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Journal articles on the topic 'Piggyback Basin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Salazar, Migdalys, Lorena Moscardelli, William Fisher, and Maria Antonieta Lorente. "Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Morichito piggyback basin, Eastern Venezuelan Basin." Marine and Petroleum Geology 28, no. 1 (2011): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.07.004.

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2

Zoetemeijer, R., S. Cloetingh, W. Sassi, and F. Roure. "Modelling of piggyback-basin stratigraphy: Record of tectonic evolution." Tectonophysics 226, no. 1-4 (1993): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90121-y.

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3

Cook, Frederick A., and Elizabeth A. Clark. "Middle Proterozoic piggyback basin in the subsurface of northwestern Canada." Geology 18, no. 7 (1990): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0662:mppbit>2.3.co;2.

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4

Ferrière, Jacky, Jean-Yves Reynaud, Andreas Pavlopoulos, et al. "Geologic evolution and geodynamic controls of the Tertiary intramontane piggyback Meso-Hellenic basin, Greece." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, no. 4 (2004): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.4.361.

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Abstract The Meso-Hellenic Basin (MHB) is a large, narrow and elongated basin containing up to c. 5 km of Cenozoic sediments, which partially covers the tectonic boundary between the external, western zones (Pindos) and the internal, eastern zones (Pelagonian) of the Hellenide fold-and-thrust belt. New results, based on micropaleontologic, sedimentologic and tectonic field data from the southern half of the MHB, suggest that the MHB originated as a forearc basin during the first stages of a subduction (Pindos basin), and evolved into a true piggyback basin as a result of the collision of thicker crustal units (Gavrovo-Tripolitsa). The late Eocene forearc stage is marked by sharply transgressive, deep sea turbiditic deposition on the subsiding active margin. At this stage, large scale structures of the Pelagonian basement (i.e. the newly defined “Pelagonian Indentor”) control deposition and location of two main subsiding sub-basins located on both sides of the MHB. The Eocene-Oligocene boundary corresponds to a brief tectonic inversion of the basin, at the onset of collision (main compressive event). The true piggyback stage (Oligo-Miocene) is recorded by slope deposition and dominated by gravity processes (from slumped, fine grained turbidites to conglomeratic fan- or Gilbert-deltas). The new elongated geometry of the MHB is controlled by the underthrusted, NNW-SSE trending, thick external zones. During this stage, the locus of subsidence migrates in the same direction (eastward) as underthrusting. This subsidence, favoured by thick dense ophiolitic basement, is attributed to basal tectonic erosion of the upper Pelagonian unit while the tectonic structures of this upper unit control the stepped migration of subsidence. Growing duplexes in the Gavrovo underthrusted unit, which formed local uplifts, were mainly situated on the eastern side of the subsiding areas and associated with normal faulting (late Oligocene–early Miocene). They constituted new loads that could also have been responsible for minor but widespread lithospheric subsidence. The development of the local and regional uplifts explains the basin evolution toward shallow, dominantly conglomeratic deposits and its final emergence at the end of the middle Miocene. This trend toward emersion is emphasized by the late Miocene global sea-level fall. The MHB was subsequently overprinted by neotectonic deformation associated with the development of a continental basin (Ptolemais) and uplift attributed to the evolution of the Olympos structure that developed further east as the underthrusting moved in this direction. These results demonstrate that the Meso-Hellenic Basin evolves as a large scale piggyback Basin and that its sedimentary infill is largely controled by tectonic activity rather than only eustatic sea-level variations.

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5

Philip, G., N. S. Virdi, and N. Suresh. "Morphotectonic evolution of Parduni Basin: An intradun piggyback basin in western Doon valley, NW Outer Himalaya." Journal of the Geological Society of India 74, no. 2 (2009): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0121-x.

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6

Lash, Gary G. "The Shochary Ridge sequence, southeastern Pennsylvania—a possible Ordovician piggyback basin fill." Sedimentary Geology 68, no. 1-2 (1990): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90118-d.

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7

Nijman, Wouter. "Cyclicity and basin axis shift in a piggyback basin: towards modelling of the Eocene Tremp-Ager Basin, South Pyrenees, Spain." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 134, no. 1 (1998): 135–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.134.01.07.

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8

Wagreich, Michael. "A 400-km-long piggyback basin (Upper Aptian-Lower Cenomanian) in the Eastern Alps." Terra Nova 13, no. 6 (2001): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00362.x.

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9

Hippolyte, J. C., J. Angelier, F. Roure, and P. Casero. "Piggyback basin development and thrust belt evolution: structural and palaeostress analyses of Plio-Quaternary basins in the Southern Apennines." Journal of Structural Geology 16, no. 2 (1994): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90102-3.

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10

Lawton, Timothy F., and James H. Trexler, Jr. "Piggyback basin in the Sevier orogenic belt, Utah: Implications for development of the thrust wedge." Geology 19, no. 8 (1991): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0827:pbitso>2.3.co;2.

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11

TURNER, J. P. "Evolving alluvial stratigraphy and thrust front development in the West Jaca piggyback basin, Spanish Pyrenees." Journal of the Geological Society 149, no. 1 (1992): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.1.0051.

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12

Ananiadis, G., I. Vakalas, A. Zelilidis, and K. Stoykova. "PALAEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF PINDOS BASIN DURING PALEOGENE USING CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (2018): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16831.

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A different basin evolution is suggested between the northern and southern parts of the Pindos basin, based on biostratigraphic dating results. Characteristic nannofossils showed that flysch sedimentation in the whole basin started in the Paleocene and generally finished during the Eocene, with the exception of the Konitsa and Milia areas where sedimentation lasted until Early Oligocene. Although, basin depth increased southwards, Kastaniotikos and Sperchios faults affected the geometry of Pindos basin, creating ridges and troughs within the basin. Due to this segmentation of the basin, the continuity of the sedimentation in the northern part of the study area until Oligocene is suggested. Calcareous nannofossils recovered from this northern part indicate a Paleocene NP5 to early Cligocene (NP20-21) age. On the other hand, in the southern part, sedimentation of flysch was lasted until middle Eocene. According this model, sedimentation in the southern part, stopped during the middle Eocene, was followed by subaerial exposure and the migration of clastic sedimentation to the western part of Pindos zones (Pindos foreland basin of Ionian zone). At this time, in the northern part, a small-restricted basin was continuously active as a piggyback basin from upper Eocene to lower Oligocene and shallow deposits (slope and submarine canyon deposits, delta fan deposits) accumulated.

