Journal articles: 'Pigeon racing'

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Dixon, Andrew, Colin Richards, and Andrew King. "Diet of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in relation to temporal and spatial variation in racing pigeon availability in Wales." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0028.

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Abstract The relative frequency of Common Pigeons Columba livia in the diet of Peregrine Falcons differed across three areas of south-central Wales in line with racing pigeon availability. Peregrines exhibited a functional response to spatial and temporal availability of racing pigeons. During the pigeon-racing season (April–September), pigeons comprised 63% of kills in South Wales where pigeons were most available, 43% in the Brecon Beacons with intermediate availability and 30% in Central Wales, where availability was lowest. The corresponding values outside the pigeon-racing season were 18%, 6% and 5% respectively. We estimate that 92% of pigeons killed by Peregrines were racing pigeons, 7% were feral pigeons and the remainder were other domestic pigeon varieties.

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TSIOURIS, V., A. STARRAS, I. GEORGOPOULOU, A. ANGELOU, and E. PAPADOPOULOS. "A case of Amidostomosis in a racing pigeon (Columba livia) in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 70, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.20353.

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A dead pigeon (Columba livia) was submitted to the Unit of Avian Medicine, Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. It derived from a pigeon flock consisted of approximately 100 racing birds of various ages between 4 months to 5 years old. The flock was kept on a terrace indoors in 4 cages of 3 m2 each. Near this flock, there were also two other pigeon flocks in a distance of 20 and 30 meters, respectively. The pigeons’ health problem had been present in this flock for approximately 3 years before this delivery. Lack of appetite, poor growth of young birds, weakness, depression, vomiting, diarrhea and emaciation were the most important clinical signs of the pigeons in the flock. During necropsy, discoloration and atrophy of liver, spleen and kidneys, edema of gizzard, necrosis in the koilin layer of the gizzard and under this, presence of small parasites, dilatation in the anterior small intestine (duodenum, jejunum) and finally hemorrhagic content in the second half of the small intestine and the rectum were observed. According to the findings of the postmortem and laboratory examination, amidostomosis was determined to be the cause of the pigeon’s death. Although pigeon infection by Amidostomum spp. is reported around the world, so far, amidostomosis has not been reported in pigeons in Greece. Pigeon owners should take all the appropriate treating and managing measures to control the spread of this parasite and its consequences on their flocks.

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Marlier, Didier. "Doping in Racing Pigeons (Columba livia domestica): A Review and Actual Situation in Belgium, a Leading Country in This Field." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020042.

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Pigeon racing is a sport in which trained homing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) are released between 60 and 1200 km from their loft and then have to return home as quickly as possible. The first race was held in 1818 in Belgium and since then, Belgium has led the world in pigeon breeding. Unfortunately, as in other sports, doping has become a major issue and doping controls have been implemented. This review provides information about pigeon racing, rules from the Royal Federation Colombophile of Belgium, and laws applicable in Belgium as doping control issues cannot be understood without including them as part of pigeon racing. The main pharmacological data concerning corticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anabolic steroids, pain relievers and narcotic analgesics, bronchodilators and β-agonists, drugs acting on the central nervous system and other performance-enhancing drugs, in addition to methods relevant to doping in pigeons are presented. Moreover, the chosen matrix and analytical methods are described.

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Łukaszuk, Ewa, Daria Dziewulska, and Tomasz Stenzel. "Recombinant Viruses from the Picornaviridae Family Occurring in Racing Pigeons." Viruses 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2024): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16060917.

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Viruses from Picornaviridae family are known pathogens of poultry, although the information on their occurrence and pathogenicity in pigeons is scarce. In this research, efforts are made to broaden the knowledge on Megrivirus B and Pigeon picornavirus B prevalence, phylogenetic relationship with other avian picornaviruses and their possible connection with enteric disease in racing pigeons. As a result of Oxford Nanopore Sequencing, five Megrivirus and two pigeon picornavirus B-like genome sequences were recovered, among which three recombinant strains were detected. The recombinant fragments represented an average of 10.9% and 25.5% of the genome length of the Pigeon picornavirus B and Megrivirus B reference strains, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that pigeons are carriers of species-specific picornaviruses. TaqMan qPCR assays revealed 7.8% and 19.0% prevalence of Megrivirus B and 32.2% and 39.7% prevalence of Pigeon picornavirus B in the group of pigeons exhibiting signs of enteropathy and in the group of asymptomatic pigeons, respectively. In turn, digital droplet PCR showed a considerably higher number of genome copies of both viruses in sick than in asymptomatic pigeons. The results of quantitative analysis leave the role of picornaviruses in enteropathies of pigeons unclear.

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Dybus, Andrzej, Hanna Kulig, Yu-Hsiang Yu, Ruben Lanckriet, Witold Proskura, and Yeong-Hsiang Cheng. "CRY1 Gene Polymorphism and Racing Performance of Homing Pigeons." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092632.

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Cryptochromes (CRY) are the family of proteins proposed as the putative magnetoreceptor molecules. In birds, among others in pigeons, CRY1 is widely expressed in a retina. Homing pigeons are known for their navigational abilities, and pigeon racing is a popular sport. So, the purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of the nucleotide sequence of the homing pigeon CRY1 gene, spanning the region coding the two amino acids W320 and W374 of Trp-triad, and estimate the relationship between genotypes and the racing performance. Investigations were carried out on 129 pigeons. Analysis of sequencing results indicated the AG to TT change within the seventh intron of CRY1 gene. Genotypes were determined by the forced PCR-RFLP method. The influence of detected polymorphism on the results of racing pigeons in 100–400 km flights was shown. The AG/TT individuals achieved significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) mean values of ace points (AP) than the AG/AG ones. Regarding the detected nucleotide change localization, the polymorphism may be involved in CRY1 gene expression modulation. The AG to TT change in CRY1 gene may be considered as a potential genetic marker of racing performance in homing pigeons.

