Journal articles: 'Pilot fatigue'

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Kilic, Bilal. "Fatigue Among Student Pilots." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, no. 1 (2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5631.2021.

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INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is an important phenomenon in modern aviation. Despite the progress in research concerning fatigue among civil aviation and military pilots, fatigue in student pilots has remained unexamined. The aim of this study was to examine fatigue among ab-initio pilots. In this study, the fatigue model previously proposed and used in the literature is redesigned for ab-initio pilots.METHOD: A 48-item questionnaire was applied. Factor analysis was performed using SPSS. The data were collected from 114 ab-initio pilots.RESULTS: It was determined that 23% (N 26) of the participants included in the study were women and 77% (N 88) were men. When the license types of the participants were analyzed, it was seen that 11% (N 13) had commercial pilot licenses (CPL; N 80), 70% had private pilot licenses (PPL), and 18% (N 21) had student pilot licenses (SPL). Results showed that seven performance factors (types of flight, training scheduling, crew composition, environment of the aircraft, types of accommodation, flight training-related issues, and biological issues) affect ab-initio pilots fatigue on various levels.DISCUSSION: The findings may help flight training organizations and ab-initio pilots take assertive preventive measures against fatigue.Kilic B. Fatigue among student pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(1):2024.

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Naeeri, Salem, Saptarshi Mandal, and Ziho Kang. "Analyzing pilots’ fatigue for prolonged flight missions: Multimodal analysis approach using vigilance test and eye tracking." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631092.

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Performance decrement associated with pilot fatigue is considered a leading contributor to aviation accidents and fatalities. The output of prevalent pilot fatigue methodologies (both subjective & objective) either suffer from human judgement bias or require complex data processing. Moreover, studies catering to long duration flight missions have not been performed. Presently, we investigate the impact of fatigue on pilot performance for long duration of a flight mission composed of multiple take-offs and landings. We propose a new multimodal approach that integrates traditional fatigue metrics with eye tracking methodology. The effect of fatigue on the pilots’ eye movements was evaluated using information theory-based entropy measures. Results showed an increase in the fatigue level (measured by mean reaction times and the number of lapses) with increase in flight duration. The entropy measures showed that visual attention distribution and scanning strategy both became random in nature as fatigue level increased in pilots. Obtained results suggest fatigue decreases both information searching and processing capability in pilots. The proposed method can show which aspect of the pilot performance becomes impaired by fatigue and thus can be applied to evaluate fatigue onset in real time, which enables timely recovery interventions.

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Susanti, Susanti, and Yati Nurhayati. "Tingkat Kelelahan Pilot Indonesia dalam Menerbangkan Pesawat Komersial Rute Pendek." WARTA ARDHIA 40, no. 4 (2014): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v40i4.221.251-266.

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This study attempts to examine the fatigue of pilots who fly the commercial aircraft on short route since they have to make several take-off and landing during their duty time for short route flight. The method of paired t-test was used to measure the condition of the pilots before and after their duty time. In addition, the factors that the pilots most felt in contributing to the level of fatigue were also explored in this study. The results indicate that the pilots experience fatigue when flying short routes in their duty time and the factor that contributes the most to the pilots’ fatigue is the external factor related to their duty as a pilot. Penelitian ini berusaha menggali kelelahan pilot yang menerbangkan pesawat komersial rute pendek, karena pilot yang menerbangkan rute pendek dalam menjalankan flight duty time membutuhkan beberapa kali dalam melakukan take off maupun landing. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode uji t secara berpasangan dengan mengukur kondisi pilot sebelum bertugas dengan kondisi sesudah bertugas, selain itu penelitian ini juga berusaha menggali faktor-faktor terbesar yang dirasakan oleh pilot dalam menyumbang tingkat kelelahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat kelelahan yang dirasakan oleh pilot dalam melaksanakan rute pendek dan faktor terbesar yang menyumbang kelelahan adalah faktor eksternal yang berkaitan dengan tugas mereka sebagai pilot.

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Pan, Ting, Haibo Wang, Haiqing Si, Yao Li, and Lei Shang. "Identification of Pilots’ Fatigue Status Based on Electrocardiogram Signals." Sensors 21, no. 9 (2021): 3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093003.

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Fatigue is an important factor affecting modern flight safety. It can easily lead to a decline in pilots’ operational ability, misjudgments, and flight illusions. Moreover, it can even trigger serious flight accidents. In this paper, a wearable wireless physiological device was used to obtain pilots’ electrocardiogram (ECG) data in a simulated flight experiment, and 1440 effective samples were determined. The Friedman test was adopted to select the characteristic indexes that reflect the fatigue state of the pilot from the time domain, frequency domain, and non-linear characteristics of the effective samples. Furthermore, the variation rules of the characteristic indexes were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to extract the features of the selected feature indexes, and the feature parameter set representing the fatigue state of the pilot was established. For the study on pilots’ fatigue state identification, the feature parameter set was used as the input of the learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithm to train the pilots’ fatigue state identification model. Results show that the recognition accuracy of the LVQ model reached 81.94%, which is 12.84% and 9.02% higher than that of traditional back propagation neural network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVM) model, respectively. The identification model based on the LVQ established in this paper is suitable for identifying pilots’ fatigue states. This is of great practical significance to reduce flight accidents caused by pilot fatigue, thus providing a theoretical foundation for pilot fatigue risk management and the development of intelligent aircraft autopilot systems.

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French, Jon, and Katherine Garrick. "Estimating Pilot Fatigue in Commercial Flight Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 1 (2005): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504900130.

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In order to assess airline pilot duty fatigue levels associated with normal operations, subjective fatigue, sleep cycles were unobtrusively monitored and compared to the estimates of a fatigue prediction algorithm (FADE). A group of 9 commercial airline pilots completed log sheets on which sleep, flight data and periodic estimates of fatigue levels were recorded over a 10-day period. The subjective fatigue scores indicated a significant increase during the 2000-0400 hours time block. The lowest reported fatigue scores occurred during the 0800-1200 hours. Hours of sleep predicted pilot fatigue levels better than circadian time, hours of flight, time zones crossed or hours of non-flying work. A fatigue-estimating algorithm (FADE) used logged sleep data and was well correlated with the subjective reports of fatigue. Use of fatigue algorithms may be useful to select the timing and crew rest considerations of comercial airline routes before they become part of normal operations.

