Journal articles: 'Pilot Plant Technique'

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Aniket, G. Karodade Aniket G.Karodade, Bhagat Sunil Bhagat Sunil, Swati Deshmukh Dr. Swati Deshmukh Dr., and P. Wable Aniket P. Wable Aniket. "PILOT PLANT SCALE-UP TECHNIQUE." International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation 8, no. 10 (2023): 644–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10119816.

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Pilot plant scale-up technology is a part of the pharmaceutical industry that replaces thescale-up model for large-scale products by developing a reliable and efficient production process. Pilot plant scaling strategies regarding the amount of information will provide guidance for large-scale production, where they will play an important role. Responsibilities include personnel requirements, site requirements, review of raw materials, work equipment, production, GMP decisions and mixing, granulation, drying, compression, etc. General requirements for measurement, such as parameters such as. It plays an important role in development. Drug information. Pilot facilities are smaller than full production facilities. The facility, which is also a training facility, plans to conduct several clinical trials at the pilot site to provide its employees with the opportunity to refine and validate the process.

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MORÁN, ANTONIO, JUAN J. FUERTES, SERAFÍN ALONSO, CARLOS DEL CANTO, and MANUEL DOMÍNGUEZ. "TIME SERIES FOR FAULT DETECTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL PILOT PLANT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 25 (2012): 1246003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212460034.

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Forecasting the evolution of industrial processes can be useful to discover faults. Several techniques based on analysis of time series are used to forecast the evolution of certain critical variables; however, the amount of variables makes difficult the analysis. In this way, the use of dimensionality reduction techniques such as the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) allows us to work with less data to determine the evolution of the process. SOM is a data mining technique widely used for supervision and monitoring. Since the SOM is projects data from a high dimensional space into a 2-D, the SOM reduces the number of variables. Thus, time series with the variables of the low dimensional projection can be created to make easier the prediction of future values in order to detect faults.

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Manikandan, V. "PILOT PLANT SCALE-UP STUDIES FOR PARENTERAL - A REVIEW." International Research Journal Of Pharmacy 12, no. 8 (2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.1208158.

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The dosage form of parenteral is sterile and gives a quick beginning of activity and gives an immediate action to accomplishing the medication impact inside the body. The route of parenteral administration is the most well-known and productive route for the conveyance of dynamic medication substances with poor bioavailability and medications with a tight therapeutic index. The principal objective of the technique was to endeavour to talk about the different procedures needed for the pilot plant production considers. The pilot plant is the term that is normally more modest than large-scale production plants yet it is the underlying scope of sizes. It is planned for learning, and making the definitions on a limited scale to accomplish the relationship with the enormous scope production, and they are normally more adaptable perhaps to the detriment of the economy. Most of the pilot plants are implicit in the maker's own research centres of the manufacturer utilizing stock lab hardware. These pilot plant studies are performed by using a technology transfer (TT) documentation report which is made by the research and development department for product development. Hence, this process would meet product quality, safety, and efficacy and further this production techniques will transfer to large-scale production for parenteral preparation.

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Tontiwachwuthikul, Paitoon, Axel Meisen, and C. J. Lim. "Novel pilot plant technique for sizing gas absorbers with chemical reactions." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 67, no. 4 (1989): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450670412.

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Satmoko, Ari, Tanti Ardiyati, and Hyundianto Arif Gunawan. "Gamma Irradiator Facilities for Processing Plant Industries Products." E3S Web of Conferences 142 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014201003.

