Academic literature on the topic 'Piles à hydrogène'
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Journal articles on the topic "Piles à hydrogène"
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Borruto, A. "Hydrogenâsteel interaction: hydrogen embrittlementin pipes for power former plant effluents." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1999): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(98)00106-2.
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Ishida, Yasuyuki, Akira Nebu, Koji Yamada, Koji Dozaki, Akitaka Hidaka, Masahiro Uchida, and Takahiro Sone. "ICONE23-2174 FRACTURE TESTS OF STEEL PIPES BY INTERNAL DETONATION OF HYDROGEN-OXYGEN GAS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2015.23 (2015): _ICONE23–2—_ICONE23–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2015.23._icone23-2_67.
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Sidestam, Patrik, Mats Karlberg, and John Niska. "Modeling of Hydrogen Diffusion in Piled Slabs." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2201.
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Hydrogen is harmful in steel which makes it important to reduce the hydrogen content. Piling slabs after casting gives a slow cooling which increases the diffusion out of the steel. Finite element modeling has been used to simulate this process where hydrogen solubility and phase dependent diffusivity can be taken into account. The hydrogen diffusion model is using STEELTEMP® 2D for the thermal analysis. Measurements of temperature and hydrogen content in piled slabs have been done and the calculations are in good agreement.
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Liu, Lin, Jia Yi Xia, Ju Huo, and Zhao Ying. "Protective Effect on Oxidative Stress Injury of Xiongma Dripping Pills Containing Serum on PC12 Cells." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.744.
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Object: The antioxidant dose-effect relationship and the mechanism of Xiongma Dripping Pills were study to explore the protective effects of oxidative damage in PC12 cells of different doses of Xiongma Dripping Pills containing serum. Method: Oxidative stress injury model of PC12 cells was established by peroxide hydrogen (H2O2), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), content and cell culture supernatant lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the liquid content of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were detected by chemical colorimetric determination. Results: There was a plasma concentration peaked in Xiongma Dripping Pills 8 times (6g•kg-1) dose group, ferulic acid plasma concentration was 10.59 ± 2.92, the plasma concentration gastrodin 18.13 ± 4.63. H2O2 and SNP could cause injury in PC12 cells, and increased LDH leakage, reduce the content of GSH-PX (P<0.01). Gung Ma the Dripping Pills can reduce LDH leakage, increase the content of GSH-PX. Xiongma Dripping Pills 8-fold dose group content is the most significant.Conclusion: There was a significant protective effect on Xiongma Dripping Pills serum containing H2O2 and SNP induced oxidative damage of PC12 cells and its mechanism was relevant with clearing the free radicals, enhanceing antioxidant enzyme activity in vivo. There was the most significant effect on Xiongma Dripping Pills 8-fold dose group, and there was positive correlation on plasma concentration and pharmacological effects.
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Leimert, Jonas M., Marius Dillig, and Jürgen Karl. "Hydrogen inactivation of liquid metal heat pipes." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 92 (January 2016): 920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.09.058.
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Linsky, J. L., and B. E. Wood. "Lyman-α observations of astrospheres." ASTRA Proceedings 1 (August 25, 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ap-1-43-2014.
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Abstract. Charge-exchange reactions between outflowing stellar wind protons and interstellar neutral hydrogen atoms entering a stellar astrosphere produce a region of piled-up-decelerated neutral hydrogen called the hydrogen wall. Absorption by this gas, which is observed in stellar Lyman-α emission lines, provides the only viable technique at this time for measuring the mass-loss rates of F–M dwarf stars. We describe this technique, present an alternative way for understanding the relation of mass-loss rate with X-ray emission, and identify several critical issues.
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Liu, HanChen, and XueWu Cao. "Numerical Study on Hydrogen Flow Behavior in Two Compartments with Different Connecting Pipes." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4709503.
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Hydrogen accumulation in the containment compartments under severe accidents would result in high concentration, which could lead to hydrogen deflagration or detonation. Therefore, getting detailed hydrogen flow and distribution is a key issue to arrange hydrogen removal equipment in the containment compartments. In this study, hydrogen flow behavior in local compartments has been investigated in two horizontal compartments. The analysis model is built by 3-dimensional CFD code in Cartesian coordinates based on the connection structure of the Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) compartments. It consists of two cylindrical vessels, representing the Steam Generator compartment (SG) and Core Makeup Tank compartment (CMT). With standard k-ε turbulence model, the effects of the connecting pipe size and location on hydrogen concentration distribution are investigated. Results show that increasing the diameter of connection pipe (IP) which is located at 800 mm from 150 mm to 300 mm facilitates hydrogen flow between compartments. Decreasing the length of IP which is located at 800 mm from 1000 mm to 500 mm can also facilitate hydrogen flow between compartments. Lower IP is in favor of hydrogen mixing with air in non-source compartment. Higher IP is helpful for hydrogen flow to the non-source term compartment from source term compartment.
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HILL, D. D., F. C. PRENGER, and J. A. BARCLAY. "PERFORMANCE LIMITS IN GRAVITY-ASSISTED HYDROGEN HEAT PIPES." Chemical Engineering Communications 85, no. 1 (November 1989): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448908940353.
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Nikitin, V. I. "Regularities pertinent to hydrogen release in heat pipes." Thermal Engineering 53, no. 12 (December 2006): 993–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601506120093.
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Bouzouni, Marianthi, Evangelos Gavalas, Filippos Chatzigeorgiou, and Spyros Papaefthymiou. "Hydrogen Induced Crack Development in Submerged Arc Welded Steel Pipes." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818804010.