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Chou, Yun-Jen, Kord M. Kober, Ching-Hua Kuo, et al. "A Pilot Study of Metabolomic Pathways Associated With Fatigue in Survivors of Colorectal Cancer." Biological Research For Nursing 23, no. 1 (2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800420942586.

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Background: Over 30% of cancer survivors experience chronic fatigue. An alteration in energy metabolism is one of the hypothesized mechanisms for cancer-related fatigue (CRF). No studies have evaluated for changes in metabolic profiles in cancer survivors with CRF. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate for differences in metabolic profiles between fatigued and non-fatigued survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Survivors were recruited from the surgical outpatient department and the oncology clinic of a medical center in northern Taiwan. Fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Symptom Inventory. Fasting blood samples were collected on the day the fatigue questionnaire was completed. Metabolomic profile analysis was performed using non-targeted, liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fold change analyses, t-tests, and pathway analyses were performed to identify differences in metabolomic profiles between the fatigued and non-fatigued survivors. Results: Of the 56 CRC survivors in this study, 28.6% (n = 16) were in the fatigue group. Statistically significant differences in carnitine, L-norleucine, pyroglutamic acid, pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid, spermine, hydroxyoctanoic acid, and paraxanthine were found between the two fatigue groups. In addition, two pathways were enriched for these metabolites (i.e., glutathione metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism). Conclusions: Findings from this pilot study provide preliminary evidence that two pathways that are involved with the regulation of ATP production and cellular energy (i.e., glutathione metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism) are associated with fatigue in CRC survivors. If these findings are confirmed, they may provide new therapeutic targets to decrease fatigue in cancer survivors.

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Berberich, Jonathan, and Rodney Leitner. "The Look of Tiredness." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 7, no. 2 (2017): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000122.

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Abstract. The present study explores the usefulness of a method to evaluate pilot fatigue based on video recordings. This technique is already being successfully applied in the field of driver fatigue evaluations. Still, to date, there is no known application concerning pilot fatigue. A sample of five trained raters evaluated four active airline pilots on simulated flights using a 9-point fatigue rating scale. The rating scale was adjusted for the aviation context and features 10 subscales relating to different indicators for fatigue. Interrater agreement and reliability, as well as intrarater and retest reliability, were assessed. The results indicate good reliability of the method and medium rater agreement. Raters seem to have established a good mental model of fatigue, leading to consistent evaluations. However, there are also individual rating tendencies as well as the influence of sample characteristics.

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Stevinson, C., M. Dixon, and E. Ernst. "Hypericum for fatigue — a pilot study." Phytomedicine 5, no. 6 (1998): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0944-7113(98)80040-8.

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Dinges, David F., Greg Maislin, Rebecca M. Brewster, Gerald P. Krueger, and Robert J. Carroll. "Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1922, no. 1 (2005): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192200122.

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This study involved over-the-road testing of four fatigue management technologies (FMTs) in trucking operations in Canada and the United States. Technologies bundled into a single intervention came from four fatigue management domains: one providing objective information on driver sleep need, one providing objective information on driver drowsiness, one providing objective information on lane tracking performance, and one reducing the work involved in controlling vehicle stability while driving. The objective was to determine driver reactions to such technologies and whether FMT feedback would improve alertness, especially during night driving, or increase sleep time on workdays or nonworkdays. A within-subjects crossover design was used to compare the effects of FMT feedback to no feedback. Each driver underwent the conditions in the same order: 2 weeks of no feedback (control) followed by 2 weeks of FMT feedback (intervention). Data from the devices and other driving performance variables were recorded every second of truck operation for 28 days for each driver, with a resulting 8.7 million data records among the 38 drivers. Support was found for FMT effects. During night driving, FMT feedback significantly reduced driver drowsiness (p = 0.004) and lane tracking variability (p = 0.007). However, there was evidence from probed psychomotor vigilance task testing that these improvements may have had cost because of the effort (in attention and compensatory behaviors) required to respond to information from the devices. In general, participants agreed that commercial drivers would benefit from FMT and were more positive about those involving vehicle monitoring than those involving driver monitoring.

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Stevinson, C., M. Dixon, and E. Ernst. "Hypericum for fatigue - a pilot study." Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 3, no. 4 (2010): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.1998.tb00951.x.

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Gregory, Kevin B., William Winn, Kent Johnson, and Mark R. Rosekind. "Pilot Fatigue Survey: Exploring Fatigue Factors in Air Medical Operations." Air Medical Journal 29, no. 6 (2010): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2010.07.002.

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Neville, Kelly J., Jonathan French, Roger U. Bisson, Patricia A. Boll, and William F. Storm. "Sleep and Flight Duration Effects on the Subjective Fatigue of Pilots during Operation Desert Storm." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 1 (1992): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600125.

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Subjective fatigue of 11 C-141 pilots serving in the United States Air Force Military Airlift Command (MAC) during the Desert Storm campaign was assessed in a 30-day field study. Subjective fatigue measures were obtained from pilots at the beginning and end of each duty day using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) fatigue dimension. Also, a 7-point fatigue rating was recorded every 4 hours. The two fatigue measures were each evaluated with respect to (1) 48-hr cumulative flight time, (2) 48-hr cumulative sleep time and (3) 30-day cumulative flight time. The data indicate that at least 15 hours of sleep per 48-hr time period is needed to avoid pilot fatigue. Recent flight time was also found to be related to subjective fatigue, but this relationship seems rooted loss of sleep during long flights. Cumulative 30-day flight time, which is the measure currently used to regulate flight hours, was not related to increases in subjective fatigue.

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Morris, Megan B., Jennifer P. Howland, Kelly M. Amaddio, and Glenn Gunzelmann. "Aircrew Fatigue Perceptions, Fatigue Mitigation Strategies, and Circadian Typology." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 4 (2020): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5396.2020.

