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1
Sakuma, Takashi, and Tetsumi Moriyama. "THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN PIGEONS’ SCHEDULE-INDUCED AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND THE RECIPIENTS’ COUNTER-BEHAVIOR." Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta 45, no. 2 (2019): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v45.i2.75579.
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The present experiment was conducted to investigate whether an experimental pigeon's shield-peck responses toward a target pigeon could be induced by a food reinforcement schedule consisting of continuous reinforcement (CRF) and extinction. Further, the interaction between experimental and target pigeons’ shield-peck responses was investigated. The experiment was an ABAB design consisting of alternating phases of nonreinforcement (A) and CRF-extinction (B) of the experimental pigeons' key-peck responses unrelated to their shield-peck responses. The experimental pigeons' shield-peck responses were induced by the CRF-extinction schedule. Further, there were positive correlations between the experimental and the target pigeons' shield-peck responses revealing a similar trend in both their response rates. Thus, the experimental pigeons’ shield-peck responses were controlled by variables including the reinforcement schedule and social stimuli including ontogenic and phylogenic variables derived from their target pigeons. Moreover, the pigeons' responses could be classified as an aggressive behavior derived from the interlocking contingencies of the responses of the pigeons of the dyads.
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Ackerman, Amanda L., and Kennon A. Lattal. "SHAPING COOPERATIVE RESPONDING: A SYSTEMATIC REPLICATION OF DANIEL (1942)." Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta 45, no. 2 (2019): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v45.i2.75575.
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Cooperation between two pigeons was trained in a systematic replication of an earlier study by Daniel (1942) using rats and electric shock avoidance. After both pigeons were trained separately to eat from a food magazine and to stand on a platform located 45 cm from the food magazine, two stimulus lights were added. Different responses of each pigeon were brought under the stimulus control of the lights. In the presence of one light, magazine approach by one of the pigeons was reinforced and in the presence of the other, standing on the platform was reinforced. These functions were reversed for the other pigeon, that is, the light that was the SD for magazine approach for Pigeon A was the SD for the platform response for Pigeon B. When behavior was under stimulus control, the pigeons were placed together in the study space. Across sessions, the lights were removed gradually, transferring stimulus control to the co-actor’s behavior. Thus, the terminal performance was two interlocking response chains: as one pigeon approached the magazine, the other approached the platform, standing on which operated the feeder for up to 7 s. After one pigeon ate for a duration dependent upon the co-actor’s platform standing, the two switched positions. The results are discussed in relation to the definition of social behavior and the role of basic learning principles in social behavior.
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Walcott, C. "Pigeon homing: observations, experiments and confusions." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (1996): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.21.
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Homing pigeons can return from distant, unfamiliar release points. Experienced pigeons can do so even if they are transported anesthetized and deprived of outward journey information. Airplane tracking has shown that they make relatively straight tracks on their homeward journey; therefore, pigeons must have some way of determining the home direction at the release site. Manipulating the pigeon's internal clock causes predictable deviations in their flight direction relative to home. When the sun is not visible, such clock shifts have no effect. This result implies a two-step system: the determination of the home direction and the use of a sun compass to fly in that direction. When pigeons cannot see the sun they use a magnetic compass. The use of compass cues to select and maintain a direction of flight is well understood compared with the uncertainty surrounding the nature of the cues used to determine the home direction when pigeons are released at an unfamiliar site. Because they generally home successfully from any direction and distance from the loft, without requiring information gathered on the outward journey, it seems likely that they use some form of coordinate system. Presumably, a displaced pigeon compares the values of some factor at the release site with its remembered value at the home loft. This factor might be olfactory, it might be some feature of the earth's magnetic field or it might be something else. There is some evidence that pigeons may use several cues and that pigeons raised in different lofts under different environmental conditions may prefer to use one cue over another. I believe that it is this flexible use of multiple cues that has led to so much confusion in experiments on pigeon homing.
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Møller, Henrik Devitt, Jazmín Ramos-Madrigal, Iñigo Prada-Luengo, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, and Birgitte Regenberg. "Near-Random Distribution of Chromosome-Derived Circular DNA in the Condensed Genome of Pigeons and the Larger, More Repeat-Rich Human Genome." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 2 (2019): 3762–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz281.
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Abstract Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) elements of chromosomal origin are known to be common in a number of eukaryotic species. However, it remains to be addressed whether genomic features such as genome size, the load of repetitive elements within a genome, and/or animal physiology affect the number of eccDNAs. Here, we investigate the distribution and numbers of eccDNAs in a condensed and less repeat-rich genome compared with the human genome, using Columba livia domestica (domestic rock pigeon) as a model organism. By sequencing eccDNA in blood and breast muscle from three pigeon breeds at various ages and with different flight behavior, we characterize 30,000 unique eccDNAs. We identify genomic regions that are likely hotspots for DNA circularization in breast muscle, including genes involved in muscle development. We find that although eccDNA counts do not correlate with the biological age in pigeons, the number of unique eccDNAs in a nonflying breed (king pigeons) is significantly higher (9-fold) than homing pigeons. Furthermore, a comparison between eccDNA from skeletal muscle in pigeons and humans reveals ∼9-10 times more unique eccDNAs per human nucleus. The fraction of eccDNA sequences, derived from repetitive elements, exist in proportions to genome content, that is, human 72.4% (expected 52.5%) and pigeon 8.7% (expected 5.5%). Overall, our results support that eccDNAs are common in pigeons, that the amount of unique eccDNA types per nucleus can differ between species as well as subspecies, and suggest that eccDNAs from repeats are found in proportions relative to the content of repetitive elements in a genome.
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Bancroft, G. Thomas, Reed Bowman, and Richard J. Sawicki. "Rainfall, Fruiting Phenology, and the Nesting Season of White-Crowned Pigeons in the Upper Florida Keys." Auk 117, no. 2 (2000): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.416.
