Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Piles à combustible microbiennes'
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Degrenne, Nicolas. "Gestion de l'Energie des Piles à Combustible Microbiennes." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757996.
Full textOliot, Manon. "Bio-ingénierie pour les piles à combustible microbiennes." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/18425/1/OLIOT_Manon.pdf.
Full textDegrenne, Nicolas. "Gestion de l'énergie des piles à combustible microbiennes." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDL0032/document.
Full textMicrobial fuel cells (MFCs) harness the metabolism of micro-organisms and utilize organic matter to generate electrical energy. They are interesting because they accept a wide range of organic matter as a fuel. Potential applications include autonomous wastewater treatment, bio-batteries, and ambient energy scavenging. MFCs are low-voltage, low-power devices that are influenced by the rate at which electrical energy is harvested at their output. In this thesis, we study methods to harvest electrical energy efficiently. The voltage at which energy is harvested from MFCs influences their operation and electrical performance. The output power is maximum for a certain voltage value (approx. 1/3rd the open-circuit voltage). This noteworthy operating point is favorable in some applications where MFCs are used as a power supply. MFCs can be tested at this point using an automatic load adjuster which includes a maximum power point tracking algorithm. Such a tool was used to evaluate the maximum power, the fuel consumption rate, the Coulombic efficiency and the energy conversion efficiency of ten similarly built 1.3 L single-chamber MFCs. Although structural and operating condition choices will lead to improved performance, these results investigate for the first time the performance of MFCs in continuous maximum power point condition and characterize MFCs in realistic energy harvesting conditions. Harvesting energy at maximum power point is the main thread of the manuscript. This is made possible with dedicated energy processing circuits embedding control feedback to regulate the MFC voltage to a fraction of its open-circuit voltage. Two typical scenarios are developed as outlined below. One critical application concerns autonomous low-power energy scavenging, to supply remote low-power electronic devices (e.g. wireless sensors). In this case, the low-power and low-voltage constraints imposed by MFCs require dedicated self start-up features. The Armstrong oscillator, composed of high turn-ratio coupled inductors and of a normally-on switch, permits to autonomously step-up voltages from a low DC source like MFCs. Although the circuit requires few components, its operation is not trivial because it partly relies on the parasitic elements of the inductors and the switch. Proper sizing of the inductors enables an optimized operation. This circuit can be associated with power electronic AC/DCand DC/DC converters to realize a voltage-lifter and a fly back-based self-starting Power Management Unit (PMU) respectively. The former is suitable for powering levels below 1mW, while the latter can be scaled for power levels of a few units of mW and facilitates implementation of maximum power point control. A second application of interest concerns the case where energy is harvested from several MFCs.Serial association can be used to step-up voltage but may lead to detrimental consequences in terms of performances because of hydraulic couplings between MFCs sharing the same electrolyte (e.g. if the MFCs are running in continuous flow) or because of electrical non-uniformities between cells. Whereas the former issue can be addressed with galvanically insulated PMUs, the latter can be solved with voltagebalancing circuits. Three of these latter circuits were analyzed and evaluated. The “complete disconnection” circuit isolates a faulty cell from the configuration to ensure it does not impede the overall efficiency. The “switched-capacitor” circuit transfers energy from the strong to the weak MFCs to equilibrate the voltages of the individual cells in the stack. The “switched-MFC” circuit alternatively connects MFCs in parallel and in series. Each of the three methods can be implemented at low-cost and at high efficiency, the most efficient one being the “switched-capacitor”, that permits to harvest more that 85% of the ideal maximum energy of a strongly-non-uniform MFC association
Khaled, Firas. "Contribution à la valorisation electrique des piles à combustible microbiennes." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI003/document.
Full textMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are bioreactors that convert chemical energy in organic compounds to electrical energy through the metabolism of microorganisms. Organic matters are widely available in the environment that contains a huge amount of energy. This energy could be harvested, converted, by the technology of MFCs, to be used in certain applications. Energy production of a MFC is limited in low voltage value and low-power values what limits the potential applications. To step-up the voltage of MFCs to be suitable for real applications, an efficient power management unit (PMU) is required with a specific design to deal with their characteristics. A flyback converter under discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is the most adapted to such low-power source like MFCs, offers a simple implementation, and low losses conversion system. The flyback converter has a good efficiency that can reach 75% with one MFC and about 80% when it is supplied by a serial stack of MFCs. Associations of MFCs are very interesting to increase the output power and expand the domain of application. Parallel association is a method to increase the output current but it imposes limitations in conversion efficiency due to the low output voltage of the stack. Contrarily, the serial association steps-up the voltage what leads to better performance of the converter. However the non-uniformities between cells in a serial stack affect negatively the performance of the stack. Voltage balancing circuits are considered as the solution to compensate this phenomenon. In the switched-capacitor method, an external capacitor is used to transfer the energy from the strongest MFC(s) to the weakest one(s). The losses in the switched-capacitor circuit are less than the losses of the switched-MFCs. The switched-capacitor offers an efficient, simple, low consumption method to optimize the performance and prevent the voltage reversal of the weak cells. Integration of this circuit can optimize the efficiency. Continuous operation mode by hydraulically connection between MFCs can continuously refresh the substrate to give an autonomous energy harvesting system. On the other hand, in some applications, e.g. a wastewater treatment plant, MFCs could not be hydraulically isolated. In this configuration, a leakage charge between the associated MFCs will decrease the global efficiency. The flow rate has to be controlled to eliminate this problem. A flow from cathodes to anodes causes additional losses due to the oxygen leakage. A temperature sensor is continuously supplied by alternatively connecting two MFCs. Each MFC supplies the sensor for two days. The flyback converter is able to continuously supply the sensor from the energy harvested from one continuously-fed MFC. This could be a good example, in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), to supply monitoring systems or also to supply low power applications of a building from a local WWTP
Capitaine, Armande. "Récupération d’énergie à partir de piles à combustible microbiennes benthiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI125/document.
