Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pigment industry'

Mestrado em Engenharia Química
The main objective of this work conveys on the study of reversible aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), constituted by ionic liquids (ILs), and their potential application for the selective separation of dyes mainly used in the textile industry. The textile manufacturing is one of the main industries which discharges a heavy load of chemicals, especially large contents of dyes during the dying process through wastewaters, which results in severe environmental and economic concerns. In this context, this work focuses on the applicability of reversible ATPS, as well as on the development of more benign systems than those studied hitherto, as an alternative technique for the removal of dyes from wastewaters. Additionally, special attention was also given to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms which rule the partitioning of dyes between the coexisting phases of ATPS. IL-based ATPS display a widespread applicability in the extraction, concentration and purification of a large range of compounds, including dyes. Thus, this work started with investigations on the extraction of a set of dyes (chloranilic acid, indigo blue and sudan III) using more conventional ATPS composed of ILs and an organic/inorganic salt. At this stage, the influences of the IL chemical structure, the salting-out ability of the salt employed and the consequent pH of the aqueous medium were evaluated by the dyes extraction efficiencies. The results obtained reveal that a proper selection of the IL and salt can lead to the complete extraction of the three dyes studied for the IL-rich phase in a single-step procedure. After demonstrating the high capacity of ATPS formed by ILs to extract dyes from aqueous phases, it was studied the applicability of pH-triggered reversible ATPS in the selective separation of organic and inorganic dyes (sudan III and pigment blue 27). The reversibility of this type of ATPS was achieved by the manipulation of the speciation of the organic salt used. The results obtained confirm the reversibility behaviour of ATPS by a pH-driven phenomenon, at least for three times, as well as their selective separation capability with both dyes being extracted for opposite phases. Finally, and after demonstrating the existence of reversible pH-triggered ATPS, mixtures of a polymer and cholinium-based ILs combined with anions derived from carboxylic acids were investigated, foreseeing the search of more benign and biocompatible systems. The reversibility of these systems was achieved with the speciation of the IL anion as a function of the pH. These systems were finally evaluated in what concerns their performance for the extraction and selective separation of dyes (sudan III, pigment blue 27 and pigment 29), and the study revealed that IL-polymer systems are capable of selectively extract organic and inorganic dyes for opposite phases.
O principal objetivo do presente trabalho recai no estudo de sistemas aquosos bifásicos (SAB) reversíveis, constituídos por líquidos iónicos (LIs), bem como na sua potencial aplicação para a separação seletiva de corantes utilizados maioritariamente pela indústria têxtil. Esta é uma das principais indústrias que liberta uma grande quantidade de produtos químicos, destacando-se a descarga de elevadas quantidades de corantes através dos respetivos efluentes aquosos, o que é motivo de elevada preocupação tanto a nível ambiental como económico. Este trabalho centra-se no estudo da aplicabilidade de SAB reversíveis, através de variações de pH do meio aquoso, assim como na procura de SAB constituídos por LIs mais benignos que os estudados até ao momento, como uma técnica alternativa para a remoção de corantes de efluentes aquosos. Adicionalmente, também se deu um especial destaque à interpretação dos mecanismos que regem a partição de corantes entre as duas fases neste tipo de sistemas. Os SAB constituídos por LIs apresentam uma grande aplicabilidade na extração e purificação de uma vasta gama de compostos, incluindo corantes. Assim, iniciou-se o presente trabalho com a extração de um conjunto de corantes (ácido cloroanílico, azul indigo, sudão III) utilizando SAB mais convencionais e constituídos por LIs e um sal orgânico/inorgânico. Nesta etapa avaliou-se o efeito da estrutura química do LI sobre a capacidade de extração, assim como o efeito do sal e consequente pH do meio. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que uma seleção adequada do LI e do sal pode conduzir à extração completa dos três corantes estudados e num único passo operacional. Após demonstrar a elevada capacidade de SAB constituídos por LIs para extrair corantes de fases aquosas, estudou-se a aplicabilidade de SAB reversíveis, por variações de pH, na separação seletiva de corantes orgânicos e inorgânicos (sudão III e pigmento azul 27). A reversibilidade deste tipo de SAB foi conseguida com a manipulação da especiação do sal orgânico utilizado. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a reversibilidade dos SAB, pelo menos até três vezes, por variação do pH, assim como uma capacidade de extração seletiva de cada um dos corantes para fases opostas. Por fim, e após confirmada a existência de SAB reversíveis, estudaram-se misturas de um polímero e LIs da família das colinas com aniões derivados de ácidos carboxílicos com o intuito de encontrar sistemas mais benignos e biocompatíveis. A variação do pH e reversibilidade neste tipo de sistemas foi conseguida com a especiação do anião do LI. Estes sistemas foram finalmente avaliados no que respeita à sua capacidade de extração e separação seletiva de corantes (sudão III, pigmento azul 27 e pigmento 29), e o estudo revelou que os sistemas LI-polímero conduzem a uma extração seletiva entre os corantes orgânicos e os pigmentos inorgânicos.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A cor de um alimento é de suma importância para a sua aceitação, pois serve como critério de qualidade. Os pigmentantes, ao serem adicionados na produção animal melhoram a coloração dos produtos e a aceitação pelo mercado consumidor. Tais aditivos podem ser elaborados a partir de diversas origens, inclusive de resíduos industriais, e podem ser processados por diferentes técnicas de secagem. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar dois métodos de retirada de umidade da biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus produzida em efluente de indústria de processamento de pescado, liofilização e atomização, em relação a rendimento do processo e recuperação, cor, composição químico-bromatológica e concentração de oxicarotenóides dos produtos. A bactéria foi cultivada nas águas residuárias citadas, sob condições de anaerobiose, temperatura e luminosidade controladas. Ao final do processo, a biomassa bacteriana foi processada por microfiltração e transformada em pó por meio de liofilização ou atomização. As técnicas não diferiram entre si em relação ao rendimento. A maior recuperação do produto (p = 0,004) e a mais elevada umidade (p = 0,0022) foram obtidas pela técnica de liofilização. As porcentagens de matéria mineral (p < 0,0001) e todos os parâmetros de cor (p < 0,0001) foram maiores para o produto obtido por atomização. Os outros constituintes analisados não diferiram significativamente entre as técnicas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, apesar de resultar em menor recuperação, a atomização foi um processo mais rápido que a liofilização, apresentou rendimento equivalente a esta e originou um produto semelhante ao liofilizado em relação à composição químico-bromatológica e pigmentante. Este novo produto pode ser alvo de estudos posteriores para avaliar sua aplicação como componente pigmentante de ração animal
The color of a food is parameter of acceptance, because it serves as a quality criterion for the consumers. Pigments are added to animal feeding in order to improve the color of the products and, so, its acceptance. These additives can be made from various sources, including industrial wastes, and can be processed by different drying techniques. This study aimed at comparing two methods of water removal from Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass produced in the effluent from fish processing industry, lyophilization and spray drying. Parameters analyzed were: process yield, recuperation, color, proximate composition and oxycarotenoids concentration of the products. The bacterium was grown in the wastewater under anaerobiosis and controlled temperature and light conditions. At the end of the process, the bacterial biomass was prepared by microfiltration and dried by freeze and spray drying. No difference was detected for yield between the drying techniques. The higher recuperation of the product (p = 0.004) and the higher moisture content (p = 0.0022) were achieved with lyophilization. The percentages of ash (p < 0.0001) and all color parameters (p < 0.0001) were higher for the product obtained by spray drying. The other constituents analyzed did not differ significantly. The results showed that, although resulting in less recuperation, the spray drying process was faster than lyophilization, had the same yield and produced a biomass similar to the lyophilized one in relation to composition and pigment concentration. This new product can be subjected to further studies to evaluate its use as a pigmenting component of animal feed