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The current work examines hydrogen sensitivity in different pipeline steels (X65, X70 and X80 HSLA grades) from four productions. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) experiments were performed and then the welds were characterized via optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The optical micrographs revealed cracks only in one of the four welds. Transverse cracks were found along bainitic-ferrite/carbide islands within the heat affected zone and the base metal of production B. Found inclusions e.g. MnS inside the cracks acted as initiation points for the HIC. However, the weld zones in all productions consisting of acicular ferrite and grain boundary ferrite were found to be resistant in hydrogen embrittlement. Therefore, the presence of bainitic ferrite with carbides at the grain boundaries in the microstructures and the intense presence of MnS inclusions caused HIC in pipeline steel from production B. The manufacturing process, the forming and welding conditions in the examined case seem not to have negatively influenced the pipeline steel in terms of HIC.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Piles à hydrogène"
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Chabane, Djafar. "Gestion énergétique d'un ensemble réservoir d'hydrogène à hydrure et une pile à combustible PEM." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCA010/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur les phénomènes inhérents au couplage d'un système de stockage d'hydrogène à base d'hydrures métalliques et d'une pile à combustible (PàC). Le but est de développer une loi de gestion optimale des flux (électriques, fluidiques, thermiques).Une étude poussée a été réalisée sur les différents moyens de production de l'hydrogène ainsi que les différentes méthodes de son stockage. Une large place est donnée à la caractérisation des hydrures au sein du réservoir. Ce travail a permis le développement d'une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation pour des réservoirs à hydrure. Cette dernière et a été mise en œuvre expérimentalement avec des processus de charges et de décharges effectués sur trois réservoirs contenant des hydrures différents. Compte tenu de la confidentialité du fabriquant, plusieurs données n'étaient pas accessibles expérimentalement. Ainsi, un modèle numérique du réservoir à hydrure a été réalisé dans l'environnement Comsol multiphysics. Dans une volonté de modéliser le couplage thermique entre la PàC et le réservoir à hydrure, un modèle 0D dans l'environnement Matlab Simulink d'un système comportant une pile à combustible, un réservoir à hydrure et un échangeur de chaleur a été réalisé. Ces développements ont abouti à la proposition et l'étude de deux topologies pour la gestion des échanges thermiques entre la PàC et le réservoir à hydrure de type AB : topologie série et topologie parallèle. Dans la topologie série le même fluide caloporteur circule dans le réservoir et dans la PàC ce qui veut dire que les deux composants ont les mêmes températures de fonctionnement. Ceci peut causer des difficultés d'opération de la PàC qui nécessite généralement des températures de fonctionnement plus élevées que celles du réservoir. La topologie parallèle, apporte la solution à ce problème en offrant la possibilité de deux températures distinctes de fonctionnement pour la PàC et le réservoirThis thesis deals with the phenomena inherent in the coupling of a hydrogen storage system based on metal hydrides and a fuel cell. The aim is to develop an optimal flow management law (electrical, fluidic, thermal).A detailed study was carried out on the various means of hydrogen production and the different methods of its storage. A large place is given to the characterization of the hydrides within the reservoir. This work allowed the development of a new characterization method for hydride tanks. The latter was experimentally carried out with charge and discharge processes carried out on three reservoirs containing different hydrides. Given the manufacturer's confidentiality, several data were not accessible experimentally. Thus, a numerical model of the hydride tank was carried out in the multiphysics Comsol environment. In order to model the thermal coupling between the fuel cell and the hydride tank, an OD model in the Matlab Simulink environment of a fuel cell, hydride tank and heat exchanger system was realized. These developments resulted in the proposal and study of two topologies for the management of heat exchanges between the fuel cell and the type AB hydride tank: series topology and parallel topology. In the series topology, the same heat transfer fluid circulates in the reservoir and in the fuel cell, which means that the two components have the same operating temperatures. This can cause difficulties in the operation of the POC which generally requires higher operating temperatures than those of the tank. The parallel topology provides the solution to this problem by offering the possibility of two distinct operating temperatures for the PàC and the tank
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Mosdale, Renaut. "Etude et développement d'une pile à combustible hydrogène/oxygène en technologie électrolyte polymère solide." Grenoble INPG, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPG0116.
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La pile a combustible h#2/o#2 e. P. S. Apparait aujourd'hui comme etant l'un des meilleurs candidats au remplacement du moteur a explosion pour la traction automobile. Ce systeme utilise la recombinaison electrochimique, non explosive, d'hydrogene et d'oxygene. C'est donc un generateur electrique propre dont le seul produit de reaction est de l'eau. Cette these presente une etude theorique de ce systeme, la synthese et la caracterisation de differents type d'electrodes, et enfin une analyse des mouvements d'eau dans l'electrolyte par differentes techniques originales
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Diawara, Moussa. "Modélisation DFT des propriétés catalytiques de la Cérine utilisée comme matériaux d’interface dans les Piles à Combustible à Oxyde Solide (SOFC)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC029.