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Stenzel, Tomasz, and Daria Pestka. "Occurrence and genetic diversity of pigeon circovirus strains in Poland." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2014.004.

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Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is an immunosuppressive agent widespread throughout the world, which causes a disease in pigeons called Young Pigeon Disease Syndrome. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of PiCV in Poland and investigate the genetic diversity relative to other known PiCV isolates. Samples from 152 pigeon flocks (88 flocks of racing pigeons and 64 flocks of fancy pigeons) from various regions of Poland were tested by polymerase chain reaction and an approximately 326-base fragment of the capsid protein gene (Cap gene) of the virus was amplified. The average viral prevalence was found to be 70.3% (76.13% in racing pigeons and 62.5% in fancy pigeons). Among the obtained positive samples, 21 were selected for sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. It was found that the majority of Polish PiCV isolates, to varying degrees, are related to isolates occurring in Europe. It was also observed that the Cap gene is variable and mutations often occur in it, which impacts the amino acid sequences in the capsid protein (nucleotide similarity averaged 86.57%, amino acid similarity averaged 89.02%).

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Kastelic, Marjan, Igor Pšeničnik, Gordana Gregurić Gračner, Nina Čebulj Kadunc, Renata Lindtner Knific, Brigita Slavec, Uroš Krapež, et al. "Health Status and Stress in Different Categories of Racing Pigeons." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092686.

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The influence of different stress parameters in racing pigeon flocks, such as the presence of diseases and environmental conditions at the time of the races, were described. A total of 96 racing pigeons from 4 pigeon flocks were examined, and health monitoring was carried out. No helminth eggs and coccidia were found. Trichomonas sp. was confirmed in subclinical form. Paramyxoviruses and avian influenza viruses were not confirmed, but circovirus infections were confirmed in all flocks. Chlamydia psittaci was confirmed in one flock. Blood samples were collected, and HI antibody titers against paramyxoviruses before and 25 days after vaccination were determined. To improve the conditions during racing and the welfare of the pigeons, critical points were studied with regard to stress factors during the active training season. Serum corticosterone levels were measured in the blood serum of four different categories of pigeons from each flock. Corticosterone levels were almost twice as high in pigeons from the category that were active throughout the racing season, including medium- and long-distance racing, compared to the other three categories that were not racing actively. Within five hours of the finish of a race, the average serum corticosterone level was 59.4 nmol/L in the most physically active category. The average serum corticosterone level in this category remained at 37.5 nmol/L one month after the last race.

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Schmidt, Volker, Michael Kümpel, Kerstin Cramer, Michael Sieg, Maxi Harzer, Antje Rückner, and Kristin Heenemann. "Pigeon rotavirus A genotype G18P[17]-associated disease outbreaks after fancy pigeon shows in Germany – a case series." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 49, no. 01 (February 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1339-0366.

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Abstract Objective Pigeon rotavirus A (RVA) isolates of genotype G18P[17] are causing disease outbreaks and fatalities in pigeon lofts in Australia, Germany, Belgium, Denmark and USA since 2016. Most disease outbreaks have been reported from juvenile pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica). However, reports on RVA-associated disease outbreaks in fancy pigeons in connection with fancy pigeon shows in Germany are rare. Material and methods Overall 18 pigeons (16 fancy pigeons and one racing pigeon from 9 pigeon fanciers, as well as one feral pigeon from a rescue center) were sent in for routine diagnostic necropsy including histopathologic, parasitologic and microbiologic examinations. Molecular biologic examinations for detection of RVA, circovirus, Usutu virus, West Nile virus and Chlamydia psittaci were also carried out on all pigeons. An accompanying questionnaire filled in by the senders was used to generate basic information on the affected pigeon lofts. Results Disease outbreaks in juvenile and adult pigeons were reported 7–14 days after fancy pigeon shows. One fancier who had previously vaccinated his pigeons with an autogenous pigeon RVA vaccine, noted no morbidity and mortality among his pigeons and thus sent in a healthy pigeon for diagnostic purposes. Reported clinical signs in the other pigeons were regurgitation, green slimy diarrhea, anorexia, apathy and death after 24 hours. Hepatic necrosis and detection of pigeon RVA isolates of genotype G18P[17] confirmed disease outbreaks caused by pigeon RVA in all pigeons, except for the vaccinated pigeon. Besides pigeon circovirus, which was detected in 15 of 18 pigeons, all other pathogens were singular findings. Conclusion and clinical relevance In disease outbreaks following fancy pigeon shows in juvenile and adult pigeons diagnostics should include pigeon RVA of genotype G18P[17].

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Zigo, František, Silvia Ondrašovičová, Zuzana Farkašová, Jana Výrostková, Ivana Regecová, and Ibrahim F. Rehan. "Correct interpretation of carrier pigeon diseases – Part 1: Ornithosis complex." International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2023): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2023.07.00185.