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BACKGROUND: Human fatigue is an important factor within aviation, leading organizations to develop strategies to assess and mitigate associated risks. The U.S. Air Force’s Air Mobility Command (AMC) conducted the current pilot study to assess fatigue-related risks and issues in mobility operations. Specifically, we examined the relationship among fatigue perceptions, fatigue mitigation strategies, performance effectiveness graph reference, and circadian typology.METHODS: There were 21 volunteers from the Joint Base Charleston C-17 pilot community (Mage = 28.67; SDage = 2.11; Proportionmale = 85.71%) who completed a survey. Items referred to fatigue perceptions, fatigue mitigation strategies, performance effectiveness graph reference, and circadian typology. We examined descriptive statistics, correlations among the variables of interest, and possible moderation effects of circadian typology.RESULTS: Overall, aircrew perceived fatigue to be a serious safety of flight concern. Personal fatigue concerns and perceptions of pressure to continue missions despite fatigue were associated with increased use of the strategy of limiting light exposure during sleep episodes (r = 0.49 and 0.47). Fatigue perceptions were not directly associated with performance effectiveness graph usage. Results suggested that morning type participants might be more likely to utilize specific fatigue mitigation strategies when there are concerns of fatigue compared to evening types.DISCUSSION: Despite organizational efforts, fatigue continues to be a serious concern for the mobility community. This pilot study suggests that circadian typology might affect the relationship between fatigue perceptions and fatigue mitigation strategies and resource use. Future research should further examine these relationships and their impact within fatigue risk management (FRM) programs.Morris MB, Howland JP, Amaddio KM, Gunzelmann G. Aircrew fatigue perceptions, fatigue mitigation strategies, and circadian typology. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(4):363–368.

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Bower, Julienne E., Deborah Garet, and Beth Sternlieb. "Yoga for Persistent Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors: Results of a Pilot Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/623168.

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Approximately one-third of breast cancer survivors experiences persistent fatigue for months or years after successful treatment completion. There is a lack of evidence-based treatments for cancer-related fatigue, particularly among cancer survivors. This single-arm pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a yoga intervention for fatigued breast cancer survivors based on the Iyengar tradition. Iyengar yoga prescribes specific poses for individuals with specific medical problems and conditions; this trial emphasized postures believed to be effective for reducing fatigue among breast cancer survivors, including inversions and backbends performed with the support of props. Twelve women were enrolled in the trial, and 11 completed the full 12-week course of treatment. There was a significant improvement in fatigue scores from pre- to post-intervention that was maintained at the 3-month post-intervention followup. Significant improvements were also observed in measures of physical function, depressed mood, and quality of life. These results support the acceptability of this intervention and suggest that it may have beneficial effects on persistent post-treatment fatigue. However, results require replication in a larger randomized controlled trial.

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Craske, Naropa J. Mike, Warren Turner, Joseph Zammit-Maempe, and Myeong Soo Lee. "Qigong Ameliorates Symptoms of Chronic Fatigue: A Pilot Uncontrolled Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 2 (2009): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem088.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners consider that chronic fatigue reflects a disharmony and depletion in the supply ofqiin the body. Qigong is one of the traditional complementary interventions used to strengthenqithrough self-practice, and to manage the state ofqito prevent and cure disease. The aim of this study is to assess whether qigong could be used to manage the symptoms of chronic fatigue. Eighteen Caucasian, British female participants were recruited, taught a qigong routine during weekly classes over 6 months, and asked to practice it daily for 15 min. Participants completed the core set of the RAND Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire (RAND MOS) and a sleep diary during the 2-week baseline control period, and at 3 and 6 months following the start of the trial. The qigong intervention resulted in significant changes in sleep rate score and in the following subscales of the RAND MOS: SF36 Vitality, Sleep Problems, Social Activity, Social Activity Limitation due to Health, Health Distress, Mental Health Index and Psychological Well-being. Qigong seems to improve factors related to chronic fatigue such as sleep, pain, mental attitude and general mobility after 3 and 6 months. Qigong's positive effects indicate that it represents a potentially safe method of treatment for chronic fatigued patients. However, we cannot completely discount the possible influence of placebo effects, and more objective clinical measures are needed to reproduce our findings with long-term follow-up in a randomized, controlled study involving a larger number of subjects.

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Vébr, Ludvík, Bohuslav Novotný, and Petr Pánek. "Experimental Investigation on Concrete Slab Fatigue Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 1054 (October 2014): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1054.54.

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The paper summarizes results of pilot fatigue testing of concrete slabs resting on granular base in testing box. The project aimed at verification of recent findings that fatigue resistance of concrete slabs is much higher than that predicted by using concrete fatigue characteristics from beam testing. Paper presents additional testing results that confirm enhanced fatigue resistance of concrete slabs. Further research is envisioned to supplement pilot testing results and to receive new results also on fatigue resistance under concrete recycling scheme.

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Regan, Jeniece, Rebekah Feng, and Leorey Saligan. "4313 Impaired Natural Killer Cell Function May Be Associated with Cancer-related Fatigue." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.70.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: During and after cancer treatment, cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating symptom reported by up to 80% of cancer patients Our understanding of the pathology underlying CRF is limited. Preliminary RNA sequencing data suggest that increased levels of KIR3DL1, the natural killer cell (NK) immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1a, may be associated with CRF. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Fatigue was measured using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F). Functional validation of the NK cell finding was performed from whole blood obtained from fatigued and non-fatigued subjects. NK cells were isolated from freshly collected whole blood using a human NK cell isolation kit based on CD56 microbead positive selection. NK cell function was assessed using the NK cell direct cytotoxicity assay. Briefly, isolated NK cells were co-cultured in a 2:1 ratio with calcein AM-labelled K562 cells, which are NK cell-sensitive due to the very low MHCI expression. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was assessed with Cytation 1 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode reader. Flow cytometric protocols were used to examine NK subset differences between the fatigued and non-fatigued groups. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: NK cells isolated from the fatigued group exhibited decreased cytotoxicity at 12.28% compared to NK cells isolated from non-fatigued controls at a mean of 40.6% cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a decrease in the CD56dim CD16bright population in the fatigued group (87.1% of CD56+CD4- cells) compared to the control (91.4% of CD56+CD4- cells). Furthermore, there was a decrease in NKG2A expression in mature NK cells (CD56dim CD16bright) isolated from the fatigued group compared to the non-fatigued group. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results from the pilot study suggest that there was a decrease in NK cell cytotoxicity in the fatigued group. In addition, there may be a shift in NK cell subpopulations associated with fatigue. Findings from this pilot study suggest that impaired NK cell function may be associated with CRF pathogenesis.