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Le développement de nouveaux matériaux pour les piles à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFCs) est un challenge afin de répondre aux enjeux actuels: abaissement de la température de fonctionnement, utilisation de métaux non précieux, flexibilité d’utilisation du carburant ou encore résistance à la dégradation. A ces fins, une double approche théorique et expérimentale est développée depuis de nombreuses années au sein de l’équipe I2E, afin de mettre au point des matériaux à base de Cérine dopée en tant que matériaux d’interface permettant d’améliorer les propriétés catalytiques des anodes des SOFC. L’approche expérimentale a été mise en œuvre pour synthétiser des nanoparticules d’oxyde de cérium pure (baguette, cube ou octaèdre) exposant respectivement les surfaces (110), (100) et (111). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que l’orientation (100) était la plus réactive, suivie de la (110), puis de la (111) la moins réactive. Sur la base de ces résultats expérimentaux, cette thèse vise à développer une approche DFT pour étudier la première étape de l’activation de l’hydrogène sur une surface pure de CeO2, à savoir pour chaque orientation cristallographique, l’adsorption de la molécule sur la surface puis sa dissociation pour former des groupes hydroxyles : géométrie et énergie d’adsorption des états moléculaires et dissociés, chemin réactionnel conduisant de l’adsorption à la dissociation et les énergies d’activation correspondantes. Ensuite des calculs seront effectués pour évaluer l’effet d’une série de dopants (yttrium, gadolinium, samarium) sur le mécanisme de l’activation de l’hydrogène et les énergies d’activation correspondantes Mots clés : SOFC, Cérine, hydrogène, DFTThe development of new materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is a challenge to meet current challenges: lowering operating temperature, use of non-precious metals, flexibility of fuel use or resistance to degradation. For these purposes, a dual theoretical and experimental approach has been developed for many years within the I2E team, in order to develop doped cerine-based materials as interface materials to improve the catalytic properties of SOFC. anodes. The experimental approach was implemented to synthesize nanoparticles of pure cerium oxide (rod, cube or octahedron) respectively exposing the surfaces (110), (100) and (111). The results obtained showed that the orientation (100) was the most reactive, followed by the (110), then the (111) least reactive. On the basis of these experimental results, this thesis aims at developing a DFT approach to study the first step of the activation of hydrogen on a pure CeO2 surface, ie for each crystallographic orientation, the adsorption of the molecule on the surface then its dissociation to form hydroxyl groups: geometry and adsorption energy of the molecular and dissociated states, reaction path leading from the adsorption to the dissociation and the corresponding energies of activation. Then calculations will be made to evaluate the effect of a series of dopants (yttrium, gadolinium, samarium) on the mechanism of hydrogen activation and the corresponding activation energies Key words: SOFC, Ceria, hydrogen, DFT
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Simoncini, Nicolas. "Histoire de la recherche sur les piles à combustible en France des années soixante aux années quatre-vingt." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCA030/document.
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Les piles à combustible, dont le principe de fonctionnement est connu depuis le milieu du XIXème siècle, permettent de produire simultanément de l’électricité, de l’eau et de la chaleur à partir de combustibles et comburants tels que l’hydrogène et l’oxygène. À la fin des années cinquante, ces générateurs électrochimiques connaissent des perfectionnements majeurs, notamment grâce aux travaux de l’Anglais Francis T. Bacon, et sont utilisés aux États-Unis par la NASA (Aeronautics and Space Administration) au sein de ses programmes spatiaux. En France, des études sont mises en place au même moment dans des laboratoires publics et privés, tels que ceux d’Alsthom, de l’Institut français du pétrole et du CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique), sous l’égide des Armées et de la DGRST (Délégation générale à la recherche scientifique et technique), organisme d’État chargé de la politique de la recherche. Jusqu’au début des années quatre-vingt, des millions de francs sont ainsi investis et des centaines de chercheurs, ingénieurs et techniciens sont mobilisés pour améliorer la technique, travailler à son adaptation aux automobiles électriques, aux trains, aux sous-marins, à la construction de centrales de production industrielle d’électricité ou encore à la fourniture de solutions militaires. Alors que de nos jours les piles à combustible apparaissent en France comme des options majeures pour la transition énergétique, c’est tout l’objet de cette thèse que de retracer, restituer et analyser cette partie de leur histoire grâce à une enquête de terrain fondée sur la récolte d’archives et la réalisation d’entretiens avec des acteurs ayant participé aux recherches. Nous mettrons tout d’abord au jour les conditions socio-historiques et les dynamiques structurelles qui font que les piles à combustible deviennent un thème d’intérêt en France à la fin des années cinquante. Nous montrerons ensuite comment les études sont organisées puis réorientées dans les années soixante et soixante-dix en fonction de l’évolution du collectif de pensée et du réseau social créés autour de la technique. Enfin, nous examinerons l’ensemble des raisons politiques, économiques, scientifiques et sociales pour lesquelles ces travaux sont presque tous abandonnés au début des années quatre-vingtFuel cells, which operation principle is known since the middle of the 19th century, allow to produce electricy, water and heat simultaneously from fuels and combustives like hydrogen and oxygen. At the end of the 50s, these electrochemical generators are perfected, particularly thanks to the work of Francis T. Bacon in England, and are used in the USA by NASA (Aeronautics and Space Administration) for space programs. In France at the same period, private and public laboratories as Alsthom, the IFP (French Petroleum Institute) and the CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research) start their own studies under the supervision of the Ministry of Defense and the DGRST (General Commission for for Scientific and Technical Research), a national institution in charge of scientific research policy. Until the beginning of the 80s, millions are thus invested and hundreds of researchers, engineers and technicians are mobilized to improve fuel cells, work on their adaptation to electrical cars, trains, submarines, on the construction of fuel cell power plants or specific military equipments. Now that in France fuel cells are considered as major options for energy transition, the objective of this dissertation paper is to analyze this period of their history thanks to a field investigation based on numerous archives and interviews with stakeholders who contributed to researches. We will first expose socio-historical conditions and structural dynamics which make fuel cells become a theme of national interest at the end of the 50s. We will then show how studies are organized and reoriented in the 60s and 70s according to the evolution of the thought collective and the social network created around fuel cells. Finally we will examine all political, economic, scientific and social reasons which led to drop almost all fuel cell researches in the country at the beginning of the 80s
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Iosub, Vasile. "Développement et optimisation d'une unité de stockage de l'ydrogène sur hydrures métalliques utilisée dans les systèmes stationnaires de pile à combustible." Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002109170204611&vid=upec.