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AbstractWhite-crowned Pigeons (Columba leucocephala) varied their timing of breeding and nesting intensity in response to variation in production of the four most important fruit species in their breeding-season diet in the upper Florida Keys. From 1988 through 1990, we monitored fruit production year-round in five habitats in which pigeons foraged and monitored all pigeon nests along two transects on Middle Butternut Key. Annually, pigeon breeding was positively correlated with summer rains and with the peak in overall fruit production. However, within the breeding season, only the availability of Metopium toxiferum was positively correlated with rainfall and the number of new clutches initiated. Both the timing and magnitude of breeding varied annually. In 1988, when Metopium was more available, more pigeons nested, the nesting season started earlier and lasted longer, and a large peak in nesting occurred when Metopium fruit ripened. During 1989 and 1990, when the relative availability of Metopium was lower, fewer pigeons nested, the nesting season was shorter, and the seasonal peak in nesting associated with Metopium fruit was reduced or absent. Nesting patterns did not appear to vary with changes in the relative availability of other fruits. White-crowned Pigeons appear to prefer Metopium fruits to other species. Because pigeons do not supplement nestling diets with arthropods, but augment their diets with protein-rich crop milk, they may depend on lipid-rich fruits such as Metopium to provide the energy for breeding and crop-milk production. Metopium fruit production may be influenced by rainfall and climatic conditions, both of which may vary spatially within the range of White-crowned Pigeons in Florida. Evidence that pigeons shift foraging sites when Metopium availability varies emphasizes the need to preserve large tracts of seasonal deciduous forest in the Keys and to protect Metopium trees in suburban areas where they are removed because they cause contact dermatitis in humans.
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Bogach, M., A. Paliy, P. Liulin, et al. "Parasites of domestic and wild pigeons in the south of Ukraine." Biosystems Diversity 29, no. 2 (2021): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012118.
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Pigeons are closely related to human life and are both a source of food and object for hobbies and sports. Parasitic diseases of birds are the main reason for their growth retardation, reduced productivity and viability. The article presents the results of studying the prevalence of trichomonosis, cestodes and nematodes among the population of wild and domestic pigeons in the south of Ukraine. According to the results of the conducted researches it is established that in the south of Ukraine endoparasitoses of domestic and wild pigeons are quite widespread, and all species of this bird are carriers of Trichomonas gallinae. At the same time, the highest rate of Trichomonas infection was recorded in Columba palambus and C. livia domestica, and the overall infestation of males is higher by 4.4% compared to females. It was determined that domestic pigeons C. livia domestica were infested with trichomonosis (27.5%) and nematodes (Ascaridia columbae, 57.1%), C. palambus – trichomonosis (32.1%) and cestodes (Raillietina spp., 82.4%), Streptopelia turtur – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 12.5%) and S. decaocto – cestodes (Raillietina spp., 71.4%) and nematodes (Heterakis gallinarum, A. columbae – 33.3% and 44.4% respectively). The overall rate of infestation of pigeons with cestodes was 28.4% and the incidence in males was higher by 3.9% compared to females. It was found that the most common species among pigeon cestodes is Raillietina spp. In addition, 22.9% of pigeons are carriers of nematodes (H. gallinarum, A. columbae and Capillaria spp.). Continuous monitoring of pigeon parasites is necessary because they, in most cases, come into contact with other species of poultry and are a source of general invasion. In terms of further research, it would be promising to study the prevalence of helminthic infestation among wild migratory birds.
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IOALE', PAOLO, and DANTE GUIDARINI. "Methods for Producing Disturbances in Pigeon Homing Behaviour by Oscillating Magnetic Fields." Journal of Experimental Biology 116, no. 1 (1985): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116.1.109.
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Experiments were performed with homing pigeons treated before release with oscillating magnetic fields produced by small Helmholtz coils placed around the neck and on the head of the pigeon or by larger Helmholtz coils surrounding the cage of the birds. In both types of treatment, which both used a single frequency of about 0.14 Hz, the pigeons' initial orientation was strongly affected when the oscillation of the artificial magnetic field was square-shaped, whereas a triangular or sine-shaped variation had no effect.
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Escobar-Flores, Jonathan G., Mariana Delgado-Férnandez, and Oscar Delgado-González. "First record of Band-tailed Pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata (Columbiformes: Columbidae) in the Sonoran Desert of Baja California." Check List 12, no. 3 (2016): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.3.1880.
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We report the presence of the Band-tailed Pigeon, which was not previously recorded in the Sonoran Desert in Baja California. The site was 140 km south of the nearest forest. The presence of the pigeon further documents the propensity of Band-tailed Pigeons to wander widely.
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Jacquin, Lisa, Bernard Cazelles, Anne-Caroline Prévot-Julliard, Gérard Leboucher, and Julien Gasparini. "Reproduction management affects breeding ecology and reproduction costs in feral urban Pigeons (Columba livia)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 8 (2010): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-044.
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Reproduction management of natural popsulations can have long-term consequences that have to be examined to avoid unwanted side effects. Management policies of urban Pigeons ( Columba livia Gmelin, 1789) include the set up of public Pigeon houses that aim at limiting hatching rate by egg removal. However, long-term consequences of this management method on the ecology of this species are still unknown. In this study we examined how egg removal affected egg-laying cycles of Pigeons by using a powerful method of time-series analysis, the wavelet method. We compared egg-laying cycles in Pigeon houses exposed to different management treatments and found that egg-laying cycles were shorter (4 weeks) in Pigeon houses with egg removal compared with control Pigeon houses without egg removal (11 weeks), suggesting that Pigeons respond to egg-removal pressure by multiplying reproduction attempts. Furthermore, we found that egg quality, an important index of female condition, was negatively affected by egg removal. This result suggests that the observed increase of egg production can lead to an increase of reproductive physiological costs and to a decrease of female condition. This study raises issues about potential consequences of such a management procedure on parasite resistance and health status of urban bird populations.
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Neuringer, Allen. "Choosing to Vary and Repeat." Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (1992): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00037.x.
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Can animals choose to vary their behaviors or to repeat them, depending on the rewards they earn for behaving variably versus repetitively? To answer this question, pigeons were rewarded for four-response sequences made to left (L) and right (R) disks. A “varied” sequence differed from each of the previous three sequences, and a “repeated” sequence was the same as some one of the previous three. For example, if a pigeon had generated sequences LLLL. LLLR, and LLRR in that order, then an RRRR sequence in the next trial was defined as a variation, whereas LLLL was a repetition. Two experiments showed that frequencies of varied and repeated sequences depended on the frequencies with which they were reinforced, with a “matching” relationship accounting for the results. It was concluded that pigeons' choices to vary or repeat parallel their choices between simpler response alternatives, a result consistent with the hypothesis that behavioral variability is influenced by its consequences. This finding may help to explain the “voluntary” or “free” nature of operant behavior.
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Wang, Hui, Junqing Yang, Changzhi Lv, Ruituo Huai, and Yuxia Li. "Intercollicular nucleus electric stimulation encoded “walk forward” commands in pigeons." Animal Biology 68, no. 2 (2018): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-17000053.
