Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pilići'

Soja predstavlja jedan od osnovnih hraniva koje se koristi u ishrani pilića u tovu, zazadovoljenje potreba u proteinima i esencijalnim aminokiselinama. Po ukupnomsadržaju proteina i njihovoj biološkoj vrednosti soja se svrstava u jedno odnajkvalitetnijih proteinskih hraniva, čija aminokiselinska struktura može potpuno dazadovolji potrebe pilića u skoro svim esencijalnim aminokiselinama. PrisustvoKunitz tripsin inhibitora (KTI), i drugih termolabilnih antinutritivnih faktoraograničava upotrebu soje uz obaveznu termičku obradu. Selekcijski napredakomogućio je stvaranje novih sorti koje imaju niži nivo antinutritivnih faktora, međukojima je i sorta „Lana“. Prema ostvarenim rezultatima upotreba soje sorte „Lana“ usmešama (grover i finišer) za ishranu brojlera u koncentraciji od 30% dala jeznačajno lošije proizvodne parametre u odnosu na termički tretiranu, ali i značajnobolje u odnosu na termički neobrađenu sortu sa standardnim nivoom KTI.Zabeležena ekonomska efikasnost i indeks cena u SL grupi je skoro isti kao i kodgrupa sa termičkim tretmanom. Najveća površina i visina crevnih resica, kao idubina kripte je zabeležena u SL grupi. Konstatovana je statistički vrlo značajnahipertrofija pankreasa i uvećanje jetre kod SS grupe ali i značajno uvećanjepankreasa u SL grupi u odnosu na grupe sa termičkim tretmanom. Evidentna je iznačajno lošija svarljivost hranljivih materija (marker metoda, i metoda totalnekolekcije) u SL i SS grupama nasuprot onih grupa koje su bile na termičkomtretmanu. Kod upotrebe različitih nivoa sorte „Lana“ u finišer (peletiranim)smešama za ishranu brojlera, kada su u pitanju proizvodni parametri, dobijenevrednosti su zadovoljavajuće uz sporadična odstupanja u grupama SL14% i SL21%.Takođe Indeks cena i ekonomske efikasnosti je vrlo približan kontrolnoj grupi.Svarljivost u distalnom ileumu je bila značajno bolja u kontrolnoj i 7%SL grupi, zarazliku od proksimalnog ileuma gde ne postoji statistička značajnost. Svarljivostazota u distalnom ileumu je bila značajno lošija u 21% SL grupi, dok uproksimalnom ileumu nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika. Retencija azota je bilaznačajno bolja u kontrolnoj i 7%SL grupi. Razmatrajući sve rezultate, upotreba soje„Lana“ u ishrani brojlera bez prethodne termičke obrade nije preporučljiva u ishraniod 11 dana u koncentraciji od 30% , ali je moguća u peletiranim finišer smešama univou do 14% udela u smeši.
Soybean is one of the basic feed used in the chickens diet for , to satisfy the proteinand essential amino acids needs. By total protein content and their biological value,the soybean is classified as one of the best protein sources, whose amino acidstructure can fully meet the needs of chickens in almost all essential amino acids.The presence of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), and other thermolabileantinutritional factors limiting the use of soy with necessary thermal processing.Selection progress has enabled the creation of new varieties that have lower levels ofanti-nutritional factors, including the variety "Lana". Our results showed that the useof soybean variety "Lana" in mixtures (grower and finisher) for broilers at theconcentration of 30% gave a significantly lower production parameters, as comparedto heat-treated, but also a significant better, compared to the thermally non-treatedsoybean variety with standard level of KTI . Noted Economic efficiency and thePrice index in the SL group was almost the same as in the group with thermaltreatment. Largest surface and height of the villi and crypt depth was observed in theSL group. We found a statistically significant hypertrophy of the pancreas andenlargement of the liver in the SS group and a significant increase in pancreatic atSL group compared to the groups with thermal treatment. Evident is significantlyworse digestibility of nutrients (marker method , and the method of total collection )in the SL and SS groups opposed to those groups that were on the thermal treatment.When using a different levels of variety " Lana" in the finisher ( pelleted ) diets forbroilers , in terms of production parameters, values obtained were satisfactory withsporadic deviations in groups and SL14% SL21% . Also index price and economicefficiency is highly approximate to the control group. The digestibility at the distalileum was significantly better in the control and the SL 7%, group in contrast to theproximal ileum, where is no statistical significance. The digestibility of nitrogen inthe distal ileum was significantly inferior to 21% SL group, and in the proximalileum, there is no statistically significant differences. Nitrogen retention wassignificantly better control, and in 7%SL group. Considering all the results, the useof variety "Lana" in diet for broilers without heat treatment is not recommended inthe grower mixture (from 11 day) at the concentration of 30%, but it is freelyavailable for use in pellet for of finisher mixture, at levels up to 14% of mixture.

U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj Antitoksičnognutritiva(ATN), preparata na bazi prirodnih aluminosilikata,na biohemijske, fiziološke, tehnološke i proizvodne parametre uzgoja pilića. ATN je smeša zeolita klinoptilolita, gline monmorilonita i male količine aktivnog uglja. Dodatak ovog preparata u hranivo za piliće u količini od 5 g/kg nije izazvao promene u normalnoj biohemijskoj i fiziološkoj homeostazi životinja. Hematološki parametri, koncentracija metabolita, elektrolita i aktivnost enzima seruma i jetre je bila u granicama referentnih vrednosti. ATN ne utiče na prirast životinja, ni na konverziju hrane, ali dovodi do povećanja relativnih masa pojedinih organa digestivnog trakta.Uočava se da dodatkom ATN-a u hranivo dolazi do smanjenja količine masti a povećanja količine proteina u belom mesu. ATN takođe povećava i sadržaj pepela ubelom i crvenom mesu.Akutni ili hronični tronedeljni oralni unos pojedinih toksikanata (mikotoksina aflatoksina B1i ohratoksina A, herbicida parakvata, jona olova ili toksinacijanobakterija-mikrocistisa) dovodi do poremećaja normalne biohemijske i fiziološke homeostaze pojedinih organa i tkiva pilića, što je utvrđeno na osnovu rezultata hematoloških i biohemijskih analiza, određivanja enzima antioksidativne zaštite i lipidne peroksidacije, kao i odredjivanja parametara uzgoja i težine organa. ATN, dodat u hranu u količini od 5 g/kg, mogao da bude dobar protektivni agens za delovanje aflatoksina, parakvata, jona teških metala i mikrocistisa, ali ne i ohratoksina.
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with hydrated aluminosilicate (Antitoxic Nutrient-ATN), based on zeolitic ore (clinoptilolite), clay bentonite (montmorillonite),and small amounts of activated charcoal, on  performance, hematological, serum, and liver biochemical parameters, as well as organ weights and meat quality in broiler chickens. The dietary addition of ATN has  no adverse effects on serum and liver biochemical parameters and does not affect the normal physiological homeostasis of animals. However, the results of this study demonstrate that supplementation with 5 g/kg of ATN influenced organ weights, and chemical composition of broiler chicken meat.This study also evaluated the effectiveness of ATN to protect broilers from adverse effects of five different toxic substances (mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A, herbicide paraquat, heavy metal ions supplied as lead-acetate, and microcystis, toxin of cyanobacteria). Toxic substances induced oxidative stress and disturb normal biochemical and physiological homeostasis of different tissues and organs in poultry. The results from this study demonstrate that the biochemical variables of serum, liver, kidney, lung and other organs were negatively affected by all five toxic substances. The additionof 5 g/kg of ATN was protective against aflatoxin B1, lead-acetate, paraquat and microcystis, but not against ochratoxin A.

