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1
Widayati, Trisiwi Wahyu, Bernaddeta Wahyuni Irianti Rahayu, Dwi Djoko Rahardjo, and Budi Santoso. "The Utilization of Agricultural and Food Industry Wastes as Feed of Grower Pigs in Manokwari Regency West Papua." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2018.20.3.723.
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The aim of this study was to find out the potential of agricultural and food industry wastes as the constituents of pig feed to improve pigs’ performance and to reduce the feeding cost. This study was conducted at Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province. The agricultural and food industry wastes were collected from two traditional market, and four small-scale food industries. All materials used as feed were proximately analyzed to determine their nutritional values. Average daily gain, feed consumption and feed coversion ratio were taken to determine the pigs performance. Feed cost using local market prices was estimated in knowing the ability of agricultural and food industry wastes to substitutes commercial feed. The result of this research indicates that the use of agricultural and food industries wastes as an alternative components of pigs’ feed to substitute the commercial feed do not reduce the pigs’ performance and production. Among three feeds that use of agricultural and food industry wastes, feed with the combination of 75% waste and 25% commercial feed had the best feed conversion ratio, namely 2.36. On the other hand, a mixture of 25% wastes and 75% commercial feed was the most economic one, and able to reduce the feeding cost of grower pig up to 48.00%.Key words: agricultural waste, food industry wastes, grower period, pig, feed
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Vitorovic, G., B. Mitrovic, D. Vitorovic, V. Andric, and I. Adamovic. "Radiation hygienic control of mineral supplements and feed for pigs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103835v.
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Radiometric control of products involved in the food chain is an important part of ongoing quality control of products related to food and feed. Content of primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in some products directly determines their quality and further methods of usage. The most common way of intake of radionuclides in the human body is ingestion (80 %) through contaminated food and water. The foods of animal origin are largely represented in the human diet. Therefore radiation control of animal feeds and animal products will contribute to producing food for human nutrition without or with low risk for health. This paper presents the results obtained by gamma spectrometric analysis of mineral additives and mixtures for pig nutrition, from imported and domestic production. In most samples examined, activity levels of natural and radionuclides made during production were in accordance with the regulations. A certain number of tested mineral supplement samples had increased levels of activity of 238U (640- 2100 Bq/kg), which was not in accordance with applicable regulations.
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Velayudhan, D. E., and C. M. Nyachoti. "Net energy system of feed formulation with or without enzyme supplementation in growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets with alternative feed ingredients." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 96, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0049.
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The aim of this study was to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets formulated on net energy (NE) basis with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation. Twenty-four pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 25 kg were randomly allotted one of three treatments; a barley-based control diet formulated on a digestible energy (DE) basis (Diet A), control diet formulated on an NE basis (Diet B), and Diet B + multicarbohydrase enzyme (Diet C). Pigs were offered their respective diets in a 3-phase feeding program. Individual pig BW and feed disappearance were monitored once every 2 wk. Pigs were slaughtered when they reached 100 kg BW to determine carcass characteristics. During phase 1, an improvement (P = 0.02) in feed intake was observed in pigs fed Diet C compared with Diet B. In phase 3, pigs fed Diet B showed improvement in daily gain (P = 0.02) and feed efficiency (P = 0.05) compared with Diet A. Overall, when compared with control diet, pigs fed Diet B showed significant improvement in daily gain (P = 0.05) and feed efficiency (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the results indicate a better growth performance with diets formulated using the NE system. Moreover, enzyme supplementation had no effect on the overall performance of pigs.
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Rho, Youngji, Conor Voth, Quincy Buis, David Trott, Lee-Anne Huber, and Elijah Kiarie. "357 Evaluation of growth performance and physiology of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated feed supplemented with commercial feed additives (CFA)." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.254.
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Abstract Four commercial feed additives (CFA) were evaluated for efficacy in detoxifying deoxynivalenol (DON) in diets fed to 144 nursery pigs (BW 9.80+/- 0.5kg; 2 gilts, and 2 barrows/pen). Six test corn-soybean-meal based diets were: 1) positive control (PC), formulated with clean corn (NC), 2) formulated with contaminated corn (5.5 ppm DON), 3) NC with enzyme+binder1 (NCB1), 4) NC with clay (NCC), 5) NC with enzyme+binder2 (NCB2) and 6) NC with sodium metabisulfite (NCP). Diets were allocated to pens (n = 6) based on BW and fed ad-libitum for 4-wk; BW and feed intake were monitored weekly. At the end of wk-1, one pig/pen was euthanized for tissue collection. Assayed DON concentration for PC, NC, NCB1, NCC, NCB2 and NCP were 0.38, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4, and 1.9 ppm, respectively. Diet effects were only observed for ADG and G:F in wk-1; pigs fed NCP had higher (P = 0.01) ADG compared to pigs fed NC and NCC, whilst pigs fed other diets had intermediate and similar ADG (P > 0.05) to pigs fed NC or NCC. Pigs fed NCP showed higher (P = 0.02) G:F relative to pigs fed other diets. The final BW was 31.3, 30.8, 30.4, 30.8, 31.1 and 32.2kg for PC, NC, NCB1, NCC, NCB2 and NCP-fed pigs, respectively. There were no (P > 0.05) diet effects on ADFI throughout the study. There was no (P > 0.05) diet effects on liver and spleen weight, jejunum morphology and concentration of plasma creatinine and urea. Ceca digesta concentration of citric acid was higher (P = 0.03) in pigs fed NCP than pigs fed NCB2. In conclusion, the lack of differences between PC and NC suggested pigs were tolerant to higher DON levels than the regulated dietary maximum of 1 ppm. Improved ADG and G:F due to NCP vs. NC was transient and was not linked to physiological responses.
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l'Anson, Katie A., Mingan Choct, and Peter H. Brooks. "Effect of feed processing and enzyme supplementation on diet digestibility and performance of male weaner pigs fed wheat-based diets in dry or liquid form." Animal Production Science 53, no. 6 (2013): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12256.
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One hundred and forty-four individually housed, entire male (Large White × Landrace) weaner pigs (28 days; 7.3 s.d. 0.1 kg) were individually housed and allocated to a 26-day feeding trial of 2 by 2 by 3 factorial design. The factors were (1) feed processing method (meal or steam pelleted), (2) feed form (dry or liquid), and (3) enzyme addition (basal diet, or basal diet plus 300 ppm xylanase or 100 ppm phytase). Five days post weaning, two pigs were removed from each treatment. The basal diet was formulated to be marginally adequate for pigs of this age, providing 13.8 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg DM and 0.79 g available lysine/MJ DE. The diet contained 0.81% Ca, 0.44% non-phytate-P and 0.31% phytate-P. Compared with pigs fed dry diets, pigs fed liquid diets consumed less feed (70 ± 14.2 g/day; P < 0.05) had a lower daily gain (49 ± 12.5 g/day; P < 0.05) and as a consequence had a lower 26-day weight (1.1 ± 0.4 kg; P < 0.05). However, pigs fed liquid diets had a better feed conversion efficiency (adjusted to the same DM content as dry feed) than pigs on dry diets (1.16 versus 1.20 ± 0.02; P < 0.05). Steam pelleting the diets had no effect on feed intake or daily gain, but did improve feed conversion ratio (1.14 versus 1.22 ± 0.02; P < 0.05). The poorer growth on liquid feeds appeared to result from the feeding method imposing a degree of restriction on feed intake. Xylanase or phytase supplementation did not significantly affect non-starch polysaccharide levels in the diets or growth performance. Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) daily intake, daily gain and 26-day weight, of pigs fed dry diets, but not those fed liquid diets. The results indicated that when diets were fed in liquid form, prior steam pelleting of the diets and enzyme supplementation did not provide additional benefit.
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Laswai, G. H., W. H. Close, and H. D. Keal. "The voluntary feed intake of modern pig genotypes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020857.
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The continued genetic improvement for lean tissue growth rate and efficiency of pig production has allowed the liberal feeding of modern pigs without adverse effects on carcass quality or food conversion efficiency, even at heavy slaughter weights (Cole and Chadd, 1989; Webb, 1989). This genetic improvement has, however, been associated with a reduction in appetite so that the food intake of modern genotypes of pigs cannot be precisely assessed from the prediction equations established for the older and fatter genotype of pigs. The present experiment was designed to measure voluntary feed intake in order to facilitate the establishment of nutrient requirements and feeding strategies for modern pig genotypes.
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Bruininx, E. M. A. M., C. M. C. van der Peet-Schwering, and J. W. G. M. Swinkels. "Creep feed consumption and individual food intake characteristics of group housed weaned pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004166.