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AbstractThe bio-robot research field is growing. Robo-pigeons have been successfully programmed to turn left or right; however, a satisfactory method of commanding a robo-pigeon to walk forward is still lacking. This problem has become a roadblock to progress in bio-robot research and applications. In mammals, the midbrain periaqueductal gray region (PAG) plays a key role in mediating defensive reactions in response to fear and anxiety. The avian intercollicular nucleus (ICo) is thought to correspond to the PAG. In this study, we found that microstimulating the ICo could successfully induce a robo-pigeon to walk forward. Compared with stimulation of the previously used archistriatum, the response time was considerably shorter and the behavior accuracy significantly higher. This paper describes in detail the process of controlling a robo-pigeon such that it walks forward and backward along a prescribed straight line. From the results, we draw the conclusion that the ICo is suitable for prompting the “walk forward” order in robo-pigeons.
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STEADMAN, DAVID W., and OONA M. TAKANO. "A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania." Zootaxa 4810, no. 3 (2020): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.3.1.
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The region from New Guinea through Oceania sustains the world’s most diverse set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three groups based on functional morphology: “arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), “intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and “terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps). The arboreal and terrestrial groups are each distinctive osteologically, especially in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which are short relative to the femur in the arboreal group, and long relative to the femur in the terrestrial group. The intermediate pigeons are more similar to arboreal than to terrestrial pigeons, but nonetheless fit in neither group. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships among or within these three groups is somewhat tentative using hindlimb osteology alone, although all five genera of arboreal pigeons have independent molecular evidence of relatedness, as do most of the genera of terrestrial pigeons. Using the hindlimb and other osteological data as a framework, we describe a new extinct genus and species of pigeon, Tongoenas burleyi, from Holocene archaeological and Pleistocene paleontological sites on six islands (Foa, Lifuka, `Uiha, Ha`afeva, Tongatapu, and `Eua) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Tongoenas was a large-sized member of the “arboreal” pigeon group, with osteological characters that relate it to Ducula, Gymnophaps, and Hemiphaga (generally canopy frugivores) rather than with the “terrestrial” pigeons (more ground-dwelling and granivorous) such as Gallicolumba, Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, etc. (others listed above). Among volant columbids, living or extinct, only the species of Goura (from New Guinea) are larger than Tongoenas. From most of the same prehistoric sites, we also report new material of the nearly as large, extinct pigeon Ducula shutleri Worthy & Burley, recently described from islands in the Vava`u Group of Tonga. Thus, D. shutleri also was widespread in Tonga before human impact. The prehistoric anthropogenic loss in Tonga of Tongoenas burleyi, Ducula shutleri, and other columbids undoubtedly had a negative impact on the dispersal regimes of Tongan forest trees. At first human contact about 2850 years ago, at least nine species of columbids in six genera inhabited the Tongan islands, where only four species in three genera exist today.
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Stagner, Jessica P., and Thomas R. Zentall. "Suboptimal choice behavior by pigeons." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 17, no. 3 (2010): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.17.3.412.
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Sundberg, Mark L. "Teaching Verbal Behavior to Pigeons." Analysis of Verbal Behavior 3, no. 1 (1985): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392804.
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Kitano, Shoko, Tetsuo Yamaguchi, Daisuke Saeki, and Masato Ito. "PIGEONS' CHOICE BETWEEN SHARED AND UNSHARED FEEDING SITES IN GAME SITUATIONS." Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta 45, no. 2 (2019): 434–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v45.i2.75576.
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Cooperative behavior in nonhuman animals has been studied within the framework of game theory, typically by using the prisoner’s dilemma game. Previous studies on cooperation by pigeons using this game have revealed that, under these conditions, the animals did not learn the tit-for-tat strategy played by their opponents. In many cases, animals fail to choose cooperation and in so doing do not maximize their gains. The present experiment examined pigeons’ cooperative choices in the prisoner’s dilemma game situation by using a different type of apparatus than that used in previous studies: Subjects moved to choose one of two feeding sites, one of which was shared by another, stooge, pigeon whose choices were controlled by a computer and the other of which was not shared by other pigeons. In this choice situation, the presence of the stooge pigeon increased the subjects’ choices of the shared feeding site significantly. Further, the pigeons learned the other player’s choice strategy (tit-for-tat and random), showing that choice proportions for the shared feeding site were significantly higher in the tit-for-tat condition than in the random condition. These results suggest that the presence of a conspecific at the feeding site is a reinforcer for choosing it and that the choice situation constituted by the apparatus used in the present experiment could promote learning of the opponent’s choice strategy.
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Bingman, V., S. Alyan, and S. Benvenuti. "The importance of atmospheric odours for the homing performance of pigeons in the sonoran desert of the southwestern united states." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 5 (1998): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.5.755.
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The importance of atmospheric odours for homing pigeon navigation in a desert environment was tested using birds from two lofts located in the Sonoran desert near Tucson, Arizona, USA. When released from a familiar training site, experienced control pigeons and pigeons given intranasal injections of zinc sulphate to produce anosmia both displayed good homeward orientation and homed rapidly. When released from two unfamiliar locations, in contrast, the controls continued to display good homing performance while the zinc-sulphate-treated pigeons homed poorly. Significant differences in vanishing bearings, homing time and homing success were recorded. When a group of control and a group of zinc-sulphate-treated inexperienced pigeons were released from two unfamiliar locations, both groups homed poorly. Nonetheless, the controls still outperformed the zinc-sulphate-treated birds, the most notable result being a significant difference in homing success. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of atmospheric odours for the operation of the navigational map of the homing pigeon in a desert environment and, together with previous experiments, demonstrate that the role of atmospheric odours in homing does not seem to vary in any salient way with ambient climatic conditions. <P>
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Haque, Asim, and J. David Dickman. "Vestibular Gaze Stabilization: Different Behavioral Strategies for Arboreal and Terrestrial Avians." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (2005): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00966.2004.
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In birds, it is thought that head movements play a major role in the reflexive stabilization of gaze and vision. In this study, we investigated the contributions of the eye and head to gaze stabilization during rotations under both head-fixed [vestibuloocular (VOR)] and head-free conditions in two avian species: pigeons and quails. These two species differ both in ocular anatomy (the pigeon has 2 distinct foveal regions), as well as in behavioral repertoires. Pigeons are arboreal, fly extended distances, and can navigate. Quails are primarily engrossed in terrestrial niches and fly only short distances. Unlike the head-fixed VOR gains that were under-compensatory for both species, gaze gains under head-free conditions were completely compensatory at high frequencies. This compensation was achieved primarily with head movements in pigeons, but with combined head and eye-in-head contributions in the quail. In contrast, eye-in-head motion, which was significantly reduced for head-free compared with head-fixed conditions, contributed very little to overall gaze stability in pigeons. These results suggest that disparity between the stabilization strategies employed by these two birds may be attributed to differences in species-specific behavior and anatomy.