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Kim, Daeho, and Ph.D. "A Study on the Pilot Fatigue Measurement Methods for Fatigue Risk Management." Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 30, no. 2 (2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46246/kjasem.30.2.54.

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Luo, Hongyu, Pierre-Alexandre Lee, Ieuan Clay, Martin Jaggi, and Valeria De Luca. "Assessment of Fatigue Using Wearable Sensors: A Pilot Study." Digital Biomarkers 4, no. 1 (2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512166.

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Background: Fatigue is a broad, multifactorial concept encompassing feelings of reduced physical and mental energy levels. Fatigue strongly impacts patient health-related quality of life across a huge range of conditions, yet, to date, tools available to understand fatigue are severely limited. Methods: After using a recurrent neural network-based algorithm to impute missing time series data form a multisensor wearable device, we compared supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches to gain insights on the relationship between self-reported non-pathological fatigue and multimodal sensor data. Results: A total of 27 healthy subjects and 405 recording days were analyzed. Recorded data included continuous multimodal wearable sensor time series on physical activity, vital signs, and other physiological parameters, and daily questionnaires on fatigue. The best results were obtained when using the causal convolutional neural network model for unsupervised representation learning of multivariate sensor data, and random forest as a classifier trained on subject-reported physical fatigue labels (weighted precision of 0.70 ± 0.03 and recall of 0.73 ± 0.03). When using manually engineered features on sensor data to train our random forest (weighted precision of 0.70 ± 0.05 and recall of 0.72 ± 0.01), both physical activity (energy expenditure, activity counts, and steps) and vital signs (heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory rate) were important parameters to measure. Furthermore, vital signs contributed the most as top features for predicting mental fatigue compared to physical ones. These results support the idea that fatigue is a highly multimodal concept. Analysis of clusters from sensor data highlighted a digital phenotype indicating the presence of fatigue (95% of observations) characterized by a high intensity of physical activity. Mental fatigue followed similar trends but was less predictable. Potential future directions could focus on anomaly detection assuming longer individual monitoring periods. Conclusion: Taken together, these results are the first demonstration that multimodal digital data can be used to inform, quantify, and augment subjectively captured non-pathological fatigue measures.

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Manthey, L., and D. M. Popov. "Driver Safety System Implementation in Europe." Mining Science and Technology 4, no. 4 (2020): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2019-4-302-308.

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In mining industry safety is top priority. There is a request for safety management, risk prevention and operator training. Operator fatigue and distraction leads to dangerous situations. The paper is aimed at reviewing the issues of fatigued or distracted driver operation. This is achieved through creating models in occupational safety strategies. Hereafter the implementation of fatigue and distraction control system within a pilot project is discussed. The pilot project was aimed at collecting realistic operation data from mining industry in Europe. Caterpillar Inc. offers a solution called Driver Safety System (DSS). When driver’s micro-sleep is detected, the system alerts operator through different alarms directly. Dangerous events are also recorded and classified individually in 24/7 monitoring centre. The DSS was tested at European limestone open pit mine with typical working regime. This paper discusses theories, results and transferable insights of the study.

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Celie, Bert M., An Mariman, Jan Boone, et al. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Screening to Allow Detection of Pathogenic Mitochondrial DNA Variants in Individuals with Unexplained Abnormal Fatigue: A Preliminary Study." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 5 (2018): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818756647.

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Unexplained abnormal fatigue is characterized by chronic fatigue persisting for at least six months and not sufficiently explained by any recognized medical condition. In this pilot study, twelve individuals with abnormal fatigue remaining unexplained after thorough screening were investigated using a near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy handgrip test. Four of them were found to have an abnormal oxygen extraction pattern similar to participants with documented mitochondrial myopathy. In three of the four individuals, diverse mitochondrial abnormalities were documented by spectrophotometric, immunocytological, fluorescent, and morphological analyses performed in skeletal muscle and in cultured skin fibroblasts. Three of the four participants with decreased muscular oxygen extraction were each shown to harbor a different homoplasmic pathogenic mitochondrial DNA point mutation (m.961T > C, m.1555A > G, m.14484T > C). In the fourth participant, the presence of multiple large mitochondrial DNA deletions was suspected in muscle tissue. In contrast, none of the eight abnormally fatigued participants with normal NIR spectroscopy results harbored either a pathogenic mitochondrial DNA point mutation or large deletions ( P < 0.001). This pilot study shows that NIR spectroscopy may serve as a noninvasive screening tool to delineate a subgroup (of participants) with mitochondrial dysfunction among the large group of individuals with unexplained abnormal fatigue.

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Koenig, Adam, Susan Rodger, and Jacqueline Specht. "Educator Burnout and Compassion Fatigue: A Pilot Study." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 33, no. 4 (2017): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573516685017.

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Sixty-four Canadian educators from Southwestern Ontario took part in a 2-hr voluntary workshop about the emotional labor and consequences that may be experienced by educators. A focus on both burnout and teacher compassion fatigue (CF), an underresearched area with respect to Canadian educators, was taken. The current study hypothesized that this professional development would positively influence educators’ knowledge, skills, and awareness regarding burnout, CF, and self-care; furthermore, it was predicted there would be a positive correlation between burnout and CF. Results supported the efficacy of professional development and partial support was detected for the relationship between burnout and CF. Implications and future research are discussed.

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D'haeseleer, Evelien, Mara Behlau, Laura Bruneel, et al. "Factors Involved in Vocal Fatigue: A Pilot Study." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 68, no. 3 (2016): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452127.

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Chestnut, Thomas John. "Fatigue in stroke rehabilitation patients: a pilot study." Physiotherapy Research International 16, no. 3 (2010): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pri.476.

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Perhinschi, M. G., B. Smith, and P. Betoney. "Fuzzy logic‐based detection scheme for pilot fatigue." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 82, no. 1 (2010): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00022661011028100.

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Prue, G., J. Rankin, F. Cramp, J. Allen, and J. Gracey. "Fatigue in gynaecological cancer patients: a pilot study." Supportive Care in Cancer 14, no. 1 (2005): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-005-0830-7.