Задатак ове докторске дисертације је био да се испита могућност и ефекти примене мешавине етарских уља тимијана (Thymus vulgaris), оригана (Origanum vulgare) и рузмарина (Rosmarinus officinalis), као природног промотера раста, у узгоју бројлерских пилића на производне карактеристике, биохемијске параметре крви, хисто-морфолошке параметре јетре и цревних ресица, сварљивост хранљивих материја, квалитет трупа и меса пилића, као и на економичност саме производње.У циљу реализације постављених задатака изведен је биолошки оглед у којем су коришћени бројлерски пилићи линијског хибрида Ross 308. Биолошки оглед је изведен на укупно 840 једнодневних бројлерских пилића, подељених у три огледна третмана, два експериментална и један контролни. Као природни промотер раста коришћена је мешавина етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина у концентрацијама од 0,05 и 0,10%.Током огледног периода континуирано су праћене производне карактеристике бројлерских пилића, а на основу анализе добијених резултата закључено је да испитивана мешавина етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина може веома успешно да се користити у исхрани бројлерских пилића као природни промотер раста. Позитиван утицај овог додатка је најпре исказан кроз пораст прираста бројлерских пилића (4,29-4,61%), као и на конверзију хране код јединки (7,69-8,28%). Посматрано по периодима исхране, најекономичнија производња бројлерских пилића у стартер периоду исхране постигнута применом 0,05% мешавине етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина у исхрани бројлерских пилића, док се у гровер периоду исхране ефикаснијом показала доза од 0,10%. Најекономичнија производња бројлерских пилића током целокупног периода това остварена је применом 0,05% мешавине етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина у исхрани, будући да је у овом третману постигнута најмања вредност цене прираста пилића (71,41 din/kg) највећа вредност индекса економске ефикасности, као и најмања вредност индекса цена производње. Анализом резултата добијених испитивањем активности панкреасних ензима у крвеном серуму и панкреасу бројлерских пилића, установљено је да додата мешавина етарских уља утиче позитивно на активност поменутих ензима у панкреасу, при чему је установљена и значајна позитивна корелација између активности протеазе у панкреасу и крвном серуму бројлерских пилића (r =+0,858; p<0,05). Када је реч о специфичном титру антитела у крвном серуму бројлерских пилића утврђено је да је примена мешавине етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина у исхрани бројлерских пилића у концентрацији од 0,10% допринела благом порасту концентрације IgА антитела у крви што потенцијално представља индикатор јачања имунолошког система, док је статистички значајан (p<0,05) утицај уочен и на секрецију IgG антитела у крвном серуму бројлерских пилића у оба експериментална третмана. Додата мешавина етарских уља није испољила ефекте на одабране показатеље липидног статуса крви бројлерских пилића, међутим утицала је на значајно побољшање сварљивости сирових протеина, сирове масти, сировог пепела, калцијума и фосфора код бројлерских пилића, чиме је повећана искористљивост основних хранљивих материја, а самим тим су побољшане и производне карактеристике. Утврђене појединачне вредности свих испитаних фактора квалитета трупа закланих пилића указују на позитивне ефекте које су фитобиотици испољили у организму бројлерских пилића. Такође, применом наведене мешавине етарских уља у исхрани бројлерских пилића добијено је пилеће месо побољшаних нутритивних, технолошких и сензорских својстава. С обзиром на значај масних киселина у исхрани људи, од велике важности је позитиван учинак који је додата мешавина етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина испољила на маснокиселински састав меса бројлерских пилића. Смањен је садржај засићених масних киселина, уз истовремено повећање садржаја полинезасићених масних киселина, чиме је постигнут препоручен однос n-6 / n-3 масних киселина у месу пилића.На основу добијених резултата може се закључити да се избалансираном храном за бројлерске пилиће, са оптималним саставом и садржајем природних промотера раста могу добити пилићи побољшаних производних карактеристика, који се одликују ефикасном сварљивошћу хранљивих материја, те имају добре рандмане и више меса на трупу. Додатно, добијено месо je побошљаног нутритивног, технолошког и сензорског квалитета, обогаћено n-3 масним киселинама и одликује се оптималним односом n-6/n-3 масних киселина. Када се на све то додају и позитивни економски параметри производње онда се са сигурношћу може тврдити да је употреба мешавине етарских уља тимијана, оригана и рузмарина у исхрани бројлерских пилића потпуно оправдана.
Zadatak ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita mogućnost i efekti primene mešavine etarskih ulja timijana (Thymus vulgaris), origana (Origanum vulgare) i ruzmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis), kao prirodnog promotera rasta, u uzgoju brojlerskih pilića na proizvodne karakteristike, biohemijske parametre krvi, histo-morfološke parametre jetre i crevnih resica, svarljivost hranljivih materija, kvalitet trupa i mesa pilića, kao i na ekonomičnost same proizvodnje.U cilju realizacije postavljenih zadataka izveden je biološki ogled u kojem su korišćeni brojlerski pilići linijskog hibrida Ross 308. Biološki ogled je izveden na ukupno 840 jednodnevnih brojlerskih pilića, podeljenih u tri ogledna tretmana, dva eksperimentalna i jedan kontrolni. Kao prirodni promoter rasta korišćena je mešavina etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina u koncentracijama od 0,05 i 0,10%.Tokom oglednog perioda kontinuirano su praćene proizvodne karakteristike brojlerskih pilića, a na osnovu analize dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da ispitivana mešavina etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina može veoma uspešno da se koristiti u ishrani brojlerskih pilića kao prirodni promoter rasta. Pozitivan uticaj ovog dodatka je najpre iskazan kroz porast prirasta brojlerskih pilića (4,29-4,61%), kao i na konverziju hrane kod jedinki (7,69-8,28%). Posmatrano po periodima ishrane, najekonomičnija proizvodnja brojlerskih pilića u starter periodu ishrane postignuta primenom 0,05% mešavine etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina u ishrani brojlerskih pilića, dok se u grover periodu ishrane efikasnijom pokazala doza od 0,10%. Najekonomičnija proizvodnja brojlerskih pilića tokom celokupnog perioda tova ostvarena je primenom 0,05% mešavine etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina u ishrani, budući da je u ovom tretmanu postignuta najmanja vrednost cene prirasta pilića (71,41 din/kg) najveća vrednost indeksa ekonomske efikasnosti, kao i najmanja vrednost indeksa cena proizvodnje. Analizom rezultata dobijenih ispitivanjem aktivnosti pankreasnih enzima u krvenom serumu i pankreasu brojlerskih pilića, ustanovljeno je da dodata mešavina etarskih ulja utiče pozitivno na aktivnost pomenutih enzima u pankreasu, pri čemu je ustanovljena i značajna pozitivna korelacija između aktivnosti proteaze u pankreasu i krvnom serumu brojlerskih pilića (r =+0,858; p<0,05). Kada je reč o specifičnom titru antitela u krvnom serumu brojlerskih pilića utvrđeno je da je primena mešavine etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina u ishrani brojlerskih pilića u koncentraciji od 0,10% doprinela blagom porastu koncentracije IgA antitela u krvi što potencijalno predstavlja indikator jačanja imunološkog sistema, dok je statistički značajan (p<0,05) uticaj uočen i na sekreciju IgG antitela u krvnom serumu brojlerskih pilića u oba eksperimentalna tretmana. Dodata mešavina etarskih ulja nije ispoljila efekte na odabrane pokazatelje lipidnog statusa krvi brojlerskih pilića, međutim uticala je na značajno poboljšanje svarljivosti sirovih proteina, sirove masti, sirovog pepela, kalcijuma i fosfora kod brojlerskih pilića, čime je povećana iskoristljivost osnovnih hranljivih materija, a samim tim su poboljšane i proizvodne karakteristike. Utvrđene pojedinačne vrednosti svih ispitanih faktora kvaliteta trupa zaklanih pilića ukazuju na pozitivne efekte koje su fitobiotici ispoljili u organizmu brojlerskih pilića. Takođe, primenom navedene mešavine etarskih ulja u ishrani brojlerskih pilića dobijeno je pileće meso poboljšanih nutritivnih, tehnoloških i senzorskih svojstava. S obzirom na značaj masnih kiselina u ishrani ljudi, od velike važnosti je pozitivan učinak koji je dodata mešavina etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina ispoljila na masnokiselinski sastav mesa brojlerskih pilića. Smanjen je sadržaj zasićenih masnih kiselina, uz istovremeno povećanje sadržaja polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, čime je postignut preporučen odnos n-6 / n-3 masnih kiselina u mesu pilića.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se izbalansiranom hranom za brojlerske piliće, sa optimalnim sastavom i sadržajem prirodnih promotera rasta mogu dobiti pilići poboljšanih proizvodnih karakteristika, koji se odlikuju efikasnom svarljivošću hranljivih materija, te imaju dobre randmane i više mesa na trupu. Dodatno, dobijeno meso je pobošljanog nutritivnog, tehnološkog i senzorskog kvaliteta, obogaćeno n-3 masnim kiselinama i odlikuje se optimalnim odnosom n-6/n-3 masnih kiselina. Kada se na sve to dodaju i pozitivni ekonomski parametri proizvodnje onda se sa sigurnošću može tvrditi da je upotreba mešavine etarskih ulja timijana, origana i ruzmarina u ishrani brojlerskih pilića potpuno opravdana.
The main objective of this research was to investigate the possibility and effects of dietary essential oils mixtures of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), as a natural growth promoter, in broiler chicken nutrition on productive performances, blood biochemical parameters, morphological parameters of liver and villus, ileal nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and broiler meat quality, as well on the economic efficiency coasts of broiler chicken production. In order to realize the tasks set, biological trial was carried out on which Ross 308 strain broiler chickens. A totall of 840 one-day-old broiler chickens were equally distributed into three dietary treatments, two experimental and one control. As a natural growth promoter dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture in concentrations 0.05 i 0.10% was used.During the experimental period, the production characteristics of broiler chickens were continuously monitored. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture can be used very successfully in the nutrition of broiler chickens as a natural growth promoter. The positive effect of this supplement was first expressed through the increase in broiler chickens body weight gain (4.29-4.61%), as well through the feed conversion ratio (7.69-8.28%). Observed by the nutrition periods, the most economical production of broiler chickens in the starter period was achieved using 0.05% of the dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture, while in a grover period a 0.10% dose proved to be more effective. The most economical production of broiler chickens during the entire fattening period was achieved using 0.05% of the dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture in nutrition, since in this treatment the lowest value of body weight gain price (71.41 din/kg) was achieved, as well as the highest value of the economic efficiency index, and the smallest value of the price index. Regarding the activity of pancreatic enzymes in blood serum and pancreas of broiler chickens, it was found that the added mixture of essential oils had positive influence on the enzymes activity in pancreas, with a significant positive correlation between the protease activity in the pancreas and the blood serum of broiler chickens (r=+0.858; p<0.05). When it comes to the specific antibody titer in the blood serum of broiler chickens, it has been found that the use of a dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture in broiler chickens nutrition at a concentration of 0.10% contributed to a mild increase in the IgA antibody concentration in the blood, which potentially represents an indicator of the strengthening of the broiler chickens immune system, while statistically significant (p<0.05) influence was observed on the IgG antibodies secretion in blood serum of broiler chickens in both experimental treatments. The added mixture of essential oils did not influence lipid profile status of broiler chickens blood, however, had positive effect on the digestibility of raw proteins, raw fats, raw ash, calcium and phosphorus in broiler chickens, which increased the utilization of basic nutrients, and therefore production characteristics of broiler chickens were improved. Improved carcass characteristics in experimental treatments indicate positive effects that phytobiotic exhibited in broiler chickens. Moreover, using the mixture of essential oils, nutritional, technological and sensory properties of chicken meat has been improved. Considering the importance of fatty acids in human nutrition, the positive effect of dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture on the fatty acid composition of broiler chicken meat has a great significance. The saturated fatty acids content was reduced, while the polyunsaturated fatty acids content was increased, thus achieving the recommended ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids in chicken meat.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that with well-balanced feed, which contains optimal composition and content of natural growth promoters, can produce broiler chickens with improved production characteristics, which are characterized by an effective nutrients digestibility, and have good carcass yield and more meat. In addition, the obtained meat will have improved nutritive, technological and sensory quality, enriched with n-3 fatty acids and with optimal ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids. When all of this is added to the positive economic parameters of production then it can be safely claimed that the use of a dietary thyme, oregano and rosemary essential oils mixture in broiler chickens nutirition is completely justified.