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The provision of creep feed to suckling pigs is considered to stimulate early food intake as well as health post weaning. However, Barnett et al. (1989) found no effects of creep feeding on post-weaning performance. Research by Pajor et al. (1986) indicated that there is a high variability in creep feed intake both among and within litters. This variability in creep feed intake is probably the main cause of disagreement on the effects of creep feed provision. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of creep feed consumption on individual food intake characteristics and performance of group-housed weaned pigs. Chromic oxide was added to the creep feed to identify piglets that consumed food during the suckling period. In the piggery, IVOG®-feeding stations were used to measure individual food intake after weaning.
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Espinosa, Charmaine D., Xixi Chen, Yan Lei, Jirong Lv, and Hans H. Stein. "127 Effect of feed sweetener and feed flavor on growth performance of weanling pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.198.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that feed flavor and feed sweetener improve growth performance of weanling pigs. One hundred twenty-eight pigs (5.97 ± 0.55 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments with 4 pigs per pen and 8 pen replicates per diet. A 3-phase feeding program was used. In all phases, a control diet was formulated based on corn and soybean meal, and 3 additional diets were formulated by adding feed flavor (500 mg/kg), feed sweetener (150 mg/kg), or their combination to the control diet. Fecal scores were visually assessed using a score from 1 to 5 (1 = normal feces to 5 = watery diarrhea). Experimental diets were fed to pigs for 6 wk. Data were analyzed using SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and replicate was the random effect. Results indicated that overall average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater (P < 0.05) and overall average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for pigs fed the diet containing feed sweetener compared with pigs fed the control diet (Table 1). The observed improvements in ADG and ADFI also resulted in greater (P < 0.05) final body weight for pigs fed the feed sweetener diet compared with pigs fed the control diet. Inclusion of feed flavor, feed sweetener, or the combination of feed flavor and sweetener in diets did not affect fecal scores of pigs, but inclusion of feed flavor resulted in reduced overall frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of feed sweetener improved growth performance and feed flavor supplementation to diets ameliorated post-weaning diarrhea of weanling pigs from d 1 to 42.
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Nyachoti, C. M., R. T. Zijlstra, C. F. M. de Lange, and J. F. Patience. "Voluntary feed intake in growing-finishing pigs: A review of the main determining factors and potential approaches for accurate predictions." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-001.
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The ability of pigs to consume sufficient nutrients for optimal performance is an important consideration in commercial pork production. Nutrient intake levels are directly related to voluntary feed intake. Voluntary feed intake in pigs is influenced by several factors including environmental conditions (e.g. thermal and social conditions), animal status (e.g., age and physiological status), and feed and feeding conditions (e.g. bulkiness of the feed and feed form). Although the individual effects of many of these factors on voluntary feed intake have been investigated and quantified, little has been done to characterize their interactive effects. Under commercial conditions, voluntary feed intake is clearly influenced by multiple factors at any one time. Thus, there is a need for a means to accurately quantify voluntary feed intake in pigs as affected by the different interacting factors. Until quantitative effects of these interactions are established it is suggested that feed intake be monitored. This can be achieved by obtaining feed intake on representative groups of pigs. Key words: Voluntary feed intake, pigs, determining factors, prediction equations
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van Winsen, Ren� L., Bert A. P. Urlings, Len J. A. Lipman, Jos M. A. Snijders, David Keuzenkamp, Jos H. M. Verheijden, and Frans van Knapen. "Effect of Fermented Feed on the Microbial Population of the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Pigs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.3071-3076.2001.
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ABSTRACT An in vivo experiment was performed with pigs to study the inhibitory effect of fermented feed on the bacterial population of the gastrointestinal tract. Results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between pH and lactobacilli in the stomach contents of pigs in dry feed as well as in the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between the pH and the numbers of bacteria in the familyEnterobacteriaceae in the contents of the stomach of pigs fed dry feed was found. In the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed, a significant negative correlation was found between the concentration of the undissociated form of lactic acid and the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae. The numbers ofEnterobacteriaceae in the contents of the stomach, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum of pigs fed fermented feed were significantly lower compared with the contents of the stomach, ileum, caecum, colon, and rectum of pigs fed dry feed. The numbers of total lactobacilli were significantly higher in the stomach contents of pigs fed fermented feed and in the ileum contents of one pig group fed fermented feed compared with the contents of pigs fed dry feed. However, the influence of lactobacilli on numbers of Enterobacteriaceae could not be demonstrated. It was concluded that fermented feed influences the bacterial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
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FRIEND, D. W., H. L. TRENHOLM, D. B. PRELUSKY, K. E. HARTIN, and B. K. THOMPSON. "EFFECT OF DEOXYNIVALENOL (DON)-CONTAMINATED DIET FED TO GROWING-FINISHING PIGS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE AT MARKET WEIGHT, NITROGEN RETENTION AND DON EXCRETION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-118.
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In a feeding experiment, a total of 64 pigs (16–18 kg body weight) were assigned to four experimental diets. Three diets contained 70% wheat, one with clean wheat (C), another with DON-contaminated wheat (V) and the third a 50:50 mixture of the clean and contaminated wheats (CV). The fourth diet, included for comparative purposes only, was a barley-corn-soybean meal diet (PC). The DON content of each diet was 0.0, 0.0, 2.89 and 5.26 mg kg−1, respectively. Pigs were penned individually and offered the diets ad libitum until reaching 90 ± 5 kg body weight: a necropsy was conducted on each pig. In a metabolism trial, seven pairs of littermate barrows were fed two of the experimental diets (C and V). Feed and water allowances were based upon the voluntary intake (twice daily) of the littermate offered diet V. During a 5-d period, feces and urine were collected separately and samples taken for subsequent nitrogen and DON analyses. Pigs fed diet PC reached market weight earlier than those fed the other diets. Feed consumption and weight gain by the C and CV pigs were almost identical and these pigs averaged 9 d earlier to market weight than those fed diet V. Pigs reacted to the contaminated diets by an immediate and typical reduction of feed intake: although by the second week these feed intakes had improved, appetite and weight gain differences established in the first week persisted throughout the experiment. Increasing dietary intake of DON increased liver, kidney and uterus weights at necropsy, but the increases were not significant (P > 0.05). There was considerable variation in feed acceptance among pigs offered diet V in the metabolism trial. Those pigs rejecting diet V were not used, hence the pigs finally retained could not comprise a truly random sample. The fecal and urinary N output by pigs fed diet V was higher (P < 0.01) than that of pigs fed diet C but N retention was greater in the V pigs, due possibly to the higher N content of diet V. However, N retention as a percentage of N intake did not differ significantly between the two diets. Based upon the urinary recovery of DON and metabolite DON-1, at least 67% of the DON ingested was absorbed, a fact suggesting an explanation for the pig's sensitivity to DON. Key words: Pigs, N retention, deoxynivalenol, urinary-DON, metabolism, feeding
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WINIARSKA-MIECZAN, A., and M. KWIECIEN. "The influence of raw grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds on growth performance and biochemical and haematological parameters in the blood of grower-finisher pigs." Agricultural and Food Science 19, no. 3 (December 4, 2008): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960610792912657.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of raw seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) in feed mixtures for grower-finisher pigs on growth performance, and biochemical and haematological parameters in their blood, as well as on the weight of the liver and the kidney. The experiment was performed on 96 grower-finisher pigs of (Polish Landrace × Polish Large White) × Pietrain, weighing from 25 to ca. 100 kg. The pigs were divided into four diet groups. The feed compound of the control group contained extracted soybean meal. In experimental groups soybean meal protein was replaced by raw grass pea seeds in quantities of 50% in grower and/or finisher diet, and 100% in both fattening period. The use of raw grass pea seeds amounting to 50% of protein feeds in finisher diet did not result in lower growth performance in comparison to the control group. However, the fatteners fed grass pea seeds amounting to 50% of protein feedstuffs in both fattening periods revealed the highest feed and energy intake per kg of live weight gain, compared to the group feed grass pea only in the second phase of the fattening period. A higher share of grass pea seeds in the mixture led to weaker growth performance and carcass characteristics. Hypertrophy of kidney and liver was noted in the animals which were fed with raw seeds of grass pea amounting to 100% of protein feeds. Also, hyperactivity of ALAT, ASAT and alkaline phosphatase was observed in the animals serum. No negative influence of applying raw seeds of grass pea amounting up to 50% of protein feeds in grower and/or finisher periods on the parameters examined was noted.;
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Kim, J. S., S. L. Ingale, S. K. Baidoo, and B. J. Chae. "Impact of Feed Processing Technology on Nutritional Value of Pigs Feed: A Review." Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 16, no. 2 (2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-181x.2016.00017.2.