L’objectif est la synthèse, par voie sels fondus, d’un pigment bleu d’importance industrielle majeure, l’aluminate de cobalt. Les poudres obtenues ont été caractérisées par ICP, DRX, ATD/ATG, FTIR, MEB et MET, spectroscopie UV-Visible et analyse colorimétrique par la méthode L*a*b*. Les réactions des chlorures d’aluminium et de cobalt avec des bains fondus constitués de nitrates, de chlorures ou de sulfates alcalins aboutissent toujours à des mélanges de phases (Co3O4, CoAl2O4 et g Al2O3) dont la composition dépend de la nature du bain choisi. Ces mélanges sont très réactifs et se transforment en CoAl2O4 par chauffage à 1000°C sans palier. Les réactions de double décomposition entre l’oxyde mixte alcalin g LiAlO2 et le chlorure double KCoCl3, à 500°C pendant 24 heures, permettent d’obtenir directement l’aluminate de cobalt cristallisé. La poudre ainsi obtenue a été caractérisée puis testée pour la coloration de carreaux céramiques comparativement à un pigment industriel. Ces essais, réalisés dans la société marocaine Union Cérame, confirment que le pigment synthétisé en milieu sels fondus est un bon candidat pour l’utilisation dans la coloration des carreaux céramiques industriels
The objective is the synthesis, by molten salts route, of a major industrial blue pigment, the cobalt aluminate. The powders obtained have been characterized by ICP, XRD, DTA/TGA, FTIR, SEM and TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy and colourimetric analysis by the L*a*b* method. The reaction of cobalt and aluminium chlorides in molten medium constituted of alkali-metal nitrates, chlorides or sulfates always lead to mixtures of phases (Co3O4, CoAl2O4 and g Al2O3) which composition is depending on the nature of the molten bath. These mixture are very reactive and are transformed in CoAl2O4 by heating at 1000°C without any plateau. The double decomposition reactions between the mixed alkali-metal oxyde g LiAlO2 and the double chloride KCoCl3, at 500°C for 24 hours, lead directly to crystallized cobalt aluminate. The powders obtained have been characterized, then tested for the colouring of ceramic tiles comparatively to an industrial pigment. The tests, performed in the moroccan society Union Cerame, confirm that the pigment synthesized in molten salt medium is a good candidate for the use in the colouring of industrial ceramic tiles