Disertacijos objekto tyrimo strategija remiasi keturiais kriterijais. Pirma, fenomeno ir jo raidos tyrimo. Antra, tyrimas nėra apribojamas tik šiandieninės Lietuvos Respublikos teritorija. Trečia, tiriamoji problema ir keliami klausimai interpretuojami apimant platesnį spektrą europinės istoriografijos pavyzdžių, kurie įgalina lyginamojoje perspektyvoje kontekstualizuoti egzistavusios vietinės socialinės tikrovės ypatumus, ieškoti sąryšio / skirties, bendros raidos taškų tarp skirtinguose regionuose egzistavusių fenomenų. Ketvirta, į tiriamąjį objektą žvelgiama kaip į daugiasluoksne struktūra pasireiškusį fenomeną. Tokiu būdu bandoma ieškoti naujų teorinių prieigų, neapsiribojant vien tik tradiciniu istoriniu pasakojimu. Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – pilis kaip kokybiškai, priklausomai nuo sociopolitinių sąlygų, kintantis reiškinys. Pilis suvokiama kaip Viduramžių ir ankstyvųjų Naujųjų laikų visuomenės teritorinis, socialinis, simbolinis, teisinis ir reprezentacinis fenomenas. Kartu pilis suprantama kaip integrali socialinės tikrovės dalis, todėl interpretuotina tik siejant ją su visuomene, jos transformacijomis ir veikla, kintančiomis geopolitinėmis aplinkybėmis. Pilis apibrėžiama kaip struktūra atsispiriant nuo trijų pjūvių: teritorijos (a), visuomenės (b), galios-valdžios (c). Pilis aiškinama kaip teritoriją telkiantis ir formuojantis branduolys, tokiu būdu erdvė ilgainiui buvo transformuojama į aiškią ir savo ribas turinčią teisiškai, administraciškai, ūkiškai pavaldžią... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The strategy of research into the dissertation object is based on four criteria. First, it is a study of a phenomenon and its development. Second, the study is not confined to the present territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Third, the research problem and questions raised are interpreted in a broader light of examples from the European historiography, which enable to contextualise past features of the local social reality and search for similarities and/or differences as well as common points in the development of the phenomena which existed in different regions. Fourth, the object under analysis is perceived as a phenomenon with a multifaceted structure. Therefore, an attempt is made to look for new theoretical approaches rather than limit oneself to a traditional historical narrative. Historiography has seen attempts to disclose the development of society, uneven social structure, its specific features, etc. through the analysis of one phenomenon. However, this is only possible by looking at that phenomenon from different perspectives and analysing it as a product of different spheres of social reality, because focusing on a single aspect of the phenomenon limits the possibilities for interpretation which would reveal the multifunctional nature of the phenomenon and uneven trajectories of its development. The phenomenon of the castle is one of those problems which has not been analysed systematically and consistently. The existing historiography has mostly perceived... [to full text]
Man versteht die Burg als ein sich mit der Zeit und in einem bestimmten Raum veränderndes soziopolitisches Phänomen. Dieses Phänomen hatte verschiedene Besonderheiten, die von der konkrete Gesellschaft beeinflusst worden sind. Deshalb ist es sehr wichtig zu betonen, dass Großfürstentum Litauen in seiner räumlichen und territoriellen Lage sehr heterogen war, d.h., dass Sozialstruktur von verschiedener Staatsterritorien auch sehr unterschiedlich war. Dies lässt uns behaupten, dass wir nicht über Burgphänomen, sondern über Burgphänomene sprechen sollen. Diese Annahme supponiert solche methodische Ausgangspunkte: • Vergleichende (diachrone und synchrone) Perspektive • Strukturalistische Perspektive Die Burg war ein Teil der damaligen Gesellschaft und der Ausdruck der Sozialrealität, deswegen soll man aufmerksam sein und verschiedene Phänomenentwicklungen beachten, weil jeder Raum und jedes Territorium seine eigene Sozialstruktur hatte. (Laut Henri Lefebvre: „Jede Gesellschaft (...) produziert einen ihr eigenen Raum“). Zweifelsohne beeinflusste sie die Entwicklung der Burg. Als einer der methodischen Ansätze man kann also das Phänomen der Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen Phänomen nennen. Besondere Konzentrierung an den Raum und ihrer Heterogenität in der Geschichte (R. Koselleck).

Magistro darbo objektas – Lietuvos pilių muziejų komunikacija. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos pilių muziejų komunikacijos pobūdį, jos sričių rodiklius 2007, 2009 m., nustatyti pilių muziejų komunikacijos paklausos lygį bei reitingą Lietuvos muziejų komunikacijos paklausoje. Darbo uždaviniai – analizuoti muziejinės komunikacijos sampratas, struktūrą ir būdus; nustatyti Lietuvos pilių muziejų klasifikaciją ir tipologiją; išanalizuoti pilių muziejų komunikacijos sričių rodiklius 2007, 2009 m. (internetinės svetainės ir socialiniai tinklapiai 2010, 2011 m.); nustatyti pilių muziejų reitingą bendrame muziejų lankyme. Remiantis muziejų metinėmis veiklos ir statistinėmis analizėmis, internetinėmis svetainėmis bei socialiniais tinklapiais, empirinių duomenų analizės metodu, išanalizuota pilių muziejų fizinė (parodos, leidyba, edukacija, renginiai) ir elektroninė komunikacija (virtualios parodos, socialiniai tinklapiai, internetinės svetainės), nustatytas pilių muziejų reitingas bendrame muziejų lankyme. Padarytos išvados – muziejus komunikacijai pasitelkia įvairias priemones – tiek fizines, tiek ir elektronines; daugiausia pilies muziejai turi savivaldybės muziejaus statusą; pilies muziejaus dominuojantis tipas – istorinis muziejus; pilių muziejų komunikacija plečiasi, ypač, auga elektroninės komunikacijos paklausa; pilių muziejai turintys respublikinio ir nacionalinio muziejų statusą, yra vieni iš lankomiausių. Magistro darbas gali būti naudingas muziejininkams, dirbantiems... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Castles have a significant place in Lithuanian history at all times being a symbol of the grandeur of the state and also a symbol of struggle and resistance. Few buildings of this type have only remained in Lithuania until now, and museums are accommodated in almost half of them. So it gives us an opportunity to witness the interaction of two objects of different type of heritage: a castle itself and a museum with all its treasuries. There have not been many scientific studies on museums in Lithuania so far and there are no studies on the museums of castles at all. Therefore, it may be reasonable to give more attention to the castle museums in Lithuania. Having analysed the communication between these types of memorial institutions we will be able to supplement the knowledge about them that we have from scarce studies on this subject. At the same time we can contribute to the research on the demand of Lithuanian museums by ascertaining and emphasizing the commonalities of the structure, areas and means of communication in castle museums and other types of Lithuanian museums, and by rating them according to numbers of visitors and the demand. The research includes 8 castle museums of Lithuania. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the nature of the communication of Lithuanian castle museums and the indicators of the areas of communication in 2007 and 2009, to ascertain the level of demand of communication in castle museums and to determine their position in the rating... [to full text]

Neisseria meningitidis, est l'agent de la meningite cerebro-spinale chez l'homme. L'adhesion aux tissus est essentielle pour la pathogenicite de n. Meningitidis. Elle permet le franchissement de la barriere hemato-meningee par la bacterie en provenance du torrent circulatoire. Les seuls attributs bacteriens indispensables a l'adhesion sont de longs appendices proteiques filamenteux : les pili. Les pili sont composes de la repetition d'une sous-unite de base : la piline. La piline est soumise a variation antigenique c'est a dire que sa structure primaire est sujette a variation au sein de la descendance d'un meme clone. Le role de la variation antigenique de la piline est sans doute d'echapper au systeme immunitaire de l'hote. Cependant, il a ete montre que les derives d'une meme souche exprimant des pilines differentes peuvent egalement aussi differents degres d'adhesion aux cellules. De fait, certains variants de piline sont responsables d'hyperadhesivite alors que d'autres ont un faible pouvoir adhesif. Les travaux que nous presentons ont permis d'identifier plusieurs mecanismes par lesquels la piline module le degre d'adhesion de la bacterie. La region carboxyterminale de la molecule a d'abord ete identifiee comme responsable de cette modulation. Les observations en microscopie electronique ont permis de montrer qu'elle etait impliquee dans un mecanisme base sur le controle de l'agregation des pili entre eux. Ce dernier permet d'augmenter les interactions bacterie-bacterie responsables elles-memes du nombre de bacteries interagissant avec les cellules. Les travaux les plus recents ont permis de caracteriser un autre mecanisme base sur la presence ou l'absence d'une modification post-traductionnelle, une glycosylation, impliquant une autre region de la piline. Nous avons montre que la piline est plus soluble en milieu acqueux lorsqu'elle est glycosylee, et que cette solubilite influe sur l'equilibre entre la piline assemblee en pili et la piline a l'etat monomerique, soluble dans le milieu. La piline possede un domaine de fixation aux cellules humaines, masque lorsque la piline prend part a l'assemblage du pilus. Le maintient par la glycosylation de la piline sous forme monomerique pourrait permettre a ce site d'interagir avec les cellules, suggerant que la piline joue un role autre que structural.