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Strasser, Rosemary, Joyce M. Ehrlinger, and Verner P. Bingman. "Transitive Behavior in Hippocampal-Lesioned Pigeons." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 63, no. 3 (2004): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000076442.
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Innis, GJ. "Feeding Ecology of Fruit Pigeons in Subtropical Rainforests of South-Eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 16, no. 4 (1989): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890365.
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In a 5-yr (1979-84) study of 6 species of fruit pigeon in lowland (dry) and upland (wet) subtropical rain forests in the Jimna and Conondale Ranges, the effects of forest phenology on pigeon abundance were investigated. The pigeons utilized 89 species of plants from 39 families of trees, palms and vines. The seasonal availability of fruit was similar in each forest type: most plant species bore crops during the wet season (Dec.-Mar.) and held crops into the early dry season (April-May); the late dry season (June-Oct.) was a time of general fruit shortage. More than 60% of the species of food plants present in upland forest were rare or absent in lowland forest. In general, each species of pigeon utilized a distinct suite of plant species in each forest type. Certain species of fig (Ficus spp.) fruited asynchronously and were the most important food for sedentary wompoo fruit-doves (Ptilinopus magnificus magnificus) in both forest types. These and other species of fig were the most important food for topknot pigeons (Lopholaimus antarcticus) and rose-crowned fruit-doves (P. regina regina) in lowland forest. An influx of flocks of up to 200 topknot pigeons into upland forest occurred each year in response to the fruiting of Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. The foraging habits of rose-crowned fruit-doves were largely opportunistic in upland forest, utilizing whatever fruit was available at particular times. White-headed pigeons (Columba leucomela) foraged solely in Olea paniculata during irregular visits to lowland forest. A regular summer influx into upland forest occurred in response to the fruiting of a vine, Piper novae-hollandiae. In each forest type, brown cuckoo-doves (Macropygia amboinensis) had a distinct foraging preference for plant species characteristic of disturbed forests; important plant families were the Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Araliaceae. Superb fruit-doves (P. superbus) were seldom found in either forest type.
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Hughes, Austin L. "The chivalrous pigeon: Pigeons help their mates to obtain resources." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 5 (1987): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(87)90048-6.
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Avery, Michael L., Kandy L. Keacher, and Eric A. Tillman. "Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)." Wildlife Research 35, no. 1 (2008): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07017.
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Development of effective methods for reducing populations of overabundant nuisance bird species continues to challenge wildlife biologists. Reproductive inhibition, although conceptually pleasing, has been difficult to implement because of the lack of a safe, approved avian contraceptive. Recently, however, nicarbazin received regulatory approval in the United States for use as a bait to decrease hatchability of resident Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and feral pigeon (Columba livia) eggs. In anticipation of the feral pigeon registration, we evaluated efficacy by exposing captive pairs of nesting pigeons to nicarbazin bait for 4 h daily. Egg production was unaffected, but only 9 of 22 eggs hatched, a 59% reduction from pre-treatment when each of the 11 test pairs produced 2 nestlings. In the recovery phase, when treated bait was removed, the 11 pairs produced 18 nestlings. All nestlings produced during the study appeared healthy and normal, and there was no mortality among the adult pairs. Nicarbazin is an effective and safe means of reducing hatchability of feral pigeon eggs that can be used within an integrated management plan to reduce feral pigeon populations.
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Ophir, E., Y. Arieli, J. Marder, and M. Horowitz. "Cutaneous blood flow in the pigeon Columba livia: its possible relevance to cutaneous water evaporation." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 17 (2002): 2627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.17.2627.
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SUMMARY The heat-acclimated rock pigeon is thought to use cutaneous water evaporation (CWE) as the `preferred' route for heat dissipation, and this mechanism is controlled by adrenergic signaling. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that adjustments in skin blood flow are a crucial component of this adaptation. Skin blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and by ultrasonic flowmetry in heat-acclimated (HAc) and non-acclimated (NAc) pigeons. Skin blood flow, CWE and rectal and skin temperatures were measured under heat exposure(Ta=50°C) or following propranolol (1.3 mg kg-1) or clonidine (80 μg kg-1) administration. Using laser Doppler flowmetry, we found a significant increase (1.3-fold) in skin blood flow in the dorsal skin of HAc pigeons following propanolol administration. In contrast, a significant decrease (0.7-fold) was observed in NAc birds. Injection of clonidine resulted in a significant decrease in skin blood flow in both HAc and NAc pigeons (0.4- and 0.5-fold, respectively). Heat exposure increased blood perfusion in both groups (2.5- and 1.8-fold,respectively). Using ultrasonic flowmetry, we showed that both propanolol and clonidine increase the arterial blood flow (Qa) in HAc pigeons, while venous blood flow (Qv) decreases. In contrast, no significant changes were found in NAc pigeons. As shown by the effect of clonidine, augmentation of skin blood flow is not a prerequisite for CWE, but normally coincides with a greater difference in arterial—venous pressure. Possible regulatory mechanisms are discussed.
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Kurnia Parmasari, Erlis, and Gede Agung Raynanda Putra N. "KETIDAKSETUJUAN KEGIATAN JUDI MERPATI DEMI MENJAGA KELESTARIANNYA (KHUSUSNYA PADA DAERAH KENJERAN, SURABAYA)." Mimbar Keadilan 14, no. 2 (2021): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/mk.v14i2.5246.
