based on spot market governance structures supported by personal relationships and trust. Live pig traders are mostly vertically integrated. High integration levels of the pig traders are positively influenced by access to market information, value of investments in the value chain, and dedicated asset specificity in terms of backyard slaughter premises. Upgrading opportunities in the value chain in the form of value addition strategies, policy implementation and promotion of business models that link producer organisations to quality inputs and service suppliers through contractual arrangements are identified.
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Tuyttens, Frank A. M., Filiep Vanhonacker, Benedicte Verhille, Daniel De Brabander, and Wim Verbeke. "Pig producer attitude towards surgical castration of piglets without anaesthesia versus alternative strategies." Research in Veterinary Science 92, no. 3 (2012): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.017.
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Bartha, Andrea. "Competiveness of the Hungarian pig sector." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 4, no. 3-4 (2010): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2010/3-4/18.
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The number of Hungarian pig population was 3.2 million in February 2010, 150 thousand less than in the previous year. This included 226 thousand brood sows, 54 thousand less than in the previous year, and this number is expected to fall further next year. In the past two years the number of brood sows decreased to a larger extent in economic organizations than in private farms (KSH, 2010). Despite the rising costs of feedingstuffs, producer prices for slaughter pigs have decreased, therefore private farms with small herds of brood sows haves old their breeding animals for slaughter houses. However, economic organizations mostly tried to restructure their production and place emphasis on plant production, thus improving their situation. These market changes indicate that the sector continues to scale down, production shrinks, market losses are continuous within the sector and vulnerability threaten the players of the product cycle increasingly.
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Carra, Sofia Helena Zanella, Julio Cesar Pascale Palhares, Katrin Drastig, and Vania Elisabete Schneider. "The Effect of Best Crop Practices in the Pig and Poultry Production on Water Productivity in a Southern Brazilian Watershed." Water 12, no. 11 (2020): 3014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113014.
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This study analyzes the relation between Brazilian broiler and pig production and water productivity using recently developed reference guidelines on water footprinting for livestock production systems and supply chains. Different rainfed crop arrangements, in different scenarios and producer regions in Brazil, were assessed. Water productivity of broiler feed consumption ranged from 0.63 to 1.38 kg per m3 water input to rainfed summer maize (safra) and from 1.20 to 2.21 kg per m3 water input to winter maize (safrinha) while it ranged from 0.28 to 0.95 kg per m3 water input to rainfed soy. For pig feed consumption, rainfed maize ranged from 0.68 to 1.49 kg per m3 water input (safra) and from 1.30 to 2.38 kg per m3 water input (safrinha) while it ranged from 0.30 to 1.03 kg per m3 water input to rainfed soy. A potential amount of water saving of 0.0336 km3 year−1 and 0.0202 km3 year−1 could be attained for producing broiler and pig feed, respectively, depending on the crop rotation and producer region. The results showed that the evapotranspiration of animal feed production represents more than 99% of the total water consumption for broiler and pig production in the study area. The implementation of best crop practices resulted in higher water productivity values of chicken and pork meat and also improved the rainfall water-saving in comparison to conventional agriculture. Hence, the water productivity of the animal production chain in tropical regions demands a close relation to agriculture in order to attain a better understanding and improvement of rainfall water productivity for animal feed production.
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Dean, R. W. "1992 - The implications for the uk pig industry." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010370.
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The objective of the paper is to assess the overall structural and competitive implications for the UK pig industry of the EC Single Market; colloquially known as “1992”.Particular attention is paid both to the effect of those changes in the commercial environment which 1992 will introduce and, secondly, to those aspects which differentiate the UK pig industry from its continental competitors. Analysis of these aspects will assist in drawing conclusions as to the likely effect of the Single Market and in determining an appropriate strategy for addressing the new situation.A body of admittedly largely circumstantial evidence suggests that the UK pig producer believes the advent of the Single Market will have little relevance to the way in which he conducts his business. This view is buttressed by his perception of the agricultural world as governed by the workings of the Common Agricultural Policy which is regarded as the principle influence upon agriculture and its commercial fortunes.
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Dijkhuizen, A. A. "Economic aspects of common health and fertility problems for the individual pig producer: An overview." Veterinary Quarterly 11, no. 2 (1989): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1989.9694208.
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Hardy, B. "Diets for young pigs." BSAP Occasional Publication 15 (1992): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00004122.
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AbstractIn the United Kingdom, the majority of pigs are weaned at 3 to 4 weeks of age. Prior to weaning the main source of nutrients is milk produced by the sow. After weaning, suitable complete diets need to be given that are compatible with the physiological state of the digestive system and supply adequate nutrient inputs to achieve maximal growth with minimum digestive upset. The weaning process, however, imposes considerable stress on the piglet which frequently results in a retardation of growth, often accompanied by problems associated with diarrhoea.The challenge to the commercial nutritionist and the pig producer is to achieve sufficiently high nutrient intakes to reach the maximum growth potential. Improved understanding of the digestive physiology of the weaned pig and better estimations of the nutrient requirements of genetically improved stock has led to the development of appropriate diet specifications. There is a perpetual need to reconsider the most suitable food ingredients to use in diet formulations to meet these nutrient specifications, due to economic circumstances. The food ingredients need to be highly digestible, extremely palatable and to contain no anti-nutritive factor or antagonist to the digestive process. The food form and method of feeding can greatly influence food intake post weaning. The piglet weaning weight to age relationship can also affect the subsequent food intake, growth rate and incidence of problems associated with diarrhoea.There are continual changes and developments within the animal food and pig production industries that affect nutrition of the young pig. These include genetic selection for prolificacy, development of outdoor pig breeding systems, ‘green issues’ including welfare and use of food additives, use of enzymes and probiotics and improvements in food production technology. In the development of diets for young pigs all these aspects need to be considered in achieving an optimal solution in terms of nutrition, management and economics.