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Lindén, Anna, Ing-Marie Olsson, and Agneta Oskarsson. "Cadmium Levels in Feed Components and Kidneys of Growing/Finishing Pigs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1288.
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Abstract Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in pig feeds (one control feed and one feed with reduced nitrogen content), straw, water, and pig kidney cortex were determined in 2 breeds of growing/finishing pigs (n = 96). The total Cd intake from feed was calculated. Feed mixtures and components, straw and kidney cortex samples, and certified reference samples were microwave-digested and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace technique. Total Cd concentration in the control feed was 37.1 μg/kg wet weight (w.wt). The highest Cd levels were found in nonlocally produced feed components: vitamin-mineral mixture, lime, dicalcium phosphate, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal. These components contributed 70% of the Cd content in the feed. The main component, barley, which was locally produced, contributed 30% of the total Cd content in feed. The feed with reduced nitrogen content contained less soybean and rapeseed meal and a lower Cd level than the control feed. The Cd levels in kidney cortex varied from 38.0 to 105 μg/kg w.wt, with a mean level of 70.9 μg/kg. The levels differed between breeds and feeds, but not between gender. There was a significant correlation between Cd level in kidney cortex and age at slaughter, with an increase of 2.8 μg/kg w.wt in the kidney for each additional week of survival. The contribution of Cd from nonlocally produced feed components could have environmental effects through application of farmyard manure to local soils.
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l'Anson, Katie, Mingan Choct, and Peter H. Brooks. "The influence of particle size and processing method for wheat-based diets, offered in dry or liquid form, on growth performance and diet digestibility in male weaner pigs." Animal Production Science 52, no. 10 (2012): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12082.
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In total, 136 entire male (Large White × Landrace) weaner pigs (28 days; 7.4 ± 0.3 kg) were individually housed and allocated to a 26-day feeding trial of 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. The factors were (1) feed processing method (meal or steam-pelleted); (2) feed form (dry or liquid), and (3) wheat particle size (average 760 or 664 μm). Five days post weaning two pigs were removed from each treatment. Particle size had no effect on pig performance. Pigs fed steam-pelleted diets had higher daily gain (446 versus 388 g/day; s.e.d. 14.7), better food conversion ratio (1.20 versus 1.44; s.e.d. 0.05) and were heavier at the end of the 26-day feeding period (17.9 versus 16.8 kg; s.e.d. 0.31) than pigs fed meal diets (P < 0.05). Pigs given liquid diets had higher daily gain (453 versus 381 g/day; s.e.d. 14.7) and 26 days’ weight (18.1 versus 16.7 kg; s.e.d. 0.31), but poorer food conversion ratio (1.42 versus 1.22; s.e.d. 0.05) than pigs fed dry diets (P < 0.05). This poorer feed conversion efficiency of liquid fed pigs was largely attributable to increased feed wastage. Liquid-fed pigs consumed more feed in the 5 days post weaning (197 versus 157 g/day; s.e.d. 8.7; P < 0.05). The apparent DE content of the diet was increased (0.5 ± 0.1 MJ/kg DM; P < 0.05) by either steam-pelleting or finer grinding, but was not affected by liquid feeding.
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Hutchens, Wade M., Annie B. Lerner, Hadley Williams, Mike D. Tokach, Steve S. Dritz, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, et al. "265 Evaluating the route of antibiotic administration and its effect on nursery pig growth performance." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.158.
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Abstract A total of 2,592 pigs (L337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; initially 5.58 kg BW) were used in a 28-d study to evaluate the route of antibiotic administration (in-feed vs in-water) on pig performance. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and placed in a commercial research facility with 27 pigs per pen. After a 7-d pre-trial period, pens of pigs were assigned to weight blocks in a randomized complete block design. There were 12 replications per treatment with pen as experimental unit for in-feed medication treatments and a pairs of pens as the experimental unit for water medication treatments. Treatments included a control (no medication), chlortetracycline (CTC) provided via feed or water to achieve 22 mg/kg BW, tiamulin in feed (5 to10 mg/kg BW) or water (23 mg/kg BW), or a combination of CTC and tiamulin in feed. Experimental treatments were provided for 14-d followed by a 14-d period without medication. Data were analyzed using R Studio (Version 3.5.2). From d 0 to 14, there was an antibiotic×route of administration interaction for ADG and G:F. For ADG, pigs fed diets containing CTC had increased (P< 0.05) ADG compared with those fed tiamulin in feed, with pigs provided CTC or tiamulin in the water intermediate. For G:F, pigs provided tiamulin in feed had decreased G:F compared to pigs fed CTC in feed or CTC or tiamulin supplied in water. Pigs fed CTC in the diet had increased ADFI compared to the control with pigs provided antibiotics in the water or tiamulin in feed intermediate (P< 0.05). Pigs provided the combination of CTC and tiamulin in feed were not different than those provided CTC in feed. There was no evidence of difference among treatments in subsequent performance. In summary, providing CTC in feed with or without tiamulin improved nursery pig growth performance.
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Jinno, Cynthia, Yijie He, Dan Morash, Emily McNamara, Steve Zicari, Annie King, Hans H. Stein, and Yanhong Liu. "Enzymatic digestion turns food waste into feed for growing pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 242 (August 2018): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.006.
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FOSTER, B. C., H. L. TRENHOLM, D. W. FRIEND, K. E. HARTIN, and B. K. THOMPSON. "THE EFFECT OF A PROPIONATE FEED PRESERVATIVE IN DEOXYNTVALENOL (VOMITOXIN) CONTAINING CORN DIETS FED TO SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-125.
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Diets containing deoxynivalenol (DON) prepared from Fusarium inoculated corn and Luprosil® NC, a propionate-based feed preservative, were offered to 34-kg barrows for 7 wk. The preservative improved overall performance of pigs fed the control or DON-containing diets, but did not appear to specifically reduce the adverse effects of DON. Key words: Deoxynivalenol, pigs, feed preservative, propionate, Fusarium graminearum
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Bass, Benjamin, Stacie Crowder, and Murali Raghavendra Rao. "PSXIII-17 Impact of Ambitine® Feed Additive on late finishing pig growth performance: A meta-analysis." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.929.
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Abstract Ambitine Feed Additive (AMB), a proprietary blend of phytogenics and acidifiers (PMI, Arden Hills, MN), is formulated to help mitigate late finishing stress in pigs. Several studies using AMB in the late finishing period resulted in improved pig performance. A meta-analytic method used 13 studies (3 studies with ractopamine and 10 studies without) to determine the overall impact of AMB on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion. The combined data were considered a randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance was completed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4; Cary, NC) and least squares means were compared using Fisher’s least significant difference (P < 0.05). In the analysis of 10 studies with no added ractopamine (73 pens/treatment of 5 to 10 pigs/pen and 48 pens/treatment of 17 to 20 pigs/pen), pigs provided AMB had higher average daily gain (0.90 vs 0.86 kg/d; P < 0.05), increased average daily feed intake (2.99 vs 2.94 kg/d; P < 0.05), and improved feed efficiency (0.30 vs 0.29 kg gain/kg feed intake; P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed control diets. Additionally, when pigs were provided AMB in addition to ractopamine (3 studies; 33 pens/treatment of 18 to 22 pigs/pen), average daily gain was increased 4.7% (1.206 vs 1.152 kg/d; P < 0.05) and feed efficiency was improved 5.3% (0.40 vs 0.38 kg gain/kg feed intake; P < 0.05) compared to pigs provided only ractopamine, with no difference in feed intake. Pigs provided AMB in addition to ractopamine had increased hot carcass weight and dressing percentage (P < 0.05) compared to those provided ractopamine alone. In conclusion, providing AMB to pigs in late finishing improved ADG and feed efficiency and the improvement was maintained when ractopamine was included in the diets.
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Valaja, Jarmo, Hilkka Siljander-Rasi, and Markku Mäkinen. "Effects of feed processing on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in pig diets containing wheat bran or wheat middlings." Agricultural and Food Science 5, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72769.