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a pour objet le développement des revêtements pigmentés de forte épaisseur, opacifiants et photoréticulables par un rayonnement UV-visible. Ces formulations sont destinées à recouvrir des supports bois pour le marché de l'ameublement. Afin d'apporter une réponse à ce problème industriel, une recherche bibliographique exhaustive s'est avérée nécessaire pour définir les différents axes à suivre. Notre premier objectif fut de définir, en milieu épais pigmenté, les performances des photoamorceurs utilisés couramment dans les réactions de photopolymérisation. Pour une meilleure compréhension des limites observées sur les systèmes amorceurs, une étude a été menée ultérieurement sur les propriétés optiques des pigments et a permis de déterminer leur fenêtre de transmission dans le visible. Par conséquent, notre recherche s'est orientée vers des réactions de photopolymérisation sensibilisée par des colorants. Cette nouvelle orientation a permis la mise au point d'une formulation pigmentée pour différents coloris applicable à l'échelle industrielle.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various types of anionic, non-ionic, cationic and zwitterionic additives are used in the coatings industry for the production of paints and colourants. These additives are added to enhance properties such as stabilization of pigment dispersions, wetting of pigments and improvement of open time and freeze/thaw stability. Very often the exact chemistry of these commercial additives is unknown and this is a limitation for new product developments. The identification and characterization of these multi-component polymeric materials continues to be a challenging task. This research presents the use of various advanced analytical techniques to identify and characterize commercial additives that are used in a multi-component colourant formulation. The focus of the present study is on additives that are based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The molar mass distribution of PEG-based additives was determined with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using solvent gradient elution and at critical conditions of adsorption (LCCC) of PEG. Using the combination of LC-MS, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (py-GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), different additives were identified in terms of the number and type of polymer end groups. The efficiency of the extraction and identification protocol was demonstrated for a blend of additives in a colourant formulation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie tipes anioniese, nie-ioniese, kationiese en zwitterioniese bymiddels word gebruik in die bedekking nywerheid vir die vervaardiging van verwe en kleurmiddels. Hierdie bymiddels word bygevoeg om sekere eienskappe, soos die stabilisering van pigment dispersie, benatting van pigmente en die verbetering van ope tyd en vries/dooi stabiliteit te versterk. Dikwels is die presiese chemie van hierdie kommersiële bymiddels onbekend en het dit ʼn beperking vir nuwe produk ontwikkeling tot gevolg. Die identifisering en karakterisering van hierdie meer-komponent polimeriese materiaal duur voort om ʼn uitdagings te wees. Hierdie navorsingstudie stel voor die gebruik van verskeie tegnieke om kommersiële bymiddels te identifiseer en karakteriseer wat in meer-komponent kleurmiddel formulasies gebruik word. Die fokus is geplaas op bymiddels wat gebaseer is op poli(etileen glikol) (PEG). The molêre massa verdeling van PEG-gebaseerde bymiddels was bepaal met vloeistofchromatografie gekoppel tot massaspektrometrie (VC-MS) met die gebruik van oplosmiddel gradient eluasie en by kritiese toestande van adsorpsie (VCKT) van PEG. Deur die kombinasie van VC-MS, proton kern magnetiese resonansie spektroskopie (1H KMR), pirolisegaschromatografie (pir-GC-MS) en Fourier-transformasie infrarooi spektroskopie in verswakking totale refleksie modus (FTIR-VTR), is verskillende bymiddels geïdentifiseer in terme van die hoeveelheid en tipe polimeer eindgroep teenwoordig. Die doeltreffendheid van die ekstrahering en identifisering protokol is gedemonstreer vir ʼn mengel van bymiddels in ʼn kleurmiddel formulering.

Ce travail porte sur le traitement de surface de pigments, d’oxyde d’aluminium, de fer et de titane par des polyesters acrylique et l’analyse des propriétés qui en résultent. Les mesures d’angle de mouillage montrent que le traitement rend les pigments plus hydrophobes. Ces traitements sont ils complets, avec un recouvrement homogène de la surface et quels sont les types de liaisons formées ? L’analyse quantitative a été menée par thermogravimétrie et spectroscopie infrarouge après traitement et lavages par différents solvants. Les résultats cohérents montrent que les molécules sont fixées sur les trois oxydes de fer, une partie des molécules seulement sur l’oxyde de titane, avec une plus faible fraction fixée sur l’alumine. Des liaisons chimiques sont détectées par spectroscopie infrarouge, assisté par un modèle de mécanique quantique. Cependant l’AFM et l’XPS montrent que le traitement de la surface n’est pas homogène, le polymère se dépose sous forme d’îlots. L’observation directe par AFM sur des plaquettes d’alumine est décisive. Elle montre que ce mode de dépôt résulte de la conformation des molécules en pelotes. Cette hétérogénéité est inhérente à la structure macromoléculaire, dont la contribution entropique empêche le dépôt planaire sur la surface. Nous préconisons l’utilisation de molécules plus petites ou une polymérisation in-situ
This work is devoted to the surface treatment by acrylic polyesters of aluminum, iron and titanium oxides pigments and of the resulting properties. The wetting angle measurements show out hydrophobic character of pigments after their treatment. Which is the polymer fraction applied on then surface, the homogeneity of covering and the character of bonds formed by the polymer with the surface? An almost complete polymer deposit is observed by thermogravimetry and by infrared spectroscopy which can be partly removed by a solvent as a function of surface oxide. A small part of the polymer remains on alumina, a larger part on titanium oxide and is fixed on the various iron oxide pigments. Chemical bonds are observed by infrared spectroscopy thanks to quantum mechanics attributions. The surface treatment is inhomogeneous on the surface, as shown by AFM and XPS, with the aspect of small islands of polymer. AFM direct observation on alumina is decisive for the discussion. Each island results from a statistic coil conformation of the polymer chains. The inhomogeneous covering is inherent on entropic contribution on energy of polymer chains which inhibit a planar covering of molecules on the oxide surfaces. The use of shorter molecules or in-situ polymerization should be favored

Le bois de brésil est un bois tinctorial rouge utilisé en Occident à la période médiévale et au XVIe siècle non seulement pour la teinture des étoffes, mais aussi en peinture, en particulier en enluminure, comme l’ont montré des analyses physico-chimiques récentes. Durant le Moyen Âge, ce matériau provient d’Asie, puis, à partir de la fin du XVe siècle, d’Amérique latine. Cette étude a pour objet de comprendre dans quelles conditions, au Moyen Âge et dans les premiers temps de l’ère moderne, le bois de brésil pouvait parvenir de ces régions lointaines jusqu’en Occident et être ainsi disponible sur le marché européen comme matériau colorant pour les artisans et les artistes. La première partie de ce travail s’interroge sur l’époque et les conditions dans lesquelles l’Occident médiéval est entré en contact avec le bois de brésil, puis sur ce que savaient ou non les Européens de ce matériau et de l’arbre qui le produisait. La seconde partie se déplace en Asie pour y identifier les régions productrices du bois tinctorial, retracer son cheminement jusqu’en Occident, d’abord par l’intermédiaire du Proche-Orient arabo-musulman durant la période médiévale, puis par la route du Cap à partir de la fin du XVe siècle. Enfin, la troisième et dernière étape de cette recherche se concentre sur l’Amérique pour déterminer où et comment, à partir de la fin du XVe et au cours du XVIe siècle, ce continent se met à produire du bois de brésil, cerner les modalités de cette production et analyser le type de régime commercial spécifique alors établi par les Couronnes ibériques pour l’exploitation du brésil américain
During the Middle Ages and the XVIth century, brazilwood was a red dyewood used in the Western world not only for textile dyeing, but also in painting, especially in manuscript illuminations, as recently shown by physic-chemical analyses. In mediaeval times this material xas imported from Asia, and from the end of the XVth onwards it came from Latin America. This research tries to investigate how in the Middle Ages and in the early modern era brazilwood travelled from such remote areas to Western Europe and could thus be available on the market to European craftsmen and artists. The first part of this study seeks to determine when and how the Medieval West came to know this new material, before analyzing what Europeans knew about this wood and about the tree that produced it. The second part, focusing on Asian brazilwood, identifies production areas in south and south-east Asia, before tracing down the commercial roads followed by this dyewood, first through the Middle East during the Middle Ages, and then from the New World : it defines when and where American brazilwood was produced ; it analyses the conditions of its production and finally considers the specific trade system established by the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns to exploit this natural resource