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Valros, Anna, and Claire Barber. "Producer Perceptions of the Prevention of Tail Biting on UK Farms: Association to Bedding Use and Tail Removal Proportion." Animals 9, no. 9 (2019): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090628.
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Tail biting causes widespread problems both for animal welfare and in the form of economic losses in pig production. This study was performed to better understand the perceptions of farmers on how to best prevent tail biting, and if perceptions are influenced by the specific system of farming, with a focus on different levels of bedding use and docking different proportions of the tail of their pigs. Pig producers in the UK were surveyed on their perceptions of the efficacy of preventive measures and attitudes towards tail biting and docking. In total, 204 responses were included. The results show that producers rank the importance of preventive measures differently to scientists and other experts. This calls for consideration when communicating with producers; and for better integration of knowledge based on practical experiences with scientific results. The study also shows that the perception of how to best avoid tail biting differs between farms of different types, and that these perceptions might be influenced by the farmers´ own experiences—one example being that farms currently using plentiful amounts of bedding also value this more highly as a way to avoid tail biting than those that do not.
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Riley, J. E. "Reproductive problems and targets in commercial pig breeding units." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015671.
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The objective of the commercial pig breeder is, normally, profit per sow place per annum. Pigs reared per sow place per annum must be optimised to cover the fixed and variable costs of the business and leave an acceptable financial surplus. “Optimising output” is emphasised because in the late 1970s and early 1980s conmercial pig breeders were often encouraged to maximise sow output at any cost. The efficiency parameter “pigs reared per sow place per annum” takes into account the fact that many units run below capacity increasing the costs both fixed and variable carried by the sows actually in the herd. In a herd producing 20 pigs per sow per annum each 5% shortfall in herd size is equivalent to a reduction of one pig per sow per annum.Every producer should assess the resources at his disposal namely capital, labour, buildings, stock, etc. and then optimise sow output within the limitations imposed by those resources. Output from the breeding herd is dependent on pigs born alive per litter, piglet survival rate, the interval from weaning to successful service, lactation length and the ability to maintain herd size.
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Dutra, Mauricio Cabral, Luisa Zanolli Moreno, Ricardo Augusto Dias, and Andrea Micke Moreno. "Antimicrobial Use in Brazilian Swine Herds: Assessment of Use and Reduction Examples." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040881.
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Brazil, as a major pig producer, is currently experiencing the widespread use of antimicrobials as a serious issue to be addressed. For measures to be taken in this direction, the extent of the problem must be known. The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of antimicrobials in 25 Brazilian swine herds. Antimicrobial use from birth to slaughter was correlated with biosecurity and productivity. After the first assessment (2016; M0), 13 herds implemented good practices to reduce antimicrobial use. Four years after the implementation of these measures (2020; M1), data about antimicrobial usage from these herds were collected. The results of the first assessment (M0) demonstrated a troublesome scenario: the mean value of antimicrobials used was 358.4 mg/kg of pig produced; the median of the pig’s lifetime exposure to antimicrobials was 73.7%, and the median number of drugs used was seven. A positive correlation between the antimicrobials consumed and the pig’s antimicrobial exposure time was detected. Nevertheless, these data did not correlate with biosecurity score or productivity. A significant difference was detected in M1, where a median 30% reduction in antimicrobials consumed was detected. There was also a 44.3% reduction of the pig’s lifetime exposure to antimicrobials. The median number of drugs used was reduced from seven to five. Antimicrobial use did not always reflect the sanitary condition or the real therapeutic needs, easily leading to overuse.
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van Wagenberg, Coen P. A., Gé B. C. Backus, Henk J. Wisselink, Jack G. A. J. van der Vorst, and Bert A. P. Urlings. "Impact of test sensitivity and specificity on pig producer incentives to control Mycobacterium avium infections in finishing pigs." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 111, no. 3-4 (2013): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.05.009.
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Stainke, Alexandre, Cláudio Roberto do Rosário, and Douglas Henrique Flach. "Mapping of functions of the process based on functional resonance analysis: action research in a pig producer unit." Revista Gestão da Produção Operações e Sistemas 15, no. 4 (2020): 78–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15675/gepros.v15i4.2667.
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Purpose – This study aims to map the process functions of the Piglet Breeding Unit. Theoretical framework - The work points out a literary review of resilience engineering, holistic view, process modeling and socio-technical system. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and the use of action research as a research methodology to guide the study steps. Findings - The practical application of the study provided the margin projection of for operational maneuvers, allowed the visibility of operations in a macro scope, supported the decision made by managers and instigated to rethink the way each function was performed. The actions proposed through the study meet the process management, seeking to identify and reduce production bottlenecks, from the perspective of production engineering. Originality/value – The mapping of the process with aspects related to each function provided the reflection of actions that would cooperate to the unit manager in defining the best decision to make based on the structure and the degree of importance in the system used. FRAM allows the increasing of the degree and type of variability, allowing you to view the function with the largest number of variables. Keywords - Decision making, management processes, function mapping, productive bottlenecks.
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Lowman, B. "The producer's view — ruminants." BSAP Occasional Publication 23 (January 1999): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00033176.