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AbstractThis research on pigeon gambling was made with the aim of informing residents that until now there are still many who carry out pigeon gambling activities, especially in the Kenjeran area of Surabaya. With the pigeon gambling activity, of course, indirectly harming their relatives, especially themselves if they do this, because if they fail, they will bet to pay the money according to the agreement. Where it is not profitable at all, but rather an addiction or desire more to hope to win and produce quickly. Pigeon gambling is a game using birds that are contested to compete with the flying speed of the pigeons until they reach the finish line that has been prepared and determined by the “adu doro” (pigeon fighting) committee. In Surabaya, especially in the Kenjeran area, the existence of "fight-doro" activities is still often seen. Even though Surabaya is a big city, “pigeon fighting” activities are only carried out at certain times, namely Sundays or holidays. Before participating in the competition, the pigeons must be trained first, the practice is carried out every afternoon so that the pigeons can be more sensitive to their cruising range.Keywords: bet; deviant behavior; pigeon gamblingAbstrakPenelitian mengenai judi burung merpati ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk memberitahu kepada para warga yang sampai saat ini masih banyak yang melakukan kegiatan judi burung merpati, khususnya di daerah Kenjeran Surabaya. Dengan adanya kegiatan judi merpati tersebut tentu secara tidak langsung merugikan sanak saudara mereka, terutama dirinya sendiri jika melakukan hal tersebut, karena jika sudah mengalami kegagalan akan bertaruh membayar uang sesuai yang sudah diperjanjikan. Dimana hal tersebut sama sekali tidak menguntungkan, melainkan rasa candu atau keinginan lebih untuk berharap menang dan menghasilkan secara cepat. Judi merpati merupakan judi dengan sarana burung yang dilombakan untuk mengadu kecepatan terbang merpati hingga sampai di garis finish yang telah dipersiapkan dan ditentukan oleh panitia “adu doro” (adu merpati). Di Surabaya, khususnya daerah Kenjeran, kegiatan “adu doro” masih sering terlihat eksistensinya. Walaupun Surabaya termasuk kota besar, akan tetapi kegiatan “adu merpati” hanya dilakukan pada waktu tertentu yaitu hari Minggu atau hari libur. Burung merpati sebelum mengikuti lomba harus dilatih terlebih dahulu, latihannya dilakukan setiap sore hari agar merpati nya bisa lebih peka daya jelajahnya.
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Włodarczyk, Justyna. "Beyond Bizarre: Nature, Culture and the Spectacular Failure of B.F. Skinner’s Pigeon-Guided Missiles." Polish Journal for American Studies, no. 14 (Spring 2020) (December 1, 2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/pjas.14/1/2020.01.
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The article uses posthumanism and animal studies as a framework for making sense of B.F. Skinner’s wartime project of training pigeons to guide missiles, with emphasis on explaining the negative response of the donors and the public. The article first considers the hypothesis that the donors’ incredulity was evoked by the species of the animal. During World War II the United States began a massive program for the training of dogs for the military, and the campaign received unanimously positive publicity in the media. Possibly, thus, dogs were perceived as capable of bravery and sacrifice while pigeons were not. However, messenger pigeons had been traditionally incorporated into the war machine and were perceived as heroic. Thus, the analysis moves on to suggest that the perception of the project as ridiculous was related to the type of behavior performed by the animals: a behavior perceived as trained (artificially acquired) and not instinctive. The analysis then shifts into how the distinction between what is perceived as instinctive (natural) and learned (artificial) behavior influences the reception of different performances involving animals. Performances built around “natural” behaviors generate much stronger positive responses, even if the naturalness of these behaviors is a carefully crafted effect.
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Nardi, Daniele, Kristian P. Nitsch, and Verner P. Bingman. "Slope-driven goal location behavior in pigeons." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 36, no. 4 (2010): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019234.
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Güntürkün, Onur, Andrea Grothues, Annette Hautkappe, Franz Vise, Norbert Wawrzyniak, and Uwe Zwilling. "Serotonergic modulation of ingestive behavior in pigeons." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 32, no. 2 (1989): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90172-x.
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Wilkie, Donald M. "Some factors affecting pigeons' visual tracking behavior." Behavioural Processes 12, no. 3 (1986): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(86)90042-2.
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Güntürkün, Onur. "Lateralization of visually controlled behavior in pigeons." Physiology & Behavior 34, no. 4 (1985): 575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(85)90051-4.
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HUME, JULIAN PENDER. "Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species." Zootaxa 3124, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1.
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The original diversity of the pigeons and doves (Columbidae: Nesoenas, Columba, Alectroenas) of the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues) has been poorly understood. Only two of perhaps as many as ten species are known from skin specimens, whereas the rest are known from old accounts and subfossil remains only. Most accounts, however, do not distinguish between species, so accurate identification is difficult to determine. The introduction of non-native pigeons has further exacerbated the problem and has led to erroneous interpretation. This paper provides a detailed re-analysis of the Mascarene columbid fauna (excluding the large, terrestrial “didines”, the Dodo Raphus cucullatus and Solitaire Pezophaps solitaria), based partly on newly discovered subfossil remains. Key findings include: a new species of Alectroenas from Rodrigues and new species of Nesoenas and Columba from Mauritius; referral of the problematic species 'Columba' rodericana of Rodrigues to the genus Nesoenas; and documentation of new morphological and historical information concerning the extant Pink Pigeon Nesoenas mayeri and the extinct Mauritius Blue Pigeon Alectroenas nitidissima. The Columbidae comprises the largest avian radiation in the Mascarenes and probably colonised the islands at least four times from Madagascar and SE Asia during low sea level stands.
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Bush, Sarah E., Dukgun Kim, Brett R. Moyer, Jackson Lever, and Dale H. Clayton. "Is Melanin a Defense Against Feather-Feeding Lice?" Auk 123, no. 1 (2006): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.153.
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Abstract The adaptive basis of plumage color has received much attention, including the finding that color can reveal information about parasite loads to potential mates. A related possibility, that color may be a direct defense against parasites, has received less attention. Melanin makes feathers tough and more resistant to wear and tear. Melanin may also make feathers more difficult for feather-feeding parasites to eat. We explored the role of melanin as a possible ectoparasite defense using Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) and their feather-feeding lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Rock Pigeons are an ideal species for such work because of the extreme variation in the feathers of different color morphs, ranging from melanin-rich black to melanin-free white individuals. We tested the effect of melanin on lice in several ways. First, we compared the natural louse loads of free-ranging pigeons to see whether the more melanistic color morphs had fewer lice. We also did laboratory assays in which we measured the survival and reproductive success of pigeon lice forced to feed on feathers with different amounts of melanin, and we compared the quantities of feather material consumed by these lice. Finally, we tested the habitat and feeding preferences of lice exposed to feathers with different amounts of melanin. None of our tests revealed any effect of melanin on lice. We conclude that melanin is not, at least in Rock Pigeons, a defense against feather lice. ¿Es la Melanina una Defensa Contra los Piojos que se Alimentan de Plumas?
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Sacchi, Roberto, Augusto Gentilli, Edoardo Razzetti, and Francesco Barbieri. "Effects of building features on density and flock distribution of feral pigeons Columba livia var. domestica in an urban environment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 1 (2002): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-202.