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The effects of feed processing on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acid and the utilisation of nitrogen (N) in diets containing wheat by-products were studied in five castrated male pigs (live weight 40-109 kg). A T-cannula was surgically fitted into the caecum of the pigs at a live weight of 27 kg using the steered ileo-caecal valve technique. The experiment was conducted with a 6 x 5 cyclic change-over design in which six diets were arranged 2x3 factorially. The corresponding factors were type of wheat by-product in the diets: wheat bran (152 g/kg) or wheat middlings (328 g/kg), and method of feed processing: steam pelleting, expanding or extrusion. The other dietary feed ingredients were barley and soya bean meal. The feed-processing method or dietary wheat by-product had no effect on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein. The pigs on diets containing wheat middlings tended to retain more N per intake (p
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Kjeldsen, K., M. Overland, and P. Blanchard. "Effect of Formi®, feed structure and feed processing on the gut health of pigs." BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040428.
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Attention on food safety issues in the European Union has increased the focus on Salmonella control in the pig industry. The UK, Ireland, the Netherlands and Germany are currently introducing Salmonella monitoring programmes, whereas Sweden and Denmark already have extensive Salmonella control programmes in place. Feed manufacturers and farmers have been faced with a dilemma. While pelleted feeds give superior growth rates and feed conversion over meals, ground feeds are known to promote a better gut environment, especially when it comes to reducing the levels of Salmonella in the gut. New Danish research points to a solution. By incorporating a proportion of coarsely ground material in a pellet along with Formi®, it is possible to both reduce Salmonella and optimise gut health and performance.
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Lee, S. A., J. Y. Ahn, A. R. Son, and B. G. Kim. "0993 Amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to pigs." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0993.
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Lugovoi, M. M., E. A. Kapitonova, and N. V. Habibulina. "The use of granules of food protein concentrated non hydrolyzed at growing piglets." Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019554-57.
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This article presents a study of the effectiveness of concentrated non-hydrolyzed feed protein granules (CNHPG) on the productivity dynamics and the quality final prod-ucts when included in the diets of suckling pigs and weaned piglets. Concentrated non-hydrolyzed feed protein granules represent a new type of soy protein concentrate free from antibiotics, hormonal remedies and GMOs. This feed supplement can be included either individually to the basic ration or into the composition of mixed feeds as the main highly digestible protein source with the original amino acid composition. The results of the research showed that CNHPG contribute to an increase in piglets average daily gain of 2.0-2.7%, reduce feed costs for obtaining a unit of production by 0.1-0.3 kg, as well as an additional gross gain in body weight from 8.2% to 14.6%
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Williams, Hadley, Mike D. Tokach, Jason C. Woodworth, Joel M. DeRouchey, Robert D. Goodband, Zach Post, Chad W. Hastad, and Keith Haydon. "PSIV-14 Influence of Feed Grade Amino Acid Inclusion Level in Late Nursery and Grower Diets Fed to Pigs from 10 to 35 Kg." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.305.
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Abstract A total of 912 pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02)) were used in a 43-d trial to evaluate the influence of feed grade amino acid levels in late nursery and grower diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (19 pigs per pen) and pens were randomly allotted in weight blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 12 pens per treatment. Treatment diets were fed in 2 phases from 10 to 19.5 kg and 19.5 to 35 kg with digestible lysine at 1.31 and 1.15%, respectively). Predetermined orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate linear or quadratic effects based on percentage of digestible lysine from intact protein versus feed grade lysine. Dietary treatments contained low, medium, high, or very high levels of feed grade amino acids with L-lysine added at 0.25, 0.40, 0.55, and 0.70% of the diet, respectively, with all other amino acids added as needed to meet minimum ratios relative to lysine (60% Ile; 58% Met and Cys; 65% Thr; 19% Trp; 72% Val). Overall, from d 0 to 43, there was an increase (quadratic, P< 0.020) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) with pigs fed increasing levels of feed grade amino acids having the greatest gain and feed intake at the medium and high inclusion of feed grade amino acids, respectively. For overall gain:feed (G:F), pigs fed the medium level of feed grade amino acids had improved G:F (P=0.002) compared to pigs fed the high and very high feed grade amino acids with the pigs fed the low feed grade amino acids intermediate. In summary, feeding pigs medium levels of feed grade amino acids resulted in increased ADG and G:F during the late nursery and grower period.
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Bradley, Casey L., and David Rosero. "109 When Too Many Feed Additives Is Not a Sustainable Approach to Replacing Feed Antibiotics." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.165.
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Abstract Due to consumer and regulatory demands swine producers are being ever more pressured to remove feed- and water-grade medications from their production systems. Consequently, there is an ever-growing list of feeding strategies and feed additives that indicate their value to maintain growth performance in diets void of antibiotics, leaving a confusing landscape for producers to navigate their options. Non-antibiotic feed additives, as reviewed by Liu et al. (2018), of options include acidifiers, minerals, prebiotics, direct fed microbials or yeast, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Furthermore, enzymes such as phytase and xylanase when fed to pigs have shown indirect benefits to not only performance but also livability. But within this landscape of research there has been little evidence to support synergies of these different feed additive types as an opportunity to replace antibiotics, while providing relatively little on the economic implications of different strategies. A commercial example of this was a study conducted in the Hanor System (Enid, OK USA) in which they conducted a 3 different feed additives that could benefit gut health of nursery pigs: organic acids, phytochemicals, and direct-fed microbials. Of the three different products tested, the phytochemical additive was the only product to demonstrate a profit above diets without the addition of feed additives. Furthermore, another study in the Hanor System evaluating antibiotic alternatives in the nursery period using pigs that were positive with PRRSv (1-7-4) found an increase in mortality and reduction in full value pigs when antibiotics were removed. However, the beta-glucan product demonstrated a positive response to both mortality and full-value pigs, yet still did not return to full profitability as the antibiotic fed pigs. In conclusion, further investigation into the synergies of different categories of feed additives is necessary to not only find the ideal balance of performance benefits but also profitability.
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de Lange, C. F. M., and H. Birkett. "Characterization of useful energy content in swine and poultry feed ingredients." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-057.
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For effective use of feed ingredients in diets for the various classes of animals, it is important that the feeding value of feed ingredients is properly estimated. This applies in particular to the useful or bio-available energy content, as feed energy generally represents the single largest cost-factor in animal production. In spite of their limitations, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) systems are used widely in North America to estimate the useful or bio-available energy content of feeds and feed ingredients for pigs and poultry, largely because experimental procedures to establish DE and ME values are relatively simple. Some of the limitations of DE and ME systems can be overcome by using empirical net energy (NE) systems, whereby feed or feed ingredient NE content is predicted from digestible nutrient contents. However, empirical NE systems require estimates of the animal’s maintenance NE needs, which cannot be measured directly and have been estimated to vary between 489 and 750 kJ kg-1 BW0.60. Moreover, estimated feed or feed ingredient NE contents only apply to one particular animal state. The practical application of NE prediction equations requires an accurate characterization of nutrient contents and digestibility of feeds and feed ingredients. An accurate and flexible assessment of animal and feed effects on energy utilization requires the use of mathematical models in which transformations and use of dietary nutrients for different body functions are represented. Effective use of such nutrient flow models requires accurate characterization of feeds and feed ingredients and of animals in aspects of nutrient partitioning for the various body functions. This type of model can be used to predict accurately the useful energy supply from feeds and feed ingredients for specific animal states for diet formulation purposes. Nutrient utilization models may be refined to explore additional aspects of nutrient utilization, such as dynamics of nutrient absorption, the utilization of nutrients via alternative and competing metabolic pathways and inter-organ nutrient metabolism. Key words: Digestible energy, energetics, feed ingredients, metabolizable energy, net energy, nutrition, pigs, poultry
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MURRAY, A. C., S. D. M. JONES, and A. P. SATHER. "THE EFFECT OF PRESLAUGHTER FEED RESTRICTION AND GENOTYPE FOR STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY ON PORK LEAN QUALITY AND COMPOSITION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-011.
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The effect of the duration of feed restriction prior to slaughter on the ultimate lean meat quality of the longissimus dorsi muscle (loin-eye) was tested in three lines of pigs of differing genotypes with respect to stress susceptibility. Pigs of the Lacombe breed (genotype NN), none of which has been shown to be halothane-positive, yielded a low incidence (0–4%) of pale or soft, exudative pork for all three feed restriction treatments (0,24 and 48 h off feed). The meat quality of pigs from the halothane-positive line (genotype nn) was altered dramatically by the off-feed treatment. The incidence of pale-colored pork decreased from 57% at 0 h off feed to 9% at 48 h off feed, and the incidence of soft, exudative pork decreased from 87% at 0 h off feed to 48% at 48 h off feed. NN × nn crossbred pigs (genotype Nn), all of which gave a negative response to the halothane test, were intermediate in quality between the other two genotypes at all times off feed. In no instance did the feed restriction treatment produce dark, firm, dry (DFD) meat. These data suggest, first, that halothane-negative carriers of the halothane gene may contribute considerably to the incidence of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork, and secondly, the manipulation of the length of time of feed prior to shipping for slaughter may offer potential as a management practice to improve meat quality. Key words: Feed restriction, fasting, stress susceptible, quality
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Brisbane, J. R. "Prediction of within-herd differences in total feed intake between growing pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-080.