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AbstractRuminant producers blame almost equally supermarkets and Government for welfare legislation for many reasons but mainly because legislation incurs additional administrative and policing costs. All of these are eventually paid for by the producer, increasing their production costs but not those of their overseas competitors. There is little doubt that the final responsibility for legislation lies with each of us as individual consumers. A significant factor influencing our view of animal welfare is our upbringing, associating ‘nice animals’ with similar feelings to ourselves. However, such instinctive principles are generally forgotten when we are asked to pay a premium for them in the supermarket. Hence the main activators of welfare legislation are the ‘evangelical few’. Supermarkets claim that the demands they impose on their suppliers are simply a reflection of their customers’ demands. However another reason is to allow supermarkets clearly to differentiate their ruminant products to encourage consumers through the door but it has been difficult for them to pass on a premium to their suppliers for meeting tighter specifications for which the consumer will not pay a premium. This dilemma has recently reached breaking point in the pig industry with the ending of the Malton pig contract. To move farm animal welfare forward requires a firm basis of ‘systems’ welfare research which would also act as an effective vehicle for technology transfer to producers. Nevertheless, the main dilemma, our reluctance as consumers to pay for high welfare products, will continue to restrict progress. If, however, high welfare systems could be shown to improve product eating quality for which consumers will pay a premium, developments in animal welfare will be rapidly and willingly accepted by producers.
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Halberg, N., R. Dalgaard, J. E. Olesen, and T. Dalgaard. "Energy self-reliance, net-energy production and GHG emissions in Danish organic cash crop farms." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 1 (2008): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002037.
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AbstractOrganic farming (OF) principles include the idea of reducing dependence of fossil fuels, but little has been achieved on this objective so far in Danish OF. Energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an average 39 ha cash crop farm were calculated and alternative crop rotations for bio-energy production were modeled. Growing rapeseed on 10% of the land could produce bio-diesel to replace 50–60% of the tractor diesel used on the farm. Increasing grass-clover area to 20% of the land and using half of this yield for biogas production could change the cash crop farm to a net energy producer, and reduce GHG emissions while reducing the overall output of products only marginally. Increasing grass-clover area would improve the nutrient management on the farm and eliminate dependence on conventional pig slurry if the biogas residues were returned to cash crop fields.
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Elbert, Kathrin, Neal Matthews, Ralf Wassmuth, and Jens Tetens. "Effects of sire line, birth weight and sex on growth performance and carcass traits of crossbred pigs under standardized environmental conditions." Archives Animal Breeding 63, no. 2 (2020): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-63-367-2020.
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Abstract. A variety of available terminal sire lines makes the choice of terminal sire line complex for the pig producer. Higher birth weights are important for subsequent growth performance and selection for this trait is also necessary in sire lines. The aim was to investigate the effect of sire line, birth weight and gender on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality. In total 3844 crossbred pigs from Camborough Pig Improvement Company (PIC) dams matched with either a Synthetic (A) or Piétrain (B) sire line were used. Pigs from line A grew faster (p<0.01), showed higher feed intake (p<0.01) and reached a higher final body weight (p≤0.01), but they had a similar efficiency (p=0.179). Leaner carcasses and heavier primal cuts (p<0.001) were observed in pigs from line B. Carcasses from pigs sired by line A had higher meat quality (p<0.001). Males had a higher growth rate (p≤0.05) but had a poorer feed efficiency (p<0.01). Heavier birth weight pigs and females had leaner, higher value carcasses with heavier primal cuts (p<0.001) compared to middle and low birth weight females or males. Sire line by sex interactions was significant for growth (p≤0.05) and carcass traits (p<0.001). Interaction between sire line and birth weight classes were only detected for loin depth (p<0.01). Line A is preferable if the numbers of fatting pigs per fattening place and year should be improved, and line B is an option to increase leanness and carcass primal cuts.
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Mutua, Florence, Johanna Lindahl, and Delia Randolph. "Possibilities of establishing a smallholder pig identification and traceability system in Kenya." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 2 (2019): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02077-9.
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Abstract Consumers have a right to safer foods, and traceability is one approach to meeting their expectations. Kenya does not have an operational animal traceability system, and while a few initiatives have been piloted, these have only focused on the beef value chain. In this paper, we begin a discussion on traceability in the pig value chain, with an initial focus on smallholder systems of Western Kenya. First, a background to local pig production is given, and a description of animal identification and traceability options applicable to these systems is explained. Based on this, a “butcher-to-farm” traceability system, with health, production and food safety as objectives, is discussed. Requirements for establishing such a system (including actor incentives) are additionally discussed. The proposed approach can be piloted in the field and findings used to inform the design of a larger pilot and possibly pave way for implementation of a national traceability system, in line with the guidelines provided by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Organized systems in the area (including commercial producer and trader groups) would offer a useful starting point.
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Zou, Huiyun, Ziyu Zhou, Huiyu Xia, Qian Zhao, and Xuewen Li. "Characterization of Chromosome-Mediated BlaOXA-894 in Shewanella xiamenensis Isolated from Pig Wastewater." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (2019): 3768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193768.
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A new variant of the blaOXA-546 gene, namely blaOXA-894, was identified on the chromosome of Shewanella xiamenensis isolated from pig wastewater in rural China. OXA-894 differs from OXA-546 (A46V, I219del) and OXA-48 (T167I, I219del) with two amino acid substitutions, respectively. The isolate was resistant to ampicillin, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem and fosfomycin. Carba NP test confirmed S. xiamenensis strain sx20 as a carbapenemase-producer. The blaOXA-894 gene was located between the gene encoding a LysR family transcriptional regulator and the C15 gene. Its gene environment was similar to other S. xiamenensis with chromosome-located blaOXA-48-like genes. The T24H and T94V amino acid substitutions of LuxS protein were predicted to be deleterious, which may affect the virulence phenotype. The occurrence and potential health risk of carbapenem-resistant S. xiamenensis in a water environment is of concern.
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Walters, J. R., and S. P. Simpson. "Associations between carcass lean and predictors of lean in the pig." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600018675.