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Le travail effectué a commencé par une étude approfondie de la bibliographie sur l'application des hydrures métalliques comme matériau de stockage solide de l'hydrogène. Cette étude a permis de cerner deux familles de composés intermétalliques aptes à répondre à la demande de l'application envisagée : les composés de type AB5 avec une composition MmNi5-xSnx (Mm appelé mischmetal, est un mélange de La, Ce, Nd et Pr obtenu directement à partir du minerai) ainsi que les composés de type AB2 avec une composition Zr1-pTipMn2-r-sNirVs. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons cherché à optimiser les propriétés d'absorption de l'hydrogène en jouant sur la composition et la structure de ces matériaux. En outre, une étude de cinétique et de vieillissement en cyclage a été faite. A partir des résultats expérimentaux obtenus, nous avons pu déterminer de nouvelles relations composition - structure - propriétés thermodynamiques afin de pouvoir adapter d'autres types de compostions au cahier des chargesThe work bas started with a thorough study of tbe bibliography on the metal hydrides application as hydrogen storage materials in solid gas process. This study has made possible to determine two familles of intermetallic compounds able to reach the needs of the specific application: the AB5-type compounds with MmNi5-xSnx compositions (Mm stands for mischmetal, a mixture of La, Ce, Nd and Pr as well as tbe AB2-type compounds with Zr-pTipMn2-r-sNirVs compositions. In a second time we have tried to optimise hydrogen absorption properties by modifying the alloy composition and structure. Moreover, a study of the kinetics and ageing during cycling was made. From the experimental results, new relations composition - structure - thermodvnamic properties bave been determined in order to adapt other types of hvdrogen storage materials to the specifications
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Escribano, Sylvie. "Optimisation de nouvelles électrodes pour piles à combustible hydrogène/oxygène à membrane électrolyte polymère." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0148.
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Ce travail concerne l'optimisation de nouvelles electrodes pour piles a combustible hydrogene/oxygene a membrane electrolyte polymere. L'energie electrique est fournie par la recombinaison en eau de l'hydrogene et de l'oxygene, respectivement oxyde et reduit sur deux electrodes separees par la membrane electrolyte, ici du nafion. L'objectif est de realiser des electrodes a tres faibles chargements en platine (utilise comme catalyseur) mais fournissant de bonnes performances electrochimiques. Une etude theorique succincte donne des informations sur le comportement des piles en fonction de certaines caracteristiques des assemblages electrodes/membrane (aem). La zone active des electrodes (contenant le platine) est deposee par pulverisation soit sur des tissus de carbone contenant un agent hydrophobe (zone diffusionnelle) soit sur la membrane electrolyte. Les aem sont formes par pressage a chaud des trois elements zone diffusionnelle-zone active-membrane. L'interet et l'influence de plusieurs parametres d'elaboration sont analyses hors fonctionnement par des techniques de caracterisation morphologique, comme la microscopie electronique et la thermoporometrie, mais aussi par voltamperometrie cyclique. Les tests en pile sont enfin utilises pour l'evaluation des performances electrochimiques, representees par les courbes de polarisation
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Labbé, Julien. "L’ hydrogène électrolytique comme moyen de stockage d’électricité pour systèmes photovoltaïques isolés." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1434.