Full textHarvesting energy in the surrounding environment is an advantageous alternative to conventional batteries for powering autonomously remote sensors in addition to processing in an eco-friendly way. Many researches currently focus on harvesting energy from solar, thermal and vibrational sources scavenged in environments near the sensor. Less analyzed in the literature, the benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) is an emerging harvesting technology that exploits the waste materials in the seafloors. The catalysis properties of bacteria into a couple of redox reactions convert chemical energy from the sediment into electrical energy. Although promising as a long-term energy source for marine sensors, its power levels (around 100 μW) and voltage (0.6 V in open circuit) commit us to reflect on the design of its electronic harvesting interface. The first chapter of this thesis details the design of lab-made cm2-BMFC while maintaining conditions close to the natural environment. A second chapter focuses on characterizing and modeling the electrical behavior of BMFCs in the static and dynamic domains. Thanks to the static electric model, a harvesting electrical interface is defined and optimized to extract the maximum power and maximize the conversion efficiency. The flyback converter in discontinuous conduction mode is chosen. By using a model predicting the losses of the experimentally validated flyback, we studied the choice of the switching frequency, the duty cycle and the coupled inductances. We reached an efficiency of 82% and 64% for a BMFC delivering respectively 90 μW and 30 μW. A final chapter focuses on optimizing the harvesting interface by taking into account the different variabilities of the BMFC. In particular, the interest of the MPP monitoring is discussed and the influence of the flyback switched behavior on the additional dynamic losses within the BMFC is analyzed thanks to the dynamic electrical model of the BMFC deduced in the second chapter
Pocaznoi, Diana. "Optimisation d'anodes microbiennes à partir de lixiviat de sol pour la conception de piles à combustible microbiennes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0053/document.
Full textMicrobial fuel cells (MFC) are devices capable to convert chemical energy from organic fuels directly into electrical energy. In these cells, the fuel oxidation is provided by micro-organisms known as "electro-active"; these microorganism form biofilms on the surface of the anode and act as a catalyst for electrochemical reactions. The aim of this work was the optimisation of microbial anodes formed from bacterial flora contained in garden soils. The chronoamperometric experiments performed in a three-electrode system showed for the very first time in these systems that current densities of 66 A/m2 could be obtained by forming microbial anodes on ultra-microelectrodes. On electrode of normal size, the development of a new technique (delayed polarisation) for designing microbial biofilms produced current densities of 9.4 A/m2 after 3 days of polarisation, while the conventional protocol asked a few weeks for obtaining 6 to 8 A/m2. The study of different electrode materials indicated that stainless steel allowed reaching current densities up to 21 A/m2, which makes it a suitable candidate for designing electro-active biofilms. Indeed, the carbon electrodes provided up to 34.4 A/m2, even 50 A/m2 in anaerobic conditions, but the electrodes benefited of a three-dimensional structure contrasting the stainless steel electrode. The use of optimised microbial anodes in MFCs insured the production of 6 W/m2. In addition, the development of a new prototype containing a removable cathode allowed extending the lifetime of the initial MFC from 2 weeks to over 2 months
Papillon, Justine. "Fabrication, caractérisation et intégration de matériaux innovants pour électrodes de piles à combustible microbiennes." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI080/document.
Full textMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs) allow a portion of the energy contained in biodegradable substrates to be converted directly into electricity through the formation of an electroactive biofilm on the surface of their anode. Future energy harvesting solutions, these bioelectrochemical systems could thus, for example, be used for the autonomous power supply of sensors in isolated zone or be more generally located within wastewater treatment plants. Nevertheless, after about twenty years of development, the performances of PACMs tend to stagnate. The solution frequently used to improve their results is to develop new anode materials by optimizing their structure or their surface but very often neglecting the criteria of longevity, price and transferability on an industrial scale, essential for this application. The objective of this study is to propose efficient anodes, with a simple manufacturing process, cheap and stable over time. Consisting of entangled 304L stainless steel monofilaments, the anodes we develop were initially characterized mechanically (by odometric compression) and from a microstructural point of view (by X-ray tomography). Then, their integration into prototypes of MFCs inoculated with activated sludge made it possible to measure the influence of various architectural parameters of the fuel cell (distance between electrodes, electrode surface, ...) and of the anode ( pore size, wire diameter, ...) on electrical performance, with the main objective of maximizing their specific surface area while limiting their clogging. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were also carried out in order to study in more detail the different electrochemical phenomena involved. These innovative 3D anodes are promising because they have made it possible to obtain power densities of the order of 200 mW / m² with an electrode cost, compared to the literature, considerably reduced
Dumas, Claire Bergel Alain. "Catalyse électro-microbienne dans les piles à combustible." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000617.
Full textHourizadeh, Nicolas. "Valorisation du traitement d'eaux usées à partir de piles à combustibles microbiennes benthiques." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0142/document.
Full textThe work described in this document is oriented to enhancing the treatment of wastewater from benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) for electricity production. This technology allows the production of electricity from electro-active (EA) microorganisms and carbonated substrate which may be the wastewater.Four types of wastewater from human activity are selected. The presence of EA microorganisms is highlighted by two electrochemical methods. In real conditions, the lagoon environment has the best electrical performance (6.6 mW/m²).The lagoon environment offers the most favorable environment for installation BMFC in-situ. The results show a strong influence of microalgae on the EA biofilms activities and thus on the production of electricity. In lagoon conditions, with a day/night cycle, this production varies according to the lighting cycles. Microalgae bring oxygen necessary for cathode reactions at lower cost. BMFC also improve the consumption of pollutants including organics.Electrical supply by small devices such as sensors necessarily requires an increase of the voltage delivered by BMFC. The different voltage boosting techniques such as series and parallel connections of several units or the use of DC/DC converters are performed and analyzed. A temperature and humidity sensor worked for more than fifteen hours directly powered by a BMFC with a power of 328 µW. Its output voltage is increased by a flyback type DC/DC converter, from 560 mV to more than 5.5 V. The use of PCM in-situ in the lagoon can be an alternative to the power generation and the treatment of wastewater
Ketep, Francoise. "Piles à combustible microbiennes pour la production d'électricité couplée au traitement des eaux de l'industrie papetière." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872058.