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For the pig breeder there are many important selection objectives - optimum progress can be made if sires and dams are selected for different objectives. In dam lines some emphasis on maternal traits is practicable while maintaining slightly higher fat levels than in sire lines. Meanwhile lean growth and low fatness can be emphasised in the terminal sire lines. This gives the flexibility to fulfil different end markets and weights. Selection accuracy in such programmes is often improved by the addition of detailed carcass information from slaughtered sibs or other relatives of selection candidates.For the commercial producer, classification schemes differentiate payments on the basis of backfat and in some cases, lean measurements. However, despite the fact that future payments are likely to place greater emphasis on leanness, there is no differentiaton for breed or genotype.The purpose of this investigation was to follow up a previous study (Walters and Simpson, 1988) to determine whether lean prediction in the carcass depends on slaughter weight and genotype, to identify the best predictors of leanness and to estimate multiple correlation coefficients for predicting lean in carcass from lean in sample joints.
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de Paulo Ferreira Marques Sobrinho, Vicente, José Roberto de Oliveira, Estéfano Aparecido Vieira, et al. "Assessment of the Addition of Electric Arc Furnace Dust in Hot Metal at Temperature of 1,350 °C." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.588.
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This research aims to assess the incorporation of mass of the electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) by addition in hot metal produced in a local foundry (1.78% Si) at a temperature of 1,350°C. The EAFD is from a steel mill producer of long steel. The EAFD was added in the form of briquettes. Previously, the EAFD was characterized using the following techniques: chemical analysis, size analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis. The achievement of fusion experiments in laboratory scale, took place in a vertical tubular furnace with temperature control. The fusion experiments to assess the incorporation of the EAFD mass used alumina crucibles. A flow of inert gas (argon) was maintained inside the furnace during the experiments. After cooling the furnace to room temperature, it was done the pig iron and the slag were weighed to do a mass balance to assess the efficiency of the experiments.
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Ivanov, Dusica, Radmilo Colovic, Bojana Beljkas, Jovanka Levic, and Slavica Sredanovic. "Optimization of co-solvent addition in supercritical fluid extraction of fat with carbon dioxide." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 42 (2011): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1142045i.
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This investigation is concerned with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2, as an analytical technique for total fat extraction from food and feed samples. Its most significant advantages are safety, cleanness, and shorter extraction time. The main limitation of this technique includes the difficulty of extracting polar lipids due to the non-polar character of the solvent (CO2) used for the extraction. The influence of ethanol as a co-solvent on the SFE of mash pig feed was investigated in this paper. Total fat content was determined by SFE and Soxhlet method for ten commercially available mesh pig feeds. Yields of the fat extracted by both methods were plotted one against the other and compared. Statistically significant difference (p ? 0.05) has been found only between the total fat obtained by the Soxhlet extraction and SFE by pure CO2. Based on the mathematical model, maximum yield of the extracted fat is achieved at an ethanol addition of 0.67 ml/g of sample, when the other parameters are the same as recommended by the producer?s procedure.
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Schöll, Kerstin, André Markemann, Bekele Megersa, Regina Birner, and Anne Valle Zárate. "Impact of projects initiating group marketing of smallholder farmers—A case study of pig producer marketing groups in Vietnam." Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management 4, no. 1 (2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2016.03.002.
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Bøhle, Liv Anette, Dag Anders Brede, Dzung B. Diep, Helge Holo, and Ingolf F. Nes. "Specific Degradation of the Mucus Adhesion-Promoting Protein (MapA) of Lactobacillus reuteri to an Antimicrobial Peptide." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 21 (2010): 7306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01423-10.
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ABSTRACT The intestinal flora of mammals contains lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that may provide positive health effects for the host. Such bacteria are referred to as probiotic bacteria. From a pig, we have isolated a Lactobacillus reuteri strain that produces an antimicrobial peptide (AMP). The peptide was purified and characterized, and it was unequivocally shown that the AMP was a well-defined degradation product obtained from the mucus adhesion-promoting protein (MapA); it was therefore termed AP48-MapA. This finding demonstrates how large proteins might inherit unexpected pleiotropic functions by conferring antimicrobial capacities on the producer. The MapA/AP48-MapA system is the first example where a large protein of an intestinal LAB is shown to give rise to such an AMP. It is also of particular interest that the protein that provides this AMP is associated with the binding of the bacterium producing it to the surface/lining of the gut. This finding gives us new perspective on how some probiotic bacteria may successfully compete in this environment and thereby contribute to a healthy microbiota.
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Ojo, M. O. "Sustainable children investment in guinea pig production and its implications for extension services." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, no. 1 (2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i1.1464.
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This study was conducted specifically to identify the level of children investment in guinea pigs production, the major sources of fund for the children, the methods of communication between the children and their source of information, and to determine their level of performance in guinea pig production. Implications for extension service were also determined. The children who invested in the production of guinea pigs within llesa East Local Government Area of Osun State constituted the study population. Simple random sampling technique was used to select twenty-five percent of the population as sample. To this end respondents were selected and interviewed for the study using structured interview schedule. The data collected were analysed through frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Correlation analysis was used to establish relationship between the variable of the study. Findings revealed that all the respondents were male secondary school children, aged between 11 and 20 years. The major sources of information were friends (100%), successful farmers (27.3%) Osun State Agricultural Development Programme (OSADEP) 27.3%), interpersonal visits (92.796) and field demonstration (81.8%). Majority (52.7%) of the respondents had between 1 and 4 guinea pigs while only few (9.1%) had between 15 and 19 guinea pigs. Positive and significant correlation existed between the sources of agricultural information and the performance of children in guinea pig production (r=0.313) and between methods of communication (when combined) and performance of respondents in guinea pigs production (r=0.291), Based on the findings, it was posited that the agricultural extension system should identify and reach the children guinea pig producer with programmes intended to encourage sustainable guinea pigs production.