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Anthocyanins are naturally occurring pigments responsible for the colour of many natural products, including grapes and wine. These pigments are important to the food industry and have been recognised for their nutritional value since they play an important role in the reduced risk of various chronic diseases in humans. Anthocyanins also play an important role in the aesthetic perception and quality of red wine. However, due to the large structural diversity of grape-derived anthocyanins and the many derivatives formed from these during wine ageing, the accurate analysis of wine pigments is extremely challenging. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is mostly used for anthocyanin analysis, although the technique often provides insufficient resolving power for complex mixtures of anthocyanins. In addition, the lack of commercially available standards and identical mass spectral characteristics hampers identification of these compounds. The coupling of multiple orthogonal separation systems in comprehensive 2-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) offers a more powerful approach for the separation of complex mixtures. The current work therefore focussed on exploring the potential of LC×LC for the improved analysis of anthocyanins and derived pigments in natural products and wine. The first part of this work focussed on developing a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method as an alternative to RP-LC for the anthocyanin analysis. Following extensive optimisation, the method proved suitable for the analysis of a diverse range of anthocyanins in natural products. Significantly, it also showed alternative selectivity compared to RP-LC. The optimised HILIC method was then used in combination with RP-LC to develop an off-line LC×LC approach for anthocyanins. For this purpose, half-minute fractions of the HILIC effluent were collected and reinjected onto a RP-LC column. The off-line HILIC×RP-LC method demonstrated exceptionally high resolving power, as measured in terms of the practical peak capacity, with many compounds separated in two dimensions that co-eluted in 1-dimensional HPLC. Interestingly, group-type separation was also observed based on the degree and/or nature of glycosylation and acylation of anthocyanins. In the final part of the work, a systematic approach was used for the development and optimisation of and on-line HILIC×RP-LC method by using a 10-port switching valve to automatically transfer fractions between the two columns. This method was then coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) to allow the detailed investigation of anthocyanins and derived products in wine. Ninety four pigments were identified in one- and six-year old Pinotage wines based on HILIC×RPLC separation in combination with accurate mass MS data and fragmentation information. Significant differences in especially the content of derived pigments were observed between the wines. In summary, the methods developed in this work provide the means to improve anthocyanin analysis, and therefore also show promise for the detailed investigation of these important compounds and their alteration in natural products and their derived commodities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Antosianiene is natuurlike pigmente wat verantwoordelik is vir die kleur van baie natuurlike produkte, insluitende dié van druiwe en wyn. Hierdie pigmente is belangrik vir die voedsel industrie en word gereken vir hul voedingswaarde aangesien hulle 'n belangrike rol speel in die verlaagde risiko van verskeie chroniese siektes onder die mens. Antosianiene speel ook 'n belangrike rol in die estetiese persepsie en kwaliteit van rooiwyn. Desnieteenstaande, as gevolg van die groot strukturele diversiteit van druifgeproduseerde antosianiene en die vele chemiese afgeleides wat uit hulle gevorm kan word tydens wyn bereiding en veroudering, is die akkurate analise van natuurlike wyn-pigmente uiters uitdagend. Omgekeerde-fase vloeistofchromatografie (RP-LC) word meestal gebruik vir die analise van antosianiene. Dié tegniek bied egter dikwels onvoldoende skeidingsvermoë vir komplekse mengsels van antosianiene en verwante molekules. Verder belemmer die onbeskikbaarheid van kommersiële standaarde en identiese massa spektrale eienskappe die identifikasie van hierdie verbindings. Die kombinasie van verskillende ortogonale skeidings meganismes in omvattende 2- dimensionele vloeistofchromatografie (LC×LC) bied egter 'n baie kragtiger benadering vir die skeiding van komplekse mengsels. Die huidige werk fokus dus op die ontginning van die potensiaal van LC×LC vir die verbeterde ontleding van antosianiene en verwante afgeleide pigmente in natuurlike produkte en wyn. Die eerste deel van hierdie werk het gefokus op die ontwikkeling van 'n hidrofiliese interaksie chromatografiese (HILIC) metode as ʼn alternatief vir RP-LC analise van antosianiene. Na uitgebreide optimisering, is gevind dat die metode geskik is vir die ontleding van 'n verskeidenheid van antosianiene in natuurlike produkte. Van groot belang is dat dit ook alternatiewe selektiwiteit in vergelyking met RP-LC demonstreer. Hierdie geoptimiseerde HILIC metode word dan voorts gebruik in kombinasie met RP-LC vir die ontwikkeling van ʼn af-lyn LC×LC benadering vir die analise van antosianiene. Hiervoor is half-minuut fraksies van die HILIC uitvloei opgevang en her-ingespuit op 'n RP-LC kolom. Dié af-lyn HILIC×RP-LC metode toon buitengewoon hoë skeidingsvermoë, gemeet in terme van die bereikbare praktiese piek kapasiteit, met baie verbindings wat geskei is in die twee dimensies wat saam elueer in 1-dimensionele HPLC. Interessant genoeg is groep-tipe skeiding ook waargeneem gebaseer op die graad en / of aard van glukosilasie en asilering van die antosianiene. In die laaste deel van die werk, is 'n sistematiese benadering gevolg vir die ontwikkeling en optimisering van ʼn aan-lyn HILIC×RP-LC deur gebruik te maak van 'n 10-poort oorskakelingsklep wat fraksies outomaties oordra tussen die twee kolomme. Die bogenoemde metode is ook verder gekoppel aan hoë resolusie massaspektrometrie (HR-MS) om ʼn gedetailleerde ondersoek van antosianiene en hulle afgeleide verbindings in wyn moontlik te maak. Vier en negentig pigmente is in een- en ses jaar oue Pinotage wyne geïdentifiseer gebaseer op HILIC×RP-LC skeiding in kombinasie met akkurate massa MS data en fragmentasie inligting. Beduidende verskille in veral die inhoud van antosianien-afgeleide pigmente is tussen die wyne waargeneem. Ter samevatting, die metodes ontwikkel in hierdie werk baan die weg om antosianien ontleding te verbeter en stel gevolglik die moontlikheid van selfs meer gedetailleerde studies van hierdie belangrike verbindings in natuurlike produkte in die vooruitsig.