It is a well-known fact that there are significant differences in production output and business results of farms operating under rather similar natural and socio-economic conditions. Such differences can be attributed to biological factors, specialization level and production intensity, size of farms, implemented production practice, but also to the differences in capabilities of farmers, that is, their managerial capacities.
The starting point in selection of subjects for the research was significance of managerial capacities and the fact that not enough attention is dedicated to them, as well as the necessity of urgent improvement of competitiveness in production of poultry meat in our country. Therefore, the subject of the research in this doctoral dissertation is managerial capacities of broiler producers in Vojvodina. When analysing managerial capacities of broiler producers, not only were personal aspects taken into account (gender, age, education level, previous experience, etc.), but the subject of consideration includes characteristics of decision making process (planning, implementation and control) as well. The main objective of the study is to point out to the significance of managerial capacities, possibilities and methods implemented in their assessment, and to establish the reason why some of the broiler producers in Vojvodina, operating under rather similar conditions, are more efficient as compared to other farmers. In order to analyse managerial capacities of broiler producers and to judge whether and to what extent do they influence the production output (technical and economic efficiency), 30 broiler farms of different production capacities, all at the territory of AP Vojvodina, were comprised in the analysis.
One of the starting hypotheses in this study considers significant differences in technical and economic efficiency between the selected broiler farms. Technical and economy efficiency indexes, obtained by implemented DEA method, indicate that such hypothesis was justified. The obtained TE indexes point out that broiler producers in Vojvodina are relatively technically efficient (six out of thirty producers achieved maximum level of TE). However, the number of farms that achieved maximum level of EE is much lower (only one out of thirty farms achieves maximum level of EE), which indicates the market difficulties that producers are coping with, but also proves that it is possible to operate better under the existing conditions which are assumed to be the same for all. The number of economically inefficient farms could be reduced through decrease of production costs (primarily reduction of feed costs, increase of operation productivity, reduction of energy costs, etc.), which certainly requires, as one of preconditions, the adequate managerial capacities of producers.
The assumption that certain aspects of managerial capacities, such as personal aspects and decision making process, influence TE and EE has been confirmed with the results of Tobit regression. Statistically significant influence of achieved TE and EE is confirmed in 9 out of 82 variables included in the models. This certainly does not mean
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that other aspects of managerial capacities are not significant, but that under current conditions, relatively small number of variables determines the number of farms that will manage to achieve or at least to nearly achieve “the best possible practice”.
Statistically significant influence was also proven in certain personal aspects of producers, as well as in some aspects of decision making process. Therefore, it is necessary to explain to producers and advisors the significance of the aforesaid aspects and to work on their improvement. The only aspect proven as significant both for TE and EE is the experience of farmers, which only explains the poor working environment that our producers operate in. The conclusion which can be derived from the aforesaid is that the most significant and irreplaceable managerial capacity of broiler producers is their experience. Such experience mainly refers to business relations and acquaintances obtained from long-lasting engagement in broiler production, but also to their ability to find their way and achieve success in conditions of the black economy.
The fact that there is no statistical significance in terms of influence of certain aspects of managerial capacities on TE and EE, actually points out to underdevelopment of the required managerial capacities of broiler producers. Therefore, the improvement of managerial abilities must be set as the permanent task, so competitiveness of poultry meat sector could be increased. To this effect, it is necessary to provide constant education through trainings and seminars, as well as regular cooperation with advisory service (particularly in terms of significance of keeping records, planning and control of the achieved results), but also through exchange of experience and cooperation with other producers.

U okviru doktorske disertacije prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja razliĉitih tehnoloških postupaka u cilju prevencije nastanka oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića brojlerskih pilića. Istraţivanja su sprovedena u 4 ogleda i to u jednom u kome su vršena ispitivanja fiziĉko – hemijskih i higroskopnih osobina materijala koji se mogu koristiti kao prostirka, kao i tri biološka ogleda koji su imali za cilj da ispitaju uticaj razliĉitih faktora na oštećenja tabanskih jatuĉića kod brojlerskih pilića. Cilj bioloških ogleda je bio da odgovore na pitanje da li se razliĉitim tretmanima prostirke, primenom razliĉitih preparata i ishranom moţe uticati na prevenciju nastanka tabanskih lezija kod brojlerskih pilića. Pored toga, cilj ovih ogleda je bio da se utvrdi kako primenjene tehnologije utiĉu na proizvodne rezultate brojlera. Od fiziĉkih karakteristika materijala koji se mogu koristiti kao prostirka u tovu brojlera ispitivane su sposobnost vezivanja i otpuštanja vode, a od hemijskih sadrţaj suve materije, sadrţaj sirovih vlakana kao i pojedine frakcije (NDF, ADF, hemiceluoza, celuloza i lignin). Biološki ogledi su sprovedeni u objektima eksprimentalne farme (mikro ogled) i u proizvodnim uslovima (makro ogled). U biološkim ogledima kao prostirka je korišćena pšeniĉna slama, a tretmani kojima je pokušano poboljšanje njenih karakteristika su bili seckanje, kao i dodatak mikrobiološko-enzimskog preparata (Micropan Complex®) i lignina. Uticaj ishrane na oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića ispitivan je u biološkom ogledu, ishranom brojlerskih pilića smešama sa smanjenom energijom i dodavanjem enzima koji poboljšava varenje hrane. Kao rezultat uticaja pomenutih tretmana ispitivani su kvalitet prostirke (vlaga, pH i emisija amonijaka), proizvodnih parametri u tovu brojlera (telesna masa, utošak hrane, konverzija, mortalitet i proizvodni indeks), ponašanje brojlera, kao i nastanak i stepen oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića.Ocena oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića je vršena makroskopski (primenom skale od 0-3, a u skladu sa zahvaćenom površinom) i mikroskopski, histološkom analizom koţe tabanskih jastuĉića. Rezultati ispitivanja fiziĉko-hemijskih karakteristika razliĉitih materijala pokazuju da pšeniĉna slama upija velike koliĉine vode, a usled niskog sadrţaja NDF slabo optušta vodu te shodno tome predstavlja loš izbor za prostirku u pogledu nastanka oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića. MeĊutim, rezultati su pokazali da seckanje slame, kao tehnološki postupak, moţe uticati na nastanak i stepen oštećenja tabanskih jastiĉića, ali da dovodi i do povećanja telesnih masa brojlera kao i promena u ponašanju pilića. Dodatak mikrobiološko-enzimskog preparata dovodi do smanjenja pojave i stepena oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića brojlera gajenih i na seckanoj i na nesckanoj slami. Rezultati takoĊe pokazuju da se, u proizvodnim uslovima, primenom lignina uprostirci od neseckane slame moţe smanjiti oštećenje tabanskih jastuĉića. Upotreba smeša koje sadrţe smanjene koliĉine energije uz primenu enzima dovodi do prevencije u pogledu nastanka tabanskih lezija, bez znaĉajnog uticaja na proizvodne rezultate. Histološka analiza tabanskih jastuĉića je pokazala da sistem ocenjivanja koji se zasniva na zahvaćenoj površini tabanskih jastuĉića u saglasnosti sa stepenom i ozbiljnošću oštećenja koţe tabanskih jastuĉića i da moţe predstavljati standardi model za ocenjivanje na liniji klanja. Na osnovu rezultata ove disertacije se moţe zakljuĉiti da primenjeni tehnološki postupci mogu znaĉajno uticati na prevenciju oštećenja tabanskih jastuĉića, bez negativnog uticaja na proizvodne rezultate u tovu brojlera.
Within this dissertation, the results of various technological processes are shown in order to prevent the occurrence of damage to the foot pads of broiler chickens. The study was conducted in four trials, one in which we investigated the physical - chemical and hygroscopic properties of materials that can be used as litter, as well as three biological trials which were aimed to examine the influence of various factors on the damage to the foot pads in broiler chickens. The objective of the biological experiments was to answer the question whether the various treatments of litters, usage of different preparations and nutrition can prevent occurrence of foot lesions in broiler chickens. In addition, the aim of this experiment was to determine how the applied technology affects performance of broiler chickens. Among physical properties of materials that can be used as litter in fatting broilers, absorption and release of water were investigate, and among chemical properties there were content of dry matter, crude fiber content as well as individual fractions (NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin). Biological experiments were conducted in the facilities of experimental farm (micro experiment) and in production conditions (macro experiment). In biological experiments wheat straw was used as litter and treatments which attempted to improve its characteristics were chopping and addition of microbial-enzyme preparation (Micropan Complex®) and lignin. Feeding influence on damage to the foot pad was tested in a biological experiment, by feeding broilers with reduced energy diet and by adding enzymes that improve digestion. As a result of the impact of the above mentioned treatments there were tested the litter quality (moisture, pH and ammonia emissions), production parameters in fattening broilers (body weight, feed consumption, conversion, mortality and production index), the behavior of broilers, as well as the onset and degree of damage to the foot pads.Assessment of the damage to the foot pads was done macroscopically (on a scale from 0-3, and according to the affected area) and microscopically, by histological analysis of skin of foot pads. Test results of physic-chemical characteristics of different materials indicate that wheat straw absorbs large amounts of water, due to the low content of NDF it releases water slowly and consequently represents a bad choice for a litter in terms of damage to the foot pads. However, the results showed that chopping straw as a technological procedure may influence the onset and degree of damage to the foot pads, but it also leads to an increase in body weight of broilers as well as changes in their behavior. Addition of microbial-enzyme preparation leads to a decrease in the occurrence and level of damage to the foot pads in broilers grown on both chopped and unchopped straw. The results have also shown that, under production conditions, using lignin inthe unchopped straw litter it can reduce the damage to the foot pads. The use of mixtures containing a reduced amount of energy with the use of the enzyme leads to prevention in terms of occurrence of foot lesions, without significant impact on performance. Histological analysis of foot pads have showed that the grading system that is based on the affected area of foot pads in accordance with the extent and severity of damage of the skin of foot pads and that it can represent a model for the assessment of standards on the slaughter line. Based on the results of this dissertation it can be concluded that the applied technological procedures can significantly influence the prevention ofdamage to the foot pads, with no negative impact on production results in fattening broilers.

Les pili de type IV (PT4) sont des filaments micrométriques qui exercent de multiples fonctions à la surface de nombreux procaryotes. Chez Neisseria meningitidis, les PT4 sont des homopolymères de la piline majeure PilE. Leur implication dans l'agrégation interbactérienne et l'adhésion aux cellules humaines les rend centraux dans la virulence du méningocoque. Cependant, les mécanismes permettant aux PT4 d'exercer ces diverses fonctions restent trop élusifs. Durant ce doctorat, nous avons simultanément déterminé les régions de PilE impliquées dans l'assemblage des pili, l'auto-agrégation, l'adhésion aux cellules humaines et la compétence à la transformation en utilisant la technique de deep mutational scanning. L'analyse approfondie de cette carte fonctionnelle de la séquence de la piline offre de nouvelles perspectives sur les mécanismes de fonctionnement des PT4 : tout d'abord, le domaine hyperconservé 1 de PilE est impliqué dans la régulation de la balance entre la longueur et le nombre des pili ; par ailleurs, nous avons identifié un groupe d'acides aminés électropositifs autour de la lysine 140 requis pour l'agrégation ; enfin, nous montrons l'importance de l'extrémité distale des PT4 dans l'adhésion. En résumé, ces résultats sont en faveur d'un rôle direct de PilE dans l'agrégation et l'adhésion bactérienne et identifient les domaines spécifiquement impliqués dans ces fonctions. Ces travaux ouvrent aussi de nouvelles perspectives sur la pathogénicité de Neisseria meningitidis et pourraient participer au développement de nouvelles thérapies pour combattre les pathologies provoquées par le méningocoque
Type IV pili (TFP) are multifunctional micrometer-long filaments expressed at the surface of many prokaryotes. In Neisseria meningitidis, TFP are homopolymers of the major pilin PilE. They are crucial for virulence as they mediate interbacterial aggregation and adhesion to host cells although the mechanisms behind these functions remain unclear. During this doctoral work, we simultaneously determined the regions of PilE involved in pili display, auto-aggregation and adhesion to human cells by using deep mutational scanning. Mining of this extensive functional map of the pilin sequence provides new mechanistic insights: first, the hyperconserved 1-domain of PilE was found to be involved in the balance between pili length and number; moreover, we identified an electropositive cluster of residues centered around Lysine 140 necessary for aggregation; finally, we show the importance of the tip of TFP in adhesion. Overall, these results support a direct role of PilE in aggregation and adhesion to host cells and identify these specific functional domains. This doctoral work opens up new perspectives on the pathogenicity mechanisms of Neisseria meningitidis and could help design new therapies to fight meningococcal disease

The thesis focuses on the time analysis of the subsoil which is reinforced with stone columns and without them. The subsoil is made of saturated clays. Main purpose is to introduce the improvement into the numerical models. For the purpose of the diploma thesis the software Plaxis has been chosen, which is normally used for geotechnical tasks. The influence of the stone columns have been introduce to the model using the drain elemnets, spare charakteristics and local elements.