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Un système électrique isolé du réseau, uniquement alimenté par un générateur photovoltaïque nécessite un stockage d’énergie pour être autonome. La batterie au plomb est couramment utilisée à cet effet, en raison de son faible coût, malgré certaines contraintes de fonctionnement. On peut la remplacer par une unité de stockage (USEH) incluant un électrolyseur, une pile à combustible et un réservoir d’hydrogène. Mais il reste d’importants efforts à fournir avant de voir l’essor industriel de cette technologie dont les débouchés doivent être identifiés. Les applications stationnaires de quelques kW sont évaluées par simulation numérique. Un simulateur est développé dans l’environnement Matlab/Simulink, comprenant principalement : le champ photovoltaïque et le système de stockage (batteries au plomb, USEH, ou stockage hybride USEH/batteries). La taille des composants est calculée pour satisfaire l’autonomie du système sur une année de fonctionnement. Il est testé pour 160 profils de charge (1kW en moyenne annuelle) et trois situations géographiques (Algérie, France et Norvège). Deux coefficients sont mis en place pour traduire la corrélation entre la consommation de l’usager et la disponibilité de la ressource renouvelable, à l’échelle journalière et saisonnière. Parmi les cas testés, le coefficient de corrélation saisonnier montre une valeur limite permettant de préconiser le stockage le plus adapté au cas étudié. L’emploi de l’USEH au lieu de batteries au plomb peut conduire à accroître le rendement du système, à réduire la taille du champ photovoltaïque et à optimiser l’exploitation de la ressource renouvelable. Dans tous les cas testés, l’hybridation de l’USEH avec des batteries permet d’améliorer le dimensionnement et les performances du système, avec un gain sur le rendement de 10 à 40 % selon le lieu testé. La confrontation des résultats de simulation à des données de systèmes réels a permis de valider les modèles utilisésStand alone systems supplied only by a photovoltaic generator need an energy storage unit to be fully self-sufficient. Lead acid batteries are commonly used to store energy because of their low cost, despite several operational constraints. A hydrogen-based energy storage unit (HESU) could be another candidate, including an electrolyser, a fuel cell and a hydrogen tank. However many efforts still need to be carried out for this technology to reach an industrial stage. In particular, market outlets must be clearly identified. The study of small stationary applications (few kW) is performed by numerical simulations. A simulator is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. It is mainly composed of a photovoltaic field and a storage unit (lead acid batteries, HESU, or hybrid storage HESU/batteries). The system component sizing is achieved in order to ensure the complete system autonomy over a whole year of operation. The simulator is tested with 160 load profiles (1 kW as a yearly mean value) and three locations (Algeria, France and Norway). Two coefficients are set in order to quantify the correlation between the power consumption of the end user and the renewable resource availability at both daily and yearly scales. Among the tested cases, a limit value of the yearly correlation coefficient came out, enabling to recommend the use of the most adapted storage to a considered case. There are cases for which using HESU instead of lead acid batteries can increase the system efficiency, decrease the size of the photovoltaic field and improve the exploitation of the renewable resource. In addition, hybridization of HESU with batteries always leads to system enhancements regarding its sizing and performance, with an efficiency increase by 10 to 40 % depending on the considered location. The good agreement between the simulation data and field data gathered on real systems enabled the validation of the models used in this study
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Mathieu-Potvin, François. "Modélisation et optimisation des canaux réactifs de microréacteurs et des piles à combustible à hydrogène." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30552/30552.pdf.
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Les piles à combustible à l’hydrogène (PACH) sont des engins qui produisent de l’énergie électrique à l’aide d’une réaction chimique entre l’hydrogène et l’oxygène. Ces dispositifs sont des candidats potentiels pour le remplacement des moteurs à combustion interne conventionnels. Cependant, les PACH ne sont toujours pas compétitives sur le plan commercial, car leur coût, leur poids et leur volume sont encore trop élevés. Un défi est donc d’améliorer l’efficacité des PACH en améliorant leur design. L’objectif de ce projet est de développer des outils de modélisation mathématique et de simulation numérique, pour ensuite optimiser le design des piles à combustible à l’hydrogène. Dans un premier temps, les phénomènes de transport à très petite échelle dans les milieux poreux qui constituent les PACH sont formulés mathématiquement, et une stratégie de lissage spatial est appliquée à ces équations pour les transformer en équations lissées valides à l’échelle macroscopique. Le nouveau modèle développé démontre que l’équation de conservation de la masse contient un terme volumique additionnel, tandis que l’équation de la quantité de mouvement reste similaire à la loi de Darcy. Dans un second temps, un modèle numérique est développé pour optimiser la géométrie des canaux catalytiques dans lesquels un fluide réagit chimiquement. Ce type d’écoulement peut représenter, entre autres, les réactants qui circulent dans les canaux se trouvant dans les PACH. Des corrélations sont développées analytiquement pour prédire les designs optimaux, et ces corrélations sont corroborées par des résultats numériques. Dans un troisième temps, un modèle mathématique et numérique complet de PACH est développé et validé. Ce modèle est utilisé pour optimiser l’allocation de catalyseur entre l’anode et la cathode, et pour optimiser la distribution de catalyseur dans la cathode. Les résultats montrent qu’une allocation inégale de catalyseur entre anode et cathode permet d’augmenter le courant généré par une PACH, et une distribution non-uniforme de catalyseur dans la cathode mène aux courants les plus élevés. Enfin, les paramètres les plus influents du modèle numérique ont été identifiés par une analyse de sensibilité.Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are devices that produce electricity by means of a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. These devices are possible alternatives for the replacement of internal combustion engines. However, they are not yet competitive, because their cost, weight and volume are still too large. A challenge is thus to increase PEMFC efficiency by optimizing their design. The main objective of the present project is to develop mathematical and numerical modeling tools in order to optimize the PEMFC design. First, small-scale transport phenomena in the porous media of PEMFC are formulated mathematically, and then a volume averaging method is used to transform these equations into equations that are valid at a larger scale in the porous media. The new mathematical model obtained with this strategy shows that the mass conservation equation contains an additional term, while the momentum equation remains similar to Darcy’s Law. Second, a numerical model is developed in order to optimize the geometry of catalytic channels in which a fluid undergoes chemical reactions. This kind of flow may represent, for example, the reacting species that move in PEMFC channels. Correlations are developed analytically in order to predict the optimal designs for these channels. These correlations were validated with numerical simulations. The results obtained may be applied to several different devices (e.g., microreactors, monolith, PEMFC). Finally, the mathematical and numerical model of a PEMFC are developed and validated. This model is used to optimize catalyst allocation between the anode and cathode sides of the fuel cell, and also to optimize catalyst distribution within the cathode catalyst layer. The analysis shows that an unequal allocation of catalyst between the anode and cathode sides results in a higher electric current. It was also shown that a non-uniform catalyst distribution within the cathode layer yields higher electric current. Finally, the most influential parameters of the numerical model were identified by a sensitivity analysis.