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We censused feral pigeons (Columba livia) living in Milan, Italy (a 181-km2 area), between July 1999 and February 2000 by means of linear transects to examine population densities in different urban habitats and the relationships between population density and structural features of buildings. The pigeon population of Milan was 103 650 birds, with an average density of 570/km2. Population density increased significantly from farmland (434 birds/km2) to the suburbs (604 birds/km2) and from the suburbs to the centre of the city (2083 birds/km2). There was a positive relationship between both bird number and flock number and the abundance of buildings constructed before 1936. There were no significant associations between either bird number or flock number and the abundance of buildings when we did not consider date of construction. This indicated active selection of old buildings by feral pigeons.
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Jang, Jungwoo, Changhoon Baek, Sunhyo Kim, et al. "Current Stimulation of the Midbrain Nucleus in Pigeons for Avian Flight Control." Micromachines 12, no. 7 (2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070788.
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A number of research attempts to understand and modulate sensory and motor skills that are beyond the capability of humans have been underway. They have mainly been expounded in rodent models, where numerous reports of controlling movement to reach target locations by brain stimulation have been achieved. However, in the case of birds, although basic research on movement control has been conducted, the brain nuclei that are triggering these movements have yet to be established. In order to fully control flight navigation in birds, the basic central nervous system involved in flight behavior should be understood comprehensively, and functional maps of the birds’ brains to study the possibility of flight control need to be clarified. Here, we established a stable stereotactic surgery to implant multi-wire electrode arrays and electrically stimulated several nuclei of the pigeon’s brain. A multi-channel electrode array and a wireless stimulation system were implanted in thirteen pigeons. The pigeons’ flight trajectories on electrical stimulation of the cerebral nuclei were monitored and analyzed by a 3D motion tracking program to evaluate the behavioral change, and the exact stimulation site in the brain was confirmed by the postmortem histological examination. Among them, five pigeons were able to induce right and left body turns by stimulating the nuclei of the tractus occipito-mesencephalicus (OM), nucleus taeniae (TN), or nucleus rotundus (RT); the nuclei of tractus septo-mesencephalicus (TSM) or archistriatum ventrale (AV) were stimulated to induce flight aviation for flapping and take-off with five pigeons.
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Wallraff, H. "Seven theses on pigeon homing deduced from empirical findings." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (1996): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.105.
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Experimental findings obtained in recent years make it possible to recognize and distinguish the most relevant components determining homing flights of displaced pigeons. Conclusions deduced from these experiments, more or less compelling or tentative, are presented in the form of seven theses, supplemented by several subtheses along with reference to empirical data. The principal theses are as follows. (1) Passively displaced pigeons find the way home by using location-dependent signals and not by path integration based on recording of motion. Pigeons are able to home, even from unfamiliar areas, without access to potentially useful information during transport to the release site. (2) Home-related orientation of pigeons in unfamiliar areas requires positional information acquired olfactorily from atmospheric trace gases. Empirically deduced details of olfactory navigation are enumerated (connection with winds and the sun, inaccuracy, spatial range, time course of sampling and memorizing spatial information, etc.). The critical gap in our knowledge, i.e. the nature and spatio-temporal distribution of the substances involved, is provisionally filled by speculation. (3) In familiar areas, known from previous flights, the visual landscape is used additionally to find the way home. (4) Initial orientation of pigeons does not exclusively reflect home-related navigation but includes components independent of the position with respect to home. Observed bearings are co-determined by a general preference for a certain compass direction and by distracting features of the nearby landscape. (5) Proportions among components controlling initial orientation according to theses 2-4 are highly variable depending on local, temporal and experimental conditions and on the life histories of the pigeons. This complexity greatly restricts recognition of the navigationally relevant components of behaviour at a given release site. (6) Sensory inputs, being neither olfactory nor visual, do not substantially contribute to determining the current position with respect to home. This thesis need not be definitive, but at present no contradicting evidence is available. (7) Pigeon homing is a model case of bird homing in general. Experiments with other species support this thesis. So far, there is no reason to assume that wild birds apply mechanisms fundamentally different from those of pigeons to find the way home.
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Helduser, Sascha, Sen Cheng, and Onur Güntürkün. "Identification of two forebrain structures that mediate execution of memorized sequences in the pigeon." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 4 (2013): 958–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00763.2012.
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The execution of action sequences is the basis of most behavior. However, little is known about the neural foundation of visuomotor sequence execution in birds, although pigeons are a classic model animal to study sequence learning and production. Recently, we identified two structures in the pigeon brain, the nidopallium intermedium medialis pars laterale (NIML) and the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), that are involved in the execution of a serial reaction time task (SRTT). In the SRTT sequence execution is always cue guided. Thus the previous study could not unambiguously clarify whether NCL and NIML contribute to a memory-based execution of sequential behavior. In addition, a possibly differential role of these two structures could not be identified. Therefore, the present study was conducted to further elucidate the role of NCL and NIML in sequence execution in a task where pigeons performed a memorized four-item sequence. Transient inactivation of each NIML and NCL severely impaired sequence execution. The results confirm and extend our previous findings. NIML and NCL seem to store sequence information in parallel. However, the results support the hypothesis that NCL, in contrast to NIML, is especially required for sequence initiation.
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Walcott, C., J. L. Gould, and A. J. Lednor. "Homing of magnetized and demagnetized pigeons." Journal of Experimental Biology 134, no. 1 (1988): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134.1.27.
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Homing pigeons appear to use the earth's magnetic field as a compass and perhaps as part of their position-finding system or ‘map’. The sensory system they use to detect magnetic fields is unknown, but two current possibilities are some mode of response by the pineal organ or by the visual system, or it may be based on the magnetite crystals found in their heads. Three series of experiments to test the involvement of magnetite are reported here. The alignment of the permanent magnetic domains in the birds heads was altered by (a) demagnetizing the birds, (b) magnetizing them with a strong magnetic field and (c) exposing the birds to a strong magnetic gradient. None of these treatments had a marked effect on the pigeon's orientation or homing under sunny skies, but a few results obtained under overcast skies suggest that demagnetizing the birds may have increased the scatter of their vanishing bearings. Perhaps pigeons use one magnetic sensor for their magnetic compass and another for some component of the map.
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Able, K. P. "The debate over olfactory navigation by homing pigeons." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (1996): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.121.
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In the years since 1971, when Papi and his colleagues first proposed that odors played an important role in the homing navigation of pigeons, the hypothesis has remained controversial. Although the idea seemed intuitively unreasonable to nearly everyone working in the field at that time, empirical support from a wide variety of experiments emanating from Papi's laboratory in Pisa has stimulated a quarter of a century of experiments, theorizing, advocacy and dissent. The issue is reviewed here in contributions by Hans Wallraff, one of the chief proponents of olfactory navigation, and Roswitha Wiltschko, who remains skeptical about the involvement of odors in pigeon homing. At the Editors' request, I provide here a personal perspective on the debate from one who has had no involvement in the issue and, indeed, has never released a homing pigeon.