Au cours du XIIe siècle, au cœur des villes du royaume de France rendues prospères par les développements des échanges commerciaux, apparaît un nouveau monument qui incarne l’autorité du haut justicier local et son emprise sur l’espace urbain. Ce poteau armorié, appelé dès l’origine « pilori », est certes un instrument pénal qui permet d’exposer les criminels à la vindicte populaire. Ses usages sont pourtant plus riches que sa fonction punitive. Le pilori est aussi un outil de prévention du scandale, une institution au service de la paix du marché, où il est implanté, ainsi qu’un symbole de l’état du rapport de forces entre les différentes juridictions urbaines. Alors qu’il est central dans le paysage urbain, l’étude de ce signe de justice a longtemps été délaissée par l’historiographie. Le renouveau continu de l’histoire de la justice médiévale depuis les années 1990 invite à l’analyser avec le même sérieux dont les fourches patibulaires ont récemment bénéficié. Pour rendre compte de la pluralité de facettes du pilori et de la peine qui porte son nom, nous avons privilégié une approche anthropologique, centrée sur les parcours des agents confrontés à ces objets juridiques. Cela nous a amené à explorer les stratégies discursives des juges et juristes qui ont contribué à l’invention du pilori, puis à sa rapide diffusion dans tout le royaume. Nous observons ensuite comment les sens et usages de la peine d’exposition évoluent à mesure que de nouvelles juridictions s’en emparent. En parallèle, nous décrivons la prise en charge du rituel d’exposition par le public, moment de refondation, autour du personnel de justice et aux dépens du condamné, d’une confiance commune. Enfin, une sociographie des condamnés au pilori débouche sur une réflexion plus large visant à brosser le devenir des infâmes dans la société médiévale
During the 12ᵗʰ century, at the heart of the French kingdom’s towns that thrive thanks to the development of trade, a new monument, embodying the local high justice and its foothold on the urban space, emerges. While this armorial stake, called « pillory » from the beginning, is indeed a penal device used to submit criminals to popular punishment, it has many other uses. The pillory also prevents scandals, helps protect peace on the market, where it stands, and embodies the balance of power between the different urban jurisdictions. Despite the pillory’s central location in the urban landscape, its study has been long neglected by historiography. The ongoing renewal of medieval justice studies since the 1990s encourages an analysis of the pillory as thorough as the recently-studied gallows have been. In order to expose the many facets of both the pillory and the punishment bearing the same name, an anthropological approach was favored, focusing on the stories of all the different people who were faced with these objects of justice. This brought us to explore the storytelling strategies of the judges and lawyers who contributed to the pillory’s invention and its subsequent fast spread throughout the entire kingdom. We then observe how the meanings and uses of the public exhibition sentence evolve as new jurisdictions make it their own. In the meantime, we describe how the public takes over the penal ritual, and how it rebuilds trust in each other. Finally, a sociography of the convicted to the pillory leads to broader thoughts on the fate of the infamous in medieval society

Depuis la fondation de la République Turque en 1923, la laïcité constitue le principe le plus discuté et controversé, notamment car le rejet d’un des autres principes n’a jamais été perçu, comme c’est le cas pour la laïcité, comme impliquant un rejet de la République elle-même. Que signifie la laïcité pour la Turquie ? Le renforcement de l’autorité des élites ? Ou le sens de la République ? Aujourd’hui, comment comprenons-nous la laïcité, et avons-nous besoin de la redéfinir ? Sans réaliser une analyse poussée des fondements socio-religieux du pays, les travaux étudiant la laïcité turque ont tendance à se borner à des descriptions formelles et rigides. La laïcité est le principe juridique exprimant la neutralité de l’État envers toutes les croyances religieuses, et sa purification de toutes références religieuses. Néanmoins dans les faits, nous n’avons jamais vu une telle application de laïcité, si pure et théorique. Ce qui fait de la laïcité un instrument d’oppression est en réalité, un ensemble de symboles et de mythes encerclant le sens de la laïcité. Cet ensemble de symboles et de mythes constitue une religion politique, rigide et incontestable. Pour cette raison, les travaux étudiant l’application du principe de laïcité ont perçu les symboles de la religion politique comme une laïcité distincte et particulière. Dans notre travail, nous allons étudier les bases historiques et philosophiques de la laïcité en Turquie. Notre but est de mettre en relief les origines de la laïcité et son évolution en tant que religion politique, opposée à l’Islam traditionnel et politique. Dans la dernière partie de notre travail, nous allons étudier la laïcité en Turquie dans le contexte de la démocratie, à la lumière de la jurisprudence de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme, afin de savoir s’il est nécessaire de la redéfinir
Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 the secularism « la laïcité » is discussed much more than any other topic and its denial meant the denial of Turkish Republic. However, what does secularism mean for Turkey? Is it the reinforcement of elite’s authorities? Or is it the definition of Republic? Nowadays, how do we understand secularism and do we need to redefine it? In Turkey most of the academic works about secularism are still not brining any additional value rather than staying as another description of secularism. The dictionary description of secularism « la laïcité » is that, the state must be natural against all religious beliefs and do not stand as a reference point for any religion. But in practice, the secularism cannot be defined as straight as its definition, it never appears with those sharp borders and in that purity. The factors, which are transforming secularism from a legitimate view to a control mechanism, are its symbols and myths that are considered as part of secularism. Actually, these myths and symbols are forming an undeniable political religion. For that reason most of the previous academic works which are analyzing secularism by considering these myths and symbols as an add-on to the term of secularism, pushed us to look and create a new definition of this concept. In this work, we will analyse the historical and philosophical basis of secularism. We will also trace the origin and the formation of secularism as a political religion opposite to the traditional and political Islam. In this work, we will analyse the historical and philosophical basis of secularism. We will also trace the origin and the formation of secularism as a political religion opposite to the traditional and political Islam.The final part of work will observe secularism in the light of the jurisprudence of the European Convention of Human Rights and, the democracy in order to understand if the notion of secularism in Turkey requires redefinition