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13

McMechan, M. E., L. D. Currie, W. A. Matthews, A. R. Sweet, and J. Reyes. "Cretaceous strata at the west edge of the Canadian Rocky Mountains—A piggyback basin remnant of the Western Canada foreland basin." GSA Bulletin 130, no. 7-8 (2018): 1216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b31821.1.

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14

Kumar Singh, A., B. Parkash, R. Mohindra, J. V. Thomas, and A. K. Singhvi. "Quaternary alluvial fan sedimentation in the Dehradun Valley Piggyback Basin, NW Himalaya: tectonic and palaeoclimatic implications." Basin Research 13, no. 4 (2001): 449–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0950-091x.2001.00160.x.

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15

PIVNIK, DAVID A., and M. JAVED KHAN. "Transition from foreland- to piggyback-basin deposition, Plio-Pleistocene Upper Siwalik Group, Shinghar Range, NW Pakistan." Sedimentology 43, no. 4 (1996): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1996.tb02018.x.

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16

Evans, R. B. "Profile of a piggyback basin: Early Miocene Otaua Group and Waipoua Subgroup, western Northland, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 37, no. 1 (1994): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1994.9514602.

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17

Morley, C. K., and Lai Chee Leong. "Evolution of deep-water synkinematic sedimentation in a piggyback basin, determined from three-dimensional seismic reflection data." Geosphere 4, no. 6 (2008): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges00148.1.

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18

Ramos, E., P. Busquets, and J. Vergés. "Interplay between longitudinal fluvial and transverse alluvial fan systems and growing thrusts in a piggyback basin (SE Pyrenees)." Sedimentary Geology 146, no. 1-2 (2002): 105–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(01)00169-5.

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19

Chanvry, Emmanuelle, Rémy Deschamps, Philippe Joseph, et al. "The influence of intrabasinal tectonics in the stratigraphic evolution of piggyback basin fills: Towards a model from the Tremp-Graus-Ainsa Basin (South-Pyrenean Zone, Spain)." Sedimentary Geology 377 (December 2018): 34–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.09.007.

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20

Riesterer, J. W., J. Brian Mahoney, and Paul Karl Link. "The conglomerate of Churn Creek: Late Cretaceous basin evolution along the InsularIntermontane superterrane boundary, southern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 1 (2001): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-079.

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Upper Cretaceous coarse clastic rocks exposed in the canyon of Churn Creek, south-central British Columbia, record active basin tectonism and coeval volcanism adjacent to the boundary between the Intermontane and Insular superterranes. Mid to late Albian (~104 Ma UPb), calc-alkaline andesite and basaltic andesite flows, with minor conglomerate and reworked epiclastic deposits and tuffs correlative with the Spences Bridge Group of the Intermontane superterrane are exposed in the canyon. In depositional contact above the volcanic rocks is the conglomerate of Churn Creek, which contains a thick (>1 km) sequence of complexly intertonguing conglomerate and sandstone that is divided into two members composed of four lithofacies. The lower member was deposited unconformably on the underlying Albian volcanic unit and contains late AlbianCenomanian chert-pebble (>50% chert) conglomerate and interbedded chert- and volcanic-lithic sandstone. It is interpreted to have been deposited in a braided stream system flowing from southeast to northwest. The source for the chert was most likely the Bridge River terrane, a Mississippian to Jurassic ocean floor assemblage located to the southwest of Churn Creek, south of the Yalakom fault. Gradationally overlying the lower member throughout much of the basin is a mixed chert, plutonic, and volcaniclastic lithofacies of the upper member. Plutonic debris was provided to the mixed and plutonic lithofacies of the upper member by the Little Basin pluton, which was uplifted along the northeast-directed Little Basin thrust fault on the southwest margin of the basin. The upper member also contains a volcanic-rich lithofacies composed of chaotic volcanic conglomerate and local lithic tuff derived from a coeval proximal volcanic source. The conglomerate of Churn Creek records active northeast-vergent compressional tectonism and development of piggyback basins along the boundary between the Insular and Intermontane superterranes during AlbianSantonian time. The conglomerate of Churn Creek has been correlated to the Silverquick Powell Creek succession of the Methow terrane, based on age, stratigraphic, lithologic, structural, geochemical, and paleomagnetic similarities, and may, therefore, represent an overlap assemblage linking the superterranes in the Late Cretaceous.

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21

Bonorino, G. G., and L. del Valle Abascal. "Drainage and base-level adjustments during evolution of a late Pleistocene piggyback basin, Eastern Cordillera, Central Andes of northwestern Argentina." Geological Society of America Bulletin 124, no. 11-12 (2012): 1858–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30395.1.

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22

FUENTES, FACUNDO, BRIAN K. HORTON, DANIEL STARCK, and ANDRÉS BOLL. "Structure and tectonic evolution of hybrid thick- and thin-skinned systems in the Malargüe fold–thrust belt, Neuquén basin, Argentina." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (2016): 1066–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000583.

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AbstractAndean Cenozoic shortening within the Malargüe fold–thrust belt of west-central Argentina has been dominated by basement faults largely influenced by pre-existing Mesozoic rift structures of the Neuquén basin system. The basement contractional structures, however, diverge from many classic inversion geometries in that they formed large hanging-wall anticlines with steeply dipping frontal forelimbs and structural relief in the order of several kilometres. During Cenozoic E–W shortening, the reactivated basement faults propagated into cover strata, feeding slip to shallow thrust systems that were later carried in piggyback fashion above newly formed basement structures, yielding complex thick- and thin-skinned structural relationships. In the adjacent foreland, Cenozoic clastic strata recorded the broad kinematic evolution of the fold–thrust belt. We present a set of structural cross-sections supported by regional surface maps and industry seismic and well data, along with new stratigraphic information for associated Neogene synorogenic foreland basin fill. Collectively, these results provide important constraints on the temporal and geometric linkages between the deeper basement faults (including both reactivated and newly formed structures) and shallow thin-skinned thrust systems, which, in turn, offer insights for the understanding of hydrocarbon systems in the actively explored Neuquén region of the Andean orogenic belt.

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23

Maestro, Eudald. "Sedimentary evolution of the Late Eocene Vernet lacustrine system (South-Central Pyrenees). Tectono-climatic control in an alluvial-lacustrine piggyback basin." Journal of Paleolimnology 40, no. 4 (2008): 1053–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9214-6.