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Matsyura, A. V. "Hawk kite as potential bird scare device (the case of pigeons and grain processing factory)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 2 (2018): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_350.
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Here we presented the preliminary results of hawk kite usage against the feral pigeons in some grain processing factory. We studied the temporal and spatial patterns of repellent effect and bird behavior. We suggested the feral pigeons gradually increase the level of tolerance towards the hawk kite if no additional repellent measures were undertaken. Moreover, even initially the feral pigeons demonstrate higher tolerance towards the hawk kite compared to the Rooks or Hooded Crows.
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Johnston, Melissa, Andrew N. Clarkson, Emma K. Gowing, Damian Scarf, and Michael Colombo. "Effects of nidopallium caudolaterale inactivation on serial-order behavior in pigeons (Columba livia)." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2018): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00167.2018.
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Serial-order behavior is the ability to complete a sequence of responses in a predetermined order to achieve a reward. In birds, serial-order behavior is thought to be impaired by damage to the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL). In the current study, we examined the role of the NCL in serial-order behavior by training pigeons on a 4-item serial-order task and a go/no-go discrimination task. Following training, pigeons received infusions of 1 μl of either tetrodotoxin (TTX) or saline. Saline infusions had no impact on serial-order behavior, whereas TTX infusions resulted in a significant decrease in performance. The serial-order impairments, however, were not the result of any specific error at any specific list item. With respect to the go/no-go discrimination task, saline infusions also had no impact on performance, whereas TTX infusions impaired pigeons’ discrimination abilities. Given the impairments on the go/no-go discrimination task, which does not require processing of serial-order information, we tentatively conclude that damage to the NCL does not impair serial-order behavior per se, but rather results in a more generalized impairment that may impact performance across a range of tasks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the role of the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) in serial-order behavior by training pigeons on a 4-item serial-order task and selectively inhibiting the region with TTX. Although TTX infusions did impair serial-order behavior, the pattern of the deficit, plus the fact that TTX also impaired performance on a task without a serial-order component, indicates that inactivation of NCL causes impairments in reward processing or inhibition rather than serial-order behavior.
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Wasserman, E. A., R. E. Kiedinger, and R. S. Bhatt. "Conceptual behavior in pigeons: Categories, subcategories, and pseudocategories." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 14, no. 3 (1988): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0097-7403.14.3.235.
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Castro, Leyre, and Edward A. Wasserman. "Information-seeking behavior: exploring metacognitive control in pigeons." Animal Cognition 16, no. 2 (2012): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0569-8.
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Tomanari, Gerson Yukio, Ligia Marcondes Machado, and William V. Dube. "Pigeons' Observing Behavior and Response-Independent Food Presentations." Learning and Motivation 29, no. 2 (1998): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lmot.1998.1002.
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Waldvogel, J. A., and J. B. Phillips. "Olfactory cues perceived at the home loft are not essential for the formation of a navigational map in pigeons." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (1991): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.643.
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Deflector lofts consist of a ‘pinwheel’ arrangement of four stationary deflector panels attached to the sides of a cube-shaped cage. These panels are made of wood and Plexiglas and rotate incoming winds in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. When released at a distant site, homing pigeons (Columbia livia) raised in deflector lofts exhibit a shift in orientation relative to controls which corresponds to the clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of winds in their loft, suggesting the involvement of wind-borne olfactory cues in pigeon navigation. As part of a long-term study designed to test whether orientation cues other than odors might also be involved in creating the deflector-loft effect, we carried out experiments in upstate New York, USA, in which deflector lofts were modified to reverse the direction of light reflected from the Plexiglas panels while leaving the rotation of winds unchanged. The results indicate that the orientation of pigeons raised as permanent residents of these altered deflector lofts is not influenced by reflected light cues; i.e. they exhibit the same orientation bias as birds raised in the lofts with normal panels. This is in direct contrast to our previous findings that non-resident pigeons kept in the altered lofts for short periods exhibit a reversal of initial orientation compared to birds from the lofts with normal panels. However, when permanent-resident birds are prevented from having a direct view of the horizon sky by the addition of ‘anti-cheating’ slats (which prevent the birds from seeing beyond the end of each panel), the deflections are either greatly reduced or eliminated entirely, contrary to the predictions of olfactory navigation models. This disappearance of the deflector-loft effect in the presence of anti-cheating slats suggests that the positions of the deflector panels in the two experimental lofts must be differentially influencing important visual orientation cues reaching the birds housed inside. We believe that these cues are probably derived from polarized skylight emanating from the horizon, and that the obstruction of specific regions of horizon skylight by the deflector panels in the two experimental lofts is responsible for a miscalibration of the pigeon's sun compass. This miscalibration, in turn, generates the orientation bias observed for deflector-loft birds. Our findings force us to conclude that, at least for pigeons raised in New York (and perhaps those from other geographical locations as well), olfactory cues perceived at the home loft do not contribute to the formation of the navigational map.
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Lawton, John H. "Pigeons, Peregrines and People." Oikos 83, no. 2 (1998): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546832.
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Seamans, Mark E., and Clait E. Braun. "Estimation of Band-Tailed Pigeon Band Recovery and Population Vital Rates in Colorado, 1969–1981." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7, no. 2 (2016): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/112015-jfwm-110.
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AbstractData to inform population assessment of the Interior subspecies of band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata fasciata (breeding range from Colorado and Utah south into Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico), have been lacking despite substantial past banding efforts. We used a data set of more than 26,000 bandings from Colorado, with 3,500 live recaptures and 780 recoveries from the harvest of banded individuals to estimate annual survival, fidelity, and harvest rates. Most birds were harvested in Colorado (62%) followed by Mexico (18%); New Mexico (16%); Arizona (3%); and 1% or less each in California, Washington, and Utah. On average, each year 15% (range 0–30%) of surviving band-tailed pigeons did not return to Colorado. From 1969 to 1981 mean annual survival was 0.633 (standard error [SE] = 0.031) for hatch-year and 0.719 (SE = 0.016) for after-hatch-year birds, with a mean annual recovery rate of 0.015 (SE = 0.002) for hatch-year and 0.011 (SE = 0.001) for after-hatch-year birds. From 1970 to 1974, mean annual abundance of band-tailed pigeons in Colorado on 1 September was 59,911–88,290. These data provide a baseline for additional data collection for band-tailed pigeons in the range of the Interior subspecies.