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Spoolder, H. A. M., S. A. Edwards, and S. Corning. "Effects of group size and feeder space allowance on welfare in finishing pigs." Animal Science 69, no. 3 (1999): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980005133x.
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AbstractCompared with small groups, housing in large groups offers the pig more total available space, resulting potentially in an increased degree of control over its (micro) environment. For the producer, large groups require fewer pen divisions and offer more possibilities for the sharing of resources such as feeders and drinkers. However, whilst large groups may offer benefits to higher ranking animals in the group, there may be serious disadvantages for those further down the social hierarchy, who also need to compete for access to resources. This study investigated the interactive effects on welfare of food availability (one single space hopper per 20 or per 10 pigs) and group size (20, 40 or 80 pigs per pen), at constant stocking density (0·55 m2per pig) in part-slatted pens. Groups provided with two feeding spaces per 20 pigs were less active than groups with one feeding space per 20 pigs. The number of aggressive interactions per pig at the food trough was not affected by group size but decreased with number of feeder spaces per 20 pigs. The number of skin lesions increased with group size. Average daily gain in the first half of the finishing period was negatively influenced by group size and positively by number of feeding spaces. No effect on weight gain was found subsequently. Within-group variation in growth was not affected by group size or number of feeder spaces. No differences between treatments were found in the number of pigs removed for health reasons. Interactive effects of the two treatments were found on some behaviours but not on any of the performance variables measured. It is concluded that, from a welfare point of view, the number of pigs per feeder space should be lower than 20, although performance levels appear acceptable at 20 pigs per feeder. Further research will have to identify whether the effects of group size on general aggression is common to all finishing pig systems, or whether the presence of straw can serve as a mitigating factor.
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Moraes, Danny Franciele da Silva Dias, João R. Mesquita, Valéria Dutra, and Maria São José Nascimento. "Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad." Animals 11, no. 8 (2021): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082290.
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Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.
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Kozera-Kowalska, Magdalena. "POLAND’S PATH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE PORK PRODUCTION CHAIN." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 49, no. 3 (2018): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00385.
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This paper analyzes the situation of the Polish pork production sector in the context of all stages of food distribution. As shown by available information, particular links of the pork supply chain changed significantly. This is true for both real (producer-processor-client) and instrumental aspects (including information transfer between sectors). The analysis also identified two worrying developments. The first one is related to the pig production structure (the decreasing number of farms does not result in a considerable increase in the production volume per farm). The other one is related to competitiveness: in Poland, the seemingly strong concentration of operators at slaughter and meat processing stages is still insufficient to face the competitive power of foreign businesses active in the increasingly liberalized agri-food market, both inside and outside the EU.
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Coyne, Lucy, Carolyn Benigno, Vo Ngan Giang, et al. "Exploring the Socioeconomic Importance of Antimicrobial Use in the Small-Scale Pig Sector in Vietnam." Antibiotics 9, no. 6 (2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060299.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is influenced by antimicrobial use in human and animal health. This use exerts selection pressure on pathogen populations with the development of resistance and the exchange of resistance genes. While the exact scale of AMR in Vietnam remains uncertain, recent studies suggest that it is a major issue in both human and animal health. This study explored antimicrobial use behaviors in 36 pig farms in the Nam Dinh Province (North) and the Dong Nai Province (South) of Vietnam (with a median of 5.5 breeding sows and 41 fattening pigs). It also estimated the economic costs and benefits of use for the producer. Data were collected through a structured face-to-face interview with additional productivity data collected by farmers during a six-week period following the initial interview. Overall, antimicrobial use was high across the farms; however, in-feed antimicrobial use is likely to be under-reported due to misleading and imprecise labelling on premixed commercial feeds. An economic analysis found that the cost of antimicrobials was low relative to other farm inputs (~2% of total costs), and that farm profitability was precariously balanced, with high disease and poor prices leading to negative and low profits. Future policies for smallholder farms need to consider farm-level economics and livestock food supply issues when developing further antimicrobial use interventions in the region.
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Mandakini, R., P. Roychoudhury, P. K. Subudhi та ін. "Higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in unorganized pig farms compared to organized pig farms in Mizoram, India". Veterinary World 13, № 12 (2020): 2752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2752-2758.
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Aim: The present study was conducted to record the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli from pig population of organized and unorganized farms of Mizoram and to record the presence of ESBLs, non-ESBLs, and integrons. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from pigs under organized (n=40) and unorganized (n=58) farms of Mizoram. Samples were processed for isolation and identification of E. coli by conventional techniques, BD Phoenix™ automated bacterial system, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based confirmatory test. All the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test by disk diffusion assay and ESBLs production by double-disk synergy test (DDST). The ESBLs producing isolates were subjected to PCR for determination of ESBLs genes and all the isolates were screened for non-ESBLs genes and integrons by PCR. Results: A total of 258 E. coli was isolated and identified from organized (n=120) and unorganized farms (n=138). Majority of the E. coli isolates exhibited high level of resistance against amoxicillin (Ax) (81.78%), cefalexin (85.42%), co-trimoxazole (50.78%), sulfafurazole (69.38%), tetracycline (65.89%), and trimethoprim (TR) (51.94%). Statistically highly significant (p<0.01) variations in resistance among the isolates from organized and unorganized farms were recorded in case of Ax, ampicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, piperacillin, and TR. By DDST, 65.89% isolates were recorded as ESBLs producer, of which 82/120 (68.33%) and 88/138 (63.77%) were from organized and unorganized farms, respectively. A total of 29/258 (11.24%) isolates were positive for at least one ESBLs gene. blaTEM was most frequently (9.69%) gene, followed by blaCTX-M (5.04%) and blaCMY (0.78%). Altogether, 6 (5.00%), 4 (3.33%), and 2 (1.67%) isolates from the organized farms were positive for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaCMY genes, respectively. Similarly, 21 (15.22%) and 7 (5.07%) isolates from the unorganized farms were positive for blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, respectively. None of them were positive for blaSHV genes. Altogether 57 (22.09%), 9 (3.49%), 66 (25.58%), 78 (30.23%), 21 (8.14%), and 18 (6.98%) isolates were positive for tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, aadA, and dfrla genes, respectively. The prevalence of non-ESBLs genes was higher in the E. coli isolates from the unorganized farms than organized farms. Conclusion: MDR and ESBLs producing E. coli are circulating among the pigs and their environment in Mizoram. Pigs under unorganized farms exhibited higher level of resistance against majority of the antimicrobials, including third-generation cephalosporins, which might be an indication of overuse or misuse of antibiotics under the unorganized piggery sectors in Mizoram.