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Desplobain, Sébastien. "Étude et réalisation de couches de diffusion de gaz en silicium poreux appliquées à la fabrication de micropiles à hydrogène." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4030/document.
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L'objectif de cette thèse a consisté à étudier des procédés de fabrication de couches de diffusion de gaz (GDL) en silicium poreux appliqués à l'intégration de micropiles à combustible de type PEMFC sur plaquette de silicium. Deux types de couches ont été étudiés : sur surface plane (2D) et sur surface texturée (3D). Les couches de diffusion de gaz ont été réalisées par l'anodisation de silicium de type N fortement résistif. Une localisation des motifs poreux a été obtenue par ouverture d'un masque en polysilicium sur oxyde thermique de silicium. Seules les GDL 2D entièrement macroporeuses assuraient un débit d'hydrogène compatible avec les objectifs de fabrication d'une micropile prototype. Le prototype a permis de valider la compabilité de la couche de diffusion de gaz avec les étapes d'empilement des couches actives constitutive de la micropile. Son fonctionnement nous a permis d'atteindre une densité de puissance de 250 mW/cm²This thesis work deals with porous silicon gas diffusion layer (GDL) fabrication process. The aim was to integrate this GDL into proton exchange membrane micro fuel cells (PEMFC). Consequently, the GDL must be localized in specific wafer areas. We have also developed 2D and 3D structures. To produce a GDL, we have anodized low doped N type silicon subrates. thus, we have fabricated macroporous GDL and double layer structures made up of a mesaporous layer on a macroporous one. Patterning of the GDL has been obtained through a hard mask (polysilicon on top of a silicon oxide layer) or using a localized doping. We have concluded this work by achieving micro fuel cell prototypes with macroporous silicon gas diffusion layers. After validation of micro PEMFC active layer mechanical stacking, we have measured a maximum power density of about 250 mW/cm²
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Carvalho-Padilha, Janine. "Liquidos iônicos como eletrólitos para reaçóes electroquimicas." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S030.
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Les liquides ioniques (LI) BMI. BF₄ et BMI. PF₆ ont été utilisés comme électrolytes pour des réactions électrochimiques: production d’ H₂, de haute pureté, obtenu par l’électrolyse de l’eau. Ce système a une grande efficacité à température ambiante et il peut utiliser des électrodes peu coûteuses comme l’acier carbone. L'H₂ produit peut alimenter les piles à combustible avec une efficacité de 67 %. Enfin, l’étude du comportement électrochimique de polymères organiques conducteurs en milieu LI ou en milieu mixte LI + solvant organique montre que le dopage p de ces matériaux est difficile en milieu LI pur et plus facile en milieu mixteIonic liquids (LI) BMI. BF₄ and BMI. PF₆ were used as electrolytes in several electrochemical reactions : hydrogen production by water electrolysis, energy generation in fuel cells (H₂ cells) and study of conducting polymers. In this work we show that ILs can be used as electrolytes for H₂ production by H₂O electrolysis at room temperature, with a high efficiency and the use a low carbon steel (LCS) electrocatalyst with better performance than that platinum (Pt). The H₂ obtained by water electrolysis has high purity and can be used to perform energy generation in fuel cells with 67% efficiency. Finally, the study of the electrochemical behaviour of organic conducting polymers of the polyfluorene family in pure Ionic Liquid (IL) or in organic solution containing IL demonstrates that the p-doping processes of the polyfluorenes is very difficult in pure IL and somewhat easier in mixed media
Books on the topic "Piles à hydrogène"
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Canada, Canada Ressources naturelles. L' industrie canadienne de l'hydrogène et des piles à combustible: De l'énergie sans pollution pour le XXIe siècle. Ottawa, Ont: Ressources naturelles Canada, 2001.
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Canada. Groupe consultatif national sur les sciences et technologies relatives à l'énergie durable. Construire des alliances puissantes: Priorités et orientations en sciences et en technologies énergétiques au Canada : rapport du Groupe consultatif national sur les sciences et technologies relatives à l'énergie durable. [Ottawa]: Groupe consultatif national sur les sciences et technologies relatives à l'énergie durable, 2006.
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Simposium Ibérico de Hidrógeno, Pilas de Combustible y Baterías Avanzadas (1st. 2008 Bilbao, Spain). Hyceltec 2008: I Simposium Ibérico de Hidrógeno, Pilas de Combustible y Baterías Avanzadas, Bilbao, 1-4 de julio : Actas. Bilbao: Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Ingeniaritza Goi Eskola Teknikoa = Universidad del País Vasco, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, 2008.
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Canada, Canada Industrie, ed. Vers une stratégie nationale sur l'hydrogène et les piles à combustible: Un document de discussion pour le Canada. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Industrie Canada, 2005.
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Impact damage resistance of carbon/epoxy composite tubes for the DC-XA liquid hydrogen feedline. MSFS, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Piles à hydrogène"
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Brennecke, P. W., E. W. Justi, and J. Kleinwächter. "The Transmission of Hydrogen in High-Pressure Pipelines and the Storage of Hydrogen in Pipes." In A Solar—Hydrogen Energy System, 217–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1781-4_10.
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Klepikov, A. Kh, T. V. Kulsartov, O. G. Romanenko, Y. V. Chikhray, V. P. Shestakov, and I. L. Tazhibaeva. "Out of Pile Experiments on the Investigation of Hydrogen Interaction With Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steel F82H." In Hydrogen Recycling at Plasma Facing Materials, 307–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4331-8_34.