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Electronic feeders for measurement of individual feed intake in group-penned pigs have been available for many years, and have been used to measure and select breeding pigs for feed efficiency. The cost per feeder is usually too high to measure intake of all selection candidates in a nucleus herd over the whole grower-finisher period. If the feed intake of each candidate is measured over only part of the period, this would allow more pigs to be measured per feeder in a given time. This paper documents an analysis of test station data on Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc and crossbred pigs, estimating the accuracy of prediction of total feed intake based on intake measured over different parts of the grower-finisher period. Feed intake measured over only about 2 wk from 80 to 90 kg liveweight explained 50% of the variance in total feed intake from 30 to 100 kg liveweight, in a dataset independent from the one used to derive the parameters of the prediction. Of all possible periods spanning 10 kg of liveweight gain, this measurement period was the most accurate, and coincided with the period of maximum growth rate. It is concluded that total feed intake over the grower finisher period can be predicted with useful accuracy, using feed intake measured over a period of about 2 wk or 10 kg of liveweight gain from around 80 to 90 kg. The gain in accuracy achieved by measuring pigs over multiple periods (e.g., from 50 to 60 kg and from 80 to 90 kg) is much smaller than the initial benefit of recording over just 10 kg of gain. Key words: Swine, feed efficiency, feed conversion
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Perez, Victor G., Terry Parrott, Janet C. Remus, and Michael Perry. "PSV-4 Direct-fed microbial program improved survivability of nursery pigs in commercial production." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.274.
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Abstract A total of 2,304 newly weaned pigs (5.8±0.06 Kg BW, ~21-day old, DNA Genetics) were used in a RCBD to evaluate the effect of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) program on pig performance and survivability, under commercial pig production. Pigs were housed in 2 barns (blocking factor) with 36 pens each (32 pigs/pen, mixed-sex), and pens randomized to treatments: Control or DFM program (36 pens/treatment). The program consisted of a DFM (blend 1) delivered through drinking water (1.32x108 CFU/pig/day) from day 0 to 7, followed by another DFM (blend 2) in feed (1.5x105 CFU/g of feed) from day 7 through 49. Those DFM consisted of spore-forming Bacillus sp. selected to inhibit enterotoxigenic E. coli growth (blend 1) and reduce local inflammation (blend 2). The feeding program included phases 1 and 2 (7 days each) in pellet, and phases 3 (11 days) and 4 (24 days) in meal. Phase 1 feeds included antibiotics Chlortetracycline and Tiamulin; both phase 4 feeds included Carbadox. A severe diarrhea outbreak was observed in week 3; antibiotic therapy (Neomycin, Sulfadiazine or Trimethoprim) throughout drinking water was used in both treatments alike between days 19 and 28. Pig and feed weight were recorded by pen; ADG and ADFI were calculated on pig-days. Pigs removed included mortality and those ill, nonresponsive to antibiotics. Performance data were analyzed by ANOVA, using the GLM procedure. Pigs removed did not follow normal distribution and was analyzed using a parametric survival option with days as time variable (JMP v14.2.0). No differences were detected through day 25. Pigs in DFM consumed less feed (923 vs. 951 g/d; SEM=10.33; P=0.05) and were more efficient (0.61 vs. 0.59 kg/kg; SEM=0.004; P< 0.05) from days 25 to 49. Total pigs removed were reduced (P< 0.05) by 23% in DFM vs. Control (Table 1). In conclusion, the DFM program improved nursery pig survivability and late performance, under commercial pig production that included a diarrhea outbreak and antibiotic therapy.
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MacLachlan, D. J. "Estimating the transfer of contaminants in animal feedstuffs to livestock tissues, milk and eggs: a review." Animal Production Science 51, no. 12 (2011): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11112.
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Literature studies on the transfer from livestock feed of residues of organic contaminants, metals and mycotoxins to edible livestock commodities have been reviewed. This review focuses on contaminants relevant to risks assessment of livestock feeds, especially those contaminants for which regulatory standards have been established. Those involved in the supply of livestock feed need to be aware of maximum levels for various contaminants in food and develop strategies to ensure food derived from livestock complies. An impediment to profiling feed ingredients has been the lack of accessible information on the transfer of residues from feed to tissues, milk and eggs derived from exposed livestock. Transfer factors are summarised for 72 contaminants for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry and can be used in the first tiers of risk assessment to identify contaminant and feed ingredient combinations that require management.
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Jo, Hyunwoong, John K. Htoo, Jolie C. González-Vega, and Beob G. Kim. "PSIV-24 Comparison of amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for mini and commercial pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.337.
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Abstract The objectives were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating SID of feed ingredient for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Six 11-week-old crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and six 20-week-old mini pigs (31.0 ± 3.2 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were individually housed in pens and all pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design involving 10 periods, respectively. Four diets were prepared to contain soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of N. An N-free diet was formulated to estimate basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. There were no interactions between breed and feed ingredient for the digestibility of CP and AA. The digestibility of CP and AA, except Arg, His, Val, and Pro, were not different between mini pigs and commercial pigs. Prediction equations for SID CP and AA of commercial pigs using SID value of mini pigs were: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini pigs) – 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and P < 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini pigs) – 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and P < 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini pigs) – 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and P < 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating AA digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.
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BALL, R. O., and F. X. AHERNE. "INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NUTRIENT DENSITY, LEVEL OF FEED INTAKE AND WEANING AGE ON YOUNG PIGS. II. APPARENT NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DIARRHEA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-116.
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One hundred and twenty-eight pigs were allotted to a factorial design involving two weaning ages (3 and 4 wk), two diets (normal density, ND, and high density, HD) and two levels of feed intake (ad libitum and restricted) and fed for 28 d postweaning. Feed restriction increased the digestibility of energy (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of energy and protein increased with time postweaning (P < 0.05). Pigs weaned at 4 wk of age had higher nutrient digestibilities than those weaned at 3 wk only in the second week postweaning (P < 0.05), showing that the digestive system of older pigs adapts faster. The apparent digestibility of the HD diet was not different from that of the ND diet. Diarrhea was more severe when pigs were weaned at 4 wk (P < 0.10), or when receiving the HD diet (P < 0.10), or when offered feed ad libitum (P < 0.10), showing that both volume of feed consumed and nutrient intake influence occurrence of diarrhea. Postweaning diarrhea was most severe (P < 0.05) and most frequent (P < 0.05) during the first week and declined thereafter. The rate of decline was fastest in older pigs (P < 0.05) with restricted feed intake (P < 0.05) and pigs receiving the ND diet (P < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) between apparent energy and protein digestibility and incidence and severity of diarrhea during the first week postweaning. The results suggest that nutrient intake is more important in predisposing piglets to diarrhea than the volume of feed consumed. Key words: Pigs, weaning, digestibility, diarrhea
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SCHAEFER, A. L., H. DOORNENBAL, A. K. W. TONG, A. C. MURRAY, and A. P. SATHER. "EFFECT OF TIME OFF FEED ON BLOOD ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS IN PIGS DIFFERING IN THEIR REACTION TO HALOTHANE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-041.
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In an effort to elucidate physiological factors involved in the development of pale-soft-exudative pork, blood acid base status was assessed in swine from two genetic lines of pigs and their F1 cross. The lines consisted of: (1) pigs that reacted positively (skeletal muscle rigidity) to the respiratory administration of halothane (halothane positive (H+)) based on Pietrain × Lacombe breed crosses, (2) Purebred Lacombe pigs that did not react positively to halothane anesthesia (Lac) and (3) pigs which were the progeny of crossbreeding (C) between halothane positive and negative animals. In addition, time off feed prior to slaughter (0, 24 or 48 h) was imposed as a stressor in order to test response differences among the three lines. The venous blood PCO2, total CO2, bicarbonate ion levels, standard bicarbonate and base excess levels were found to be higher in the H + pigs compared to either Lac or C pigs. All pig lines displayed higher blood pH, total CO2, bicarbonate ion, standard bicarbonate and base excess yet lower PO2 at 24 h off feed compared to 0 h off feed. These data suggest that H+ pigs have a greater tendency toward hypercapnia and a blood base excess than either Lac or C pigs. In addition, the incidence of hypercapnia and blood base excess for H +, Lac and C pigs was greatest at 24 h off feed. Key words: Acid-base stability, pig genotypes, fasting
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Misiura, Maciej M., Joao A. N. Filipe, Carrie L. Walk, and Ilias Kyriazakis. "PSIV-15 Development of a modelling framework to account for P kinetics in growing and finishing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.328.