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Baba, Md Deros, Dian Darina Indah Daruis, and Bahurudeen Nuhmandeen. "A Survey on Sleeping Patterns and Fatigue among Pilots in South East Asia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.715.

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Since commercial aviation started, fatigue among pilots and aircrew has been acknowledged as a human factor safety issue. This survey was conducted between September and December 2009 among airlines pilots. The three main objectives of this study are: to identify sleep patterns, their promoting and interfering factors of airlines pilots. This survey results revealed that most of the pilots do not have any problem to get to sleep and majority of them had never taken any sleeping aids, such as: alcohol or medication. The five sleep interfering factors, which include environmental (i.e. heat, noise and lighting) and physiological (i.e. nature’s call and personal worries) were investigated in this survey. It was found out that personal worries top the list. From this study, it can be concluded that fatigue issue is significant among South East Asian airlines pilot.

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Khalil, Hanan, Nesreen Alissa, Alham Al-Sharman, Islam E’leimat, Majdi Al Qawasmeh, and Khalid El-Salem. "Understanding the influence of pain and fatigue on physical performance, fear of falling and falls in people with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study." Neurodegenerative Disease Management 11, no. 2 (2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2020-0053.

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Objective: Pain and fatigue are highly prevalent debilitating symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), however, their relationship with physical performance, fear of falling (FOF) and falls is not clear. We aim in this pilot study to investigate the relationship of pain and fatigue with physical performance, FOF and falls in people with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD). Materials & methods: 53 PD patients were assessed for fall history, physical performance, FOF, pain and fatigue. Results: Pain and fatigue are significantly associated with physical performance and FOF (p ≤ 0.002). Pain and fatigue were different between fallers and non-fallers (p < 0.5), but only fatigue could distinguish fallers from non-fallers (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve = 0.81; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: This pilot study indicated that FOF in PwPD is significantly associated with pain and fatigue. Furthermore, fatigue level is related to fall history. By addressing pain and fatigue, we may ameliorate the deterioration of FOF and falls in PwPD.

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Cahill, Joan, Paul Cullen, Sohaib Anwer, Keith Gaynor, and Simon Wilson. "The Requirements for New Tools for Use by Pilots and the Aviation Industry to Manage Risks Pertaining to Work-Related Stress (WRS) and Wellbeing, and the Ensuing Impact on Performance and Safety." Technologies 8, no. 3 (2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies8030040.

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Work is part of our wellbeing and a key driver of a person’s health. Pilots need to be fit for duty and aware of risks that compromise their health/wellbeing. Recent studies suggest that work-related stress (WRS) impacts on pilot health and wellbeing, performance, and flight safety. This paper reports on the advancement of new tools for pilots and airlines to support the management of WRS and wellbeing. This follows from five phases of stakeholder evaluation research and analysis. Existing pre-flight checklists should be extended to enable the crew to evaluate their health and wellbeing. New checklists might be developed for use by pilots while off duty supporting an assessment of (1) their biopsychosocial health status and (2) how they are coping. This involves the advancement of phone apps with different wellness functions. Pending pilot consent, data captured in these tools might be shared in a de-identified format with the pilot’s airline. Existing airline safety management systems (SMS) and flight rostering/planning systems might be augmented to make use of this data from an operational and risk/safety management perspective. Fatigue risk management systems (and by implication airline rostering/flight planning systems) need to be extended to consider the relationship between fatigue risk and the other dimensions of a pilot’s wellbeing. Further, pending permission, pilot data might be shared with airline employee assistance program (EAP) personnel and aeromedical examiners. In addition, new training formats should be devised to support pilot coping skills. The proposed tools can support the management of WRS and wellbeing. In turn, this will support performance and safety. The pilot specific tools will enable the practice of healthy behaviors, which in turn strengthens a pilot’s resistance to stress. Healthy work relates to the creation of positive wellbeing within workplaces and workforces and has significant societal implications. Pilots face many occupational hazards that are part of their jobs. Pilots, the aviation industry, and society should recognize and support the many activities that contribute to positive wellbeing for pilots. Social justice is a basic premise for quality of employment and quality of life.

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Papanikou, Maria C., Christos A. Frantzidis, Anna Nikolaidou, et al. "Neuroscientific tools in the cockpit: towards a meaningful decision support system for fatigue risk management." MATEC Web of Conferences 314 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031401003.

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Fatigued pilots are prone to experience cognitive disorders that degrade their performance and adherence to high safety standards. In light of the current challenging context in aviation, we report the early phase of our ongoing project on the re-evaluation of human factors research for flight crew. Our motivation stems from the need for aviation organisations to develop decision support systems for operational aviation settings, able to feed-in in the organisations’ fatigue risk management efforts. Key criteria to this end are the need for the least possible intrusiveness and the added information value for a safety system. Departing from the problems in compliance-focused fatigue risk management and the intrusive nature of clinical studies, we report a neuroscientific methodology able to yield markers that can be easily integrated in a decision support system at the operational level. Reporting the preliminary phase of our live project, we evaluate the tools suitable for the development of a system that tracks subtle pilot states, such as drowsiness and micro-sleep episodes.

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Larssen, Eivind, Cato Brede, Anne Hjelle, et al. "Fatigue in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: A proteomic pilot study of cerebrospinal fluid." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211985039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119850390.

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Objectives: Fatigue is a frequent and often disabling phenomenon that occurs in patients with chronic inflammatory and immunological diseases, and the underlying biological mechanisms are largely unknown. Because fatigue is generated in the brain, we aimed to investigate cerebrospinal fluid and search for molecules that participate in the pathophysiology of fatigue processes. Methods: A label-free shotgun proteomics approach was applied to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid proteome of 20 patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Fatigue was measured with the fatigue visual analog scale. Results: A total of 828 proteins were identified and the 15 top discriminatory proteins between patients with high and low fatigue were selected. Among these were apolipoprotein A4, hemopexin, pigment epithelium-derived factor, secretogranin-1, secretogranin-3, selenium-binding protein 1, and complement factor B. Conclusion: Most of the discriminatory proteins have important roles in regulation of innate immunity, cellular stress defense, and/or functions in the central nervous system. These proteins and their interacting protein networks may therefore have central roles in the generation and regulation of fatigue, and the findings contribute with evidence to the concept of fatigue as a biological phenomenon signaled through specific molecular pathways.