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-185). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Les pili de type IV (PT4), certainement les organelles les plus répandues des bactéries à Gram-négatif, sont des machineries à multiples fonctions qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la pathogenèse de nombreux pathogènes humains, notamment notre modèle Neisseria meningitidis. L’assemblage des PT4 nécessite une machinerie complexe incluant au moins vingt protéines localisées dans la membrane interne, le périplasme et la membrane externe. Certaines de ces protéines ne sont pas nécessaires pour la biosynthèse des PT4, mais supportent les fonctions qui leur sont associées. Ces protéines, appelées pilines mineures, sont au nombre de trois. Par l’analyse phénotypique des mutants dans les gènes codant pour les pilines mineures, le rôle de chacune a pu être déterminée. Ainsi la piline mineure ComP est nécessaire pour la compétence pour la transformation d’ADN, PilV est requise pour la déformation de la membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte et PilX est essentielle pour l’adhésion des bactéries sur les cellules épithéliales et endothéliales, la formation d’agrégats bactériens et la déformation de la membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte. De nombreuses similarités avec la piline majoritaire laissent penser que les pilines mineures s’insèrent dans la fibre des PT4 pour exercer leurs fonctions, bien que ceci n’a jamais été démontré. Si on connait bien les fonctions des pilines mineures, leur mode d’action n’est toujours pas compris. L’objectif global de ce travail de thèse a été de comprendre comment une fibre protéique peut assurer une diversité de fonctions aussi importante. Pour y parvenir, l’étude du mode d’action des pilines mineures a été entreprise. Contrairement à ce qui prévalait dans le modèle dominant, les pilines mineures PilV et PilX exercent leur fonction à partir de l’espace périplasmique pour moduler la quantité de pili exprimés en surface. En effet, les mutants pilV et pilX présentent respectivement des défauts de piliation de l’ordre de 39% et de 63% par rapport à la souche sauvage. Ces défauts expliquent cependant les phénotypes des mutants. En effet, l’ensemble des fonctions dépendantes des PT4 nécessite une forte quantité de PT4, soit au moins 40% pour l’agrégation et l’adhésion et 70% pour le déclenchement de la réponse cellulaire. Ces résultats révèlent que les pilines mineures sont impliquées dans la biogenèse des PT4 plutôt que dans le support biochimique direct de leurs propriétés. Le défaut de piliation de ces mutants est restauré par l’absence de rétraction, indiquant que les pilines mineures PilV et PilX jouent un rôle dans la stabilité des PT4. Nous avons également montré que la piline mineure ComP est nécessaire pour la piliation et qu’elle présente une fonction redondante avec la piline mineure PilV. Afin de comprendre comment les pilines mineures PilV et PilX exercent leur rôle sur la quantité de pili exprimés en surface, nous avons réalisé une étude structure/fonction de ces deux protéines. Nous avons observé une absence de piliation, en bloquant les pilines PilV et PilX dans la membrane interne, indiquant une interaction directe avec la machinerie des PT4 probablement via la piline majeure PilE. Nous avons également montré qu’il existe une interaction entre les pilines mineures et PilE au niveau de la membrane interne et en amont de l’assemblage des pili. Ces résultats, obtenus par une technique de pontage disulfure, ont cependant besoin d’être confirmés par des contrôles supplémentaires. Par une stratégie de mutagenèse, nous avons enfin mis en évidence que la région D de PilV et les boucles α/β et β2/β3 de PilX sont nécessaires à leur fonctionnement. Ces travaux ont permis de montrer que la quantité de pili exprimés par la bactérie est un facteur déterminant pour définir les propriétés des PT4. Les pilines mineures agissent au niveau du périplasme pour promouvoir la biosynthèse des pili, ce qui met en avant le rôle direct de la piline majeure PilE dans les fonctions associées aux PT4
Type IV Pili (TFP) are widespread filamentous organelles extending from the surface of many Gram-negative bacteria that mediate multiple functions and play a key role in the pathogenesis of several important human pathogens, including our model, Neisseria meningitidis. The assembly of TFP requires a complex machinery composed by at least twenty proteins that are localized in the inner membrane, the outer membrane and the periplasm. Three of these proteins, called minor pilins, are not required for the biosynthesis of the TFP, but support their functions. Based on the phenotypes associated with the mutants, their role on TFP functions has been determined. The minor pilin Comp is required for natural competence for DNA transformation, PilV is required for the deformation of the host cell plasma membrane and PilX is essential for the adhesion of bacteria to epithelial and endothelial cells, the bacterial aggregation and the deformation of the host cell plasma membrane. Many similarities with the major pilin PilE suggests that minor pilin are inserted into the fiber of TFP to exert their functions, although it has never been demonstrated. How these proteins carry out their functions mechanistically is not elucidated. The general objective of this thesis was to understand how a single fiber can provide such a variety of functions. To achieve this, the study of the mode of action of minor pilins was undertaken. Contrarily to what has been previously proposed, the PilV and PilX minor pilins seem to exert their functions from the periplasmic space to modulate the amount of surface exposed pili. Indeed, pilV and pilX strains show piliation defects of 39 % and 63 % respectively compared to the wild type. Besides, we have shown that TFP functions require a large amount of TFP, at least 40 % for the aggregation and adhesion and 70% to induce the reorganization of the plasma membrane. Thus these modest decreases in the amount of pili explain the phenotypes of these mutants. These results indicate that the minor pilins are involved in the biogenesis of TFP rather than in the direct support of their biochemical properties. Moreover, the piliation defect of these mutants is restored in the absence of retraction, indicating that the PilV and PilX minor pilins play a role in the stability of TFP. To understand how PilV and PilX minor pilins modulate surface exposed pili level, we performed a structure/ function analysis of these two proteins. Blocking the PilV and PilX minor pilins in the inner membrane abolishes piliation, indicating a direct interaction with the machinery of TFP, probably via the major pilin PilE. We have also shown that an interaction between the minor pilins and the major pilin occurs in the inner membrane and upstream of the pilus assembly. However, these results, obtained by biochemical techniques, need to be confirmed by additional controls. By a mutagenesis strategy, we finally demonstrated that the D region of PilV and the α/β and β2/β3 loops of PilX are necessary for their functions. This study has shown that a relatively modest decrease in the amount of pili displayed on the bacterial surface leads to a strong effect on the functions carried by TFP. Minor pilins act in the periplasm to promote the biosynthesis of pili, which highlights the direct role of the major pilin in the TFP-dependent functions

Cilj istraţivanja bio je da se ispita uticaj svetlosnog programa (konstantnog – KS i opadajuĆe- rastuĆeg - ORS), gustine obroka i gustine naseljenosti i njihove interakcije na proizvodne i klaniČne osobine brojlerskih piliĆa, kvalitet mesa i ošteĆenje tabanskih jastuČiĆa.Istraţivanja su sprovedena na farmi piliĆa Donji Crnci nadomak Podgorice u tri ogleda: u prvom su ispitivani efekti svetlosnog programa i gustine obroka, u drugom programi svetla i gustina naseljenosti piliĆa, a u treĆem program svetla i gustina obroka (smeše sa standardnim i poveĆanim sadrţajem energije i proteina, pri Čemu je odnos energija : protein bio konstantan). U svakom ogledu bilo je 320 piliĆa linijskog hibrida Cobb 500, mešanih po polu, a ogledi su trajali 42 dana. U sva tri ogleda formirane su po Četiri grupe sa Četiri ponavljanja i u svakoj grupi bilo je 80 jednodnevnih piliĆa.Proizvodni parametri (telesna masa, utrošak hrane i uginuĆa) praĆeni su u svim ogledima, a izraČunati su konverzija hrane i proizvodni indeks. Telesne mase su merene u uzrastu od 1; 7; 14; 21; 28; 35 i 42 dana. Utrošak hrane utvrčivan je na kraju perioda primene pojedinih smeša, i to: 14. dana koliČina konzumirane starter smeše, 35. dana grovera i 42. dana finišer smeše. Mortalitet je odrečivan beleţenjem broja uginulih piliĆa u toku trajanja ogleda. Na osnovu telesnih masa, konverzije hrane i mortaliteta izraČunati su proizvodni indeksi.Na kraju svakog ogleda, sa 6 nedelja starosti, piliĆi su izmereni pojedinaČno, izraČunati su proseci tretmana, a zatim je od svakog tretmana izdvojeno 20 piliĆa (10 muških i 10 ţenskih) radi ispitivanja klaniČnih karakteristika. Pre klanja piliĆi su gladovali 12 sati. Nakon klanja i ČišĆenja trupovi su ohlačeni na 40C u toku 24 sata, a potom obračeni kao: „klasiČna obrada” „spremno za peČenje” i „spremno za roštilj”.Pri konfekcioniranju trupova izdvojena je abdominalna mast, izmerene mase obračenih trupova i dobijeni randmani. Radi utvrčivanja prinosa i udela osnovnih i sporednih delova trupa izvršeno je rasecanje ohlačenih trupova. Ocena konformacije trupova izvršena je na osnovu utvrčenih apsolutnih mera: duţine piska, duţina kobilice, dubina grudi i obim bataka. KorišĆen je indeks koji predstavlja odnos ţive mase pre klanja i posmatrane mere (g/mm).U ogledu II izvršeno je i fiziČko ispitivanje kostiju, na femuru nakon izdvajanja od skeleta brojlera, a u ogledu III odrečeni su sadrţaj vlage, sadrţaj ukupne masti, ukupnog pepela i ukupnih proteina belog i crvenog mesa, na uzorcima mišiĆnog tkiva grudi i karabataka od 5 muških i 5 ţenskih trupova u svakom tretmanu (ukupno 20).  Rezultati ukazuju da svetlosni program nije statistiČki znaČajno uticao na završne telesne mase u ogledima I i II, dok su u ogledu III veĆe mase utvrčene kod piliĆa tovljenih pri KS. Primena ORS uticala je na usporavanje stope rasta u prvom periodu tova, a kao rezultat kompenzacionog porasta bez uticaja na završne mase, sem u treĆem ogledu. Bolju konverziju hrane u periodu ishrane finišerom postigli su piliĆi u ogledu I pri ORS nego pri KS, kao i u ishrani starterom u ogledu III. Svetlosni programi u ogledu II nisu uticali na konverziju hrane i mortalitet piliĆa.Gustina obroka nije uticala na završne mase, konverziju hrane, mortalitet i proizvodni indeks. Kod piliĆa hranjenih obrocima sa višim sadrţajem proteina i energije utvrčene su veĆe telesne mase na kraju tova (P<0.01). Gustina obroka u ogledima I i III nije imala uticaj na konverziju hrane, mortalitet i proizvodni indeks. Znatno je veĆa završna masa piliĆa tovljenih pri gustini naseljenosti od 12 grla/m2 (2667,08 g) nego pri 17 grla/m2 (2435,76 g) i razlike su bile statistiČki visoko znaČajne. Nije utvrčen uticaj gustine naseljenosti na konverziju hrane, mortalitet i proizvodni indeks.Ispitivani faktori (svetlo, gustina obroka i gustina naseljenosti) nisu uticali na randmane, ali jesu interakcije nekih od njih. U svim ogledima utvrčen je manji udeo abdominalne masti pri ORS nego pri KS, ali bez statistiČke znaČajnosti. Gustina obroka i gustina naseljenosti nisu uticali na sadrţaj abdominalne masti. VeĆi je sadrţaj abdominalne masti u svim ogledima bio kod ţenskih nego muških piliĆa. Udeo grudi veĆi je pri KS nego pri ORS, ali su razlike statistiČki znaČajne samo u treĆem ogledu. Gustina obroka i gustina naseljenosti nisu uticale na udeo grudi. Udeo bataka bio je veĆi kod piliĆa tovljenih pri ORS nego pri KS, ali su razlike statistiČki znaČajne samo u prvom ogledu. Udeo karabataka u prvom i drugom ogledu nije se znaČajno razlikovao izmeču svetlosnih programa, dok je u treĆem bio veĆi pri ORS nego pri KS (P<0.01). Nije utvrčen uticaj gustine naseljenosti i gustine obroka na udeo bataka i karabataka. Kod muških piliĆa utvrčen je veĆi udeo bataka, a kod ţenskih karabataka.Relativne vrednosti mera konformacije nisu bile pod uticajem svetlosnih programa i gustine obroka, osim što je pri manjoj gustini naseljenosti relativna vrednost dubine grudi bila veĆa (P<0.05). Na ošteĆenje tabanskih jastuČiĆa nije utvrčen uticaj svetla i gustine obroka, ali su piliĆi pri veĆim gustinama naseljenosti, poČev od 28. dana, imali znatno veĆa ošteĆenja tabanskih jastuČiĆa nego pri manjoj gustini.Svetlosni program i gustina naseljenosti nisu uticali na fiziČke osobine femura: površinu preseka, silu loma i specifiČnu silu loma. Muški piliĆi imali su veĆi površinu preseka i silu loma femura, razlike za površinu preseka su statistiČki znaČajne, ali ne i za silu loma.Procenat masti u tamnom mesu bio je veĆi, a proteina niţi pri ORS nego pri KS. Ostali parametri hemijske analize tamnog i belog mesa nisu bili pod uticajem svetlosnih programa. Gustina obroka nije imala uticaj na hemijski sastav mesa grudi i karabataka.Na osnovu svega iznesenog moţe se zakljuČiti da su sva tri faktora (svetlosni program, gustina obroka i gustina naseljenosti), kao i njihove interakcije, uticali na brojne proizvodne parametre i kvalitet mesa brojlera, pa i na njihovu dobrobit u razliČitim fazama tova. ImajuĆi u vidu ogromne razlike u efektima koji se mogu postiĆi pri razliČitim kombinacijama ovih Činilaca, rezultati ovih i sliČnih istraţivanja treba da olakšaju izbor tehnologije koja Će davati najbolje ekonomske efekte u tovu piliĆa. Takoče, tamo gde su rezultati nejasni ili kontradiktorni, treba nastaviti istraţivanja na veĆem broju jedinki i fokusirati se na ekonomski vaţnije proizvodne i klaniČne osobine piliĆa.
The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of the lighting program (constant – KS and intermittent – ORS), feed density and stocking density and their interaction with production and slaughterhouse characteristics of broiler chicken, meat quality and feet pad damage.The research was conducted on a chicken farm Donji Crnci in the vicinity of Podgorica, in three trials: the first trial focused on effects of the lighting program and feed density, the second on the lighting program and stocking density and the third on the lighting program and the feed density (mixes with standard and increased content of energy and protein, with a constant energy:protein ratio). Each of the trials included 320 chicken of the Cobb 500 hybrid line, mixed sexes; trials lasted for 42 days. In all three trials, four groups were formed with four repetitions and each group included 80 one-day chickens.Production parameters (weight, feed consumption and deaths) were monitored in all trials and feed conversion ratio and production index were calculated. Weight was measured when broilers were 1; 7; 14; 21; 28; 35 and 42 days old. Feed consumption was determined at the end of the use of specific mixes, as follows: 14th day the quantity of starter mix consumed, 35th day the quantity of grower mix consumed and 42nd day quantity of the finisher mix. Mortality rate was determined by recording the number of chicken that died during the trial. Production indices were calculated based on weight, food conversion ratio and mortality.At the end of all trials, at 6 weeks of age, the chickens were measured individually, group averages were calculated and then by random sampling, 20 chicken were taken from each group (10 males and 10 females) in order to analyse slaughter characteristics. Pre-slaughter fasting lasted for 12 hours. After slaughter and cleaning, the carcasses were cooled to 40C over 24 hours and then processed as: “classical processing”, “ready to grill” and “barbecue ready”.In carcass processing, abdominal fat was taken out, weight of processed carcases measured and carcass yield values were obtained. In order to determine the yield and share of the main and secondary parts of the carcass, cooled carcasses were cut out. Evaluation of carcass conformation was done on the basis of absolute measures of the following: metatarsus length, keel length, breast depth and drumsticks circumference. Index representing the ratio of live weight before slaughter and measure observed was used (g/mm).In Trial II, physical examination of bones was done, on femur, upon separation from the broiler skeleton, and in Trial III moisture content, total fat content, total ash content and total protein of white and red meat was determined on samples of muscle tissue of breasts and thighs of 5 male and 5 female carcasses in each of the treatments (20 in total).The results show that lighting program had no statistically significant effect on final body weight in Trials I and II, while in Trial III, higher weights were recorded in chicken fattened under KS. ORS resulted in slowing down of the growth rate in the first fattening period, and as a result of compensatory growth it had no effect on final weights, except in the third trial. Better food conversion ratio in the period of finisher mix diet was achieved by chicken in Trial I under ORS than those under KS, as well as in starter mix diet in Trial III. Lighting program in Trial II had no effect on food conversion ratio and mortality of chicken. Feed density did not have an effect on final weights, feed conversion, mortality and production index. In chicken fed with meals with higher protein and energy content, higher weight was recorded at the end of the fattening period (P<0.01). Feed density in Trials I and III did not have an effect on feed conversion ratio, mortality and production index. Significantly higher weight was recorded in chicken fattened at the stocking density of 12 animals/m2 (2667.08 g) than at the density of 17 animals/m2 (2435.768g) and differences had statistically high significance. No effect of stocking density was identified in terms of feed conversion, mortality and production index.Factors analysed (light, feed density and stocking population) did not have an effect on carcass yield, but interactions of some of them did. In all the trials, a smaller share of abdominal fat was established under ORS than under KS, but it was not statistically significant. Feed density and stocking density had no effect on abdominal fat content. Higher abdominal fat content in all trials was found in female than in male chicken. The share of breasts is larger under KS than under ORS, but differences are statistically significant only in the Trial III. Feed density and stocking density had no effect on the share of breasts in the carcass. The share of drumsticks was higher in chicken fattened under ORS than those under KS, but differences were statistically significant only in the Trial I. The share of thighs in Trials I and II did not differ significantly between lighting programs, while in the Trial III it was higher under ORS than under KS (P<0.01). Effect of stocking density and feed density on the share of drumsticks and thighs was not determined. Higher share of drumsticks was determined in male chicken while in female, the share of thighs was higher.Relative values of conformation measures were not influenced by the light programs and feed density, except that in lower stocking density the relative value of the breast depth was higher (P<0.05). Effect of light and feed density on feet pads damage was not determined, but chicken in higher stocking density, as of 28th day, had significantly higher feet pad damage than those in lower stocking density.Light program and stocking density did not have an effect on physical properties of femur: cross-sectional area, breaking force and specific breaking force. Male chicken had larger cross-sectional area and femur breaking force, differences in cross-sectional area were statistically significant, but this was not the case with the breaking force.Percentage of fat in dark meat was higher and that of proteins lower under ORS than under KS. Other parameters of the chemical analysis of dark and white meat were not under the influence of the light programs. Feed density had no effect on chemical composition of breasts and thighs meat.Based on all stated above, it can be concluded that all three factors (light program, feed density and stocking density) as well as their interactions had effect on numerous production parameters and quality of broiler meat, including on their welfare in different fattening phases. Taking into account enormous differences in effects that may be achieved in different combinations of these factors, the results of these and similar researches should make easier the selection of the technology that would yield the best economic effects in chicken fattening. Furthermore, where results are unclear or contradictory, further research should be conducted on a larger number of animals and focus on economically more significant production and slaughterhouse characteristics of chicken.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-151). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb. 19, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dr. J. Erik Loehr, Thesis Supervisor. Includes bibliographical references.