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24

Fakhruddin, Rakhmat. "Fluvial-Tidal to Fluvial-Lacustrine Sedimentation of the Middle Miocene to Pleistocene Mapia Formation, Dogiyai, Papua (Indonesia)." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 7 (2021): 1885–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5007-05.

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A sedimentological and palynological investigation was carried out on outcropping sedimentary rocks at Dogiyai, Papua, proposed to be named as the Mapia Formation. The age range is from Middle Miocene to Pleistocene. The lower Mapia Formation was deposited at Metroxylon type to Nothofagus emarcida Zone, Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene. It is comprised of three facies associations: tidal channel, tidal point bar, and tidal flat deposits. A tidally dominated fluvially influenced depositional environment is suggested for the deposition of sediments of this unit. The upper Mapia Formation was deposited at Malvacipollis diversus Zone, Garcinia cuspidata type Zone, and Proteacidites sp. Zone, Late Pliocene to Pleistocene. It is comprised of five facies associations: delta front, slump, debrite, turbidite, and lacustrine mud deposits. A non-channelized deep-lacustrine slump and debris-flow dominated depositional environment is suggested for the deposition of sediments of this unit. The lower Mapia Formation was deposited as synorogenic clastic sediments at the beginning of Central Range orogeny event while the upper Mapia Formation was deposited in the piggyback basin at the major uplift event.

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25

McGroder, Michael F. "Structural geometry and kinematic evolution of the eastern Cascades foldbelt, Washington and British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 8 (1989): 1586–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-135.

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The eastern Cascades foldbelt is one of three structural domains lying within the complex collision zone between the Insular and Intermontane composite terranes in northern Washington and southern British Columbia. The foldbelt resides between the high-grade metamorphic backbone of the Cascade orogen on the west and rocks of the composite Intermontane terrane to the east. It encompasses the stratigraphically coherent, basalt-floored Jura–Cretaceous Methow basin as well as more chaotically disposed Permian–Jurassic oceanic rocks of the Hozameen terrane. Methow basin rocks are thought to have been sutured above the oceanic rocks prior to the middle Cretaceous contractional episode described in this report.Based on the analysis presented herein, between ca. 100 and 88 Ma the rocks in the foldbelt underwent shortening in an east-northeast – west-southwest direction by 50 km or more, largely by displacement on the east-vergent Jack Mountain – Chuwanten thrust system. The early stages of contraction occurred by the process of tectonic wedging, whereby rocks of the Hozameen terrane and western Methow basin translated eastward by delaminating eastern Methow basin strata along west-vergent thrusts. In later stages of shortening, the tectonic wedge became inactive and was carried piggyback atop the east-vergent Cascade Crest and Chuwanten faults.Presently available geochronologic data indicate overlap in the time periods during which eastern and western Cascades foldbelts were deforming and the Cascade metamorphic core was undergoing amphibolite-facies regional metamorphism. Therefore, contraction of rocks in the eastern foldbelt was an important product of the middle Cretaceous orogeny in the Cascades and must be considered in any regional tectonic model for orogenesis. The eastern foldbelt clearly accommodated substantially less shortening than the western foldbelt and is herein proposed to be a backthrust system in the rear of the predominantly west-vergent Cascade orogen.

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26

McGLUE, MICHAEL M., GEOFFREY S. ELLIS, ANDREW S. COHEN, and PETER W. SWARZENSKI. "Playa-lake sedimentation and organic matter accumulation in an Andean piggyback basin: the recent record from the Cuenca de Pozuelos, North-west Argentina." Sedimentology 59, no. 4 (2011): 1237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01304.x.

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27

Gayer, R. A., A. H. N. Rice, D. Roberts, C. Townsend, and A. Welbon. "Restoration of the Caledonian Baltoscandian margin from balanced cross-sections: the problem of excess continental crust." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 78, no. 3 (1987): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330001110x.

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ABSTRACTConsideration of six balanced cross-sections through parts of the Finnmark Caledonides, N Norway indicates that shortening varies between 25% and 75%. A restored long cross-section across the width of the orogen, constructed with the aid of a branch line map, demonstrates a foreland propagating thrust system, with earlier formed more internal metamorphic nappes thrust SE 330 km under ductile conditions and then carried piggyback ESE a further 296 km on later brittle thrust sheets. Total shortening is 78·7% with a translation of the most internal thrust sheet of 626 km.The restored section suggests that: (1) the rate of propagation of deformation from hinterland to foreland is c. 2·27 cm y−1; (2) incorporation of basement into the nappes resulted from inversion of extensional faults formed during Iapetus rifting; (3) during rifting a Finnmark basement ridge separated a 220 km wide southeasterly Gaissa basin from the passive Iapetus continental margin which was at least 423 km wide; (4) the Finnmark Caledonides resulted from a continent-microcontinent collision which obducted continental crust at least 600 km across the Baltic margin; and (5) the Caledonian Baltoscandian margin prior to Iapetus suturing extended at least 400 km W of the Norwegian coast. On a Bullard reconstruction this overlaps with Laurentian rocks in Greenland. The excess continental crust is accounted for by shortening of the Baltoscandian margin during collision.

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28

Leturmy, P., J. L. Mugnier, P. Vinour, P. Baby, B. Colletta, and E. Chabron. "Piggyback basin development above a thin-skinned thrust belt with two detachment levels as a function of interactions between tectonic and superficial mass transfer: the case of the Subandean Zone (Bolivia)." Tectonophysics 320, no. 1 (2000): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00023-8.

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29

Tsyganov, A. V., and N. A. Osintsev. "THE SYSTEM OF ROLLING-STOCK’s PARAMETERS OF INTERMODAL PIGGYBACK TRANSPORTATION." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 2 (2020): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-2-262-272.

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Introduction. The priority area of transport systems development is the formation of transport corridors with multimodal systems and intermodal cargo delivery technologies, ensuring the achievement of economic, social and environmental goals facing the countries. For the transport system of Russia, which claims to advance transit cargo flows through its territory, the solution to the above problems can be achieved by organization of the piggyback transportation. A necessary condition for the organization of effective piggyback transportation in domestic and international traffics is the systematization of parameters and the assessment of technical compatibility of the involved rolling-stock.Methods and models. A systems approach is used to represent piggyback transportation as a complex technical system consisting of road vehicles, domestic and foreign railway rolling-stock interacting in intermodal terminals. The ER-model is used to describe the conceptual scheme of the piggyback system.Results. The parameters of the road and railway rolling-stock are justified and systematized, their mutual influence is determined at the level of compatibility of their technical and operational parameters in the organization of domestic and international piggyback transportation. Systematization, structuring, storing and updating of rollingstock parameters are carried out using the database «Determining the rolling-stock basic parameters of piggyback delivery systems» developed in Microsoft Access.Conclusion. The developed system of parameters allows to assess technical compatibility of road and railway rolling-stock of the countries participating in piggyback transportation, and can also be used for unification of intermodal transport units and harmonization of the overall weight restrictions on the road and railway networks.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

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30

Kimura, Kazuo. "Diachronous evolution of sub‐Himalayan piggyback basins, Nepal." Island Arc 8, no. 1 (1999): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1738.1999.00224.x.