La estructura espinela M^IIAl₂O₄ presenta una serie de propiedades que hacen idónea su utilización dentro del sector industrial cerámico, y en concreto como aditivos a los esmaltes vítreos, tradicionalmente empleados en este sector, proporcionándoles unas propiedades ópticas y mecánicas que por sí mismos no poseen, mediante la generación de materiales de naturaleza vitrocristalina y vitrocerámica. La síntesis de espinela mediante la ruta cerámica tradicional empleada en la industria, presenta una serie de inconvenientes, tales como la necesidad de recurrir a altas temperaturas de síntesis con largos tiempos de retención, y la introducción de agentes mineralizadores para disminuir esta temperatura, con la consiguiente problemática medioambiental que lleva asociada el empleo de estos compuestos. La ruta cerámica sigue siendo la única vía de síntesis de compuestos que se realiza en la industria cerámica, si bien cada día se están realizando más trabajos encaminados a la minimización de recursos energéticos necesarios así como a obtener unas nuevas rutas de síntesis acordes con las nuevas legislaciones medioambientales, cada vez más estrictas con los niveles de emisión permitidos. En la presente Tesis Doctoral, se plantea una ruta de síntesis alternativa a la ruta tradicional para la espinela, basada en la descomposición térmica de compuestos con estructura tipo hidrotalcita. Los compuestos tipo hidrotalcita, son hidróxidos dobles laminares, constituidos por capas de hidróxidos de cationes divalentes, en los que cierta cantidad de catión divalente, se ha sustituido por una catión trivalente, generando una descompensación de cargas. Este exceso de carga positiva, se compensa con la introducción de aniones en la intercapa que ejercen de puente entre las dos capas de hidróxidos. De esta forma, un tratamiento térmico de estos compuestos, provocará una reordenación catiónica, así como la eliminación de los aniones de la intercapa, favoreciendo la formación de otros compuestos cristalinos a baja temperatura. En el caso que nos ocupa, los cationes divalentes estudiados, han sido el Mg, Co, Ni y Zn, mientras que el catión trivalente, ha sido el Al. Se han introducido una serie de variables en el estudio, como el pH de síntesis, relación inicial MII:Al en los compuestos tipo hidrotalcita, introducción de un segundo catión trivalente, como es el caso del Cr, etc. Se ha conseguido rebajar la temperatura de síntesis de las espinelas correspondientes a temperaturas inferiores a 1000ºC, sin tiempo de retención a la temperatura máxima de calcinación, y lo que es más importante, sin la introducción de ningún tipo de agentes mineralizadores, con el consiguiente beneficio económico y medioambiental que ello conlleva. La última parte de la Tesis Doctoral, ha sido el desarrollo de esmaltes de naturaleza vitrocerámica en la que la fase cristalina principal es la espinela MgAl2O4, obteniendo de esta forma esmaltes de elevadas propiedades mecánicas de superficie, adaptados a las nuevas tecnologías de gres porcelánico. En este desarrollo se ha estudiado la composición idónea de las fritas de partida, para producir el proceso de desvitrifcación de la espinela durante los ciclos de cocción industriales actualmente en uso.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A tilápia, além de possuir vantagens produtivas, origina produtos com grande aceitação pelo mercado. Em sua nutrição, podem ser utilizados aditivos com fins zootécnicos, pigmentantes ou antioxidantes. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação da dieta para tilápias com biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus sobre o desempenho zootécnico e parâmetros hematológicos e histológicos dos animais, e sobre as características de qualidade dos filés. O experimento contou com seis tratamentos, compostos de um grupo controle, um grupo com pigmentante comercial e quatro grupos com a biomassa nas concentrações de 175, 350, 700 e 1400 mg/kg. Peixes pesando 21,42 ± 5,65g foram criados por 74 dias em sistema com recirculação de água e abatidos nos dias 0, 18, 43, 58 e 74. Não foram encontradas diferenças para os resultados das análises de desempenho, histológicas e hematológicas. Os filés dos grupos alimentados com os aditivos apresentaram menor umidade que o controle (p < 0,05) e os filés dos grupos alimentados com biomassa apresentaram maiores teores protéicos (p < 0,05). Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos para os valores de pH, lipídeos e cinzas. Quanto à cor dos filés, todos os tratamentos com aditivos aumentaram a intensidade de vermelho (p < 0,05). Em todos os tratamentos, a rancidez dos filés foi crescente durante o armazenamento, embora em menores valores nos filés dos grupos tratados com as maiores concentrações de biomassa (p < 0,05). A biomassa de R. gelatinosus não promoveu alterações no desempenho nem nos parâmetros hematológicos e histológicos, e mostrou-se capaz de melhorar os aspectos de qualidade e conservação dos filés. Dessa forma, confirma-se a viabilidade do uso desse aditivo na alimentação de tilápias para incrementar a preservação da carne congelada
More than having productivity advantages, tilapia fish yields products with great market acceptance. For its nutrition, additives aiming at increasing zootechnical, pigmenting or antioxidant features may be used. This study evaluated the effect of the supplementation of tilapia diets with Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass on the performance and hematological and histological parameters of the animals, and on the quality of the fillets. The experiment comprised six treatments, made of a control group, a group containing commercial pigment and four groups with biomass concentrations of 175, 350, 700 and 1400 mg/kg. Fishes weighing 21.42 ± 5.65 g were reared for 74 days in a system with water recirculation and slaughtered at days 0, 18, 43 and 74. No difference was detected for performance, histological and hematological analyzes among treatments. Fillets of the groups fed additives had lower moisture than the control (p < 0.05) while the fillets of the groups fed the biomass had the highest protein percentages (p < 0.05). No differences were detected among treatments for pH, lipids and ash values. Regarding to the color of the fillets, all treatments with additives increased redness at the measured sites (p < 0.05). For all treatments, rancidity in the fillets increased during storage, although the groups treated with the highest biomass concentrations had the lowest values (p < 0.05). R. gelatinosus biomass did not change performance or hematological and histological parameters, and proved to be capable of improving fillets quality features and conservation. Thus, it was shown the viability of the use of this additive in tilapia feed to increase the preservation of frozen meat
FAPESP: 2011/01103-2