Full textKetep, Françoise. "Piles à combustible microbiennes pour la production d'électricité couplée au traitement des eaux de l'industrie papetière." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI066/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to assess the feasibility of the microbial fuel cell technology for the production of electrical energy coupled with the treatment of pulp and paper effluents. The first part of work showed that various pulp and paper effluents are suitable to form efficient anodic biofilms. When the effluent was supplemented with acetate and the anode polarized between at -0.3 V/SCE, current densities of 12 A/m² and Coulombic efficiencies up to 90% were obtained. When effluents were provided as the sole substrate, current densities reached 6 A/m² and Coulombic efficiencies 30%, with COD removal around 50%. The optimal anodic biofilms were associated with associated with abiotic air cathodes to design complete microbial fuel cells. Power densities from 294 mW/m² to 596 mW/m² were obtained with two different effluents
Paitier, Agathe. "Etude de la mise à l'échelle des piles à combustible microbiennes : collecteurs de courant et hydrodynamique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI107/document.
Full textFacing increasing energy needs and limiting their impact on the environment are current and major issues for society. Renewable energy development is needed and new alternative technologies could benefit from exploiting neglected energy sources, such as microbial fuel cells (MFC), for energy production. MFCs can be operated with wastewater and produce a reasonable quantity of energy at the small laboratory-scale. Unfortunately, when their size is increased, their efficiency dramatically decreases, which prevents their industrial use. This thesis aims at identifying some obstacles to scale-up of MFC and proposing new directions for its optimization. The first part of the study was focused on the influence of anodic current collectors on electrical performance and on electroactive biofilm development. Our hypothesis was that they could be a limiting factor for electricity production at large scales. To test this hypothesis, four MFCs were operated with a 490 cm² anode connected to the external circuit in a different ways. Increasing the number of collectors improved the power. Collector’s layout influenced electrical potential on the anode surface and created an electrical potential gradient on the anode and this gradient shaped the microbiological structure of the biofilm. This effect especially concerns Geobacter, whose clade G. metallireducens is favored at strongly negative potentials. In addition, impedance measurements showed that multiplying collectors increased the double layer capacitance and, thus, generated a capacitive current that was important for MFC functioning in cycles of charge/discharge and that would improve its performance. Then, MFCs were considered as bioreactors and their different aspects, notably hydrodynamics, were taken into account to model their power output. Three MFCs of different volumes were operated under continuous-flow conditions and tested at four different flow rates. Configuration, operation and performance data were used to build two multiple linear regression statistical models: the first with variables selection through LASSO, the second with dimensionless numbers created with the Vaschy-Buckingham theorem. These two data-driven models showed that the maximal power was mostly correlated to electrolyte transfer rates inside MFC chamber and to shear stress at the anode generated by fluid movement. These two major experimental projects also showed that the abundance of Geobacter, an electroactive bacteria, inside the biofilm was widespread in MFCs, but it was not correlated to maximal power. Despite its large abundance, its quantity alone does not entirely explain the performance of a MFC. In order to succeed at MFC scale-up, fundamental research on electroactive biofilms, process engineering and modeling need to be associated and generalized as empirical results and their explanation
Salvin, Paule. "Etude des biofilms électroactifs issus des milieux humides de la Guyane Française : application aux piles à combustible microbiennes." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0560/document.
Full textElectroactive biofilms (EA) are mono or multi-species bacterial consortia, which have the ability to exchange electrons from their metabolism with solid surfaces of conductive electrodes. This discovery is the basis for a device of energy production: microbial fuel cell (MFC). Since the 2000s, the scientific literature on EA biofilms and MFC explodes, thanks to the discovery of bacteria that are able to transfer directly – by pili or trans-membrane proteins – electrons to electrodes. Several sources of EA bacteria were discovered to date, ranging from pure cultures to more complex bacterial communities. Those last are from natural (marine and freshwater), industrial or urban (industrial effluents, domestic wastewater) aqueous environments. However, the vast majority of these are from temperate environments.In this thesis, several wetland soils of French Guiana have been identified as sources of EA bacteria. Experiments under poised and constant electrode potential were used to examine adherence to the electrode surface of EA biofilms from the endogenous flora of selected environments. Formation of bioanodes and biocathodes was possible in the presence respectively of acetate and oxygen in the media. A study by cyclic voltammetry showed the redox peaks related to electronic exchanges between EA biofilm and electrode. By optimizing the process of EA biofilm formation by chronoamperometry (larger electrode surface, providing continuous and progressive substrate), a maximum current density of 12 A/m2 and a coulombic efficiency of 24% were obtained.Another method to form EA biofilms from a chosen medium (mangrove) was to use two MFC prototypes: a single compartment and air cathode one, and a benthic one. In both cases, the EA biofilms have been trained and studied supplementing certain observations made under poised polarization. MFC benthic proved to be the closest to a wide application since it was completely autonomous, anode and cathode only using the medium to function. It has been studied in the laboratory and in the field
Jeanne, Thomas. "Caractérisation et optimisation des paramètres microbiens dans une pile bio-électrochimique fonctionnant au lisier de porc." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25230.