Šiame darbe buvo siekta nustatyti Vilniaus pilių valstybinio kultūrinio rezervato želdinių būklę, naudojant mikologinį metodą. Šiam tikslui įgyvendinti medžiaga buvo renkama Kalnų parko, Sereikiškių parko ir šalia jų esančiose teritorijose. Vilniaus pilių valstybiniame kultūriniame rezervate iš viso identifikuota 21 rūšių kenkėjų, grybinių ligų, nekrozių atvejų . Iš jų 7 rasta kalnų parke, o 14 – pastebėta Sereikiškių parke ir šalia jo esančiose teritorijos. Nors Sereikiškių parke aptikta daugiau ligų ir jų sukėlėjų, tačiau vizualiai šis parkas atrodo tvarkingesnis. Tačiau, šiame parke augantis senasis ąžuolas ir seniausioji tuopa yra blogos būklės. Kalnų parko teritorijos želdinių būklė yra įvairi. Blogiausia būklė yra senųjų istorinių tuopų. Jaunesnių kalnų parko želdinių būklė yra palyginus gera ar patenkinama. Vilniaus pilių valstybinio kultūriniame rezervate ir gretimose teritorijose augantys medžiai ir krūmai, vizualiai atrodo sveiki.
Present work was aimed to evaluate state sprouts in national cultural reserve of Vilnius castles by the mycology method. Ad hoc realized the material was electived in Kalnu park and in Sereikiškes park. 21 species of pest, fungous, necrosis was indentified in national cultural reserve of Vilnius castles. 7 species was observed in the Kalnu park and 14 – in the Serekiškės park. In Sereikiskiu park was found more pest than in Kalnu park. However, this park is beter state. In Serekiekes the state of antique oak and the oldest poplar is bad. In Kalnu park the state of sprout is different. Of the early poplar the state is worst.. Cadensy sprout in Kalnu park is better. In national cultural reserve of Vilnius castles the sprout are visually good.

The essence of many issues in different fields is the transport and piling of particles in fluid within a limited space. A semi-analytical model is developed in this study to describe the motions of a particle in fluid and simulate the piling process of particles in a fracture. As a result, the configuration of a particle pile and the time at which the pile totally seal the fracture face are predicted. This model possesses a wide range of applications. Two types of applications of this model are introduced, including the prediction of proppant screen-out in hydraulic fracturing vertical and horizontal wells and the simulation of curing the lost circulation. Results of case studies are consistent with the field data with minor errors. Sensitivity analyses with the proposed model were conducted for each type of application. Major factors affecting the model calculation results are identified for the purpose of optimizing the performance of hydraulic fracturing and curing the lost circulation. Sensitivity analyses conducted for the proppant screen-out prediction during fracturing vertical and horizontal wells indicate following conclusions: 1) The use of high fluid viscosity can avoid the premature settlement of proppant and significantly delay the screen-out time. 2) The sse of proppant with low density in the practical range could delay the screen-out time, but the effect is not as significant as other factors analyzed in this study. 3) A high injection rate allows the proppant pile to build farther from the wellbore, while it will lead to a quick screen-out. 4) Larger proppant size can easily cause screen-out sooner. 5) Wide distributionof proppant size can delay screen-out. 6) The use of low ratio of proppant volume to fluid volume can minimize the probability of the occurrence of screen-out. Sensitivity analyses for the cure of lost circulation demonstrate following conclusions: 1) Lost circulation can be cured faster when low fluid viscosity is used. 2) High density LCM can facilitate the cure of lost circulation. 3) Low mud density can mitigate lost circulation, but its effect is not as significant as other factors. 4) The concentration of LCM should be determined based on the severity of lost circulation. This semi-analytical model provides engineers a general tool to solve different issues involved in different fields. It can also be utilized to identify main factors responsible for different issues to minimize their detrimental effects.