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The most fundamental and important topics for carrier pigeon fanciers are health and form of their competitors. It does not matter how good a pigeon is or how well fed it is, an unhealthy pigeon will never be able to win a race. One of the most common diseases of carrier pigeons during the racing season is a respiratory illness named "Ornithosis Complex". Also known as "Ornithose", "Coryza" and "One-eyed Colds" it is caused most often by a combination of Chlamydia psittaci, Pasteurella, Mycoplasma, Herpes virus and many other common bacteria such as Yersinia, Enterobacter, Streptococci and Staphylococci. Once both old and young birds have started their training and racing program, they are likely to develop an ornithosis complex, showing symptoms of swollen or puffed feathers around the ears, dry plumage, blue flesh and a disruption to moulting. Pigeons that arrive home showing signs of extreme fatigue and typical ornithosis symptoms should be treated directly with a combination of prescribed treatments, isolated from healthy birds and should not be flown to avoid spreading the disease. The study points to the fact that ornithosis complex is not a difficult problem when carrier pigeons do not overflow. It will become a big problem only after the start of the racing season, which will take away the success of many breeders.

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Dybus, Andrzej, Hanna Kulig, Wilhelm Grzesiak, Justyna Domke, Yu-Hsiang Yu, and Yeong-Hsiang Cheng. "Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Serine Protein Kinase (CASK) Gene Polymorphisms in Pigeons." Animals 13, no. 13 (June 22, 2023): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13132070.

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Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is an multidomain protein involved in tissue development and cell signalling. In skeletal muscle, it is involved in the development of neuromuscular junctions. The participation of a pigeon in racing is a great physical effort that causes many changes in the skeletal muscles. Thus, the purpose of the study was to detect the nucleotide sequence variability in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine kinase (CASK) gene in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and assess the potential impact of DNA polymorphisms on the flight performance of pigeons. The research included a total of 517 individuals. DNA was extracted from the blood. A DNA fragment from nucleotides 8689 to 9049 of the CASK (NW_004973256.1 sequence) of six unrelated pigeons were sequenced. One of the detected polymorphic sites (g.8893G > A), located a very close to the start codon, was selected for genotyping in all individuals. The association studies included a total of 311 young homing pigeons that participated in racing competitions. The homing pigeons showed higher frequencies of the AA genotype than non-homing ones (p < 0.05). In rock pigeons only the GG genotype was found. Further research could confirm the functionality of the CASK g.8893G > A SNP in shaping the racing phenotype of pigeons, and the AA genotype could be useful as a selection criterion in pigeon breeding.

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Jandačka, Petr, Hynek Burda, and Jiří Ščučka. "Investigating the impact of weak geomagnetic fluctuations on pigeon races." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 208, no. 1 (January 2022): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01534-x.

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AbstractThe existence of avian magnetic orientation has been proved by many experimental studies, however, evidence for the use of magnetic cues by homing pigeons remains controversial. To investigate magnetic orientation by homing pigeons, we analyzed the results of pigeon races relative to weak fluctuations in the geomagnetic field, assuming that such disturbances could impact navigational efficiency if based on magnetoreception. Whereas most of the previous studies recorded and analyzed vanishing bearing of individually released pigeons, we evaluated relative duration of the homeward flight (homing speed, as a proxy of navigational efficiency) and its dependence on specific geomagnetic indices in racing pigeons released collectively. Our analysis of orientation efficiency of about 289 pigeon races over 15 years suggested slight negative correlations between geomagnetic fluctuations and homing time. Although the interpretation of this finding is manifold and not clear, it suggests that natural magnetic variations or disturbances can affect the homing orientation performance of pigeons. We suggest that studying pigeon races may have a heuristic potential and since these races are regularly and frequently organized in many countries all over the globe, examining homing performance relative to a suite of environmental variables may be useful for exploring hypotheses about pigeon navigation.

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Huang, Yen-Li, Omir Adrian Castaneda, Duangsuda Thongchan, Rupak Khatri-Chhetri, Shinn-Shyong Tsai, and Hung-Yi Wu. "Pigeon circovirus infection in disqualified racing pigeons from Taiwan." Avian Pathology 46, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2017.1284305.

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Chang, Ching-Chi, Benji Brayan I. Silva, Huai-Ying Huang, Ching-Yi Tsai, Ronilo Jose D. Flores, Lemmuel L. Tayo, Yu-Chang Tyan, et al. "Development and Validation of KASP Assays for the Genotyping of Racing Performance-Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Pigeons." Genes 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091383.

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Pigeon racing’s recent upturn in popularity can be attributed in part to the huge prize money involved in these competitions. As such, methods to select pigeons with desirable genetic characteristics for racing or for selective breeding have also been gaining more interest. Polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for genotyping-specific genes is one of the most commonly used molecular techniques, which can be costly, laborious and time consuming. The present study reports the development of an alternative genotyping method that employs Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASP) technology with specifically designed primers to detect previously reported racing performance-associated polymorphisms within the LDHA, MTYCB, and DRD4 genes. To validate, KASP assays and PCR-RFLP assays results from 107 samples genotyped for each of the genes were compared and the results showed perfect (100%) agreement of both methods. The developed KASP assays present an alternative rapid, reliable, and cost-effective method to identify polymorphisms in pigeons.

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Dolka, Beata, Izabella Dolka, Aleksandra Ledwoń, Rafał Sapierzyński, Andrzej Koralewski, and Piotr Szeleszczuk. "Investigations into feather abnormalities in racing pigeons." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 11 (2016): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5586.