Full textBouabdalaoui, Laila. "Etude de matériaux d'anodes à base de graphite modifié par des composés fer-soufre : applications aux piles à combustible microbiennes." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EVRY0011/document.
Full textA microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device allowing the production of electric power from chemical energy thanks to the catalytic activity of bacteria in presence of organic fuel. These works aimed the synthesis of new anode and cathode materials which could be an alternative to platinum materials. On the anode side, we synthesized the materials by chemical precipitation on powder graphite from mixtures containing ferrous and sulfide ions. Physicochemical characterizations showed the formation of sulfur compounds (mackinawite, polysulfide and elementary sulfur) which transform into sulfur products more oxidized in presence of air. Formation of vivianite was confirmed in the case of an excess of ferrous ions in relation to sulfide ions. Electrochemical analysis shows that these materials have a reversible behavior with high current densities at low voltage. On the cathode side, we chose electrochemical synthesis of an MnOx film on stainless steel substrate. Physicochemical characterizations showed birnessite formation. Electrochemical analysis show that the reduction of this material Leeds to significative cathodic currents but with a limited reversibility, even in presence of air. The realization of MFC prototypes in which the sulfur compounds-based anode is submerged in compost solution and the MnOx-based cathode is in contact with air, allowed the getting of maximum instantaneous powers on the order of 12 W.m-3 and 1,8 W.m-2, and current densities on the order of 25 A.m-3 et 3,8 A.m-2. An optimization work of the MFC functioning has been done. So, the conductivity increase of the anodic solution and the decrease of sediment quantity in the compost solution allowed the improvement of the electrochemical response of the anodic material and to obtain maximal instantaneous powers on the order of 17,5 W.m-3 and 2,7 W.m-2, and current densities on the order of 60 A.m-3 et 9,2 A.m-2. The limiting factor remains the electrochemical behavior of the MnOx film
Picot, Matthieu. "Pile à combustible microbienne à plantes : contribution à l'optimisation des éléments anodique, membranaire et cathodique." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S176.
Full textA Microbial Fuel Cell (MÇFC) is based on the use of electroactive biofilms to catalyze electrochemical reactions at the anode or at the cathode. This work has been done in the context of the Plant Power european proj ect which aims to study and to optimize Plant-MFCS. This kind of MFC integrates a plant in the anolyte which is exuding organic molecules and thus allows the in situ fueling of the anodic biofilm. A MFC can be divided into three parts: the anodic oompartment, the membrane and the cathodic compartrnent. Tbis work is presenting approaches to optimize each cf these three parts. A1; the anode, we discuss the use of surface modification (by the reduction of aryl diazonium salts) to improve the performances of a bioanode. Regarding the membrane we report the modification of a model ultrafiltration membrane made of polyethersulfone. At the cathode, we present ways to optimize the oxygen reduction reaction. In that context, three different approaches are considered: a molecular approach (by using metalloporphyrins), an enzymatic approach (by using laccase fiom Trametes versicolor and a redox mediator) and a microbial approach (by using a catalytic biofilm)
Godain, Alexiane. "Étude de l'activité électrocatalytique des biofilms microbiens en fonction des forces d'adhésion pour l'optimisation des performances des biopiles microbiennes." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1064/document.
Full textMicrobial fuel cells (MFCs), as a potentially sustainable biotechnology, can directly convert organic matter into electricity by using bacterial biofilms as biocatalysts. In a political context where European legislation favors and imposes the revalorization of organic waste from industries, MFC seems an inexpensive and promising technology to meet this need. The aim of this thesis is to improve knowledge of the formation of electroactive biofilms on the anodic surface, and to understand the mechanisms involved in the competition between electroactive bacteria (EAB) and other bacteria. Special attention will be paid to shear force as a tool to control the formation of anodic biofilms. First, bacterial successions have been studied under stationary conditions and in standard laboratory configurations. The results show that the formation of the biofilm is divided in two stages. At first, non-specific EAB grow in all MFCs, producing or not electricity. Then, specific EAB become predominant only in MFCs producing electricity and is associated to an exponential increase of electricity. From these results, we hypothesize that inhibition of the first step should decrease the competition between nonspecific and specific EAB. We propose to use the shear stress to select specific EAB during the adhesion. First, MFCs with a shear stress flow chamber configuration were designed, constructed and set up. The results show that the proportion of specific EAB such as Geobacter was higher, up to 30.14% as opposed to a lower shear stress (less than 1%). Then, the effect of shear stress on microbial selection during biofilm growth was studied. These results confirm the previous conclusions: specific EAB are selected when shear stress is higher. This work demonstrates the major role of shear stress in biofilm formation and could be a way to control the selection of EAB. This factor should be taken into account in the architecture and implementation of the reactors
Schaetzle, Olivier. "Développement et étude d’une pile à combustible microbienne en vue d’une application dans le traitement des eaux." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S222.
Full textAlmeida, Cournet Amandine de. "Etude de la catalyse microbienne de la réduction électrochimique du dioxygène." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/958/.
Full textElectroactive bacteria are able to directly exchange electrons with electrodes and thus produce current. This property was discovered in the early 2000s and is very interesting for microbial fuel cells applications. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of electronic transfer from bacteria to electrodes (anodic reaction) but very few to the reverse phenomenon (cathodic reaction). The objectives of the present work were first to search for the capacity of catalyzing a cathodic reaction (oxygen reduction) among a wide range of bacteria including Gram - and Gram + and second to analyse the mechanisms involved in such a transfer of electrons using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results show that this property is widespread among bacteria and suggest that membrane-bound enzymes with porphyrin active sites may be involved. Finally, this phenomenon could be used to design an interesting tool in the field of bacterial adhesion detection
Champigneux, Pierre. "Comprendre et optimiser les anodes microbiennes grâce aux technologies microsystèmes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0051/document.