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Schmid, J., and W. Schlund. "ANOSMIA IN ZnSO4-TREATED PIGEONS: LOSS OF OLFACTORY INFORMATION DURING ONTOGENY AND THE ROLE OF SITE FAMILIARITY IN HOMING EXPERIMENTS." Journal of Experimental Biology 185, no. 1 (1993): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.185.1.33.
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Depriving homing pigeons of olfactory information by spraying an 18 % zinc sulphate solution onto their olfactory ephithelium results in anosmia that persists for at least 5 days (tested using the ‘orienting response’). To study whether anosmic zinc-sulphate-treated pigeons (ZnSO4-pigeons) were able to compensate for their loss of olfactory information by using familiar landmarks, we made releases from two different distances (9–24 km, 54–70 km). The birds had homed once before from each release site. At shorter distances, ZnSO4-pigeons, sham-treated controls and untreated super controls were well oriented. At the longer distances, the anosmic pigeons and the sham-treated controls did not show any directional preference whereas the super controls were oriented towards home. In all cases, however, fewer anosmic pigeons homed successfully and their homing speed was slower than the speed of either control group. In order to determine whether experience during ontogeny affects the orientation behaviour, a group of young pigeons was reared anosmically by application of ZnSO4 solution once a week. A second group of experimental pigeons was made anosmic just before the critical release. When released at unfamiliar sites located between 15 and 24 km from home, all but the group of short-term ZnSO4- pigeons were well oriented. Neither permanently nor temporarily anosmic ZnSO4-pigeons showed good homing performances. These data indicate that homing pigeons determine their home direction by relying on the navigational factors they have collected during rearing. The paradoxical finding that anosmically reared pigeons were oriented towards home but did not home successfully leads to the questions of whether intra-nasal irrigation with ZnSO4 solution results in extensive brain damage or whether initial orientation and the rest of the homing process are based on different mechanisms.
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Pitts, Raymond C., Christine E. Hughes, and Dean C. Williams. "TRANSITIONS FROM RICH-TO-LEAN SCHEDULES INCREASE ATTACK IN A LABORATORY MODEL OF SOCIAL AGGRESSION IN PIGEONS: II. FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULES." Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta 45, no. 2 (2019): 519–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5514/rmac.v45.i2.75582.
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Pigeons key pecked under two-component multiple fixed-interval (FI) schedules. Each component provided a different reinforcer magnitude (small or large), signaled by the color of the key light. Attacks toward a live, protected target pigeon were measured. Large- (rich) and small- (lean) reinforcer components alternated irregularly such that four different interval types (transitions) between the size of the immediately preceding reinforcer and the size of the upcoming reinforcer occurred within each session: lean-to-lean, lean-to-rich, rich-to-lean, and rich-torich transitions. The FI for each component was the same within each phase, but was manipulated across phases. For all pigeons, more attack occurred following the presentations of the larger reinforcer (i.e., during rich-to-lean and rich-to-rich transitions). For 2 of the 3 pigeons, this effect was modulated by the size of the upcoming reinforcer; attack following larger reinforcers was elevated when the upcoming reinforcer was small (i.e., during rich-to-lean transitions). This rich-to-lean effect on attack diminished or disappeared as the length of the FI schedule was increased (i.e., control over attack by the upcoming reinforcer size diminished with increases in the inter-reinforcement interval). For all pigeons and at all FIs, however, postreinforcement pauses were longest during the rich-to-lean transitions. These data (1) are consistent with the notion that postreinforcement periods during intermittent schedules function aversively and, thus, can precipitate aggressive behavior, and (2) suggest that rich-to-lean conditions may be especially aversive. They also indicate, however, that aversive effects of rich-to-lean transitions may differ across fixed-ratio (FR) and FI schedules, and that variables controlling attacking and pausing may not be isomorphic between these different schedule types.
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Bonadona, F., R. Holland, L. Dall'Antonia, T. Guilford, and S. Benvenuti. "Tracking clock-shifted homing pigeons from familiar release sites." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 2 (2000): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.2.207.
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Clock-shifted homing pigeons were tracked from familiar sites 17.1 km and 23.5 km from the home loft in Pisa, Italy, using an on-board route recorder. At the first release site, north of home, the majority of clock-shifted birds had relatively straight tracks comparable with those of control birds. At the second release site, south of home, the clock-shifted birds deflected in the direction predicted for the degree of clock shift, with many birds travelling some distance in the wrong direction before correcting their course. The possible role of large-scale terrain features in homing pigeon navigation is discussed.
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JENSEN, CHRIS, and CLAUS BECH. "Ventilation and Gas Exchange During Shallow Hypothermia in Pigeons." Journal of Experimental Biology 165, no. 1 (1992): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.165.1.111.
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Ventilatory control of the composition of the gases in the air sacs was studied during entry into fasting-induced, shallow, nocturnal hypothermia in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT) and oxygen uptake (VOO2 were recorded simultaneously in six pigeons; partial pressures of CO2 and O2 in the abdominal and interclavicular air sacs were measured in seven pigeons. Ambient temperature was 25°C (thermoneutral) and the body temperature (Tb) was recorded in all experiments. A reduction in Tb from 40.5 to 37.5°C paralleled decreases in f and VT from 13.3 min−1 and 15.2 ml BTPSkg−1 to 10.7 min−1 and 12.4ml BTPSkg−1, respectively. There was a minor, but non-significant, simultaneous decrease in the ventilatory requirement (total ventilation/O2 uptake) from 0.38 to O.35 ml BTPSmmol−1. However, in both air sacs the partial pressure of CO2 increased when Tb decreased, indicating an effective parabronchial hypoventilation. The results support the idea of a gradually developing respiratory acidosis during hypothermia.
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Vandervoort, Frances S. "Oscar Riddle’s Science, a Special Bird, & the Founding of the NABT." American Biology Teacher 75, no. 9 (2013): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2013.75.9.9.
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Oscar Riddle, born in Indiana in 1877, was an ardent evolutionist and a key player in the founding of the National Association of Biology Teachers in 1938. He studied heredity and behavior in domestic pigeons and doves with Charles O. Whitman of the University of Chicago, received his Ph.D. in zoology in 1907, and in 1912 began a long career at the Carnegie Institution. He is best known for his 1932 discovery of prolactin, the “mother love” hormone. Whitman founded and directed the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole and cared for Martha, the world’s last passenger pigeon, who died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.
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von Fersen, L., C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, and J. E. R. Staddon. "Deductive reasoning in pigeons." Naturwissenschaften 77, no. 11 (1990): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01139271.
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