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The present study reports cases of feather abnormalities in young racing pigeons from four different lofts. The pigeons from the first three sources were characterized by among other things loss of feathers, stunted feathers, vane discoloration, feather dystrophy. In pigeons from the fourth loft, vanes were unevenly developed, while the shafts in wing feathers were narrow and had an hourglass appearance. Investigation revealed a history of pox, vaccination and deworming in some cases. Clinical, microbiological, parasitological examinations, hematology, PCR assays, necropsy and histopathology were performed. The presence of Eimeria spp., Trichomonas spp., and single Columbicola columbae were demonstrated. Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) DNA was confirmed in tissues and affected feathers of pigeons from the first three sources. Histopathology revealed the lymphoid depletion and the presence of the pathognomonic inclusion bodies in the bursa of Fabricius. In the fourth loft, a paramyxovirus infection (APMV-1) was confirmed by RT-PCR. The microscopic lesions in the feathers were similar, despite their different macroscopic appearance compared to previous cases. It seems that feather abnormalities may be the effect of a combination of several factors (infectious and non-infectious).

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MOSTERT, Cecilia, and Ronnie DONALDSON. "Pigeon racing in South Africa: Exploring the socio-economic nature and extent of this 'unknown sport'." GeoSport for Society 20, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gss.2003-106.

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This research addresses the paucity of academic exploration into pigeon racing, a globally recognized sport with limited scholarly attention. While prior studies focused on ornithology and medicine, this paper pioneers a comprehensive examination from a geographical perspective. Employing a quantitative methodology, the study surveyed 712 members of the South African National Pigeon Organization (SANPO), providing a nuanced understanding of demographics, organizational structures, subjective values, and economic impacts within pigeon racing. The study's findings reveal the dominance of males in the sport, its multi-generational nature, and widespread participation across diverse income groups. SANPO, with 3,540 members, emerges as a crucial entity in the sport's landscape. The paper categorizes fanciers into small, medium, and large groups based on bird ownership, presenting insights into their socio-demographic context and motivations. Pigeon-related activities are explored, emphasizing the sport's familial and youth development aspects. The economic analysis highlights the industry's substantial job creation and estimates its total economic worth between R528,968,608 and R1,620,390,112. By shedding light on this understudied sport, the research aims to stimulate further academic exploration and provide a foundation for informed discussions on the cultural, economic, and social aspects of pigeon racing.

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Proskura, WS, A. Lukaszewicz, E. Dzierzba, D. Cichon, D. Zaborski, W. Grzesiak, and A. Dybus. "The Cys83Gly amino acid substitution in feather keratin is associated with pigeon performance in long-distance races." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 4 (April 10, 2017): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/271/2015-vetmed.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the g.710T>G polymorphism in the keratin gene, which results in a cysteine to glycine amino acid change at position 83 (Cys83Gly) in feather keratin, with homing pigeon racing performance. A total of 123 homing pigeons were investigated. The data set used in this study consisted of scores from 17 short races (less than 400 km) and 11 long races (greater than 500 km) that took place in the 2011 and 2012 racing seasons (2589 race records in total). The genotyping of the g.710T>G polymorphism was performed using the artificially created restriction site-PCR assay. The T allele and the TT genotype were prevalent with frequencies of 0.658 and 0.447, respectively. The TT pigeons had the highest mean of ace points in the long races and in all races overall, while the GT birds scored the best in the short races. Nevertheless, the effect of the polymorphism was significant only in the long races (P = 0.0451), in which the pigeons carrying the TT genotype showed better racing performance in comparison with those carrying the GG genotype (P ≤ 0.05). In order to explain this phenomenon, several bioinformatics tools were employed to check for the possible consequences of the Cys83Gly substitution for feather keratin. The cysteine at position 83 was indicated to form a disulphide bond, while the Cys83Gly substitution was predicted to disturb the stability of the protein. However, the predictions preformed using the different tools were not entirely consistent. Nevertheless, the loss of the cysteine at position 83 of pigeon feather keratin may affect the structure of feathers, thus changing their biomechanical characteristics, and consequently, may influence the flying ability of pigeons.

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Ballmann, Mónika Z., and Balázs Harrach. "Detection and partial genetic characterisation of novel avi- and siadenoviruses in racing and fancy pigeons (Columba livia domestica)." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 64, no. 4 (December 2016): 514–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2016.047.

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Up to now, only a single adenovirus (AdV) isolate seemingly specific for pigeons, hence named pigeon AdV-1 (PiAdV-1), has been characterised at DNA sequence level. In the present work, the prevalence and diversity of AdVs occurring in domestic pigeon were examined by a survey performed on randomly collected samples using a very efficient, consensus nested PCR targeting the viral DNA polymerase gene. The newly detected viruses were characterised by sequencing and phylogeny analysis. Amplification of additional genome fragments was attempted by the use of several other PCR methods aiming at the hexon gene. During a 4-year survey, samples from dead or live, healthy pigeons originating from 27 lofts were examined in Hungary. Almost 50% of the samples (48 out of 97) proved to be positive for AdV. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of four hitherto unknown pigeon AdV types. PiAdV-1 was also identified in one sample. Two novel viruses named PiAdV-2 and -3 were found to belong to the genus Aviadenovirus, and two other novel types (PiAdV-4 and -5) to the genus Siadenovirus. This is the first report on the occurrence of siadenoviruses in birds belonging to the order Columbiformes. Approximately two-thirds of the PiAdV-2 genome was sequenced and analysed.