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Abstract Key underlying assumptions of current pig growth models, developed in the context of nutritionally balanced feeds, may be invalid for pigs given inadequate dietary phosphorous (P). To account for pig performance on feeds of different P content, a dynamic, mechanistic growth model was developed where ingested P is allocated to either soft tissue or skeletal tissue. The following issues needed to be addressed: 1) potential impact of different dietary P concentrations on feed intake; 2) estimation of the whole-body protein (Pr):P relationship; 3) allocation of ingested P into different body tissues. Statistical analyses of the published literature data, utilising meta-regression indicated the following answers: 1) there was no compensatory feed consumption in pigs fed P-deficient diets (p > 0.05); 2) the whole-body Pr:P relationship was feed-dependent, i.e., body P was directly proportional to body Pr in pigs fed P-adequate diets but lower in pigs fed P-deficient diets; 3) P retention in the soft tissue was prioritised over P deposition in bone when the dietary P was low (p < 0.001). A growth model incorporating mechanisms based on the above data analyses suggests that pigs given P-limiting feeds attempt to maintain the same level of lean tissue retention attained with a P-balanced diet, but at the expense of reduced skeletal deposition. Specifically, bone P growth was reduced in relation to a balanced-diet for moderately-P-deficient diets, and static for severely-P-deficient diets. The overall average daily gain remained largely unaffected for moderately-P-deficient pigs. The present in-silico framework of P kinetics could be utilised to study the consequences of different P feeding strategies on animal growth and body composition, and to verify whether further reduction in dietary P requirements could be achieved with no loss in animal performance.
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Bass, Benjamin, Stacie Crowder, Terry Weeden, Murali Raghavendra Rao, Brenda de Rodas, and Theodore Karnezos. "PSIV-20 Impact of OutPace® Feed Additive on nursery pig growth performance: A meta-analysis." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.311.
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Abstract OutPace® Feed Additive (OP), contains a carefully researched blend of activated medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs; PMI, Arden Hills, MN), formulated to help mitigate the effects of stress in nursery pigs. Several studies using OP in both late and full nursery periods resulted in improved pig performance. A meta-analysis using 9 studies (4 studies during late nursery [15 to 26.8 kg BW] and 5 studies during the full nursery [5.9 to 25.4 kg]) was done to determine the impact of OP (included at 0.25% Phase 1 and 2; 0.125% Phase 3) on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion. The combined data was considered a randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance was completed with mixed models using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and least squares means were compared using Fisher’s least significant difference (P < 0.05). In the analysis of 5 studies conducted in late nursery (45 pens/treatment of 6 to 20 pigs/pen), pigs provided OP had higher average daily gain (0.67 vs 0.63 kg/d; P < 0.05), increased average daily feed intake (0.99 vs 0.97 kg/d; P < 0.05), and improved feed efficiency (0.67 vs 0.65 kg gain/kg feed intake; P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed control diets. Additionally, when pigs were provided OP throughout the nursery period (20 pens/treatment of 7 to 20 pigs/pen), average daily gain was increased 6.1% (0.48 vs 0.45 kg/d; P < 0.05), average daily feed intake tended to be increased 2.2% (0.62 vs 0.61 kg/d; P < 0.1), and feed efficiency was improved 2.7% (0.76 vs 0.74 kg gain/kg feed intake; P < 0.05) compared to pigs provided control diets. In conclusion, providing OP to pigs during the nursery period improved ADG and feed efficiency.
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Solà-Oriol, D., E. Roura, and D. Torrallardona. "Feed preference in pigs: Relationship with feed particle size and texture1." Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-0951.
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Lawrence, A. B., M. C. Appleby, and H. C. Macleod. "Evaluation of hunger In pigs using operant conditioning." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600035388.
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Rules for feeding pigs have been derived from nutritional and economic considerations with little if any awareness of their behavioural consequences. Pregnant sows generally receive sufficient of a standard sow diet to allow medium growth during pregnancy. This quantity of food is, however, in the order of 0.5 of their (preferred) ad libitum intake (Whittemore et al., 1977). Recent results at Edinburgh have suggested a strong relationship between the food level and the development of stress-related activities, such as repetitive chain chewing, in tethered pregnant gilts (Appleby and Lawrence, 1987). Gilts on low feed levels performed significantly more repetitive behaviour than those on higher levels. These results suggest a link between the motivation to feed (hunger) and stress. There is, however, no information available regarding the hunger of pigs maintained on restricted food levels.
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BALL, R. O., and F. X. AHERNE. "INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NUTRIENT DENSITY, LEVEL OF FEED INTAKE AND WEANING AGE ON YOUNG PIGS. I. PERFORMANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-115.
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The performance and final body composition of 128 pigs weaned at either 3 or 4 wk of age and receiving either a normal density (ND) or high density (HD) diet ad libitum or restricted (85% of ad libitum) was determined over a 28-d period. Pigs weaned at 4 wk consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and grew faster (P < 0.005) than those weaned at 3 wk, but body weights at a similar age were not different. The HD diet supported greater gains (P < 0.01) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio (P < 0.005) than the ND diet. Restricting feed intake reduced gains (P < 0.001) and improved G:F ratio (P < 0.05). Interaction effects showed that performance of pigs weaned at 4 wk was less affected by nutrient density and feed restriction than that of pigs weaned at 3 wk of age. Pigs weaned at 4 wk had heavier carcasses at the end of the 28-d period than those weaned at 3 wk but there was no difference in percent water, fat or protein. Nutrient density did not affect body composition. However, restricted feeding increased percent water (P < 0.05), reduced percent fat (P < 0.05) and increased percent protein on a dry matter basis (P < 0.02). A significant interaction between weaning age and level of feed intake showed that restricting the intake of pigs weaned at 4 wk reduced fat deposition more than when intake was restricted for pigs weaned at 3 wk of age (P < 0.05). An interaction between diet, intake level and sex (P < 0.01) showed that even in young pigs, barrows tend to fatten more than gilts when energy intake is adequate and less when energy intake is restricted. Key words: Pigs, weaning, nutrient density, body composition, performance
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Edwards, M. V., R. G. Campbell, T. Chapman, H. Brouwers, S. G. Pierzynowski, B. R. Weström, O. Prykhod'ko, L. Gabor, and M. Choct. "Spray-dried porcine plasma and yeast derived protein meal influence the adaption to weaning of primiparous and multiparous sow progeny in different ways." Animal Production Science 53, no. 1 (2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12151.
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Pigs from 154 litters (n = 1132, 19 ± 3 days of age, 4.9 ± 1.1 kg of bodyweight) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design to evaluate two raw materials with nutraceutical properties being used in feeds, spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and a yeast protein meal, and their effects on growth performance, immune parameters and gastrointestinal adaption of piglets to weaning. Factors included dietary treatments being (1) 5% SDPP (PLA), (2) 3.5% yeast protein meal (NUP) and (3) medicated control (TMC) and parity (primiparous versus multiparous). The treatment groups were imposed from Day 19 through to weaning at Day 27. Selected pigs (n = 720, 28 ± 3 days of age, 7.4 ± 1.0 kg of bodyweight) were weaned and remained on their respective diets from Day 28 to Day 34. From Day 35 to Day 48 all group-housed pigs were offered a commercial weaner 1 diet, and from Day 49 to Day 68 pigs were offered a commercial weaner 2 diet. Growth performance, survival, and serum immunoglobulin G were monitored throughout the nursery phase (Day 28 to Day 68). Adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract in the acute post-weaning phase (Day 28 to Day 34) was assessed in 36 individually housed male weaners, with the effects of feed on structural, digestive, microbial and immune parameters along the gastrointestinal tract determined at Day 34. Pre-weaning feed disappearance was greater (P < 0.01) in multiparous litters independent of diet. In the commercial nursery, total removals (mortality and morbidity) were highest (P < 0.01) in primiparous sow progeny, with pigs offered NUP having greater (P ≤ 0.05) total removals. Pigs offered PLA had superior average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio from Day 28 to Day 34 (P < 0.05). Pigs offered NUP tended to (P = 0.07) have superior average daily gain from Day 35 to Day 49. Pigs offered NUP had higher (P < 0.05) serum immunoglobulin G concentrations at Day 68 compared with pigs offered TMC, with the effect most pronounced in primiparous sow progeny. Individually housed weaners offered PLA consumed more (P < 0.05) feed on Day 30 to Day 31, had shorter relative intestine length (P < 0.05), greater villous height in the medial jejunum (P < 0.10) and lower immuno-pathology scores along the intestine. Pigs offered PLA also tended (P < 0.10) to have increased pancreatic-specific lipase and amylase activity compared with pigs offered NUP. Pigs offered NUP had a higher ratio of E. coli : coliforms in the colon (P < 0.01) and more counts of β-haemolytic bacteria in the medial jejunum (P < 0.05) and colon (P < 0.10). Diets containing either SDPP or NUP offered pigs benefits beyond nutrition relative to the medicated control diet. The benefits of SDPP were highly effective but transient, while the yeast derived protein had a successive or accumulative effect which was more pronounced in primiparous sow progeny.