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Neitzert, H. C., M. A. Briere, and P. Lechner. "Hydrogen pile-up at interfaces between differently doped layers of amorphous silicon." In Hydrogen in Semiconductors, 529–32. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89138-9.50073-5.
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"Installation Plan of a Fuel Cell Cogeneration System." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 103–35. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5796-0.ch004.
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This chapter consists of two sections, ‘Installation Plan of a Fuel Cell Microgrid System Optimized by Maximizing Power Generation Efficiency’ and ‘Fuel Cell Network with Water Electrolysis for Improving Partial Load Efficiency of a Residential Cogeneration System.’ A microgrid that use PEFC may significantly reduce the environmental impact when compared with traditional power plants. The 1st section investigates what occurs when a set of PEFCs and a natural gas reformer are connected to the microgrid in an urban area. In the 2nd section, a fuel cell energy network which connects hydrogen and oxygen gas pipes, electric power lines and exhaust heat output lines of the PEFC cogeneration for individual houses is analyzed.
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Sims, J. R. "Standards and codes to control hydrogen-induced cracking in pressure vessels and pipes for hydrogen gas storage and transport." In Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement of Materials in Energy Technologies, 177–92. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857093899.1.177.
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Broughton, Chad. "Getting Back to Work in the ’Burg." In Boom, Bust, Exodus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199765614.003.0017.
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Tracy Warner Began to worry after she got a rejection letter from Pizza Hut a few weeks after graduating from Western. She hadn’t heard on some manager-level jobs at the Carl Sandburg Mall, but she expected at least some positive responses from the entry-level ones. “We wish you luck in finding a job worthy of your skills,” read the Pizza Hut letter. “What’s that?” Warner said, exasperated. “Either my skills suck, or I have too many skills. Which is it? ’Cause I’m kind of curious! It’s flattering to be overqualified but it doesn’t pay the bills.” Warner hadn’t expected a dream job to suddenly appear, but she had hoped for more than a quiet phone and a growing pile of rejection letters. She just needed something, anything, to get by. Several months into 2007, the newly minted and distinguished WIU graduate was still unemployed and uninsured. Although sworn off factory life, a desperate Warner applied to Farmland Foods. When Maytag shuttered in 2004, Farmland, a massive, loud, hog disassembly operation, became the largest employer in this part of western Illinois. With about 1,200 to 1,400 cutters and slicers and a $60 million payroll, the slaughterhouse employed a couple hundred more than BNSF, the largest employer in Galesburg. Like Mike Smith, Warner was just looking for a wage, any wage, with a “1” in front of it, and Farmland, on Monmouth’s northern edge, was close. It was so close, in fact, that on some days Warner could smell the tangy mix of rendered hog, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and whatever else made up that vile smell in her house, a mile to the south. Farmland was a last resort for former Maytag workers. The jobs there, involving tearing apart pig carcasses with razor-sharp knives and powerful pneumatic tools were, frankly, tougher than appliance work. Perhaps worst was the “sticker,” which slit the throats of about 1,000 shrieking animals each hour for about $12 an hour. That was one pig every four seconds, at about a penny per kill.
Conference papers on the topic "Piles à hydrogène"
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Jemblie, Lise, Vigdis Olden, Bård Nyhus, and Odd Magne Akselsen. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Clad Steel Pipes." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65247.
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The objective of the present work has been to evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of 316L - X60/X65 carbon steel hot rolled bonded clad pipes through experimental investigations and cohesive zone numerical simulations. Fracture mechanical testing in air and under in situ electrochemical hydrogen charging revealed little hydrogen influence on the samples with a Ni-interlayer between the clad and the base material, while significant hydrogen influence on the sample without a Ni-interlayer. Cohseive zone simulations were able to predict the detrimental influence of hydrogen on the fracture initiation toughness. The simulations suggest that hydrogen trapped at dislocations are mainly responsible for the embrittlement of the clad pipe base material.
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North, Mark T., and William G. Anderson. "Hydrogen-resistant heat pipes for bimodal reactors." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 387. ASCE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52013.
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Aihara, Shuji, Erling O̸stby, Hans I. Lange, Kei Misawa, Yasuhito Imai, and Christian Thaulow. "Burst Tests for High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Line Pipes." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64166.
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Burst tests of line pipes containing high-pressure hydrogen and methane gas were conducted. The pipes tested were X65 ERW pipes with 267mm outer diameter and 6mm wall thickness. Applied pressures were 12 and 15MPa. A 300mm long crack was initiated by a shaped charge. Unstable shear fracture propagated at velocity of approximately 200m/s and then arrested. It was demonstrated that the arrested crack lengths were shorter in the hydrogen gas burst tests than methane gas burst tests. Pressure measurement indicated that decompression wave in hydrogen gas propagated faster than that in methane gas. This is the primary reason to the shorter arrested crack lengths for the hydrogen gas burst tests. The test results are discussed based on numerical analyses of gas decompression behaviors.
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Cornelissen, Bo, Henk Knoester, Mark Breed, and Marco Schipper. "Aramid Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes RTPs for Transport of Hydrogen Gas." In Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/29756-ms.
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O¨rjasaeter, Oddvin, Richard Verley, Per Egil Kvaale, and Tor Gunnar Eggen. "Crack Growth in Pipes Under Service Contortions." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80178.