El objetivo fundamental de esta Tesis es describir y monitorizar el efecto de diversas concentraciones de ácido nítrico en la degradación del color de once pigmentos de uso común en obras de arte pictóricas. Así mismo se busca conocer cuál es el efecto de los parámetros tiempo de exposición y temperatura ambiental. Finalmente se efectúa una comparación entre la degradación del color inducida por ácido nítrico y la que provocan el ozono y el ambiente real urbano. El cambio de color de los pigmentos se valora de manera cuantitativa, cualitativa y gráfica, siguiendo el sistema CIELAB. Para la consecución de estos objetivos se han efectuado una serie de experimentos de laboratorio y ensayos de campo. En el laboratorio se han recreado diferentes condiciones ambientales controladas de exposición por medio de un sistema dinámico de exposición para el ácido nítrico y el ozono respectivamente. Los resultados experimentales muestran que todos los pigmentos expuestos al ácido nítrico, al ozono y al ambiente real urbano sufren variaciones en su color original en dependencia del tiempo durante el que las muestras están sometidas a la acción del ácido nítrico, la concentración del ácido nítrico y la temperatura ambiental. El cambio es diferente según la naturaleza de cada uno de los pigmentos, por lo que es razonable pensar que otros colorantes estrechamente relacionados con los de este estudio sean sensibles al ácido nítrico de una manera similar.
The main objective of this Thesis is to describe and detail the effect of different concentrations of nitric acid in the fading of eleven pigments commonly used in art works. Likewise the study try to know what is the effect of the parameters time of exposure and environmental temperature on fading. Finally we made a comparison between color degradation induced by nitric acid and which cause the ozone and the real urban environment. Fading is valued using the CIELAB system quantitatively, qualitatively and graphically. Different laboratory experiments and field trials have been carried on for the achievement of these objectives. In the laboratory, several controlled environmental conditions of exposure have been recreated ,by the use of a dynamic system of exposure to nitric acid and ozone respectively. Results show that all the pigments exposed to nitric acid, ozone and to a real urban environment suffer variations in its original color, depending on time during the samples are exposed to the action of nitric acid, concentration of nitric acid and temperature. Fading is different according to the nature of each pigment, so it is reasonable to think that other pigments closely related of the ones studied are sensitive to nitric acid in a similar way.

En vue d'identifier les constituants d'un microechantillon de peinture, on a cherche a mettre en evidence par spectrometrie electronique et vibrationnelle les caracterististiques analytiques et structurales de six pigments rouges derives de la quinacridone, utilises dans les peintures pour automobiles. Les spectres d'adsorption electronique et ir et d'emission de fluorescence montrent que les modifications tinctoriales de ces composes dependent des interactions intermoleculaires plutot que de la nature du substituant. Les donnees spectroscopiques (preresonance raman et ir) permettent de preciser la structure en feuillets des quinacridones et leurs planeite moleculaire relative

La contribution du present travail est relative a l'etude de la coloration du beton en terme de parametres mesurables grace a la colorimetrie. Il permet aussi d'obtenir des produits en beton colore de qualite. Apres un rappel sur la couleur, les matieres premieres et le beton colore, ce memoire presente les resultats destines a montrer l'influence des parametres de coloration sur la couleur du beton. Nous etudions ainsi l'influence des parametres de composition et de mise en uvre tels que le rapport eau sur ciment, la nature et le dosage de pigments, la couleur et la distribution granulometrique des granulats, la vibration, la temperature et l'hygrometrie, etc. L'etude montre que le pigment, l'eau et les fines du sable sont les elements determinants de la couleur des betons ou mortiers colores. Parmi d'autres resultats, on montre que les pigments mineraux sont inertes et n'influencent pas le comportement chimique du beton. Aussi, les mesures de couleur effectuees sur de nombreux echantillons de betons colores montrent que les couleurs deviennent moins saturees. D'ou le probleme de la durabilite du beton colore. Nous avons egalement utilise la theorie de kubelka munk pour etudier la prevision de la couleur de mortier et pate pure. Elle nous permet d'evaluer la contribution respective du pigment, du sable et de l'eau a la couleur des materiaux cimentaires. Ceci permet de mieux maitriser les divers parametres de coloration du beton

Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano
Banca: Antonio Carlos de Laurentiz
Banca: Roberto da Silva
Resumo: A cor de um alimento é de suma importância para a sua aceitação, pois serve como critério de qualidade. Os pigmentantes, ao serem adicionados na produção animal melhoram a coloração dos produtos e a aceitação pelo mercado consumidor. Tais aditivos podem ser elaborados a partir de diversas origens, inclusive de resíduos industriais, e podem ser processados por diferentes técnicas de secagem. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar dois métodos de retirada de umidade da biomassa de Rubrivivax gelatinosus produzida em efluente de indústria de processamento de pescado, liofilização e atomização, em relação a rendimento do processo e recuperação, cor, composição químico-bromatológica e concentração de oxicarotenóides dos produtos. A bactéria foi cultivada nas águas residuárias citadas, sob condições de anaerobiose, temperatura e luminosidade controladas. Ao final do processo, a biomassa bacteriana foi processada por microfiltração e transformada em pó por meio de liofilização ou atomização. As técnicas não diferiram entre si em relação ao rendimento. A maior recuperação do produto (p = 0,004) e a mais elevada umidade (p = 0,0022) foram obtidas pela técnica de liofilização. As porcentagens de matéria mineral (p < 0,0001) e todos os parâmetros de cor (p < 0,0001) foram maiores para o produto obtido por atomização. Os outros constituintes analisados não diferiram significativamente entre as técnicas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, apesar de resultar em menor recuperação, a atomização foi um processo mais rápido que a liofilização, apresentou rendimento equivalente a esta e originou um produto semelhante ao liofilizado em relação à composição químico-bromatológica e pigmentante. Este novo produto pode ser alvo de estudos posteriores para avaliar sua aplicação como componente pigmentante de ração animal
Abstract: The color of a food is parameter of acceptance, because it serves as a quality criterion for the consumers. Pigments are added to animal feeding in order to improve the color of the products and, so, its acceptance. These additives can be made from various sources, including industrial wastes, and can be processed by different drying techniques. This study aimed at comparing two methods of water removal from Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass produced in the effluent from fish processing industry, lyophilization and spray drying. Parameters analyzed were: process yield, recuperation, color, proximate composition and oxycarotenoids concentration of the products. The bacterium was grown in the wastewater under anaerobiosis and controlled temperature and light conditions. At the end of the process, the bacterial biomass was prepared by microfiltration and dried by freeze and spray drying. No difference was detected for yield between the drying techniques. The higher recuperation of the product (p = 0.004) and the higher moisture content (p = 0.0022) were achieved with lyophilization. The percentages of ash (p < 0.0001) and all color parameters (p < 0.0001) were higher for the product obtained by spray drying. The other constituents analyzed did not differ significantly. The results showed that, although resulting in less recuperation, the spray drying process was faster than lyophilization, had the same yield and produced a biomass similar to the lyophilized one in relation to composition and pigment concentration. This new product can be subjected to further studies to evaluate its use as a pigmenting component of animal feed
Mestre

La industria textil libera al ambiente grandes cantidades de aguas residuales que, entre otros varios contaminantes, contienen colorantes azo en su composición, los cuales son compuestos tóxicos, carcinogénicos y mutagénicos que afectan negativamente la vida acuática y la calidad del agua. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo caracterizar a nivel fisiológico y genómico cepas nativas con potencial de degradación de colorantes azo obtenidas de un efluente de industria textil de Lima, Perú. Se aplicó el método de la microplaca a doce aislados bacterianos para su selección en base a su respuesta positiva a la decoloración de tres colorantes azo: Azul directo 71, Rojo remazol RGB y Amarillo Oro Remazol RGB. La actividad decolorante de las cepas seleccionadas fue evaluada mediante espectrofotometría UV-Visible en medio ZZ con el colorante respectivo a 100 ppm y en condiciones de microaerofilia durante 24 horas. El secuenciamiento de los genomas se realizó utilizando la tecnología HiSeq 2500 de Illumina, el ensamblaje de novo con el software SPAdes, la extensión de los contigs y reparación de gaps a través de los programas ABACAS e IMAGE y la anotación con Prokka. Las dos cepas con mejor eficiencia de degradación correspondieron a Shewanella sp. LC-2 y Shewanella sp. LC-6, ambas identificadas mediante análisis filogenómico resultando muy cercanas al grupo filogenético de Shewanella sp. FDAARGOS_354. Las cepas mostraron una actividad decolorante frente a Azul Directo 71, Rojo Remazol y Amarillo Remazol con porcentajes de 94.42, 94.79, 91.67 para Shewanella sp. LC-2 y 94.37, 94.92, 83.24 para Shewanella sp. LC-6 a las 24 h. Asimismo, los genomas de Shewanella sp. LC-2 y LC-6 revelaron la presencia de genes que codifican azorreductasas dependientes de NADH, peroxidasas decoloradoras de tinte (DyPs), genes implicados en la desaminación, asimilación de sulfatos, reducción de nitratos y metales pesados, como también en la degradación de benzoatos, catecol y gentisato. Se concluye que las cepas Shewanella LC-2 y LC-6 tienen una actividad metabólica eficaz para la decoloración de Azul directo 71, Rojo remazol RGB y Amarillo Oro Remazol RGB, presentan versatilidad catabólica y son de potencial aplicación en la biorremediación de aguas residuales textiles.
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima). Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Posgrado
Perú. Ministerio de la Producción. Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad (Innóvate Perú). Fondo para la Innovación, la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FINCyT)
Tesis