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31

Suriano, J., C. O. Limarino, A. M. Tedesco, and M. S. Alonso. "Sedimentation model of piggyback basins: Cenozoic examples of San Juan Precordillera, Argentina." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 399, no. 1 (2014): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp399.17.

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32

Li, Zeng. "Multi-Station with one Frequency Fire Emergency Network Based on TDD-OFDM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4559.

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For the problem of presence fire district network, multi-station with one frequency fire emergency communication network based on TDD-OFDM is proposed. The network mode and the basic structure and operating principle of the receiving and sending equipment from central station, car relay stations, as well as single firefighter piggyback are introduced, as a result ,voice and video data can be high-speed transmitted, thus, the frequency utilization and bandwidth of the broadcast networks are improved.

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33

Densmore, Alexander L., Rajiv Sinha, Swati Sinha, S. K. Tandon, and Vikrant Jain. "Sediment storage and release from Himalayan piggyback basins and implications for downstream river morphology and evolution." Basin Research 28, no. 4 (2015): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12116.

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34

Sun, Yi, Guang Liu, and Yue Huang. "Applications of piggyBac Transposons for Genome Manipulation in Stem Cells." Stem Cells International 2021 (September 14, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3829286.

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Transposons are mobile genetic elements in the genome. The piggyBac (PB) transposon system is increasingly being used for stem cell research due to its high transposition efficiency and seamless excision capacity. Over the past few decades, forward genetic screens based on PB transposons have been successfully established to identify genes associated with drug resistance and stem cell-related characteristics. Moreover, PB transposon is regarded as a promising gene therapy vector and has been used in some clinically relevant stem cells. Here, we review the recent progress on the basic biology of PB, highlight its applications in current stem cell research, and discuss its advantages and challenges.

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35

Madsen, Tillie M. "Genesis of the glaciotectonic thrust-fault complex at Halk Hoved, southern Denmark." Bulletin Volume 60 – 2012 60 (December 5, 2012): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2012-60-05.

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The coastal cliff of Halk Hoved, southern Jutland, Denmark, is a major glaciotectonic complex formed by proglacial deformation of the North-East (NE) advance from the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Late Weichselian. We describe and interpret the pre-, syn- and post-tectonic sedimentary successions and macro-scale architecture of this complex. Initially, the Lillebælt Till Formation (unit 1) and the overlying glaciofluvial sediments (unit 2) were deposited during the Warthe glaciation in Late Saalian. During the NE advance towards the Main Stationary Line (MSL) in Late Weichselian, these sediments were pushed along a décollement surface whereby a thrust-fault complex was formed. In a cross section the complex extends for more than 900 m and consists of eighteen c. 15–20 m thick thrust sheets stacked by piggyback thrusting. Accumulated displacement amounts to at least 235 m along thrust faults dipping at 30–40° towards N-NE, resulting in at least 24% glaciotectonic shortening of the complex. Deformation was presumably facilitated by elevated pore-water pressure in the Lillebælt Till Formation. As the compressive stress exceeded the shear strength of the weakened till, failure occurred, and a décollement horizon formed along the lithological boundary between the Lillebælt Till Formation and the underlying aquifer. During deformation, piggyback basins formed wherein sediments of hyperconcentrated flow (unit 3) and glaciolacustrine diamicton (unit 4) were deposited. The whole thrust-fault complex and the intervening sediments were truncated subglacially as the NE advance finally overrode the complex. Following the retreat of the NE advance, a succession of glaciofluvial sediments (unit 5) and finally the East Jylland Till Formation (unit 6) were deposited during the advance of the Young Baltic Ice Sheet. The Halk Hoved thrust-fault complex is a prominent example of glaciotectonism at the southern fringe of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.

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Rao, T. T., K. Dharmendra, G. Silke, et al. "332 DERIVATION OF BOVINE-INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS BY piggyBac-MEDIATED REPROGRAMMING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab332.

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Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a seminal breakthrough in stem cell research and are promising for the development of advanced regenerative therapies and farm animal biotechnology. Considering the potential of this technology for both basic and clinical research, it is tempting to extend this research to important livestock species, such as cattle, in which authentic embryonic stem cell lines are yet not available. The first attempts to produce iPS cells from livestock species were made using retro- and lentiviral vectors, which are associated with an increased risk of insertional mutagenesis and which are not removable after reprogramming. Here, we describe a nonviral method for the derivation of bovine iPS cells, employing a piggyBac (PB) transposon system. The reprogramming PB transposon encodes the primate cDNA of 6 core reprogramming factors, OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, LIN28, and NANOG, separated by self-cleaving 2A peptide sequences and driven by the chimeric CAGGS promoter. The derived bovine iPS line expressed typical endogenous genes (OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, KLF4, NANOG, REX1, and ALP) by RT-PCR and OCT-4 as well as SSEA-1 and 4 pluripotency-related markers by immunostaining, and it exhibited silencing of exogenous reprograming factors. Moreover, the iPS line showed long-term proliferation (until the 40th passage) under feeder-free culture conditions, differentiated into derivatives of the 3 germ layers in vitro, and formed teratomas (4/6) after subcutaneous injection into immunodeficient nude mice. These results are a major step towards the derivation of authentic bovine iPS cells, and thus facilitate the genetic modifications of the bovine genome.

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Maali, Amirhosein, Faezeh Maroufi, Farzin Sadeghi, et al. "Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: trends in molecular biology, from genetics to epigenetics." Epigenomics 13, no. 8 (2021): 631–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2020-0409.