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Schwid, Steven R., Carolyn M. Tyler, Eileen A. Scheid, Amy Weinstein, Andrew D. Goodman, and Michael P. McDermott. "Cognitive fatigue during a test requiring sustained attention: a pilot study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 9, no. 5 (2003): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458503ms946oa.

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Background: Fatigue is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but difficulty quantifying fatigue severity has impeded studies of its characteristics, mechanisms, and therapeutics. Motor fatigue can be objectively measured as the decline in strength occurring during sustained contractio ns. A nalogous declines in cognitive performance occur during tasks requiring sustained attentio n. Objective: To objectively measure cognitive fatigue as a decline in performance during tests requiring sustained attentio n. Design/Methods: Patients with clinically stable MS (n=20) and healthy controls (n=21) with comparable age, gender, and education completed the Paced A uditory Serial A ddition Test (PA SAT) and the Digit O rdering Test (DOT) at two identical test sessions separated by 4-10 days, within a month after two practice sessions. C ognitive fatigue was quantified with two pre-specified methods for each test. The reliability of cognitive fatigue assessments was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC s) and construct validity was evaluated using correlations with measures of self-reported fatigue, cognition, and overall impairment/disability. Results: MS patients had an average of 18.7 items correct on the first 20 items of the PA SAT and 17.8 correct on the last 20 items, quantified as 5.3-5.8% declines in performance using the different measurement methods (P =0.01, rejecting the null hypothesis of zero mean decline). A lthough MS patients as a group demonstrated a similar decline at both sessions, IC C s were relatively low. C ontrol patients did not demonstrate significant declines in performance during PA SAT administration, but tests comparing declines in MS patients and controls did not demonstrate significant differences. Fatigue was not demonstrated using the DOT, and test-retest reliability was very poor. Conclusions: MS patients have objectively measurable cognitive fatigue during administration of the PASAT.

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Oldervoll, L. M., S. Kaasa, H. Knobel, and J. H. Loge. "Exercise reduces fatigue in chronic fatigued Hodgkins disease survivors—results from a pilot study." European Journal of Cancer 39, no. 1 (2003): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00483-5.

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Hollingsworth, Kieren G., Guy A. MacGowan, Louise Morris, et al. "Cardiac torsion-strain relationships in fatigued primary biliary cirrhosis patients show accelerated aging: a pilot cross-sectional study." Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 12 (2012): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00195.2012.

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The autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is associated with life-altering fatigue in ∼50% of patients. Previous work suggests that fatigued PBC subjects have evidence of autonomic dysfunction and may be at a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. The manifestation of this risk is not clear. This pilot study investigated whether alterations in cardiac torsion and strain could be detected in fatigued or nonfatigued early-stage PBC patients. We performed cardiac tissue tagging and anatomical cine-imaging in 13 early-stage PBC patients (including 7 with significant fatigue) and 10 control subjects to calculate cardiac torsion and strain throughout systole and diastole. From the cardiac tagging, we calculated the torsion-to-shortening ratio (TSR), a measure of subepicardial torsion exerting mechanical advantage over subendocardial shortening. Autonomic function testing was performed to evaluate baroreceptor effective index on standing. TSR was markedly increased in the fatigued PBC patients (0.70 ± 0.13) compared with both controls (0.46 ± 0.11, P = 0.002) and nonfatigued PBC patients (0.44 ± 0.12, P = 0.003). Decreased baroreceptor effective index on standing strongly correlated with increased TSR within the whole PBC group ( r = −0.71, P = 0.007). Fatigued PBC patients demonstrate a redistribution of myocardial strain characteristic of a reduced relative contribution to contraction from the subendocardium. This is analogous to the changes found in healthy aging for subjects ∼16 yr older than the fatigued PBC patients. Hence the hearts of fatigued PBC patients may be subject to processes of accelerated aging.

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Dunaway Young, Sally, Jacqueline Montes, Samantha S. Kramer, Bernadette Podwika, Ashwini K. Rao, and Darryl C. De Vivo. "Perceived Fatigue in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Pilot Study." Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases 6, no. 1 (2019): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnd-180342.

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Sollie, Katinka, Eva Therese Næss, Ida Solhaug, and Jens C. Thimm. "Mindfulness training for chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study." Health Psychology Report 3 (2017): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2017.65469.

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Zallen, Harold, John E. Cochran, and Judith Ann Bailey. "Head‐tilt and pilot fatigue measured by flight simulation." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 84, no. 1 (2012): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00022661211194979.

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Doering, Jennifer J., and Sirin Dogan. "A Postpartum Sleep and Fatigue Intervention Feasibility Pilot Study." Behavioral Sleep Medicine 16, no. 2 (2016): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2016.1180523.

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Tack, Basia Belza. "Self-reported fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis a pilot study." Arthritis Care & Research 3, no. 3 (1990): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.1790030307.

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Tack, Basia Belza. "Self-reported fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis a pilot study." Arthritis Care & Research 3, no. 3 (1990): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199009)3:3<154::aid-anr1790030307>3.0.co;2-3.

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Ream, Emma, Alison Richardson, and Caroline Alexander-Dann. "Facilitating Patients’ Coping With Fatigue During Chemotherapy—Pilot Outcomes." Cancer Nursing 25, no. 4 (2002): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200208000-00006.

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Lee, Seungyoung, and Jin Ki Kim. "Factors contributing to the risk of airline pilot fatigue." Journal of Air Transport Management 67 (March 2018): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.12.009.

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Nosker, J., A. Cornelius, M. Lassen, and T. Bragg. "A-11 Fatigue and Errors in Aeromedicine (FEAr) Pilot Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (2019): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.11.