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Büttner, Kathrin, and Joachim Krieter. "Illustration of Different Disease Transmission Routes in a Pig Trade Network by Monopartite and Bipartite Representation." Animals 10, no. 6 (2020): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061071.
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Besides the direct transport of animals, also indirect transmission routes, e.g., contact via contaminated vehicles, have to be considered. In this study, the transmission routes of a German pig trade network were illustrated as a monopartite animal movements network and two bipartite networks including information of the transport company and the feed producer which were projected on farm level (n = 866) to enable a comparison. The networks were investigated with the help of network analysis and formed the basis for epidemiological models to evaluate the impact of different transmission routes on network structure as well as on potential epidemic sizes. The number of edges increased immensely from the monopartite animal movements network to both projected networks. The median centrality parameters revealed clear differences between the three representations. Furthermore, moderate correlation coefficients ranging from 0.55 to 0.68 between the centrality values of the animal movements network and the projected transportation network were obtained. The epidemiological models revealed significantly more infected farms for both projected networks (70% to 100%) compared to the animal movements network (1%). The inclusion of indirect transmission routes had an immense impact on the outcome of centrality parameters as well as on the results of the epidemiological models.
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Varley, M. A. "The production of more fast–growing heavy pigs every year." BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040283.
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The pursuit of enhanced prolificacy and fertility has been a major goal for the British pig industry for some years and throughout the 1960s to the 1990s advances were made that were generally due to better nutrition and management but genetics also played a significant role. Health status also influences reproduction and the production of faster growing pigs to slaughter. In recent years as farms have become larger and more intensive, our national health status may have been in decline to the detriment of female and male reproduction. Figures 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3 illustrate the changes we have seen in 3 important reproduction characteristics, using data from MLC yearbooks, 1970 to 2003. Farrowing index improved rapidly in the 1970s due, in part, to early weaning reducing the average farrowing interval, but also increased producer awareness of mating management and heat detection procedures helped to push this upwards.
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Giménez García, Rubén, Cayetano Espejo Marín, Ramón García Marín, and Víctor Ruiz Álvarez. "El sector del ganado porcino en España: caracterización, producción, comercio y repercusiones ambientales derivadas / / / \ \ \ The pig sector in Spain: characterization, production, trade and derived environmental problems." TERRA: Revista de Desarrollo Local, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/terra.8.20361.
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Resumen: La producción española de carne de cerdo no deja de crecer en los últimos años. Los animales sacrificados en España suponen el 21,5 % del total de la Unión Europea. Esta bonanza se debe al buen ritmo de crecimiento de las exportaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la evolución reciente de este sector ganadero en España. Se analizan indicadores como el censo de animales y su tipología, la evolución de granjas productoras, la modalidad de explotación, su reparto y distribución espacial, así como la producción y comercialización de productos derivados. España es el cuarto país productor a nivel mundial, después de China, Estados Unidos y Alemania, mientras que a nivel europeo ocupa la segunda plaza en producción, con un 19 % de las toneladas de carne producidas, y el primer puesto en censo, con cerca del 21 % del ganado porcino comunitario. No obstante, la producción porcina es considerada como una de las actividades pecuarias con mayor impacto ambiental.
 
 Palabras clave: ganadería, sector porcino, comercialización, consumo.
 
 Abstract: Spanish pork production has not stopped growing in recent years. Sacrifices in Spain account for 21,5 % of the total in the EU. This development is due to the good growth rate of exports. The objective of this paper is to explore the recent evolution of the livestock sector in Spain. Indicators such as the census of animals and their typology, the evolution of producing farms, the mode of exploitation, their spatial distribution, as well as the production and marketing of derived products are analyzed. Spain is the fourth largest producer in the world, after China, the US and Germany, while at the European level it occupies the second place in production, with 19 % of the tons of meat produced, and the first place in the census, with about 21 % of community pigs. However, pig production is considered one of the livestock activities with the greatest environmental impact.
 
 Key words: livestock, pig sector, marketing, consumption.
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Preece, Andrew F., Karen M. Strahan, James Devitt, Fumi-ichiro Yamamoto, and Kenth Gustafsson. "Expression of ABO or related antigenic carbohydrates on viral envelopes leads to neutralization in the presence of serum containing specific natural antibodies and complement." Blood 99, no. 7 (2002): 2477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.7.2477.