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Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, based on autologous cells’ reprogramming to the embryonic state, is a new approach in regenerative medicine. Current advances in iPSC technology have opened up new avenues for multiple applications, from basic research to clinical therapy. Thus, conducting iPSC trials have attracted increasing attention and requires an extensive understanding of the molecular basis of iPSCs. Since iPSC reprogramming is based on the methods inducing the expression of specific genes involved in pluripotency states, it can be concluded that iPSC reprogramming is strongly influenced by epigenetics. In this study, we reviewed the molecular basis of reprogramming, including the reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, NANOG, ESRRB, LIN28 as well as their regulatory networks), applied vectors (retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, Sendaiviral vectors, episomal plasmids, piggyBac, simple vectors, etc.) and epigenetic modifications (miRNAs, histones and DNA methylation states) to provide a comprehensive guide for reprogramming studies.

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Sato, Masahiro, Emi Inada, Issei Saitoh, Satoshi Watanabe, and Shingo Nakamura. "piggyBac-Based Non-Viral In Vivo Gene Delivery Useful for Production of Genetically Modified Animals and Organs." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3 (2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030277.

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In vivo gene delivery involves direct injection of nucleic acids (NAs) into tissues, organs, or tail-veins. It has been recognized as a useful tool for evaluating the function of a gene of interest (GOI), creating models for human disease and basic research targeting gene therapy. Cargo frequently used for gene delivery are largely divided into viral and non-viral vectors. Viral vectors have strong infectious activity and do not require the use of instruments or reagents helpful for gene delivery but bear immunological and tumorigenic problems. In contrast, non-viral vectors strictly require instruments (i.e., electroporator) or reagents (i.e., liposomes) for enhanced uptake of NAs by cells and are often accompanied by weak transfection activity, with less immunological and tumorigenic problems. Chromosomal integration of GOI-bearing transgenes would be ideal for achieving long-term expression of GOI. piggyBac (PB), one of three transposons (PB, Sleeping Beauty (SB), and Tol2) found thus far, has been used for efficient transfection of GOI in various mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we outline recent achievements of PB-based production of genetically modified animals and organs and will provide some experimental concepts using this system.

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Sandoval-Villegas, Nicolás, Wasifa Nurieva, Maximilian Amberger, and Zoltán Ivics. "Contemporary Transposon Tools: A Review and Guide through Mechanisms and Applications of Sleeping Beauty, piggyBac and Tol2 for Genome Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (2021): 5084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105084.

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Transposons are mobile genetic elements evolved to execute highly efficient integration of their genes into the genomes of their host cells. These natural DNA transfer vehicles have been harnessed as experimental tools for stably introducing a wide variety of foreign DNA sequences, including selectable marker genes, reporters, shRNA expression cassettes, mutagenic gene trap cassettes, and therapeutic gene constructs into the genomes of target cells in a regulated and highly efficient manner. Given that transposon components are typically supplied as naked nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or recombinant protein, their use is simple, safe, and economically competitive. Thus, transposons enable several avenues for genome manipulations in vertebrates, including transgenesis for the generation of transgenic cells in tissue culture comprising the generation of pluripotent stem cells, the production of germline-transgenic animals for basic and applied research, forward genetic screens for functional gene annotation in model species and therapy of genetic disorders in humans. This review describes the molecular mechanisms involved in transposition reactions of the three most widely used transposon systems currently available (Sleeping Beauty, piggyBac, and Tol2), and discusses the various parameters and considerations pertinent to their experimental use, highlighting the state-of-the-art in transposon technology in diverse genetic applications.

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Zou, Nianxiang, Biing Yuan Lin, Fenghai Duan, et al. "The Hinge of the Human Papillomavirus Type 11 E2 Protein Contains Major Determinants for Nuclear Localization and Nuclear Matrix Association." Journal of Virology 74, no. 8 (2000): 3761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.8.3761-3770.2000.

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ABSTRACT The E2 protein of papillomaviruses is a site-specific DNA binding nuclear protein. It functions as the primary replication origin recognition protein and assists in the assembly of the preinitiation complex. It also helps regulate transcription from the native viral promoter. The E2 protein consists of an amino-terminal (N)trans-acting domain, a central hinge (H) domain, and a carboxyl-terminal (C) protein dimerization and DNA binding domain. The hinge is highly divergent among papillomaviruses, and little is known about its functions. We fused the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the full-length human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) E2 protein and showed that the resultant fusion, called gfpE2, maintained transcription and replication functions of the wild-type protein and formed similar subnuclear foci. Using a series of GFP fusion proteins, we showed that the hinge conferred strong nuclear localization, whereas the N or C domain was present in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Biochemical fractionation demonstrated that the N domain and hinge, but not the C domain, independently associated with the nuclear matrix. Mutational analyses showed that a cluster of basic amino acid residues, which is conserved among many mucosotropic papillomaviruses, was required for efficient nuclear localization and nuclear matrix association. This mutation no longer repressed the HPV-11 upstream regulatory region-controlled reporter expression. However, a very small fraction of this mutant colocalized with E1 in the nucleus, perhaps by a piggyback mechanism, and was able to support transient replication. We propose that the hinge is critical for the diverse regulatory functions of the HPV-11 E2 protein during mRNA transcription and viral DNA replication.

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Koo, O. J., H. S. Kwon, D. K. Kwon, K. S. Kang, B. C. Lee, and G. Jang. "283 GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab283.

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Stem cells in large animals are an excellent model for cell therapy research and fine resources for producing transgenic animals. However, there are only few reports of stem cells in large animals because of technical differences between species. In this report, we successfully generate bovine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) using 4 human reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-myc) under control of PiggyBac transposition vector. Fibroblasts derived from bovine fetuses were transfected using FugeneHD agent. After 21 days, colony-shaped structures on the culture plates were mechanically detached and then seeded on a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder layer pretreated with mitomycin C. The culture medium was DMEM/F12 supplemented with 20% serum replacement, 5 ng mL–1 basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 1% NEAA, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin antibiotics. The iPSC colonies showed alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed several pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, SSEA1, and SSEA4). To confirm differentiation potential, the iPSC were cultured as embryoid bodies and then plated again. βIII-tubulin (ectoderm) and GFAP or α-SMA (mesoderm) were well expressed on the attached cells. The results revealed that the bovine fibroblasts were well inducted to iPSC that had potential of multilineage differentiation. We hope this technology contributes to improving transgenic cattle production. This study was financially supported by IPET (grant # 109023-05-3-CG000, 111078-03-1-CG000) and the BK21 program for Veterinary Science.

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Wu, Frederick Y., Shizhen Emily Wang, Qi-Qun Tang та ін. "Cell Cycle Arrest by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication-Associated Protein Is Mediated at both the Transcriptional and Posttranslational Levels by Binding to CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein α and p21CIP-1". Journal of Virology 77, № 16 (2003): 8893–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.16.8893-8914.2003.