碩士
國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
97
Chemical industry in Taiwan has a tiny sub stream, that is Dyestuff and pigment business, It is located in the upper tiers of the Textile business supply chain. Four of Asia countries in 1970s became most active roles in the world’s light industry. Meanwhile the Textile and related industries in Taiwan began to flourish, Accompanied by the huge needs of this industries, a large number dyestuff and pigment imported at high prices from the Germany, the Switzerland, the Great Britain (U.K.), the United States, Japan. At this moment, the chemical industry companies in Taiwan found these was very good opportunity to produce the products, Some company they Jumped into the dyestuff and pigment business. On the another side of Taiwan strait, China begun to open domestic market in 1982,At the beginning, The basic materials for living needs hungrily, Causing the the four Asian 4 countries economy went to the peak of the records. Thus the industry has been continuing thriving through the 1990s. In China, some of industry invested a large quantities of resources as a follower, it was typical of the competition convergence. Case “A “ (“A”)company in Taiwan at that moment felt the competition, seeking a way goes out of the competition. This study will discuss a case study, Which will have a in-depth study of dyestuff and pigment industry in Taiwan ，This company how to update their strategy into the diversification strategy, organizational change, new industry research and development, deep in product technology research and, the establishment of technical team. From none to new plant facilitating, Invented new products into new business, sales team, building, new branding, and set up marketing channels. By the case of dyestuff and pigment industry company moved into the area of biochemical and pharmaceutical fields, Three questions will be addressed as followings : 1. How “A “company found out their organization capability? 2. How “A “company entered into new business territories? 3. From the R&D stage to the commercialization stage ；What was organization changed happened in the” A” company? In this study had found and showed that when” A “company faced of their competitors broke out their technical barriers; the same product competitiveness in the market, Low-price competition. “A “company held an internal strategy conference leaded to find out their owned organizational capabilities, Set up a project team in dynamic way to perform technical break through and market penetration. The company’s resources moved and allocated toward R&D activities, further to restructure of the company reorganization; then spun off a new independent company. From the R&D stage went to the commercialized stage , The company had cultural and administrative changes , which brought impact to the members . The differences came from internal factors; work flows, operation procedures, organization functions. To the external factors; multinational sales channels, different regulations from the different countries. When the new “L” company spun off form the “A” company, Both company keep their own regulations and company cultures . Accordance with the study findings, there are some recommendations offered to the companies. To “L” company: 1. Building a learning organization; introduced new technologies products to the Carotenoids family product application, Invent innovative products goes into the feed and pharmaceutical field. To “A” company: 1. Follow the trend of needs, Optimized process times work flow, Low pollutive process and products will be the future trend, Set up a proper patent strategy to keep the value inside of “A” company. 2. To one of the dyestuff application sector – car seat textile sector ; The traditional recipe contains a lot of old, pollutive process products, It should be switched to green chemistry methods, newly selected structure, new auxillaries, new finishing process. Which can reduce the total pollution form the top of supply chain, become greener and more environmental friendly products . Place a honorable “Green environmental “tag, Like the well known” Intel inside “ tag as a market differentiation symbol

碩士
國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系專班
100
The main purpose of the thesis is to minimize total inventory cost, while creating the maximum values for customer service. In the pigment industry, a variety of work in progress is required to produce customized goods and hence the production plan and inventory policy for work in progress are essential in balancing efficiency and customer value. This thesis develops a model of production and inventory strategy for work in progress in the pigment industry. Based on the historical data, the model use data analyses to forecast product demands, and deploys an inventory control model. The numerical results indicate that the proposed model performs well in terms of cost reduction. In addition, they suggest some practical guideline for setting the model parameters in different scenarios.

O uso de minerais na indústria do papel remonta ao século XVIII. Nos papéis de impressão e escrita os minerais têm fundamentalmente dois objectivos: reduzir os custos de produção e melhorar a aptidão do papel a impressão. Existem duas formas de utilizar os minerais: como cargas, isto é, incorporados na estrutura fibrosa que constitui a base do papel ou como pigmentos, sob a forma de uma película depositada sobre a superfície do papel. Este trabalho consistiu em estudar alguns carbonatos de cálcio (natural e precipitados) como pigmentos, em revestir um papel omet com caldas de diferentes composições (lotações de pigmentos) e em avaliar os papéis resultantes. Um dos objectivos deste estudo residiu na avaliação do modo como as propriedades dos pigmentos influenciam as características das caldas de revestimento e as características finais dos papéis. Em paralelo, pretendia-se avaliar se o revestimento exercia a mesma influência sobre as características estruturais, mecânicas, ópticas e de aptidão a impressão dos papéis revestidos e se possível eleger a calda a qual correspondesse o melhor compromisso entre as propriedades dos papéis e o desempenho durante o processo de revestimento. 0s resultados das investigações levadas a efeito permitiram-nos concluir que não existe nenhuma calda ideal. Dependendo das exigências dos papéis revestidos, um revestimento com PCC(E) pode ser mais ou menos favorável do que um revestimento com GCC. Se o objectivo for produzir um papel com melhores características ópticas então o revestimento a seleccionar deverá conter PCC(E), se pelo contrário a prioridade for a aptidão a impressão então a escolha deverá recair sobre um revestimento com GCC.
Minerals are used in paper industry for decades, but presently the interest for paper higher brightness and good printability is being developed. In printing and writing papers, minerals have predominantly two objectives: to reduce production costs and to improve printability and appearance. It's possible to apply minerals in two forms: as filler, incorporated in the fibrous structure of the paper sheet or as pigment, in a thin coating layer applied to the paper sheet surface. Calcium carbonates and kaolin, are the main mineral fillers and pigments being used in the paper industry. In the experimental studies we have been carrying out, two main categories of calcium carbonate were used: ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and two precipitated calcium carbonate [PCC(E) - scalenohedral and PCC(R) - rhombohedral]. After the determination of their specific properties as well as their application in woodfree paper with different coating formulation, the coated papers were evaluated. The optical, physical, mechanical characteristics are determined as well as printability. The main goal of the present study was to determine the relationship between pigments intrinsic characteristics and their influence upon coated paper properties and rheology of the coating suspension. We pretended also to evaluate coating influence on paper characteristics and, if possible, to select the coating formulation showing the best compromise between paper performance and runnability during the coating process. The overall basic results of the investigation being carrying out show that it doesn't exist an optimal coating formulation. Depending on the application of the paper grade, one paper coated with GCC can be better than another coated with PCC(E), but the opposite can be also true. If gloss is considered to be the most important paper property, the selection would go to GCC, but if good optical parameters are required, then the choice has to go to PCC(E) because this pigment makes the paper sheet structure more open therefore favouring light diffusion.
Mestrado em Minerais e Rochas Industriais