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No definitive biologic function has been associated with the human ABO histo-blood group polymorphism, or any other terminal carbohydrate differences within or between closely related species. We have experimentally addressed the question of whether viral particles can become glycosylated as determined by the glycosylation (eg, ABO) status of the producer cell and as a result be affected by human serum containing specific natural antibodies (NAbs). Measles virus was produced in cells transfected with cDNA encoding, either human A-transferase, B-transferase, an inactive “O-transferase,” or a pig α1-3galactosyltransferase (α1-3GT) synthesizing the Galα1-3Gal structure. The viruses were shown to carry the same ABO structures as the cells; that is, A but not B if produced in A-type cells, and B but not A if produced in B-type cells. Only O was detected on the virus produced from O-type cells, whereas reduced amounts of O appeared on the A- and B-type viral particles. In addition, the Galα1-3Gal structure was transferred onto measles only when grown in human cells expressing this structure. When subjected to human preimmune sera, the A-type, the B-type, and the Galα1-3Gal viral particles were partially neutralized in a complement-dependent manner. However, the O-type or the Galα1-3Gal–negative viral particles were not neutralized. The neutralization appeared to be mediated by specific NAb, as judged by specific inhibition using synthetic A and Galα1-3Gal oligosaccharides. Such viral glycosylation may thus partly explain why the ABO antigens and other similar intraspecies as well as interspecies polymorphic carbohydrates have evolved and been maintained over long evolutionary periods.
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Fournier, Claudine, Patrice Nordmann, Olivier Pittet, and Laurent Poirel. "Does an Antibiotic Stewardship Applied in a Pig Farm Lead to Low ESBL Prevalence?" Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (2021): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050574.
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Background. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of intestinal carriage of colistin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales among pigs from a Swiss farm attending an animal health and antibiotic stewardship program and to determine the associated mechanisms of resistance. Materials/Methods. Eighty-one fecal samples were recovered and screened for either β-lactam-resistant, colistin-resistant, or aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacterales, using respective screening media. All recovered isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and their clonal relationship (PFGE and MLST). Plasmid typing was performed by plasmid-based replicon typing (PBRT). Resistance genes were searched by PCR and sequencing. Results. A total of 38 ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and a single ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae were recovered from 81 pigs, corresponding to a prevalence of 50%, no other β-lactamase producer being identified. Among the 38 ESBL-producing E. coli, all belonged to sequence type (ST) ST10, except two ST34 and ST744 isolates. Among the ST10-blaCTX-M-1 isolates, three subclones (n = 22, n = 13, and n = 1, respectively) were identified according to the PFGE analysis. The most commonly identified IncI1 plasmid harboring the blaCTX-M-1 gene was 143 kb in size and coharbored other resistance genes. Only three colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolates were recovered, namely two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and a single E. cloacae isolate. Screening for the plasmid-borne mcr-1 to mcr-9 genes in these three isolates gave negative results. The two K. pneumoniae isolates were clonally related, belonged to ST76, and harbored a truncated mgrB chromosomal gene being the source of colistin resistance. Conclusion. A high prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli was found, being mainly caused by the spread of a clonal lineage within the farm. By contrast, a low prevalence of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales was found.
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WACHECK, S., E. SARNO, E. MÄRTLBAUER, C. ZWEIFEL, and R. STEPHAN. "Seroprevalence of Anti–Hepatitis E Virus and Anti-Salmonella Antibodies in Pigs at Slaughter in Switzerland." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 8 (2012): 1483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-058.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Salmonella bacteria are zoonotic pathogens that can be acquired by foodborne transmission because food animals, for example pigs, are recognized as a reservoir. The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-Salmonella antibodies from healthy pigs at slaughter in Switzerland, a country with a good health status of pig herds (e.g., eradication of enzootic pneumonia) compared with those of many countries in the European Union, and a rate of importation of live pigs that is very low (&lt;1%). Based on pooled (diaphragm muscles from 3 to 5 animals per producer) meat juice samples, 120 (60%) of 200 and 8 (4%) of 200 samples were positive for anti-HEV IgG and anti-Salmonella antibodies, respectively. HEV seems to be highly prevalent among fattening pigs in Switzerland, whereas the low seroprevalence of anti-Salmonella IgG has not changed in recent years.
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Misra, Shilpi, Corina E. van Middelaar, Kieran Jordan, et al. "Effect of different cleaning procedures on water use and bacterial levels in weaner pig pens." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242495.
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Pork is one of the most globally eaten meats and the pig production chain contributes significantly to the water footprint of livestock production. However, very little knowledge is available about the on-farm factors that influence freshwater use in the pig production chain. An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of three different washing treatments on freshwater use, bacterial levels [(total bacterial counts; TBC), Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus] and cleaning time in washing of pens for weaning pigs. Three weaner rooms were selected with each room having 10 pens and a capacity to hold up to 14 pigs each. Pigs were weaned and kept in the pens for 7 weeks. Finally, the pens were cleaned before the next batch of pigs moved in. The washing treatments used were power washing and disinfection (WASH); presoaking followed by power washing and disinfection (SOAK), and presoaking followed by detergent, power washing and disinfection (SOAK + DETER). A water meter was used to collect water use data and swab samples were taken to determine the bacterial levels. The results showed that there was no overall effect of washing treatments on water use. However, there was an effect of treatment on the washing time (p<0.01) with SOAK and SOAK+DETER reducing the washing time per pen by 2.3 minutes (14%) and 4.2 minutes (27%) compared to WASH. Nonetheless, there was an effect of sampling time (before or after washing) (p<0.001) on the levels of TBC and Staphylococcus, but no effect was seen on Enterobacteriaceae levels. Thus, the washing treatments used in this study had no effect on the water use of the pork production chain. Although there was no difference in both water use and bacterial load, from a producer perspective, presoaking and detergent use can save time and labour costs, so this would be the preferred option.