Full textMany microorganisms have the ability to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of organic matterby self-organizing into biofilm on the surface of anodes. This process is the basis of highlyinnovative electro-microbial processes such as microbial fuel cells or microbial electrolysis cells.The biofilm/electrode interface has been the subject of numerous studies whose conclusionsremain difficult to disentangle partly because of the diversity of the interfacial parameters involved.The purpose of this thesis work is to exploit microsystem technologies to focus the impact ofelectrode surface topography on biofilm development and electro-catalytic performance. Theformation of electroactive biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens was studied on gold electrodespresenting well-controlled topographies, in the form of roughness, porosity, pillar networks, atscales ranging from nanometer to a few hundred micrometers. The presence of micro-roughnessincreased the current densities by a factor of 8 compared to a smooth surface and its effect wasquantified using the Sa parameter. We have tried to distinguish the effects of different roughnessscales on biofilm development and electron transfer rates. The suitability of micro-porosity wasdiscussed. The increase of active surface area by the presence of micro-pillars has proved veryeffective and a theoretical approach has given keys to understanding and optimization. Theknowledge acquired under pure culture conditions was finally confronted with the use of multispeciesbiofilms formed from a complex inoculum coming from marine sediments
Pietrelli, Andrea. "Electrical valorization of MFC : application to monitoring." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC001/document.
Full textIn recent years, the extensive use of fossil fuels has triggered into a global crisis due to high pollution and stock reduction, because of its nature of non-renewable source of energy. Because the wide use of fossil fuels has led to the production of high amounts of CO2, as a result is a trigger of the global warming issue. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is an energy harvesting technique that converts chemical energy from organic compounds to electrical energy through catalytic actions of microorganisms. MFC can be considered as archetypical microbial Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs), that exploit the bio-electrocatalytic activity of living microorganisms for the generation of electric current. In the past decade, the evolution of low power electronics has made MFCs technology more attractive, because it has begun to be able to power low-power devices forming complete systems, such as the nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Moreover, MFCs gained more interest because they can generate electric power while treating wastes. Unlike other fuel cells, MFCs can continuously generate clean energy at normal temperature, atmospheric pressure, and neutral pH value without any supplementary maintenance. The only by-products are CO2 and H2O, which do not require additional handling. The production of CO2 is part of a short duration carbon cycle. The CO2 produced is biogenic, which is included in the biogeochemical carbon cycle, avoiding net carbon emission into atmosphere. This manuscript examines many aspects related to microbial fuel cell technology from chemical reactions inside the cells to the energy management systems required to exploit energy delivered from MFCs for practical usage in autonomous sensors. Experimental campaign was performed on MFCs regarding electrical characterization, multiple connections of MFCs and influence of main parameters that affect energy conversion performances. The experimental tests were performed on two different lab-scale reactor typologies: terrestrial microbial fuel cell and waste water microbial fuel cell. A survey is presented about different proposed energy management systems and other devices able to build a node of a WSN powered by MFCs
Smida, Hassiba. "Modulation de l'interface entre biofilms microbiens électroactifs et surface d'électrode : modifications de surface et effets de milieux." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S135/document.
Full textMicrobial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical devices based on electroactive bacterial biofilms which catalyze the electron transfer both at the anode and cathode to generate electrical power. To enhance the biofilms development and to improve the biofilm-electrode connection, being both key features in the performance of the MFC, the graphite anode was functionalized by pyridine units. In order to ensure a robust interface, pyridine units are grafted covalently through the electrochemical reduction of diazopyridinium cations in situ formed from aminopyridine precursors, following the well-known electrografting method for aryl diazonium salts. By comparing the reactivity of various aminopyridine derivatives and the resulting grafted layers properties, the para-diazopyridinium cations reduction results in a thin and compact layer, which is the best suited for promoting bacterial adhesion and favorable electron transfer between the anode surface and electroactive bacteria. The presence of pyridine units immobilized on the anode surface leads to a faster biofilm development together with increased MFC performances for young biofilms. In contrast, anode modified with polyphenylene multilayers and then colonized by a bacterial biofilm has been proved to be less effective for the catalysis of acetate oxidation. On the other hand, the nature of the electrolyte and the physicochemical properties are also important parameters for the bacterial biofilm development. Room temperature ionic liquids have unique properties, particularly in terms of solvation, and their use in biotechnological applications has recently emerged. However, their effects on bacterial biofilms remain little known. The addition of a selection of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ionic liquids based on imidazolium or pyridinium cations in the anolyte, even in very small quantities, or immobilized at the anode surface inhibited the biofilm development
Lepage, Guillaume. "Caractérisation et optimisation d'une pile à combustible microbienne." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836765.
Full textNicolas, Degrenne. "Power Management for Microbial Fuel Cells." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064521.
Full textCercado, Quezada Bibiana. "Traitement de déchets issus de l'industrie agro-alimentaire par pile à combustible microbienne." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT025G/document.