This work presents details of a number of approaches used to elucidate the noise generating mechanisms involved in pile-driving through multiple modelling techniques. Principally, the work is divided into four sections: fluid-sediment analysis, recording analysis, elastic-sediment analysis, and wave equation analysis of piles. In the fluid-sediment analysis section, finite-element models were used to investigate the effect of varying the hammer cushion compliance on the radiated noise of a pile in situ. The compliance of the cushion affected the frequency response of the forcing function with softer cushions having reduced energy at higher frequencies than harder cushions. Using these forcing functions as inputs to the finite-element model showed similar changes in the frequency domain of the radiated noise, illustrating the linear nature of the finite-element model. The results from a similar finite-element model were submitted for the COMPILE piling noise modelling benchmark meeting to be compared against others' contribution. In order to take into account damping in the sediment, the benchmark model description employed a loss factor in the embedded section of the pile. The results from all parties generated consistent results, with predicted SELs within 2 dB and Lp;0-p within 3 dB. Also considered in the section is a propagation model based on normal mode analysis. The radiated noise from piling propagates at predictable angles determined by the relative wave speeds in the pile and in the water. As normal mode decomposition reduces the field into individual modes propagating at distinct angles, great modelling efficiencies can be made by limiting analysis to a reduced number of modes near the expected angle of propagation particularly at higher frequencies. The recording of a large section of a piling sequence is analysed to provide a comparison against modelling techniques. The recordings showed that the rate of decay exhibited in the recording required a non-linear energy loss mechanism to be present in the system. Of the metrics recorded it was found that the pile set, the increased penetration per strike, had the greatest correlation to the radiated noise. On examination of the fluid-element models, the pile set was found to increase over time with no indication of settling. This led to investigations focussing on the effects of a non-fluid sediment both on the propagation of noise and the direct coupling with the pile itself. Finite-element models including an elastic sediment allows for the propagation of shear waves through the sediment. As the pile is directly coupled to the sediment, the shear waves are generated much more readily than for a source in the water column. Sediments often exhibit an increase in shear speed based on a power law. This causes refraction of shear waves towards the water-sediment; trapping the energy near the interface allows for efficient propagation of the shear waves. The finite-element models also show that the acoustic pressure near the interface can be comparable to the compressive waves from the pile through the water column. As the propagation of these waves is much slower than the compressive waves the acoustic pressure decays evanescently with increasing distance from the interface. Inspecting the effect of the non-fluid sediment on the pile motion led to an investigation into wave equation analysis of piles models. These are finite-difference models that are used in civil engineering to determine, among other things, the ultimate capacity of the pile. These are time-domain finite-difference models that model the pulse within the pile following impact. Using these results, the radial expansion of the pile can be determined from which, when coupled to an acoustic model, an acoustic output may be generated. The coupled models with non-linear sediment damping components demonstrated behaviour not realised in the finite-element models, and ultimately the influence the sediment can have on the pile motion and the radiated noise.

Chez neisseria gonorrhoeae, souche ms11, nous avons montre que l'expression de la piline est controlee au niveau de la transcription par deux genes chromosomiques lies genetiquement: pi1a et pi1b qui agissent en trans sur le promoteur du gene de la piline, pi1e. Les deux genes codent pour deux proteines, pi1a de 44 kd et pi1b de 58 kd. Pi1a et pi1b ensemble inhibent l'expression a partir du promoteur de pi1e dans escherichia coli et les mutants pi1b# des gonocoques sont hyperpilies. Des fusions traductionnelles pi1b-phoa (determinant la phosphatase alkaline) indiquent clairement que pi1b est localisee dans la membrane cytoplasmique. Pila seule active l'expression de pile et certains mutants pila# de gonocoques sont peu pilies. Il n'a pas ete possible d'isoler des mutants pila# par insertion d'un transposon et des heterodiploides, pila#/pila#+ ont ete obtenus dans tous les cas. Ceci suggere fortement que pila soit un gene essentiel pour la viabilite des gonocoques. La proteine pila se fixe specifiquement sur le promoteur de pile. Par hybridation genomique et a l'arn, nous avons montre que des genes homologues a pila et pilb et fonctionnels existent chez toutes les especes du genre neisseria. L'analyse des sequences en acides amines de pila et pilb montre des regions de similitudes entre ces deux proteines et les proteines appartenant a la super famille des systemes de regulation a deux composants de type modulateur-transregulateur. De plus, pila a de fortes homologies de sequences avec d'autres proteines impliquees dans la secretion et la division cellulaire. Comme ces proteines, pila contient un site potentiel de fixation du gtp

he Internet has grown to an essential media for human beings that facilitate communication, information searching, banking, marketing, online education and advertising among the numerous use cases that it offers. The benefits that are offered by the Internet are negated due to the fact that the intruders abuse and compromise the Internet through sophisticated cybercrimes and computer crimes. Cybercrime and computer crime has caused great havoc and panic in the Internet usage and network security. As a result it has become very important to protect the information residing in the computer systems that are connected especially to the networks, as it is the primary target for criminal activities. It is impossible to build a completely secure system as intruders find new methods to compromise the system. The least that can be done is to detect the intrusions; in–order to either fix the vulnerability or to avoid the intrusions from re–occurring. One such tool that detects intrusions is an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). However IDSs have their own challenges such as the incapability of detecting new intrusions and generating a multitude of false alarms. The focus of this research is to alleviate the current issues in IDSs by designing a Network IDS using Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The study thus aims at making the intrusion detection process robust by detecting unknown intrusions with less number of false alarms using GA principles. Further, a prototype of an IDS using GAs was developed to substantiate the study and evaluate the effectiveness, uniqueness and flexibility. The results showed that the GA–NIDS proved to be flexible and unique in accepting any format of rule as well as detecting both known and unknown intrusions.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Les recherches de l'origine de la pile composée romane dans l'architecture antique. L'avènement et l'évolution du pilier articulé ; les premiers exemples de son apparition en orient et en occident avant l'an mil. Le pilier composé dans l'architecture occidentale de la première moitié du 11e siècle : l'importance de l'architecture catalane ; les premiers exemples du support composé apparus dans les monuments italiens, dans ceux de l'empire germanique et dans les constructions françaises. L'extension et les variantes du pilier roman dans les monuments élevés après le milieu du 11e siècle. L'aspect du pilier dans la première architecture gothique ; ses relations avec la voute sur croisée d'ogives ; la nouvelle technique face à une structure encore romane avant le milieu du 12e siècle dans les constructions de l’Île-de-France. L'évolution du pilier gothique au cours de la deuxième moitié du 12e siècle au nord de la France. Les recherches et les expériences de l'époque précédant la construction de la cathédrale de Chartres en France et dans d'autres pays d'occident. L'évolution du pilier gothique dans les constructions françaises du 13e siècle et dans l'architecture des pays étrangers. Le rôle du progrès technique et des valeurs graphiques dans le développement du support gothique et l'importance des racines romanes dans la naissance de l'art gothique
The research of the origin of the Romanesque compound pier in the antique architecture. The advent and evolution of the articular pillar. The first examples to the seen in Orient and Occident before the year one thousand. The compound pier in occident architecture in the first half of the eleventh century: the importance of catalane architecture; the first examples of the compound support appeared in the Italian, German empire and French monuments. The extension and variants of the Romanesque pier in the monuments erected after the middle of the eleventh century. The aspect of the pier in the beginning of gothic architecture ; their connections with the rib vault ; the new technique facing a structure which was still Romanesque during the first half of the twelfth century in the Île-de-France region. The evolution of the gothic pillar during the second half of the twelfth century in the north of France. The researches and experiences previous to the construction of Chartres cathedral in France and other western countries. The evolution of the gothic pillar in thirteenth century French constructions and in architecture of other foreign countries. The role of technical progress and graphical values in the development of the gothic support and importance of the Romanesque roots in the origin of gothic art

Vilniaus pilių kompleksas – kultūros paveldo objektas, egzistuojantis nuo XIV a. kaip svarbus politinis, ekonominis, kultūrinis ir socialinis valstybingumo simbolis. Šis vienintelis pilių kompleksas Lietuvoje 1994m. kartu su Vilniaus senamiesčiu įtrauktas į UNESCO pasaulio kultūros paveldo sąrašą kaip unikali įvairių architektūros stilių vietovė, išlaikiusi viduramžišką planinę struktūrą. Norint išsaugoti šį kompleksą, būtina atlikti paveldotvarkos darbus, kurie prisidėtų prie objekto išsaugojimo ir gyvinimo. Tačiau ne visi darbai yra atliekami tinkamai. Analizuojant Vilniaus pilių komplekso paveldotvarkos darbus, darbe siekiama įvertinti jų reikšmę ir įtaką objekto kultūrinei vertei, remiantis šiuolaikiniais išsaugojimo principais. Siekiant įgyvendinti užsibrėžtą tikslą iškeliami uždaviniai, padėsiantys apibūdinti pilių sandaros pokyčius, išanalizuoti paveldotvarkos darbus ir šiuolaikinius išsaugojimo principus, veikiančius tarptautinėse organizacijose ir Lietuvoje. Šie uždaviniai išsamiau analizuojami pirmose trijuose darbo skyriuose. Pirmoje dalyje apžvelgiama pilių komplekso susikūrimas ir struktūrinė kaita LDK (XIV – XVII a.), carizmo, tarpukario ir sovietmečio (XVIII – XIX a.) bei nepriklausomybės laikotarpiais. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojami XIX - XXI a. vykdyti ir tebevykdomi paveldotvarkos darbai (konservavimas, restauravimas, atkūrimas) ir jų reikšmė pilių komplekso autentiškumui ir kultūrinėms vertėms atskleisti. Trečioje dalyje analizuojama kultūrinių verčių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Vilnius Castle Complex – a culture heritage object which is existing from 14 century as very important political, economic, cultural, social symbol of nationhood. In 1994 the only one castle complex in Lithuania together with Vilnius Old Town was entered in UNESCO world heritage list as a unique territory with variety architecture styles and as a territory which has been saved medieval planned structure. To save this complex, it is necessary to carry out works which contributes of object preservation and animation. But not all works are being done well. The main purpose is to analyze conservation works in Vilnius Castle Complex and evaluate their significance and influence of object cultural value, using the modern preservation principles. In order to realize the main purpose is raised tasks which help characterize changes in the structure of castle complex, to analyze conservation works and modern preservation principles, using in international organizations and Lithuania. These tasks are analyzing in first tree work’s section. The first one is analyzing Vilnius castle complex creation and changes in different century – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (14 - 17 centuries), Czarism, Interwar, The Soviet Union treatment and Lithuania Independence. The second one is analyzing conservation works which was or are doing in 19 - 21 centuries (conservation, restoration and reconstruction) and their influence of castle complex authenticity and cultural value. The last... [to full text]