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Łukaszuk, Ewa, Daria Dziewulska, and Tomasz Stenzel. "Occurrence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Coronaviruses in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Poland between 2016 and 2020." Pathogens 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060646.

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While disease control in racing pigeons and the potential role of pigeons as vectors transmitting viruses to poultry are of importance, there is still a paucity of data concerning the occurrence of coronaviruses in pigeons. In this study, 215 domestic pigeons were tested for the presence of coronaviral genetic material using the nested PCR method, which revealed 57 positive samples (26.51%). The difference in coronavirus prevalence between young and adult pigeons (34.34% and 19.83%, respectively) has been found statistically significant. In contrast, no statistically significant difference has been demonstrated between the prevalence in symptomatic and asymptomatic birds, leaving the influence of coronavirus presence on pigeon health uncertain. Phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp gene fragment allowed us to assign all the obtained strains to the Gammacoronavirus genus and Igacovirus subgenus. The phylogenetic tree plotted using the ML method revealed that those sequences formed a group most similar to pigeon coronavirus strains from China, Finland, and Poland, and to a single strain from a common starling from Poland, which suggests wide geographical distribution of the virus and its possible transmission between various species.

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ASHRAFUL KABIR. "Line of Thinking on the Numeral of Fancy Pigeons." University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v7i1.6230.

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Fancy pigeons are huge in number in the world. This is very tough to come into a concrete solution on their specific numbers. From the wild rock-pigeon, all fancy pigeons have been evolved. Taxonomically, all fancy pigeons are breed but on the basis of the information of many books, pigeons could be classified into the following terms (race, strain, variety, type). The quantitative method ensured the actual number of the fancy pigeons of the world and qualitative survey showed their differentiating characteristics. Many old and new books, online supplements, articles, reports, and oral communication helped a lot for understanding the history and ensured 116 fancy pigeons in the world based on their physique, exceptional colour, voice, and behaviour. In this number of pigeons, races were 8, strain 1, breeds 57, varieties 45, and types 5 (Table 2; Figure 2). In addition, mentionable groups were consisted of eight― performing, structured, meat, coloured, feathered, trumpet, cropper, and wattled (Table 1). The highest members (44 pigeons) were in performing group (flying tumbler, show tumbler, racing, and flying) (Table 1; Figure 1). In fact, pigeon keepers did not bother about the scientific classification of their pigeons.

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Jung, Arne, Lydia Teske, and Silke Rautenschlein. "Enterococcus cecorumInfection in a Racing Pigeon." Avian Diseases 58, no. 4 (December 2014): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10834-040114-case.1.

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Lumaj, J. T. "Diseases of racing pigeon: An update." Veterinary Quarterly 18, sup1 (April 1996): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1996.9694692.

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Cousquer, Glen, and David Parsons. "Veterinary care of the racing pigeon." In Practice 29, no. 6 (June 2007): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.29.6.344.

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Szweda, M., I. Babińska, K. Paździor, and M. Gese. "Hepatocellular Adenocarcinoma in a Racing Pigeon." Journal of Comparative Pathology 148, no. 1 (January 2013): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.106.

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Freick, Markus, Hermann Müller, and Rüdiger Raue. "Rapid detection of pigeon herpesvirus, fowl adenovirus and pigeon circovirus in young racing pigeons by multiplex PCR." Journal of Virological Methods 148, no. 1-2 (March 2008): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.11.003.

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Hellebuyck, Tom, Stephan Göbel, Frank Pasmans, Connie Adriaensen, and An Martel. "Co-occurrence ofMycoplasmaSpecies and Pigeon Herpesvirus-1 Infectionin Racing Pigeons (Columba livia)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 31, no. 4 (December 2017): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2016-243.

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Ling, Y., H. Chen, X. Chen, X. Yang, J. Yang, P. M. Bavoil, and C. He. "Epidemiology ofChlamydia psittaciInfection in Racing Pigeons and Pigeon Fanciers in Beijing, China." Zoonoses and Public Health 62, no. 5 (September 22, 2014): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zph.12161.

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Gorssen, J., and P. Koene. "Behaviour and Thermogenesis of Racing Pigeons Housed Under Transport Conditions." Animal Welfare 6, no. 2 (May 1997): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860001962x.

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AbstractDuring homing contests, racing pigeons (Columba livia) are transported to their release site under crowded conditions. Behaviour and thermogenesis under these conditions were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, temperature (26 °C or 36 °C) and water availability (access or deprived) had no significant effect on either behaviour or heat production of old male pigeons. However, the frequency of threatening behaviour and the proportion of activity-related heat production in total heat production increased during the 23-hour experimental period, whereas no decrease in aggressive behaviour was found. In the second experiment the effect of testing age (young or old) and sex (male or female) were considered in relation to behaviour and thermogenesis. Young pigeons were more immobile than old pigeons, but heat production was lower in old pigeons. Male groups had a higher activity-related heat production and had more head injuries resulting from pecking than females. Again, no decrease in aggressive behaviour or changes in behaviour patterns over time were found. Body-weight at the start of the experiment was predictive of subsequent behaviour in the crate. A higher body-weight was related to more threatening behaviour, less displacement and less head injuries. The consistent level of aggressive behaviour over time, causing predictable head injuries, indicates that a ‘ceiling effect’ in adaptation is reached under crowded transport conditions. To improve pigeon welfare, serious considerations must be given to transporting racing pigeons under less crowded conditions.

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Fernández-bellon, H., J. Martorell, R. Rabanal, and A. Ramis*. "Rhabdomyosarcoma in a racing pigeon (Columba livia)." Avian Pathology 32, no. 6 (December 2003): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079450310001610712.