Full textIn the microbial fuel cells (MFC) electricity is produced by the oxidation of organic matter. At the anode the fuel is oxidized by the microorganisms attached to it, they act as catalyst. The use of food and agricultural industry wastes carry out to a double benefit: waste treatment and energy generation. In the present work three aspects are presented: Initially fuels and inoculum sources are evaluated in terms of their electro catalytic activity, thereafter operational parameters are studied to enhance electricity production and waste treatment. These studies are achieved in three electrodes electrochemical cells under potentiostatic control. In the last part, the materials and operational conditions selected are tested in MFC. Three wastes were tested as fuel to MFC: fermented apple juice, wine lees and dairy wastes, with two electroactive inocula: anaerobic sludge and garden compost leachate. The results in electrochemical cells indicated compost leachate and dairy wastes as the best inoculum and fuel respectively. Consequently, most of subsequent experiments were achieved with these materials. Preliminary acclimation procedure of compost leachate microbial flora to dairy wastes fuel proved not to be useful. High concentration of dairy wastes was detrimental to current generation; however the COD removal was 90%. Pre-treatment of electrode by pre-adsorbing dairy waste led to a 10-fold increase in the current density. Results from temperature test (10°C to 60°C) suggest a large diversity of electrochemically active microorganisms coming from compost. A current density of 1655 mA/m² was reached at 40°C with a pre-treated graphite felt anode under polarization at +0,1V vs. ECS. Different mixtures composed by “biocatalyst-combustible” were evaluated in a two chamber membrane microbial fuel cell, with graphite felt anode. The best performance was obtained with compost leachate as biocatalyst and dairy wastes as fuel (92 mW/m² at 636 mA/m² by polarization curve). These results confirmed those obtained in electrochemical cells and they are in the high range of performances reached with this new technology using raw materials
Narducci, Riccardo. "Membranes conductrices ioniques pour piles à combustible." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4764.
Full textIn this thesis, perfluorosulfonic acid membranes (PFSA) and sulfonated aromatic polymers (SAP) are studied to better understandtheir thermodynamic, hydration, mechanical and electrical properties. The following main points were addressed:Regarding PFSA:1) Nafion membranes with various morphology and microstructure (amorphous, semi-crystalline, layered) were prepared and the relation to the properties, such as glass and melting transitions, and proton conductivity, was established.2) Various annealing treatments were performed and analyzed by the quantitative INCA (Ionomer nc Analysis) method using also special annealing agents. Regarding SAP:1) The in situ synthesis of cross-linked polymers was studied and the mechanism was clarified. 2) The degree of cross-linking was optimized for best proton conductivity.3) Cation-conducting ionomers were obtained by cation exchange of SPEEK and the properties of these new ionomers were determined
Génevé, Thomas. "Méthodes de diagnostic des piles à combustible." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/15589/1/TGENEVE.pdf.
Full textCaillard, Amaël. "ELABORATION D'ELECTRODES DE PILES A COMBUSTIBLE PAR PLASMA." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00150605.
Full textBois, Chloe. "Fabrication de piles à combustible par procédés d'impression." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844403.
Full textBois, Chloé. "Fabrication de piles à combustible par procédés d'impression." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI076/document.
Full textIn a context of fossil fuel shortage and hydrocarbon emission reduction, fuel cells are a promising solution for energy production. However, the cost of the energy they produce remains too expensive to be competitive and the conventional manufacturing processes used limit the scaling up of the production. The core of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) is a stack composed of five constituents, in which the proton exchange membrane and the two gas diffusion layers have potential for being can be considered as used a a printing substrates, and the two catalyst layers can be printed by continuous printing processes.This work demonstrated the relevance of the printing process called flexography for manufacturing fuel cell components. It offers allows larger production with low waste of expensive elements. Despite of the poor printability of the both chosen substrates, the achieved catalyst layers printed by flexography reached similar electrochemical properties than those made by conventional processes
Marchand, Marielle. "Gestion de l'eau dans les piles à combustible." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0142.
Full textSibiude, Galdric. "Nanostructuration de couches actives pour piles à combustible PEM." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684241.
Full textAssumma, Luca. "Nouveaux Ionomères aromatiques nanostructurés pour les piles à combustible." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI012/document.
Full textThe purpose of this work was the synthesis and characterization of new aromatic ionomers for PEMFC. The ionomers are based on block copolymers containing hydrophilic blocks, functionalised with a perfluorinated acid, and hydrophobic blocks containing partially perfluorinated aromatic rings. The polymer main chain was performed by polycondensation reaction. The acidic functions were grafted onto the polymer in two steps: bromination and coupling Ullman reaction. Different copolymers with different lengths of hydrophilic block were synthetized. The membranes were obtained by casting, the impact of the solvent nature and Ionomer structure on the membrane morphology and properties was studied. The solvent has a strong impact on the membrane structuration at nanometric scale. By small angle neutrons scattering, we showed that the membrane morphology is depending on hydrophilic bloc length. The mechanical strengths and the conductivities of aromatic ionomer membranes are higher that the Nafion above 60°C that make them promising for PEMFC working at temperature higher than 100°C
Akrout, Alia. "Membranes hybrides nanostructurées pour application en piles à combustible." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS014.
Full textThe objective of this PhD work is the development of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells with high mechanical and chemical stability. The strategy used during this thesis consists of preparing composite membranes incorporating networks of polymer nanofibers (mechanical reinforcement) as well as inorganic and organic radical scavengers (chemical stabilization). To avoid the elution of the latter, nanotubular clays were used as immobilization support and incorporated directly into the PFSA membrane or into polymer nanofibers. The membranes thus prepared were characterized ex situ, then in a single fuel cell. Their gas permeability and their stability towards mechanical and chemical degradation have been evaluated by accelerated stress test
Schieda, Mauricio. "Elaboration par CVD plasma et caractérisation de matériaux pour pile à combustible à membrane alcaline." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20202.
Full textRallières, Olivier. "Modélisation et caractérisation de Piles A Combustible et Electrolyseurs PEM." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819317.
Full textMangiatordi, Giuseppe. "Modélisation du transfert de charge dans les piles à combustible." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833250.
Full textChabert, France. "Élaboration par extrusion de membranes polymères pour piles à combustible." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0132.