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Kay, R. M., and P. A. Lee. "Least cost diets to reduce nitrogen excretion by growing and finishing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028051.
Full textAbstract:
In the UK, pollution of the water system with nitrate nitrogen leaching from the soil is seen as a major problem and farm animal effluents have been identified as a major source of nitrate pollution. It would, therefore, be beneficial to the livestock producer and to the environment if the nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. To limit the excretion of nitrogen by the pig, it is necessary to supply amino acids in the diet in better agreement with its dietary requirements. This could be achieved either by feeding diets according to the pig's requirements based on age and/or weight (phase feeding) or by improving protein quality. The best protein quality would be that which has the same balance of essential amino acids (EAA) with respect to lysine as that required by the pig, i.e. ideal protein. Diets formulated on the basis of total dietary EAA on an ideal protein basis, using crystalline EAA, could enable lower crude protein (CP) diets to be offered whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR). An alternative approach to formulating diets would be to base the formulations on either: 1) currently available, commercial database values for ileal digestible EAA values of ingredients to achieve diets as close to ideal protein as possible but within least cost formulation constraints; or 2) ingredients limited simply to cereals and pulses and supplemented with crystalline EAA to formulate as close to ideal protein as possible. The object of the present experiment was to evaluate diets, formulated on this basis, in terms of nitrogen intake (NI), excretion (NE) and retention (NR) in pigs using balance studies.
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Edin, Matthew L., Fred B. Lih, Bruce D. Hammock, Scott Thomson, Darryl C. Zeldin, and David Bishop-Bailey. "Vascular Lipidomic Profiling of Potential Endogenous Fatty Acid PPAR Ligands Reveals the Coronary Artery as Major Producer of CYP450-Derived Epoxy Fatty Acids." Cells 9, no. 5 (2020): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051096.
Full textAbstract:
A number of oxylipins have been described as endogenous PPAR ligands. The very short biological half-lives of oxylipins suggest roles as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules. While coronary arterial atherosclerosis is the root of myocardial infarction, aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation is a common readout of in vivo atherosclerosis studies in mice. Improved understanding of the compartmentalized sources of oxylipin PPAR ligands will increase our knowledge of the roles of PPAR signaling in diverse vascular tissues. Here, we performed a targeted lipidomic analysis of ex vivo-generated oxylipins from porcine aorta, coronary artery, pulmonary artery and perivascular adipose. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostanoids were the most abundant detectable oxylipin from all tissues. By contrast, the coronary artery produced significantly higher levels of oxylipins from CYP450 pathways than other tissues. The TLR4 ligand LPS induced prostanoid formation in all vascular tissue tested. The 11-HETE, 15-HETE, and 9-HODE were also induced by LPS from the aorta and pulmonary artery but not coronary artery. Epoxy fatty acid (EpFA) formation was largely unaffected by LPS. The pig CYP2J homologue CYP2J34 was expressed in porcine vascular tissue and primary coronary artery smooth muscle cells (pCASMCs) in culture. Treatment of pCASMCs with LPS induced a robust profile of pro-inflammatory target genes: TNFα, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1 and CD40L. The soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor TPPU, which prevents the breakdown of endogenous CYP-derived EpFAs, significantly suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory target genes. In conclusion, PPAR-activating oxylipins are produced and regulated in a vascular site-specific manner. The CYP450 pathway is highly active in the coronary artery and capable of providing anti-inflammatory oxylipins that prevent processes of inflammatory vascular disease progression.
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Webb, J. "Can genetics deliver?" BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040234.
Full textAbstract:
For the past thirty years pig genetics has enjoyed a clear message from its end–users: reduce backfat and production costs. During that period, genetics, nutrition and health have together delivered improvements of some 60% in lean growth rate and feed efficiency. To compound the recent misfortunes of the UK industry, meat is now slipping further behind everything else on the supermarket shelf in quality, uniformity, and above all predictability. The notion of quality stretches far beyond the product into responsibility for animal welfare, human nutrition and food safety.The industry's present dilemma arises from five factors:1.uncertain market conditions with cyclical profitability2.poor communication of what constitutes good quality3.payment systems that no longer reflect what the market requires4.independent management of the different steps in the pork value chain5.possible effects of animal health on quality and uniformity.Meanwhile the understanding of gene function and the ability to detect potentially useful genetic variation is gathering momentum. This paper examines the role that genetics can play in adding value, reducing risk and differentiating the product, from the perspective of a large vertically coordinated pork producer.
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Morgan, I. R., F. L. Krautil, and J. A. Craven. "Effect of time in lairage on caecal and carcass salmonella contamination of slaughter pigs." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 3 (1987): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800062075.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYA longitudinal study of the effect of time spent in lairage on salmonellas in the caecum and on the skin surface of 450 slaughter pigs from a single producer was conducted. Pigs were tested in 6 groups at 2 abattoirs, with one-third of a group being slaughtered after 18 h, one-third after 42 h and one-third after 66 h spent in lairage. The salmonella isolation rate from caeca and carcass surfaces increased significantly with increasing time spent in lairage. Salmonellas were isolated from the caeca of 18·5% of pigs held less than 24 h in lairage, 24·1% of pigs held a further 24 h and 47·7% of pigs held for 66 h in lairage before slaughter. The salmonella isolation rates from carcasses were 9·3%, 12·8% and 27·3% for the same groups. Thirteen salmonella serotypes were isolated from the caecal contents and carcasses over the 6 weeks of the trial. One abattoir had a higher salmonella isolation rate from pigs than the other and this was probably related to lairage management. It appeared that lairage is an important factor in the manipulation of the salmonella contamination of pig carcasses.