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Lai, Fang-Yu, Kuang-Chih Chang, Chi-Sheng Chang, and Pei-Hwa Wang. "Development of a Rapid Sex Identification Method for Newborn Pigeons Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification and a Lateral-Flow Dipstick on Farm." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 2969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212969.

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According to pigeon racing rules in Taiwan, the pigeon raiser must decide which juveniles will be chosen as soon as possible. Differentiating the sex of young pigeons based on appearances, and other traditional methods, can be time-consuming and require several pieces of equipment. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with a lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) could further simplify the presentation of amplification results. A designed reverse primer and probe were labeled with biotin and FAM (fluorescein), respectively, to serve as ligands in the LFD. With the addition of a designed forward primer, the RPA-LFD can be used to perform sex identification of pigeon DNA. The optimal conditions were determined to require at least 6.3 pg of the DNA template, a temperature of 37 °C, and a reaction time of at least 20 min. Under these conditions, the test band area on the strip appeared as a dark color if the sample contained female template DNA, whereas the male DNA samples did not produce any test signal in any of the conditions. The results of random samples using RPA-LFD under the optimal conditions agreed with the results of the same samples determined by PCR-agarose gel electrophoresis. The approach in this study represents a rapid and accurate method for pigeon sexing.

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Kolvenbag, Geert. "Consistent Race Performance in Racing Pigeons: A Case Report Confirming a Favorable Genetic Profile." Corpus Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Science (CJDVS) 5, no. 1 (March 18, 2024): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/cjdvs1062.

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A recent multivariate analysis showed that racing pigeons had a better race performance based on DRD4 and F-KER genotypes that were independently statistically significant and those racing pigeons with both DRD4 CCCT and F-KER TT had the lowest race coefficient, i.e. the best race performance. This result indicated that 50% birds with this genotype were consistently in the top 10% in the race results. To date, this is the first multigene genotype reported relating to race performance. In 2023, a consistently performing racing pigeon scored in or around the top 10% in all races of a 5 race series ranging from 100 mile to 350 miles. Retrospectively, this bird was shown to have indeed DRD4 CCCT and F-KER TT. Another bird while distantly family related, showed top performance only in the final long distance race but lacked consistency throughout the race series; this bird not have the consistency genotype profile. We pose the hypothesis that birds with both DRD4 CCCT and F-KER TT are more likely to score consistently in the Top 10% in a race series than birds without. This would need to be confirmed in a larger study in particular including Ace Champion birds with consistent top 10% race performance.

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Dolka, B., A. Ledwoń, I. Dolka, and P. Szeleszczuk. "Evaluation of the pathogenicity of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolated from racing pigeons." Journal of Comparative Pathology 166 (January 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.127.

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32

Yamamoto, Eiji, Hiroshi Ito, Eiji Kitamoto, Keiko Morinishi, Atsushi Yano, Satomi Miyoshi, and Toshihiro Ito. "Complete genome sequence of pigeon circovirus detected in racing pigeons in western Japan." Virus Genes 51, no. 1 (June 12, 2015): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-015-1211-z.

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Bobrek, K., J. Urbanowicz, P. Chorbiński, and A. Gaweł. "Molecular analysis of Trichomonas gallinae in racing pigeons from Upper Silesia, Poland." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2017-0023.

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Abstract The aim of the study was the molecular analysis of ITS1/5.8S rRNA/ITS2 region of Trichomonas gallinae isolates from racing pigeon lofts in Upper Silesia, Poland. The analysed region is very useful for the taxonomy of the Trichomonadidae family and indicates the possible existence of different genotypes or species within the T. gallinae. A comparison of the complete ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of obtained sequences revealed two different sequences. Twenty-three of the isolates (62%) showed the first sequence (KU954106) while fourteen isolates (38%) showed the second sequence type (KU954107), which were homologous with sequences from Genbank. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the two T. gallinae genotypes which occurred in the pigeons from Upper Silesia are widespread among European countries.

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Lumeij, J. T., and A. A. Stokhof. "Electrocardiogram of the racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica)." Research in Veterinary Science 38, no. 3 (May 1985): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31793-4.

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35

Łukaszuk, Ewa, and Tomasz Stenzel. "Occurrence and Role of Selected RNA-Viruses as Potential Causative Agents of Watery Droppings in Pigeons." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2020): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121025.

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The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development of young pigeons and, potentially, to poor racing results in sports birds. The gastrointestinal tract disorders of pigeons may be of various etiology, but some of the causative agents are viral infections. This review article provides information collected from scientific reports on RNA-viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Coronaviridae families; the Avulavirinae subfamily; and the Rotavirus genus that might be implicated in such health problems. It presents a brief characterization, and possible interspecies transmission of these viruses. We believe that this review article will help clinical signs of infection, isolation methods, occurrence in pigeons and poultry, systemize and summarize knowledge on pigeon enteropathogenic viruses and raise awareness of the importance of disease control in pigeons.

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Mahaboobjan, S., D. V. Sheeba Rajakumari, I. Jenci Dilda, and M. Esakkiammal. "Comparison between Two Different Feed Formulations to Ensure the Growth of Young Pigeon Squabs." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 4 (February 10, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i43900.