Full textThe aim of these studies was to process membranes by extrusion to be used in fuel cells. The functional polymers used are generally processed by polluting techniques like casting-evaporation, which are not easily transposable on industrial scale. Extrusion is a widely used shaping operation in the polymer processing industry. However, extrusion had not been used until now for arylsulfonic ionic polymers. In order to avoid any risk of degradation of the polymer during extrusion, it was necessary to define the best processing conditions. On one hand, the physicochemical characterization of the polysulfones (commercial) and sulfonated polysulfones (or synthesized by the project partners), were performed by determining their molecular weights and their thermal transitions. On the order hand, their flow behaviour was characterized over a wide range of temperatures and shearing rates using rheometric techniques. The combination of these two characterizations allowed to define the appropriate extrusion conditions. For the extruded films, the conductivities, measured by impedance spectroscopy were found to be similar with those of the membranes processed by casting-evaporation and close to those of Nafion® membranes. In addition, the incorporation of a proton-conducting filler and reinforcing fibres was also considered and the extrusion of these composite materials was validated. This work could be extended to other proton-conducting polymers, like polyetherethercetones and polyetherimides, whose membranes produced by casting-evaporation have already shown their performances in the fuel cells
Roche, Ivan. "Catalyseurs de piles à combustible à membrane polymère échangeuse anionique." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0010.
Full textThe electrocatalytic properties of materials for electrodes of Alkaline Fuel Cell were studied with their composition and morphology. Dispersed silver nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical Impregnation on various commercial carbons: the catalysts Ag/Monarch 1000 exhibit better massic activites towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) than the benchmark Ag/Vulcan XC72 (E-TEK). MnOx nanoparticles were also synthesized by chemical deposition on carbon. Me-doped (Me = Ni, Mg) MnOx/C exhibit ORR activity close to the benchmark catalyst 10 wt. % Pt/C (E-TEK), and yield quantitative formation of OH- (4-electron pathway). An ORR mechanism on MnOJC is suggested
Maréchal, Manuel. "Polyélectrolytes pour piles à combustible : outils et méthodes de caractérisation." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0143.
Full textThe research works reported in the manuscript are a contribution to the study of polyelectrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). They are supported by two investigation tools, i. E. The study of model molecules and accurate conductivity measurements. With regard to the material science domain, the optimization of polysulfone sulfonation procedure allows chain breakings to be reduced and even eliminated while obtaining reproducible sulfonation degrees. It is thus possible to improve the mechanical properties of the dense membrane elaborated with these polyelectrolytes before performing the tests on the MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly). In parallel, the fonctionnalisation of microporous silicon made it possible to prepare polyelectrolytes reinforced by the mechanical strength of the silicon separator. With regard to the physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations, the model molecules, with the same functions and groups than for associated polymers, make it possible to amplify the electrochemical or thermal phenomena vs. The corresponding polymers. Thus, they simulate an accelerated ageing of the polyelectrolytes. The development of a new conductivity measurement set allows conductivity to be obtained with a great accuracy, in a wide range of temperature and relative humidity
Ciria, matamoros Desirée. "Propriétés thermo-mécaniques des matériaux pour les piles à combustible." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC064/document.
Full textSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a real alternative to classical technologies for the generation of electricity by clean, efficient and environmental-friendly means. Nevertheless, the main limitation of SOFCs lies in their unsatisfactory durability and reliability due to the high operating temperatures and thermal cycling characteristic of these devices. An intense search is currently underway for materials for SOFCs with the objective of lowering the working temperature and then overcoming these limitations. Among the different candidates which have emerged, Lanthanum Silicate (LSO) and Yttrium-doped Barium Zirconate (BZY) were considered as potential alternatives to be used as electrolyte materials for SOFC at intermediate-temperature. While numerous studies have been devoted to characterizing and optimizing the microstructural and electro-chemical properties of SOFC components, as yet there is little research available on mechanical properties and the influence they have on SOFC lifespan.The reliability and durability of these devices depends not only on their electro-chemical stability, but also on the ability of their structure to withstand residual stresses arising from the cell manufacturing process and mechanical stresses from operation. Owing to the fact that SOFCs are composed by stacking of several single cells which in turn are made up of individual brittle layers in close contact, these stresses mainly originate from the difference between the coefficient of thermal expansion and elastic properties of adjacent layers and creep deformation. Mismatched stresses can result in the mechanical failure of a single cell and have dramatic consequences on the whole stack. Therefore, knowledge of mechanical properties of the cell components becomes an important issue for the mechanical integrity and development of SOFCs.The aim of this PhD thesis is the fabrication and structural, microstructural and mechanical characterization of LSO and BZY
Xia, Yuzhen. "Carbone fonctionnalisé pour une meilleure performance des piles à combustible." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0116/document.
Full textIn the development of the performances of PEM fuel cell, sulfonated Pt/Vulcan catalysts were prepared by grafting with either polystyrene sulfonate (PSSA) or with 4-phenysulfonic acid (PSA). The influences of the graft ratio, the amount of Nafion and the gas diffusion layer, on the electrochemical performances were studied in a half-cell and membrane electrode assembage (MEA). Larger electrochemical surface area of the catalyst was obtained in the presence of microporous layer on the carbon paper, as well as higher ORR current and lower charge transfer resistance. PSSA was grafted onto Pt/Vulcan catalysts by in-situ radical polymerization with 5, 10 and 20 wt.% sodium styrene sulfonate. It was presented in the half-cell tests and fuel cell tests that the catalysts grafted with 5 and 10 wt.% sulfonated groups performed improved properties. Pt/Vulcan catalysts were also grafted with 5.8, 11.6 18.0 and 23.3 wt.% PSA. Compared with non-functionalized catalysts, significant developments were achieved because of the sulfonation. The MEA with 18.0 wt.% PSA was studied in accelerated durability tests and showed excellent durability after 3000 cycles. For half-cells and MEAs with catalysts grafted with 5wt.% PSSA or PSA groups, low Nafion addition resulted in to lower performances. However, the MEAs with 10 and 20 wt.% PSSA exhibited an enhanced performance than the counterparts with 0.50 mg•cm-2 Nafion
Tekin, Mestan. "Contribution à l'optimisation énergétique d'un système pile à combustible embarqué." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2054.