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Abstract Objective The FEAr pilot study was conducted to evaluate the construct validity of an instrument that measures self-reported fatigue levels among air medics (the Flight Risk Assessment [FRA] measure). Data Selection The population of interest, flight medics, is highly specialized and relatively small. As a result, non-probability, convenience sampling was used (N = 27). The participants were recruited from one air medical company with bases located across ten western states. Medics took two measures, the FRA and the PVT, three times a day, for three days. Data Synthesis To establish construct validity, scores on the FRA were compared to scores on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), which is a widely used and validated measure to detect fatigue in field settings. The results of the study indicate that a total of five questions on the FRA was significantly and moderately correlated with the PVT efficiency score (r = -.49, p = .01). The mean reaction time was also significantly correlated with the total FRA score (r = .59, p = .001). Notably, perceived fitness for duty was poorly correlated with fatigue levels as measured by the FRA (r < .01). Conclusions The results of this study contribute to a very limited body of research on fatigue among air medical providers. Specifically, the study contributes to the knowledge about the construct validity of the Flight Risk Assessment, which can be used to evaluate fatigue among air medics. Further analysis can assist in determining appropriate cutoff scores to inform time-out policies for medics.

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Gregory, Kevin B., Rhiannon N. Soriano-Smith, Amanda C. M. Lamp, et al. "Flight Crew Alertness and Sleep Relative to Timing of In-Flight Rest Periods in Long-Haul Flights." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, no. 2 (2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5672.2021.

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BACKGROUND: In-flight breaks are used during augmented long-haul flight operations, allowing pilots a sleep opportunity. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration duty and rest regulations restrict the pilot flying the landing to using the third rest break. It is unclear how effective these restrictions are on pilots ability to obtain sleep. We hypothesized there would be no difference in self-reported sleep, alertness, and fatigue between pilots taking the second vs. third rest breaks.METHODS: Pilots flying augmented operations in two U.S.-based commercial airlines were eligible for the study. Volunteers completed a survey at top-of-descent (TOD), including self-reported in-flight sleep duration, and Samn-Perelli fatigue and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ratings. We compared the second to third rest break using noninferiority analysis. The influence of time of day (home-base time; HBT) was evaluated in 4-h blocks using repeated measures ANOVA.RESULTS: From 787 flights 500 pilots provided complete data. The second rest break was noninferior to the third break for self-reported sleep duration (1.5 0.7 h vs. 1.4 0.7 h), fatigue (2.0 1.0 vs. 2.9 1.3), and sleepiness (2.6 1.4 vs. 3.8 1.8) at TOD for landing pilots. Measures of sleep duration, fatigue, and sleepiness were influenced by HBT circadian time of day.DISCUSSION: We conclude that self-reported in-flight sleep, fatigue, and sleepiness from landing pilots taking the second in-flight rest break are equivalent to or better than pilots taking the third break. Our findings support providing pilots with choice in taking the second or third in-flight rest break during augmented operations.Gregory KB, Soriano-Smith RN, Lamp ACM, Hilditch CJ, Rempe MJ, Flynn-Evans EE, Belenky GL. Flight crew alertness and sleep relative to timing of in-flight rest periods in long-haul flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):8391.

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McCarley, Cynthia, Sandra K. Hanneman, Nikhil Padhye, and Michael H. Smolensky. "A Pilot Home Study of Temporal Variations of Symptoms in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease." Biological Research For Nursing 9, no. 1 (2007): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800407303501.

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The purposes of this pilot study are to describe the 24-hr patterns of dyspnea, fatigue, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and examine their interrelationships. The repeated-measures design protocol involved 10 patients with moderate to severe COPD who self-assessed dyspnea, fatigue, and PEFR five times a day for 8 days. Circadian rhythms were documented by single cosinor analysis in 40% of the participants for dyspnea, 60% for fatigue, and 60% for PEFR. The 8-day, 24-hr means of dyspnea and fatigue were moderately correlated; 70% of the sample displayed significant correlations. The means of PEFR and both dyspnea and fatigue were weakly negatively correlated. The findings suggest that circadian rhythm in lung function may not be temporally coupled with the circadian rhythm in dyspnea and fatigue in all patients and that the mean self-perceived levels of dyspnea and fatigue are moderately related.

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Murphy, Susan Lynn, Richard Edmund Harris, Nahid Roonizi Keshavarzi, and Suzanna Maria Zick. "Self-Administered Acupressure for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial." Pain Medicine 20, no. 12 (2019): 2588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz138.

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Abstract Objective Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is associated with fatigue, pain, poor sleep, and disability. Acupressure is a low-risk treatment option used to manage symptoms in other groups, but its efficacy, particularly on fatigue and sleep, is unknown in CLBP. This study examined preliminary effects of two types of self-administered acupressure (relaxing and stimulating) on fatigue, pain, sleep, and reported disability. Methods A randomized pilot trial was conducted (N = 67) in which participants were randomized into six weeks of relaxing acupressure, stimulating acupressure, or usual care. Fatigue was measured by the Brief Fatigue Inventory, pain was measured by the Brief Pain Inventory, sleep was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and reported disability was measured by the Roland Morris Scale. Results Baseline characteristics were similar across groups. An intent-to-treat analysis using general linear models showed positive improvement in pain in acupressure groups compared with usual care. Pain was reduced by 35–36% in the acupressure groups. Improvement in fatigue was also found in stimulating acupressure compared with usual care. Adverse events were minimal and related to application of too much pressure. Discussion Although this was a small study, acupressure demonstrated promising preliminary support of efficacy for pain and fatigue reduction in this population.