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Indonesia is rich in diversity of agroindustrial products. Yet the tropical climate causes agroindustrial products being easily damaged. Techniques for food preservation have been widely known such as drying, cooling or freezing, canning, chemical use and others. To complement these techniques, a promising unconservative technique using ionizing radiation can be safely used to preserve food, without leaving residual radiation or hazardous chemical residues. Unfortunately in Indonesia, the irradiation technique was still not common since few industries have used this technique. Compared to the neighbouring countries, only Indonesia as a big country had no interest in developing irradiator technology. To introduce this technique to the public, especially investors, BATAN in 2017 built a pilot project named as Iradiator Gamma Merah Putih (IGMP). It was designed with maximum activity up to 2 MCi using Cobalt-60 as radioactive sources and can serve from low to high dose. By the time, the number of agroindustrial customers, as well as their quantity to be processed, are increasing. The irradiation technique becomes an appropriate technology for Indonesian agroindustries. It is then necessary to build gamma irradiation facilities in areas that have large agricultural yields. This way can minimalize crop losses and increase the quality of the agricultural products.

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Gernaey, Krist, Herwig Bogaert, Peter Vanrolleghem, Alessandro Massone, Alberto Rozzi, and Willy Verstraete. "A titration technique for on-line nitrification monitoring in activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (1998): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0514.

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A titrimetric method to monitor nitrification was applied on a pilot activated sludge plant for biological N removal. Mixed liquor was sampled from the aerobic compartment of the treatment plant and a titration in-sensor experiment was performed. Interpretation of the cumulative base addition curves resulting from each titration in-sensor experiment was done using both a simple slope extrapolation method and a model-based non-linear parameter estimation method. The NH4+-N concentrations obtained with both methods correlated well with the NH4+-N concentrations measured on the effluent of the pilot plant using an on-line NH4+-N analyser. Contrary to most physical/chemical NH4+-N analysers, no sample pretreatment of the mixed liquor is needed for the measurements. It is shown in detail that interpretation of the titration curves yields information about the nitrification kinetics too, which can be an important advantage for process control purposes.

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Yang, Jin Yong, Mei Ling Kong, Shuang Quan Li, and Xiao Ou Ma. "The Pilot Plant Test of Recovering Chrome from Plating Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Resin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1120.

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In this paper, the chrome plating wastewater of a tin factory in Zhongshan City was taken as research object. In order to offer help for enlarging technique, we studied the pilot plant test of disposing and reclaiming chrome plating wastewater with ion exchange technique and optimized the technological conditions of ion exchange.

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Tinnerberg, Håkan, Tobias Storsjö, and Christina Isaxon. "90 Graphene – Exposure and Emissions at Two Pilot Plants." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 67, Supplement_1 (2023): i60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac087.145.

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Abstract Graphene is a nanomaterial suitable for a wide variety of applications. The industrial production and use of graphene is, hence, increasing rapidly. The main challenge in assessing graphene exposure is that graphene is a carbon structure, making it comparable to look for a needle in a haystack. We have explored the possibility to analyze elemental carbon and black carbon as a measure of personal graphene exposure. Exposure and emission measurements for graphene were conducted at two pilot plants using on- and off-line techniques. One plant produces graphene, up to 10 tons per year, using liquid exfoliation technique. The other plant uses graphene to coat paper in a conventional roll-to-roll process. The measurements were conducted both stationary (in the emission zone and in the background) and as personal measurements (in the breathing zone of the workers). We have analyzed elemental carbon and black carbon as a measure of the personal exposure. In the emission and background zone we have measured number of particles and lung deposited surface area concentration of particles &lt;300nm, mass concentration, and we have collected samples for electron microscopy analysis. The exposure was in general low, but we identified tasks with an increase emissions. Measurements of elemental carbon is a promising technique for occupational hygienists to find possible exposure to graphene.

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Asadollahzadeh, Mehdi, Meisam Torab-Mostaedi, Rezvan Torkaman, and Jaber Safdari. "A new model for prediction of drop size distribution in a liquid–liquid extraction column." RSC Advances 6, no. 86 (2016): 82496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14954e.

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Joubert, A. J., and W. J. Myburgh. "A Comparison of Three Dry Matter Forage Production Methods Used in South Africa." International Journal of Ecology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/314939.