Full textThis work deals with fuel cell (FC) generator developments for transportation applications. FC main advantages are essentially their low level of pollution and their potential of higher fuel efficiency. So, FC technology is being developed as a potential alternative to the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle and proposes a real opportunity to build a clean vehicle. However, before seeing FC vehicles on the market, many technological bolts must be removed. Among them, energy optimization of the complete FC system still remains to be improved. Indeed, ancillary circuits of FC generator, necessary to its correct operation, put a great strain on overall system efficiency. Among these ancillaries, air supply circuit based on motor-compressor group is the most power-hungry. Consequently, in order to reduce motor-compressor group energy consumption and by this fact to increase the overall system efficiency, three action levels were considered on air supply circuit. The first one is the choice of compressor and driven motors technologies suitable for fuel cell transportation applications. To reach this aim, a non-lubricated rotary vane compressor and a brushless machine were chosen to supply with air a proton exchange membrane type FC. The second one is the elaboration of an air flow controller which allows supplying just the required air quantity to FC. A non-linear type regulator was therefore developed using fuzzy logic. Finally, the last action was carried on motor-compressor management and on its air flow solicitation evaluation for an embedded FC system. This energy management of the motor-compressor was optimized thanks to particle swarm optimization method
Colinart, Thibaut Didierjean Sophie Lottin Olivier. "Gestion de l'eau et performances électriques d'une pile à combustible des pores de la membrane à la cellule /." S. l. : INPL, 2008. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2008_COLINART_T.pdf.
Full textPayman, Alireza Meibody-Tabar Farid Pierfederici Serge. "Contribution à la gestion d'énergie dans les systèmes hybrides multi-sources multi-charges." S. l. : S. n, 2009. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2009_PAYMAN_A.pdf.
Full textAbreu, João. "Contribution au développement d'IDEAL-Cell, un nouveau concept de pile à combustible à température intermédiaire." Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0093.
Full textFuel cells are electrochemical devices that allow the conversion of chemical energy directly into electric energy with low impact to the environment. The improvement of fuel cell performances has been done through the synthesis of new materials with better electrical or electrocatalytic properties and the optimization of shaping methods that allow developing more efficient microstructures. A third path to reach the same objective is proposed in the work here presented: the development of IDEAL-Cell, a new concept of intermediate fuel cell. This concept consists in the anode part of a PCFC connected to the cathode part of a SOFC through a porous central membrane in which water is formed and evacuated. The activities developed were focused in two aspects: the fabrication of prototypes and the characterization of the central membrane. The proof of concept (PoC) prototypes were simplified complete cell structures of two dense electrolytes and one porous composite central membrane in which platinum electrodes were coated. They respect the four criteria previously defined as necessary to demonstrate the new concept : (i) a stable open circuit voltage, (ii) a stable polarization curve, (iii) a specific impedance fingerprint for water formation and (iv) detection of water exhausted from the cell as a result of its operation. The ability of the central membrane to allow the formation of water is determined by the measurement of the active reaction sites length. The method proposed is based on the analysis of 3D images of the central membrane obtained by X-ray microtomography. The water flow through the porous structure of the central membrane was studied. 3D images of two different types of structures were used to solve momentum and mass transfer equations through the finite element method
Stoica, Daniela. "Electrolytes polymères pour piles à combustible alcalines : mécanismes de conduction dans les membranes anioniques." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0187.
Full textThe synthesis and characterizations of new membranes with anion conduction for alkaline fuel cells were realized. A study on model molecules permit to study the thermal and electrochemical stability of hydroxides quaternary ammonium. Polyepichlorhydrine membranes using quaternary ammoniums resulting from the DABCO and Quinuclidine or triméthylamine were characterized from a physico-chemical and electrochemical point of view. The effect of a woven support addition on the membrane properties was evaluated. The transport mechanism of OK, in this alkaline electrolyte, were thorough by correlating thermal, electrochemical, thermodynamic (phenomenon of sorption) and solid NMR measurements. New anion mémbranes were evaluated. The syntheses and physicochemical characterizations of these new membranes was carried out. Two membranes families were studied: membranes with rigid macromolecular skeleton : polysulphone or polyphenylene skeleton and a membrane with an elastomeric skeleton: a copolymer of polyoxyethylene
Dumercy, Laurent. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermique et fluidique d'une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons (PEMFC)." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2004.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the thermal and fluidic model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The management of the internal temperature of the fuel cell affect performance, in one hand directly on the electrochemical reaction, in the other hand by determination of their internal caracteristics (hydratation of the membrane, diffusion resistance in the porous area). The modelisation is made between two axis. At first, the thermal behavior is taken into account in the global form. The fuel cell is studed as a whole with a thermal resistance network et heat sources (heat supply by electrochemical reaction, exchanges with fluids). Dirichlet boundary conditions have been used to force surface temperatures. The meshing of the network is shrink for modelizing the central cell. Specific boundary conditions are applied at this cell for quantify intterference of neighboring cells. The studied cell can be used, in this case, on many situations : adiabatic, in serial or with a external flux. In addition, anode and cathode channel have been studied with a specific model, based on the compting by finites differences of a differential equations system. Taking into account the most important physical and thermophysical quantities (pressions, flow rates, water and heat exchange coefficients), it couple internal quantities off the channel et thermal state of the overall system. The studies of the pahse change of water in the channel, his transfert beetwen the anode and the cathode and his influence on the thermal balance are studed
Mosdale, Renaut. "Etude et développement d'une pile à combustible hydrogène/oxygène en technologie électrolyte polymère solide." Grenoble INPG, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPG0116.
Full textNovel-Cattin, Frédéric. "Élaboration et étude de pile à combustible selon la technologie électrolyte polymère solide." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10115.
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