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ABSTRACT Lytic-cycle replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in PEL cells causes G1 cell cycle arrest mediated by the virus-encoded replication-associated protein (RAP) (or K8 protein), which induces high-level expression of the cellular C/EBPα and p21 proteins. Here we have examined the mechanism of this induction at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. RAP proved to bind very efficiently to both C/EBPα and p21 and stabilized them by up to 10-fold from proteasome-mediated degradation in vitro. Cross-linking revealed that RAP itself forms stable dimers and tetramers in solution and forms higher-order complexes but not heterodimers with C/EBPα. Cotransfection of RAP with C/EBPα cooperatively stimulated both the C/EBPα and p21 promoters in luciferase reporter gene assays. Only the basic/leucine zipper region of RAP was needed for interaction with and stabilization of C/EBPα, but both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains were required for transcriptional augmentation. In vitro-translated RAP interfered with DNA binding by C/EBPα in electrophonetic mobility shift assay (EMSA) experiments but did not itself bind to the target C/EBPα sites or form supershifted bands. However, in endogenous chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced PEL cells, RAP proved to specifically associate with the C/EBPα promoter in vivo, but only in a C/EBPα-dependent manner, implying an in vivo piggyback interaction with DNA-bound C/EBPα. Expression of exogenous RAP (Ad-RAP) caused G1/S cell cycle arrest in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and also induced both the C/EBPα and p21 proteins, which formed punctate nuclear patterns that colocalized with RAP in PML nuclear bodies. In the presence of RAP, C/EBPα was also efficiently recruited into viral DNA replication compartments in both infected and cotransfected cells. In support of a direct role for this interaction in viral DNA replication, three C/EBPα binding sites were identified by in vitro EMSA experiments within a 220-bp core segment of the duplicated KSHV Ori-Lyt region, and although RAP did not bind to Ori-Lyt DNA directly in vitro, both endogenous RAP and C/EBPα were found to be associated with the Ori-Lyt region by ChIP assays in lytically induced PEL cells. Finally, we found that the KSHV lytic cycle could not be triggered by either synchronizing KSHV latently infected PEL cells in G1 phase or inducing p21 in a C/EBPα-independent process.

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Sang, Helen. "DISEASE RESISTANCE AND OTHER APPLICATIONS OF TRANSGENESIS IN THE CHICKEN." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab345.

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Genetic modification of the chicken in terms of gene addition is now robust and efficient. Transgenes can be introduced by injection of lentiviral vectors into chick embryos or by transfection of transposon vectors into embryos or primordial germ cells in vitro. Lentiviral vectors are limited in the size of transgene they can incorporate but we have generated several different transgenic lines using HIV-derived vectors and have observed high levels of transgene expression and tissue-specific expression using regulatory sequences from several genes. M. McGrew (The Roslin Institute) has established primordial germ cell lines and effective methods for transfection with piggyBac and Tol2 transposon vectors. The primordial cells are injected into chick embryos where they populate the developing gonads and contribute to the germline in mature birds. The availability of primordial germ cell lines will also form the basis of using artificial site-specific nucleases for gene knockout and potentially gene targeting in the chicken. These technologies facilitate the application of transgenesis in the chicken for basic research and for potential applications in poultry breeding. The chick embryo is an invaluable model for studying vertebrate development as the embryos can be accessed in ovo or in culture at the earlier stages of development. Embryos can be transfected with transgenes by electroporation and manipulated to study many aspects of development. We are developing transgenic chickens in which fluorescent protein reporters are expressed either ubiquitously or in targeted cell types. These form the basis of novel tools for increasing the value of the chick embryo in studying development. We provide fertile eggs from these lines to other research groups and are investigating the development of macrophages using a macrophage-targeted reporter. The potential for the use of genetic modification to be used in poultry breeding can now be explored. Commercial poultry production is challenged by several major pathogens including avian influenza. Flocks can be protected by good biosecurity measures and/or vaccination but vaccination is not always effective. It may be possible to add novel genes to the chicken genome targeting avian influenza virus replication. We are developing this approach (with L. Tiley, Cambridge University) and have generated transgenic chickens that do not transmit avian influenza when directly infected with H5N1 virus.

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Schack Pedersen, Stig A. "Structural analysis of the Rubjerg Knude Glaciotectonic Complex, Vendsyssel, northern Denmark." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 8 (December 15, 2005): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v8.4848.

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The Rubjerg Knude Glaciotectonic Complex is a thin-skinned thrust-fault complex that was formed during the advance of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (30 000 – 26 000 B.P.); it is well exposed in a 6 km long coastal profile bordering the North Sea in northern Denmark. The glaciotectonic thrust-fault deformation revealed by this cliff section has been subjected to detailed structural analysis based on photogrammetric measurement and construction of a balanced cross-section. Thirteen sections are differentiated, characterising the distal to proximal structural development of the complex. The deformation affected three stratigraphic units: the Middle Weichselian arctic marine Stortorn Formation, the mainly glaciolacustrine Lønstrup Klint Formation and the dominantly fluvial Rubjerg Knude Formation; these three formations are formally defined herein, together with the Skærumhede Group which includes the Stortorn and Lønstrup Klint Formations. The Rubjerg Knude Formation was deposited on a regional unconformity that caps the Lønstrup Klint Formation and separates pre-tectonic deposits below from syntectonic deposits above. In the distal part of the complex, the thrust-fault architecture is characterised by thin flatlying thrust sheets displaced over the footwall flat of the foreland for a distance of more than 500 m. Towards the proximal part of the complex, the dip of the thrust faults increases, and over long stretches they are over-steepened to an upright position. The lowest décollement zone is about 40 m below sea level in the proximal part of the system, and shows a systematic step-wise change to higher levels in a distal (southwards) direction. The structural elements are ramps and flats related to hanging-wall and footwall positions. Above upper ramp-hinges, hanging-wall anticlines developed; footwall synclines are typically related to growth-fault sedimentation in syntectonic piggyback basins, represented by the Rubjerg Knude Formation. Blocks and slump-sheets constituting parts of the Lønstrup Klint Formation were derived from the tips of up-thrusted thrust sheets and slumped into the basins. Mud diapirs are a prominent element in the thrust-fault complex, resulting from mud mobilisation mainly at hanging-wall flats and ramps. Shortening during thrust-fault deformation has been calculated as 50%. Only about 11% of the initial stratigraphic units subjected to thrust faulting has been lost due to erosion. The thrust-fault deformation was caused by gravity spreading of an advancing ice sheet. Overpressured mud-fluid played an important role in stress transmission. The average velocity of thrust-fault displacement is estimated at 2 m per year, which led to compression of a 12 km stretch of flat-lying sediments, c. 40 m in thickness, into a thrust-fault complex 6 km in length. The thrust-fault complex is truncated by a glaciotectonic unconformity, formed when the advancing ice sheet finally overrode the complex. When this ice sheet melted away, a hilland-hole pair was formed, and meltwater deposits derived from a new ice-advance (NE-Ice) filled the depression. The NE-Ice overran the complex during its advance to the main stationary line situated in the North Sea. When this ice in turn melted away (c. 19 000 – 15 000 B.P.), the glacial landscape was draped by arctic marine deposits of the Vendsyssel Formation (new formation defined herein).