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At the A˚sgard field a leak on a 10″, 13Cr production pipeline was discovered in December 2000 during pressure testing. The cause was a crack at an anode pad fillet weld (pads are connectors for the cathodic protection system). Later, a similar leak occurred on another A˚sgard flowline. During pigging inspection (AUT) several smaller crack indications were found at similar locations. Propagation of such cracks will depend on loading and environmental conditions. To investigate this further, a test programme was carried out using 13Cr pipe materials. Both small scale tests and full scale pipes were used. Specimens were prepared with small initial fatigue cracks at the pad weld. The propagation of the cracks was then recorded under various environmental and loading conditions. The loading was selected to cover a crack growth rate range of ∼10−6 to 10−3 mm/cycle for various crack depths and for two loading frequencies. Tests were conducted under cathodic protection (hydrogen in the material measured) and for temperatures up to 140°C and pressures up to 30bar. The crack growth was recorded by the potential drop method (ACPD). For the full scale pipe tests, specially developed equipment was used for simultaneous measuring at up to 24 individual locations. The results showed that low loading frequency (0.1 Hz) enhances the growth rates; elevated temperature gave equal or lower propagation rates than at 25°C and a pressure of 30bar did not influence the results. A few cracks were also initiated during the corrosion fatigue tests and exhibited high growth rates; possibly due to the so-called “small crack” effect and possibly in synergy with the influence of hydrogen.
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Tatsumoto, Hideki, Yasuyuki Shirai, Masahiro Shiotsu, Koichi Hata, Yoshihiro Naruo, Hiroaki Kobayasi, and Yoshifumi Inatani. "Forced convection heat transfer of saturated liquid hydrogen in vertically-mounted heated pipes." In ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4860681.
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Feng, Yaorong, Chunyong Huo, and Feng Yan. "The Corrosion Behavior of Welded Line Pipes in Wet H2S Environment." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27418.
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The corrosion behavior of over-bending and under-bending formed Spiral Submerged Arc Welded (SSAW) steel pipes in NACE solution has been investigated by use of the self-designed full-scale corrosion test unit. It indicates that the H2S damage of welded pipes characteristics Blister and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). The blister number, diameter, and crack number is increasing as the increasing of applied stress. The residual stress of welded pipes has a large effect on the H2S corrosion resistance, the tensile residual stress has a detrimental effect, and while the compression residual stress is beneficial to H2S corrosion resistance. The damage mechanism of the welded pipes in H2S containing solution under the presence of applied stress and residual stress has not only Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), but also Stress Corrosion Cracking, and the applied stress and residual stress promote not only Stress Corrosion Cracking, but also Hydrogen Induced Cracking. The test results reveal that improving pipe’s weld surface quality, lowering tensile residual stress, and also control the operating stress are the key measures for controlling the wet H2S corrosion of welded steel pipes. Suggestions for selection of line pipes in different service conditions have been made.
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Kobayashi, Kenji, Tomohiko Omura, Masahiko Hamada, Hiroyuki Nagayama, Izuru Minato, and Yuki Nishi. "Full Ring Evaluation of X70 Grade UOE Line Pipes for Sour Service." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90417.
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High-strength large-diameter UOE line pipes over X70 grade are difficult to apply to actual fields, including H2S, because of a deterioration of sour resistance and a lack of past performance. However, API X70 grade large-diameter UOE line pipes for sour service have been manufactured stably by optimizing the continuous casting process, controlling the shape of inclusions and decreasing coarse precipitates. A full-ring test can simulate fairly well the actual applied conditions of line pipes and evaluate hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC) of line pipes for sour service simultaneously. It was confirmed that the X70 grade UOE line pipes have a good sour resistance from standard HIC tests, four-point bent beam SSC tests and the full-ring test including a seam weld under severe sour conditions (NACE solution A with 0.1 MPa H2S). In addition, the SSC resistance of a girth welded portion was also investigated by using simulated HAZ.
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Zheng, Dezhi, Bin Wu, Jeff Fleitz, Robert Trajkovski, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "CFD Simulation of a Hydrogen Reformer Furnace." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23121.
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A hydrogen reformer furnace is a combustion chamber which is used to supply heat for the catalytic process that converts natural gas into hydrogen. The reforming reaction that happens inside the catalyst tubes is endothermic, requiring high levels of heat input. The combustion process in the hydrogen reformer furnace provides the heat to maintain the chemical reaction inside the catalyst tubes. Temperature control of the catalyst tubes is a fundamental design requirement of the hydrogen reformer furnace, as the temperature should be maintained in the range which could maximize catalyst reactivity while minimizing any damage to the catalyst pipes. As the furnace has two complicated chemical systems, the heat effect inside the tubes has been simplified by estimating the heat flux based on industry operation. Utilizing the multiphase and non-premixed combustion model using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic), the temperature and velocity distribution in the hydrogen reformer furnace have been investigated. Results show that parts of the catalyst tubes are overheated causing hot spots which could lead to premature aging of the pipes. Both the location of burners and maldistribution of the hot flue gas have a great impact on this issue.
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Veselov, I. N., I. Yu Pyshmintsev, S. U. Zhukova, D. A. Pumpyanskyi, and V. G. Antonov. "Development of Line Pipes With Improved Behavior in Severe Sour Environment." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10077.
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A low-carbon low-alloy steel corresponding to Grade X42 according to API SPEC 5L and resistant to hydrogen sulfide environments has been developed. Heat treatment conditions have been optimized. The heat treatment recommended provides for the corrosion resistance and desired level of finished product mechanical properties. Welded joints of pipes made of the developed steel have successfully passed benchmark tests carried out at Astrakhan gas-condensate field.