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Background: Feed formulation plays a vital role in squabs of racing pigeon’s growth and preparing them for the race from its young age. Some feed formulations which have more protein and fat content has the ability to improve the weight of the eggs and young squabs. Objective: In this study, two different feed formulations were compared for the parent pigeons for its antenatal and postnatal period to ensure which is suitable and enhance the growth of the eggs and young squabs. Methods: Two pairs of racing pigeons Pair A and Pair B have been selected. They fed with two types of feed formulations like one with a basic nutrients and another one with an addition of protein and lipid content. The weight of the eggs and the squabs of these pigeons have been measured. Results: The average weight of eggs in Pair B (19.16g) is higher than the Average weight of eggs in Pair A (16.75g). At the end of 20thday it was observed that the average weight of the squabs in Pair B (260.41g) is higher than the average weight of squabs in Pair A (229.59g). Conclusion: The result showed that there is a significant weight difference in the eggs and squabs of pair A and pair B. This difference occurs due to the addition of some nutritious feed ingredients in the feed prepared for the Pair B pigeons.

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Zigo, František, Silvia Ondrašovičov, and Zuzana Farkašová. "Correct interpretation of carrier pigeon diseases - Collibacillosis." International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 6, no. 1 (September 23, 2022): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijawb.2022.06.00180.

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Despite the breeder’s efforts to minimize stress factors during the racing season, disease can occur even in the best lofts. Among the specific diseases caused by high performance, immunosuppression of the organism, imbalance of gastrointestinal micro flora of carrier pigeons and non-observance of hygienic conditions is included collibacillosis. Collibacillosis is localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Although some strains of APEC cannot cause disease by themselves, their pathogenic lifestyle, suggesting that infections might always be opportunistic or secondary to some most frequently predisposing diseases such as coccidiosis, adenovirosis, canker, intestinal worms and others. The disease causes reduction in performance or loss of infected pigeons, vomiting, diarrhoea, enteritis, dehydration, depressed feed intake or decreased growth rate in young pigeons. An outbreak of collibacillosis during the racing season is often the result of a combination of several factors that cannot be completely eliminated. It is therefore useful to develop a prophylactic plan in which the breeder focuses not only on the elimination of the main predisposing diseases, but also notices the factors that can stress the pigeons and thus cause an outbreak of APEC.

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Kolvenbag, Geert. "The Impact of Gender in Young Bird Pigeon Racing." Corpus Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Science (CJDVS) 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/cjdvs1034.

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Selection of a bird for an One Loft Race (OLR) that has a higher probability of winning is desired given the cost of entry. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a difference between female (hen) and male (cock birds) racing pigeons with regard to performance in OLR. A hypothesis was generated after a pilot study in 2017 with 103 birds; Null-hypothesis: there is no difference between hen and cock birds with regard to race performance. A subsequent prospective double blind study was conducted with 124 birds divided over 14 OLRs in 2019. Our study showed that there was indeed no difference between genders in race performance over all or within any distance category.

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Cramer, Christine, Vivi Schlünssen, Elisabeth Bendstrup, Zara Ann Stokholm, Jesper Medom Vestergaard, Morten Frydenberg, and Henrik Albert Kolstad. "Risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and interstitial lung diseases among pigeon breeders." European Respiratory Journal 48, no. 3 (May 26, 2016): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00376-2016.

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We studied the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) among pigeon breeders.This is a retrospective follow-up study from 1980 to 2013 of 6920 pigeon breeders identified in the records of the Danish Racing Pigeon Association. They were compared with 276 800 individually matched referents randomly drawn from the Danish population. Hospital based diagnoses of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs were identified in the National Patient Registry 1977–2013. Stratified Cox regression analyses estimated the hazard ratios (HR) of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs adjusted for occupation, residence and redeemed prescription of medication with ILDs as a possible side-effect. Subjects were censored at death, emigration or a diagnosis of connective tissue disease.The overall incidence rate of ILD was 77.4 per 100 000 person-years among the pigeon breeders and 50.0 among the referents. This difference corresponded to an adjusted HR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.26–1.94). The adjusted HRs of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ILDs for pigeon breeders were 14.36 (95% CI 8.10–25.44) and 1.33 (95% CI 1.05–1.69), respectively.This study shows an increased risk of ILD among pigeon breeders compared with the referent population. Protective measures are recommended even though ILD leading to hospital contact remains rare among pigeon breeders.

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Oliyar, A. V., A. A. Bohomaz, V. V. Logvinova, M. O. Nikitina, and M. A. Lieshchova. "Morphogenesis of endochondral ossification centres of bones in racing pigeon chicks during the early postnatal period of ontogenesis." Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 4 (2021): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/2021.94028.