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Schack Pedersen, Stig A. "Structural analysis of the Rubjerg Knude Glaciotectonic Complex, Vendsyssel, northern Denmark." GEUS Bulletin 8 (December 15, 2005): 1–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v8.5253.

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Pedersen, S.A.S. 2005: Structural analysis of the Rubjerg Knude Glaciotectonic Complex, Vendsyssel, northern Denmark. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 8, 192 pp. The Rubjerg Knude Glaciotectonic Complex is a thin-skinned thrust-fault complex that was formed during the advance of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (30 000 – 26 000 B.P.); it is well exposed in a 6 km long coastal profile bordering the North Sea in northern Denmark. The glaciotectonic thrust-fault deformation revealed by this cliff section has been subjected to detailed structural analysis based on photogrammetric measurement and construction of a balanced cross-section. Thirteen sections are differentiated, characterising the distal to proximal structural development of the complex. The deformation affected three stratigraphic units: the Middle Weichselian arctic marine Stortorn Formation, the mainly glaciolacustrine Lønstrup Klint Formation and the dominantly fluvial Rubjerg Knude Formation; these three formations are formally defined herein, together with the Skærumhede Group which includes the Stortorn and Lønstrup Klint Formations. The Rubjerg Knude Formation was deposited on a regional unconformity that caps the Lønstrup Klint Formation and separates pre-tectonic deposits below from syntectonic deposits above. In the distal part of the complex, the thrust-fault architecture is characterised by thin flatlying thrust sheets displaced over the footwall flat of the foreland for a distance of more than 500 m. Towards the proximal part of the complex, the dip of the thrust faults increases, and over long stretches they are over-steepened to an upright position. The lowest décollement zone is about 40 m below sea level in the proximal part of the system, and shows a systematic step-wise change to higher levels in a distal (southwards) direction. The structural elements are ramps and flats related to hanging-wall and footwall positions. Above upper ramp-hinges, hanging-wall anticlines developed; footwall synclines are typically related to growth-fault sedimentation in syntectonic piggyback basins, represented by the Rubjerg Knude Formation. Blocks and slump-sheets constituting parts of the Lønstrup Klint Formation were derived from the tips of up-thrusted thrust sheets and slumped into the basins. Mud diapirs are a prominent element in the thrust-fault complex, resulting from mud mobilisation mainly at hanging-wall flats and ramps. Shortening during thrust-fault deformation has been calculated as 50%. Only about 11% of the initial stratigraphic units subjected to thrust faulting has been lost due to erosion. The thrust-fault deformation was caused by gravity spreading of an advancing ice sheet. Overpressured mud-fluid played an important role in stress transmission. The average velocity of thrust-fault displacement is estimated at 2 m per year, which led to compression of a 12 km stretch of flat-lying sediments, c. 40 m in thickness, into a thrust-fault complex 6 km in length. The thrust-fault complex is truncated by a glaciotectonic unconformity, formed when the advancing ice sheet finally overrode the complex. When this ice sheet melted away, a hilland- hole pair was formed, and meltwater deposits derived from a new ice-advance (NE-Ice) filled the depression. The NE-Ice overran the complex during its advance to the main stationary line situated in the North Sea. When this ice in turn melted away (c. 19 000 – 15 000 B.P.), the glacial landscape was draped by arctic marine deposits of the Vendsyssel Formation (new formation defined herein).

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Sukparangsi, W., R. Bootsri, W. Sikeao, S. Karoon, and A. Thongphakdee. "181 Establishment of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Fishing Cat and Clouded Leopard Using Integration-Free Method for Wildlife Conservation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 1 (2018): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv30n1ab181.

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Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) and clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) are wild felids, currently in vulnerable status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature red list (2017). Several measures in assisted reproductive technology (e.g. AI, embryo transfer) have been used by the Zoological Park Organization of Thailand (ZPO) to increase their offspring in captivity. Recently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cells) becomes popular and provides alternative way to preserve good genetics in the form of cell with diverse capacities. This great potential of iPS cells is unlimited self-renewal and pluripotency, similar to embryonic stem cells (ESC). Under the right cell culture conditions, pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all cell types of the body. Here, we aimed to find the optimal condition to generate integration-free iPS cells from fishing cat and clouded leopard. At first, to obtain somatic cells for cellular reprogramming, adult dermal fibroblast cell lines from both species were established from belly skin tissues. Subsequently, several nucleofection programs of AmaxaTM 4D-nucleofectorTM (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) were examined to introduce integration-free DNA vectors carrying reprogramming factors into the felid fibroblasts. The transfected cells were cultured under numerous conditions: (1) matrix/defined surface including irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast, gelatin, vitronectin, and Geltrex® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); (2) ESC/iPS cell medium including Essential 8TM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) DMEM containing KnockOutTM Serum Replacement (KOSR; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and/or fetal bovine serum (FBS); and (3) supplement including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), l-ascorbic acid, nicotinamide, ALK5 inhibitor (A83-01) and RevitaCellTM (Thermo Fisher Scientific). We found that optimal nucleofection programs for human dermal fibroblast including FF-135 and EN-150 were able to transfer episomal vectors and excisable piggyBAC transposon carrying reprogramming factors into fishing cat and clouded leopard fibroblasts, respectively. The iPS-like colonies appeared around 26 to 30 days post-nucleofection. The culture of transfected cells on either Geltrex® or Vitronectin-coated surface supports the formation of iPS-like colonies with different derivation efficiency (0.01 and 0.005%, respectively). In addition, all colonies were formed under medium containing FBS, together with both bFGF and LIF supplements. Taken together, we have developed a platform to generate iPS cells from tissue collection to the establishment of iPS cell culture. This will further enable us to apply the technique to obtain iPS cells from other endangered and vulnerable felid species.