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Ogunbameru, B. O., E. T. Kornegay, and C. M. Wood. "A comparison of drip and non-drip nipple waterers used by weanling pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-069.
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An evaluation of three waterer treatments: (1) pig-trainer nipple waterers adjusted to drip water for 3 d postweaning; (2) pig-trainer nipple waterers adjusted to not drip; and (3) conventional non-drip nipple waterers did not indicate significant (P > 0.05) differences in weekly and cumulative average daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed per gain ratios of weanling pigs, suggesting no advantage for the use of drip waterers. Key words: Pigs, nipple drinkers, growth, feed intake, feed conversion
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Hanczakowska, Ewa, Małgorzata Świątkiewicz, and Imke Kühn. "Efficiency and dose response of xylanase in diets for fattening pigs." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0045-z.
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Abstract The efficiency of different levels of dietary xylanase on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities and carcass and meat quality was evaluated in 128 barrows. The performance study lasted from about 27 to 110 kg of body weight with pigs allocated to 4 groups (32 animals each), fed ad libitum and kept in straw-bedded pens (4 animals each). Pigs from group I (control) received standard feeds without any enzyme added, while pigs from groups II, III and IV received the same diet including additionally xylanase at levels of 8000, 16000 or 24000 BXU (Birch Xylan Unit) per kg, respectively. The digestibility experiment was carried out with 40 barrows not involved in the first part of the experiment. Pigs were allocated to 4 groups (10 animals each) receiving the same diets as in the performance experiment. Xylanase significantly improved body weight gains of pigs receiving diets with 16000 BXU/kg (P<0.05) and 24000 BXU/kg feed (P<0.01) by 4.2% and 6.2%, respectively. Final body weights of 111-112 kg were achieved in a significantly shorter feeding period and at a lower feed conversion ratio by pigs that received highest xylanase application (24000 BXU/kg feed, P<0.05). In younger pigs xylanase mainly improved fibre digestibility which was significant for pigs receiving 24000 BXU/kg (P<0.05). In the final feeding period dry matter, fat and fibre digestibility were improved by xylanase with effects getting more pronounced with the increase of xylanase inclusion rate. No differences in carcass and meat quality were observed between any feeding groups. Based on these results it is assumed that application of xylanase (Econase XT) can improve performance of grower-finisher pigs without having any impact on the carcass quality. Performance improvements were in line with better nutrient digestibility.
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Zeng, Zhikai, YaKuan Huang, Liqiang Zhu, Zhiyuan Chen, Z. J. Yuan, H. Zeng, D. F. Sun, Z. Wang, and Z. C. Yan. "172 Effects of net energy levels on feed intake pattern and growth performance of growing-finishing gilts monitored using a computerized feed intake recording system." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.361.
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Abstract This study evaluated the effects of dietary net energy concentrations on feeding behavior and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs monitored using a feed intake recording equipment (FIRE). Two hundred and sixteen (48.8 ± 5.6 kg) gilts were blocked by bodyweight and assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments, which included low (2,350 kcal/kg), medium (2,450 kcal/kg), and high (2,550 kcal/kg) dietary NE levels. Pigs were housed in 18 pens for 68 d in four phases with 12 pigs and one FIRE station per pen. Bodyweight, feed consumption, and the amount of time and visit at the station of individual pigs were monitored every day by using FIRE. Pigs fed low NE diet spent more time (min) at the station during the first two weeks and visited the station more times with fewer amounts of time (min) per visit after two weeks compared with pigs fed medium and high levels of NE diets (P < 0.05). The speed (g/min) and amount (g/visit) of feed intake were lower (P < 0.05) during phase 3 and the overall period in low NE diet compared with pigs fed medium NE diet. Pigs fed medium NE diet tended to have a greater (P = 0.066) average daily feed intake at phase 4 than pigs fed low NE diet. Increasing NE levels linearly improved (P < 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and final BW during phase 3 and the overall period. However, the overall energy efficiency (Mcal NE/ kg gain) was linearly decreased with increasing NE levels. In conclusion, decreasing dietary NE to 2350 Mcal/kg resulted in more visits to feeders with slow ingestion speed compared with pigs fed diets with 2450 or 2550 Mcal/kg NE. Increasing dietary NE levels linearly improved daily gain and feed conversion ratio, but linearly decreased energy efficiency.
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Beattie, V. E., and N. E. O’Connell. "Relationship between rooting behaviour and foraging in growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): PC1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006451.
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Evidence suggests that rooting behaviour in growing pigs involves elements of both foraging for food (Day et al., 1995) and exploration (Wood-Gush and Beilharz, 1983). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between rooting behaviour and foraging in growing pigs. This involved assessing the affects of food rewards and feed restriction on the performance of rooting behaviour.
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Gagne, F., J. J. Matte, G. Barnett, and C. Pomar. "The effect of microbial phytase and feed restriction on protein, fat and ash deposition in growing-finishing pigs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-076.
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Forty-eight 35-kg-bodyweight barrows were assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Main factors were feed intake level (ad libitum or restricted) and supplementation of microbial phytase (with or without). Restricted pigs rece ived 80% of the feed consumed by the corresponding ad libitum group. Phytase-supplemented diets contained 584 phytase units kg-1. Body weight, fat, protein and ash were estimated every 2 wk by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Plasma alpha-amino N concentrations were measured every 30 min during the 6 first postprandial hours at 90 and 132 d of age. Microbial phytase addition reduced feed intake by 6.8% (P < 0.05). Phytase did not affect (P > 0.05) feed, energy and protein efficiencies, but it reduced protein deposition (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce ADG (P < 0.09). Ninety day-old pigs receiving phytase had higher plasma levels of alpha-amino N during the first postprandial hours (P < 0.01) as compared to control pigs. At 132 d of age these effects disappeared. Supplemental phytase may improve alpha-amino acid absorption in growing pigs but the phytase effect on protein deposition suggest that these effect is not necessarily associated with better growth performance when nutrient requirements are satisfied. Key words: Pigs, phytase, feed intake, amino acids, protein deposition
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Weber, Thomas E., Julie Salyer, Audrey Walter, Yan Lei, Yulin Ma, and Xixi Chen. "PSV-17 Evaluation of the Effects of a Feed Sweetener on Nursery Pig Performance." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.316.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a feed sweetener on nursery pig performance. In the first study, 360 pigs (PIC 800 x 1050; 6.22 ± 1.20 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location and assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) Control; 2) 100 mg/kg feed sweetener; or 3) 200 mg/kg feed sweetener. There were 12 pens containing 10 pigs for each treatment. In the second study, 540 pigs (6.12 ± 0.39 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location and assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) negative control; 2) 100 mg/kg feed sweetener; or 3) 0.5% carob bean. There were 18 pens containing 10 pigs per pen for each treatment. A 3-phase feeding program was used, and diets were fed for 6 wk in both studies. In study 1, ADFI, ADG, and gain:feed were increased (P < 0.05) during Phase 1 for pigs fed diets with 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg sweetener. Phase 2 ADFI and ADG were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 100 mg/kg sweetener when compared to the control. Increased BW (P < 0.05) were observed on D 7, 14 and 21 for animals fed 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg sweetener. The mortality rate was decreased (P < 0.05) in the group of animals fed 100 mg/kg sweetener compared to the control. In study 2, there was no effect of sweetener or carob bean on growth performance, feed intake or gain:feed. However, mortality rate was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the sweetener compared to pigs fed carob bean. In conclusion, the feed sweetener improved early nursery performance in one study and had no effect in another study. Mortality was decreased by supplementation with 100 mg/kg sweetener when compared to a negative control in one study and compared pigs fed carob bean in the second study. Further research is needed to explore differences observed between studies to optimize feed sweetener usage strategy.