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Racing pigeons are potential carriers of zooanthroponic diseases, since they can travel considerable distances during their flight. The study of the formation features of the pigeon skeleton’s hematopoietic function on different levels of its structural organization with the determination of the relationship between the growth and development of hematopoietic components and the processes of osteohistogenesis is necessary to understand the immunity of pigeons, especially during the early stages of their development when young animals are in the greatest risk of disease, especially during processes of osteogenesis and haematopoiesis in chicks. The bones of the axial and peripheral skeleton of one-day-old, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-day-old pigeons (n = 5) were examined. The presence and degree of development of dia- and epiphyseal ossification centers (EOCs), their relative area (RA) and X-ray density in the organs of universal hematopoiesis were determined on radiographs made on an x-Ray-TW-102 x-ray machine with an Alpha 4600 receiver using the MultiVox Dicom Viewer program. It was established that in day-old pigeons the rudiments of the studied bones are completely built by cartilaginous tissue, have low radiographic density, and fuzzy contours on radiographs. On the 10th day of life, the axial skeleton of pigeon cubs has formed EOCs of head and a tubercle on the 5th rib (third «true rib»), while in the bones of the peripheral skeleton there is an enchondral EOC of the diaphysis. The spongy and compact bone structure (BS) of the bones were fuzzy. The body of the rib and the epiphyses of the limbs’ tubular bones were cartilaginous. The X-ray density of the humerus at this age remains unchanged, and the tibial-metatarsal increases by 1.5 times, reaching 12 HU. In 15-day-old chicks, the RA of the EOC in the skeleton was moderately increased due to an increase in the RA of previously formed EOCs at the age of 10 days, the appearance of individual EOCs in the body of 5th rib, and in the tubular bones of the limbs, the enchondral EOCs of the proximal and distal epiphyses. In the diaphysis of the extremities tubular bones, a strip-like compact BS was clearly distinguished, and in the epiphyses, a small-sized spongy BS. The X-ray density of the bones almost doubled, reaching 19–21 HU. In 20-day-old pigeons, the processes of osteohistogenesis in the skeleton were almost completed, in the studied bones, all the main and additional EOCs were well expressed, their RA increased sharply. X-ray density of bones did not change. For 25-day-old pigeons in the skeleton, there was a slight increase in RA of the EOC, a process of complete synostosis of the bones was characteristic. From the moment of the appearance of the EOC in 10-day-old chicks until they reach the age of 25 days, the bones of the axial skeleton and the skeleton of the limbs were formed by 95–100% of BS, and their X-ray density was increased almost 2.5 times, reaching 19–26 HU.

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41

Hellebuyck, Tom, An Garmyn, Lien De Cooman, Filip Boyen, Frank Pasmans, and An Martel. "Mycoplasma columbinumIsolated From a Racing Pigeon (Columba livia) With Arthritis." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 28, no. 3 (September 2014): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2013-075.

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42

Baker, Alan R. H. "Pigeon racing clubs in Pas-de-Calais, France, 1870–1914." Journal of Historical Geography 41 (July 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2013.01.019.

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43

Ramadan, Sherif, Takeshi Miyake, Junichi Yamaura, and Miho Inoue-Murayama. "LDHA gene is associated with pigeon survivability during racing competitions." PLOS ONE 13, no. 5 (May 18, 2018): e0195121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195121.

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Proskura, Witold Stanisław, Jakub Kustosz, Andrzej Dybus, and Ruben Lanckriet. "Polymorphism indopamine receptor D4gene is associated with pigeon racing performance." Animal Genetics 46, no. 5 (July 22, 2015): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12328.

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45

Ihunwo, AmadiO, Pedzisai Mazengenya, Adhil Bhagwandin, Pilani Nkomozepi, and PaulR Manger. "Putative adult neurogenesis in two domestic pigeon breeds (Columba livia domestica): racing homer versus utility carneau pigeons." Neural Regeneration Research 12, no. 7 (2017): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.211187.

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46

Johnes, Martin. "Pigeon Racing And Working-Class Culture in Britain,C. 1870–1950." Cultural and Social History 4, no. 3 (September 2007): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/147800407x219250.

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47

Caspermeyer, Joseph. "Using Whole-Genome Analysis to Home in on Racing Pigeon Performance." Molecular Biology and Evolution 35, no. 5 (April 20, 2018): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy064.

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48

Parmentier, Sylvia L., Kristina Maier-Sam, Klaus Failing, Achim D. Gruber, and Michael Lierz. "High prevalence of Sarcocystis calchasi in racing pigeon flocks in Germany." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): e0215241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215241.

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Dybus, A. "Two new PCR-RFLPs in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia var. domestica) lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) gene (Brief report)." Archives Animal Breeding 50, no. 1 (October 10, 2007): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-50-112-2007.

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Abstract. Traditional selection of racing pigeons has been focusing on spatial orientation, velocity, and endurance of flight. LDHA gene is involved in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of the muscle tissue (VAN HALL et al., 1999). Mutations in the LDHA gene can potentially diversify the homing performance of racing pigeons. Previously, two polymorphic sites of LDHA gene have been identified (DYBUS and KMIEĆ, 2002, DYBUS et al., 2006).

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Dybus, A., WS Proskura, S. Sadkowski, and E. Pawlina. "A single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 3 of the myostatin gene in different breeds of domestic pigeon (Columba livia var. domestica) 32." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 1 (February 22, 2013): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6654-vetmed.

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Myostatin is considered to be one of the most powerful negative regulators of muscle growth. The lack of a functional myostatin or its mutation can result in uncommon musculature like “double-muscling” in Belgian Blue cattle. Recent studies on MSTN variability indicate its relationship with racing performance in dogs and racehorses. Considering the high homology of MSTN among the vertebrates, there are grounds to suppose that the same correlation will occur in pigeons. The aim of this study was to analyse MSTN variability in several pigeon breeds raised for different purposes The PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping the C → T silent substitution in exon 3 of the MSTN gene. A total of 376 domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) were genotyped. The differences in genotype frequencies (P < 0.01) and allele frequencies (P < 0.01), between the studied groups were observed. Minor allele (MSTNT) frequency was the highest in the group of utility pigeons (0.291), which are characterised by abundant muscle mass and higher body mass-to-muscle mass ratio. Further studies should be performed in order to determine the impact of the SNP analysed in the present paper on the amount of functional myostatin in muscles.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pigeon racing'

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