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Fili, A. E., A. P. Alessio, W. Garrels, et al. "242 HIGHLY EFFICIENT SLEEPING BEAUTY TRANSPOSON-MEDIATED TRANSGENESIS IN BOVINE FETAL FIBROBLASTS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab242.

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Active transposon-mediated transgenesis is an emerging tool for basic and applied research in livestock. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of a helper-independent piggyBac transposon (pGENIE-3) for gene transfer into the genome of bovine cells (Alessio et al. 2014 Reprod. Domest. Anim. 49, 8). Here, we extend our previous research by examining the suitability of a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-based methodology to deliver transgenes into the genome of bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFF), and the ability of these cells to support in vitro embryo development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In a first experiment, BFF were chemically cotransfected (JetPRIME®, Polyplus-transfection, Illkirch, France) with a helper plasmid (pCMV-SB100X), which carries an expression cassette for the SB transposase, and the donor vector (pT2/Venus/RMCE) harboring an expression cassette for a fluorescent protein (Venus) flanked by the SB inverted terminal repeats (ITR). Three different ratios of helper and donor plasmids were studied: 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1. After 15 days of culture, the number of fluorescent colonies was counted on an inverted microscope. When vectors were used at ratios of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1, a 78-fold and 88-fold increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the number of fluorescent colonies compared with that in the no-transposase control were calculated. In a second experiment, BFF were chemically cotransfected with the helper vector pCMV-SB100X, and 2 donor transposons: pT2/Venus/RMCE and pT2/SV40-Neo. The former harbors a neo resistance cassette framed by SB ITRs. Different ratios of helper:donors (1 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1 and 2 : 0.5 : 0.5) were studied, and each ratio compared with a no-transposase control. After 15 days of antibiotic selection, the number of G418-resistant colonies was determined. Every time a functional SB transposase vector was included, the number of fluorescent and G418-resistant colonies was markedly higher compared with that in the respective control without transposase (P ≤ 0.001). Interestingly, all G418-resistant colonies expressed Venus. Molecular characterisation of genomic insertions in 6 monoclonal cell lines was performed by PCR and splinkerette PCR. PCR analysis confirmed presence of the Venus transgene in all cell lines. Splinkerette PCR results revealed at least 15 transposase-catalyzed genomic insertions of the transgene. Individual cells from a polyclonal SB transgenic fibroblast culture were used as nuclear donors to produce zona-free SCNT embryos. Of the reconstructed embryos, 33% reached blastocyst stage and about half of them expressed Venus. In conclusion, SB transposase is able to actively transpose monomeric copies of transgenes into the genome of bovine cells, which can be reprogrammed upon nuclear transfer to generate morphologically normal embryos expressing the transgene of interest.

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Wu, Frederick Y., Honglin Chen, Shizhen Emily Wang та ін. "CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein α Interacts with ZTA and Mediates ZTA-Induced p21CIP-1 Accumulation and G1 Cell Cycle Arrest during the Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle". Journal of Virology 77, № 2 (2003): 1481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.2.1481-1500.2003.

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ABSTRACT Cellular CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) promotes cellular differentiation and has antimitotic activities involving cell cycle arrest at G1/S through stabilization of p21CIP-1/WAF1 and through transcriptional activation of the p21 promoter. The Epstein-Barr virus lytic-cycle transactivator protein ZTA is known to arrest the host cell cycle at G1/S via a p53-independent p21 pathway, but the detailed molecular mechanisms involved have not been defined. To further evaluate the role of ZTA in cell cycle arrest, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing ZTA (Ad-ZTA), whose level of expression at a low multiplicity of infection in normal human diploid fibroblast (HF) cells was lower than or equal to the physiological level seen in Akata cells lytically induced by EBV (EBV-Akata cells). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of HF cells infected with Ad-ZTA confirmed that G1/S cell cycle arrest occurred in the majority of ZTA-positive cells, but not with an adenovirus vector expressing green fluorescent protein. Double-label immunofluorescence assays (IFA) performed with Ad-ZTA-infected HF cells revealed that only ZTA-positive cells induced the expression of both endogenous C/EBPα and p21 and blocked the progression into S phase, as detected by a lack of incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. The stimulation of endogenous ZTA protein expression either through treatment with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate in D98/HR1 cells or through B-cell receptor cross-linking with anti-immunoglobulin G antibody in EBV-Akata cells also coincided with the induction of both C/EBPα and p21 and their mRNAs, as assayed by Northern blot, Western blot, and IFA experiments. Mechanistically, the ZTA protein proved to directly interact with C/EBPα by coimmunoprecipitation in EBV-Akata cells and with DNA-bound C/EBPα in electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments, and the in vitro interaction domain encompassed the basic leucine zipper domain of ZTA. ZTA also specifically protected C/EBPα from degradation in a protein stability assay with a non-EBV-induced Akata cell proteasome extract. Furthermore, both C/EBPα and ZTA were found to specifically associate with the C/EBPα promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, but the interaction with ZTA appeared to be mediated by C/EBPα because it was abolished by clearing with anti-C/EBPα antibody. ZTA did not bind to or activate the C/EBPα promoter directly but cooperatively enhanced the positive autoregulation of the C/EBPα promoter by cotransfected C/EBPα in transient luciferase reporter gene assays with Vero and HeLa cells as well as with DG75 B lymphocytes. Similarly, ZTA alone had little effect on the p21 promoter in transient reporter gene assays, but in the presence of cotransfected C/EBPα, ZTA enhanced the level of C/EBPα activation. This effect proved to require a previously unrecognized region in the proximal p21 promoter that contains three high-affinity C/EBPα binding sites. Finally, in C/EBPα-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), Ad-ZTA was unable to induce either p21 or G1 arrest, whereas it was able to induce both in wild-type MEF. Overall, we conclude that C/EBPα is essential for at least one pathway of ZTA-induced G1 arrest during EBV lytic-cycle DNA replication and that this process involves a physical piggyback interaction between ZTA and C/EBPα leading to greatly enhanced C/EBPα and p21 levels through both transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms.

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Mark S. Rentschler. "Transpressional Piggyback Basin in Southern Diablo Range, California: ABSTRACT." AAPG Bulletin 70 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/94885895-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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JAMES A. BEER (2), RICHARD W. ALLME. "Seismic Stratigraphy of a Neogene Piggyback Basin, Argentina (1)." AAPG Bulletin 74 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/0c9b244d-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d.

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