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Hermesch, S., L. Li, A. B. Doeschl-Wilson, and H. Gilbert. "Selection for productivity and robustness traits in pigs." Animal Production Science 55, no. 12 (2015): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15275.
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Pig breeding programs worldwide continue to focus on both productivity and robustness. This selection emphasis has to be accompanied by provision of better-quality environments to pigs to improve performance and to enhance health and welfare of pigs. Definition of broader breeding objectives that include robustness traits in addition to production traits is the first step in the development of selection strategies for productivity and robustness. An approach has been presented which facilitates extension of breeding objectives. Post-weaning survival, maternal genetic effects for growth as an indicator of health status and sow mature weight are examples of robustness traits. Further, breeding objectives should be defined for commercial environments and selection indexes should account for genotype by environment interactions (GxE). Average performances of groups of pigs have been used to quantify the additive effects of multiple environmental factors on performance of pigs. For growth, GxE existed when environments differed by 60 g/day between groups of pigs. This environmental variation was observed even on well managed farms. Selection for improved health of pigs should focus on disease resistance to indirectly reduce pathogen loads on farms and on disease resilience to improve the ability of pigs to cope with infection challenges. Traits defining disease resilience may be based on performance and immune measures, disease incidence or survival rates of pigs. Residual feed intake is a trait that quantifies feed efficiency. The responses of divergent selection lines for residual feed intake to various environmental challenges were often similar or even favourable for the more efficient, low residual feed intake line. These somewhat unexpected results highlight the need to gain a better understanding of the metabolic differences between more or less productive pigs. These physiological differences lead to interactions between the genetic potential of pigs for productivity and robustness and the prevalence of specific environmental conditions.
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Kpodo, Kouassi R., Alan W. Duttlinger, Matthew P. Aardsma, Jacob M. Maskal, and Jay S. Johnson. "85 Effects of feed removal on body temperature and intestinal morphology in pigs recovering from acute hyperthermia." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.088.
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Abstract Feed consumption increases body temperature and may delay a return to euthermia and exacerbate intestinal injury following acute hyperthermia recovery in pigs. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feed removal on body temperature, feeding behavior, and intestinal morphology in pigs exposed to acute hyperthermia and then cooled. Twenty-four gilts (78.53 ± 5.46 kg) were exposed to thermoneutrality (TN; n = 12 pigs; 21.21 ± 0.31°C) for 6 h, or heat stress (HS; 38.51 ± 0.60°C) for 3 h followed by a 3-h recovery period of cooling (HSC; n = 12 pigs; water dousing and TN conditions). Within each temperature treatment, half the pigs were provided feed (F; n = 6 pigs/temperature treatment) and half were not provided feed (NF; n = 6 pigs/temperature treatment). Gastrointestinal (TGI) and vaginal (TV) temperature were recorded every 15 min and pigs were video-recorded to assess feeding behavior. Immediately following the 6 h period pigs were euthanized, and intestinal samples were collected for histology. During the HS period, Tv and TGI were increased overall (P < 0.01; 1.63°C and 2.05°C, respectively) in HSC vs. TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. A temperature by feeding treatment by time interaction was detected during the recovery period where TGI was greater (P = 0.03; 0.97°C) for HSC+F compared to HSC+NF pigs from 45–180 min. Feeding behavior was greater overall (P = 0.02; 223.14%) in F vs NF pigs, regardless of temperature treatment. A decrease (P < 0.01) in jejunum and ileum villus height (24.72% and 26.11%, respectively) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (24.40% and 25.52%, respectively) was observed in HSC vs TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. Ileum goblet cells were reduced (P = 0.01; 37.87%) in HSC vs TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. No other differences were detected for any parameter. In summary, TGI decreased more rapidly following acute hyperthermia when feed was removed.
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Kiarie, E., C. Voth, D. Wey, C. Zhu, P. Vingerhoeds, S. Borucki, and E. J. Squires. "Comparative efficacy of antibiotic growth promoter and benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and indices of gut health in nursery pigs fed corn–soybean meal diet." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0056.
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Benzoic acid (BA) supplement was evaluated as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP). Ninety-six piglets (21-d-old at weaning) were placed in pens (four piglets pen−1) based on body weight (BW) and allocated (n = 8) to either control corn–soybean meal diet or control + in-feed antibiotic (AGP, 220 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride and 31.2 mg tiamulin kg−1) or control + 0.5% BA. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly. Fecal scores for incidence of diarrhea and fecal samples for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of components were taken in week 2. One pig per pen was euthanized on day 14 for jejunal histomorphology and digesta for pH and short-chain fatty acids concentration. In weeks 1–6, pigs fed AGP and BA had better (P < 0.01) gain to feed ratio compared with control fed pigs. On day 12, pigs fed AGP and BA showed lower (P = 0.01) fecal score than control fed pigs. Pigs fed BA had (P < 0.05) higher ATTD of crude protein and taller villi compared with the control or AGP fed pigs. Pigs fed AGP showed higher (P = 0.05) lactic acid concentrations than pigs fed BA, however, none differed (P > 0.05) with control pigs. In conclusion, BA supported piglet growth performance to the same extent as AGP.
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Wu, Fangzhou, Mike D. Tokach, Cassandra K. Jones, Chad W. Hastad, Joel M. DeRouchey, Steve S. Dritz, and Robert D. Goodband. "156 Effects of feeding increasing amounts of finishing diet blended with nursery diets on growth performance and economics of nursery pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.159.
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Abstract In wean-to-finish systems, nursery diets are commonly blended with leftover finishing feed from the previous group. A total of 1,260 pigs (initially 10.6 kg) were used in a 28-d study to determine the effects of feeding increasing amounts of finishing feed to nursery pig on growth performance and economics. At weaning, pigs were placed into pens (21 pigs/pen) and fed commercial nursery diets in a 5-phase program with phases 1 and 2 fed before the start of the experiment. Phase changes were based on feed budgets of 2.5, 3.7, 3.7, 9.5, and 9.5 kg/pig in phases 1 to 5, respectively. At the beginning of phase 3, pens of pigs were blocked by weight and room and allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (15 replications/treatment). Treatments consisted of a dose-titration of blending increasing amounts (0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 kg/pig) of a late finisher feed (0.74% SID Lys) into phase 3 nursery diet. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of dietary treatment and random effects of weight block and room. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing finisher feed amount. Overall, increasing the amount of late finisher feed blended into the phase 3 nursery diet decreased ADG (linear, P = 0.050) and tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.07) ADFI and final BW, but did not affect G:F (Table 1). Feed cost, gain value, and feed cost/kg gain decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as finishing feed budget increased from 0 to 3.75 kg/pig. However, income-over-feed-cost was not different among treatments. In conclusion, feeding increasing amounts of late finisher feed to 11-kg nursery pigs decreased overall ADG and ADFI, but did not affect income-over-feed-cost.
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Jo, Hyunwoong, and Beob G. Kim. "PSIV-23 A strong correlation between mini and commercial pigs in phosphorus digestibility of feed ingredients." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.336.
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Abstract The objectives were to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating ATTD and STTD of P in feed ingredients for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Twelve 13-week-old commercial pigs (42.8 ± 4.4 kg BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and twelve 33-week-old mini pigs (66.8 ± 9.3 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were allotted to a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design, respectively, and the pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates. Five diets were prepared to contain soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten feed (CGF), copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM), and sesame expellers (SEP) as the sole source of P. A P-free diet was formulated to estimate basal endogenous losses of P. The ATTD of P in SBM, CGF, CM, PKE, and SEP were 22.7, 23.5, 34.9, 37.6, and 8.3% in mini pigs and 30.6, 29.5, 57.3, 45.9, and 19.7% in commercial pigs. The STTD P of SBM, CGF, CM, PKE, and SEP were 41.5, 39.8, 60.0, 64.4, and 22.3% in mini pigs, and 40.9, 35.3, 71.4, 60.5, and 27.4% in commercial pigs. The mini pigs and commercial pigs showed a strong positive correlation for both ATTD (r = 0.91) and STTD P (r = 0.94). Prediction equations for ATTD and STTD of P of commercial pigs were developed: ATTD of P (%) = (1.159 × ATTD of P in mini pigs) + 7.17 with r2 = 0.82 and P < 0.05; STTD of P (%) = (0.9882 × STTD of P in mini pigs) + 2.64 with r2 = 0.88 and P < 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating P digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.