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G Rooney, Alasdair, William Hewins, Amie Walker, et al. "INNV-23. LIFESTYLE COACHING IS FEASIBLE AND IMPROVES PILOT OUTCOMES IN FATIGUED BRAIN TUMOUR PATIENTS: THE BT-LIFE (BRAIN TUMOURS, LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS, AND FATIGUE EVALUATION) MULTI-CENTRE, PHASE II RCT." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (2020): ii121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.506.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Fatigue is common and disabling for brain tumour patients. We studied the feasibility of two innovative lifestyle coaching interventions for high fatigue. METHODS Multi-centre phase II feasibility RCT (ISRCTN17883425). Adult primary brain tumour outpatients reporting significant fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory [BFI] score 4+), were randomised to one of three arms: Control; Health Coaching (“HC”, comprising eight structured coaching sessions on lifestyle behaviours); or HC plus Activation Coaching (“HC+AC”, adding two structured interviews targeting motivation to change). Outcomes were measured at baseline (T0), after interventions (T1), and at 16 weeks (T2). The primary outcome of feasibility was required for both recruitment (aim: average n= 5 fatigued patients recruited/month) and retention (aim: minimum 60% retention at T2). Secondary pilot outcomes included change in fatigue, depressive symptom, and QOL measures. RESULTS Over a nine-month recruitment period, n= 46 fatigued brain tumour patients were recruited (average n=5.1/month) and n= 34 were retained to endpoint (retention at T2= 73%), meeting the primary outcome of feasibility. Surprisingly, fatigue reduced significantly after HC (T1 mean change in BFI score from T0 baseline, relative to the equivalent change in control group: HC= -2.3 points [95%CI -3.4/-0.3]; HC+AC= -2.0 [-2.9/+0.1]; ANOVA p= 0.02) and was reduced in magnitude in both intervention groups at T2 (p= N.S). Both interventions also improved depressive symptoms (T1 mean change in HADS-Depression: HC= -2.0 points [-5.6/-0.1]; HC+AC= -2.9 [-6.5/-1.0]; Kruskal-Wallis p= 0.02). Patient-nominated QOL outcomes improved persistently after HC+AC (T2 mean change in PSYCHLOPS score: HC= -2.4 points [-5.4/+2.8]; HC+AC= -6.1 [-9.2/-0.8]; ANOVA p= 0.01). CONCLUSION Innovative coaching interventions, focused on lifestyle factors, are feasible to deliver to fatigued brain tumour patients. Preliminary signals suggest that these non-drug approaches may benefit several mediators of quality of life and warrant further study.

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Ahlberg, Karin, Tor Ekman, and Fannie Gaston-Johansson. "Levels of Fatigue Compared to Levels of Cytokines and Hemoglobin during Pelvic Radiotherapy: a Pilot Study." Biological Research For Nursing 5, no. 3 (2004): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800403259500.

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Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a prevalent and distressing symptom experienced by patients during cancer therapy. One proposed mechanism for the development of fatigue is the increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and/or the development of anemia. The major purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the levels of fatigue and cytokines during radiation therapy and determine whether there was a correlation between the two. A secondary purpose was to explore the relationships among hemoglobin values, cytokines, and fatigue. Participants included 15 women diagnosed with uterine cancer, who received curative external radiation therapy. Fatigue was assessed by a self-report instrument (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory [MFI-20]) and hemoglobin and cytokines (Il-1, Il-6, and TNF-α) were measured before, during, and after radiotherapy. The degree of fatigue increased during radiotherapy without a significant change in IL-1, IL-6, or TNF-α levels. There was no significant correlation between changes in general fatigue and the changes in IL-1 and TNF-α. There was a significant negative correlation between the change in IL-6 and general fatigue. The hemoglobin levels did decrease significantly during radiotherapy, but there was no significant correlation between general fatigue and hemoglobin after 3 weeks of therapy or after the completion of therapy. In conclusion, pelvic radiotherapy in women with uterine cancer is associated with increased fatigue. There were no significant relationships between anemia or cytokine levels and fatigue. The pathogenesis of fatigue during radiation therapy remains to be elucidated.

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XIAO, ZHI-GANG, and XIAO-LING ZHAO. "CFRP REPAIRED WELDED THIN-WALLED CROSS-BEAM CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO IN-PLANE FATIGUE LOADING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 12, no. 01 (2012): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455412004653.

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Cracked cross-beam connections made of thin-walled rectangular hollow sections (RHS) are repaired with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Constant amplitude fatigue experiments are conducted on the repaired specimens. A pilot test is conducted on a T-connection of square hollow sections (SHS) to explore the effective method of applying CFRP. Due to the peeling effect at the corner region of the SHS-to-SHS connection, early debonding happens in the pilot test that only results in a slight extension in fatigue life. In the following experiments of repairing RHS-to-RHS cross-beam connections, circumferential or transverse restraining CFRP patches are applied in the corner region that prevents early debonding successfully and leads to significant increase in fatigue life. Finally, an improvement is made with the addition of steel strengthening plates that increase both the flexural stiffness and fatigue life of the cracked specimens significantly. The proposed retrofitting method may be useful for repairing other similar fatigue-cracked welded tubular connections.

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van den Berg, M. J., L. J. Wu, P. H. Gander, E. Santos-Fernandez, and L. Signal. "0210 Evaluating the Sensitivity of Sleep Measures for Monitoring Pilot Fatigue in Operational Settings." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.208.

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Abstract Introduction Previously, combined data analyses of four pilot fatigue monitoring studies including 237 pilots flying long-haul and ultra-long range (ULR) flights found no association between pilots’ actigraphic sleep in flight and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance at top-of-descent (TOD; beginning of the landing phase of flight). The present study aimed to determine whether measures of in-flight sleep recorded with polysomnography (PSG) are more sensitive predictors of pilots’ PVT performance near TOD than actigraphic measures. Methods Data were re-analysed from 41 Singapore Airlines A340-500 pilots (median age 47, range 29–58 years) monitored on a ULR trip between Singapore and Los Angeles (average flight duration outbound = 15.6 hrs; inbound = 17.2 hrs). In-flight sleep was recorded simultaneously with PSG (scored in 30-second epochs) and actigraphy (recorded in 30-second epochs and scored in conjunction with sleep diary information). PSG- and actigraphy-determined time awake were calculated as the duration between the end of the last epoch scored as sleep (PSG) or software-scored sleep interval (actigraphy) and the start time of the 10-minute PVT completed near TOD. Results Linear mixed modelling indicated that after controlling for flight sector and intra- and inter-individual variability, neither PSG-derived total in-flight sleep (F (1, 44.4) = 0.006, p= 0.941) and time awake (F (1, 34.3) = 0.431, p= 0.516), nor actigraphic total in-flight sleep (F (1, 51.1) = 0.161, p= 0.69) and time awake (F (1, 34.9) = 0.23, p= 0.634) were associated with PVT response speed at TOD. Conclusion In this context, actigraphy produced identical findings to polysomnography and remains a valid alternative for monitoring in-flight sleep of groups of pilots during ULR flights. Further research is needed to determine whether PVT performance is a discriminatory measure of fatigue-related impairment in pilots. Support This analysis was supported by the Massey University College of Health Research Fund. The Singapore Airlines study was funded by the Singapore Civil Aviation Authority. We thank Dr Jarnail Singh for permission to use these data.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pilot fatigue'

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