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A common method for determining forage production of rangelands is by clipping and weighing forage from quadrats with predetermined areas. This technique is however time consuming. Other techniques which require less time and labour include amongst others using the disk pasture meter or phytomass derived from the vegetation classification program PHYTOTAB, in conjunction with the Plant Number Scale, which is used to determine vegetation canopy cover. The phytomass determined using PHYTOTAB/Plant Number Scale and the disk pasture meter was compared to the phytomass obtained from the actual clipping and weighing of forage. Tests showed that there were indeed statistically significant differences between the mean phytomass values of the three techniques. Considerable variation was shown in the results of the disk pasture meter readings compared to the other two techniques. The phytomass values obtained using the disk pasture meter were significantly higher than the phytomass determined using both the PHYTOTAB/Plant Number Scale and the clipping and weighing techniques. Results further indicated a significant similarity in the phytomass determined using the PHYTOTAB/Plant Number Scale and the clipping and weighing technique. The results of this pilot study need further investigation.

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Ciardelli, G., G. Capannelli, and A. Bottino. "Ozone treatment of textile wastewaters for reuse." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (2001): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0252.

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Treatment of textile wastewaters by means of an ozonation pilot plant are described. Wastewaters used were produced by a dyeing and finishing factory and were first treated in an active sludge plant and filtrated through sand. In the appropriate conditions very high colour removal (95-99%) was achieved and the effluent could be reused in production processes requiring water of high quality as dyeing yarns or light colorations. Even if the chemical oxygen demand of treated waters was still in a range (75-120 mg/l, a decrease of up to 60%) that was usually considered to be too high for recycling purposes, recycling experiments were successful. The economical viability of the techniques implementation was also demonstrated and the industrial plant is currently under realisation under an EU financed project. The paper considers also the possible improvement of ozone diffusion by means of membrane contactors realised in a second pilot plant, in order to further reduce operating costs of the technique. With respect to traditional systems, the gas/liquid contact surface is much higher being that of the membrane. Ozone at the interface is therefore immediately solubilized and potentially consumed with no additional resistance to the mass transfer.

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Oosterhuis, Mathijs, Davy Ringoot, Alexander Hendriks, and Paul Roeleveld. "Thermal hydrolysis of waste activated sludge at Hengelo Wastewater Treatment Plant, The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 1 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.107.

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The thermal hydrolysis process (THP) is a sludge treatment technique which affects anaerobic biodegradability, viscosity and dewaterability of waste activated sludge (WAS). In 2011 a THP-pilot plant was operated, connected to laboratory-scale digesters, at the water board Regge en Dinkel and in cooperation with Cambi A.S. and MWH Global. Thermal hydrolysis of WAS resulted in a 62% greater volatile solids (VS) reduction compared to non-hydrolysed sludge. Furthermore, the pilot digesters could be operated at a 2.3 times higher solids loading rate compared to conventional sludge digesters. By application of thermal sludge hydrolysis, the overall efficiency of the sludge treatment process can be improved.

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Newell, Bob, Jeff Bailey, Ashraful Islam, Lisa Hopkins, and Paul Lant. "Characterising bioreactor mixing with residence time distribution (RTD) tests." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (1998): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0495.

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This paper presents a technique for configuring wastewater process simulations so that the hydraulic characteristics are similar to the real plant. Residence time distribution (RTD) tests are performed on two biological nutrient removal pilot plants. The RTD tests proved valuable for evaluating mixing effectiveness, volume utilisation and for determining an appropriate hydraulic topology for the dynamic models of the pilot plants. As a result of this work, simulation execution times became much faster due to a significant reduction in the number of effective stirred tanks required in the model. The work also identified short circuiting and dead zones in the pilot plants.

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Yoon, Hyeon, Mi Young Shin, Cheol Ho Yoon, Jae Chun Lee, and Kang Sup Chung. "Preparation and Standardization of Method for Valuable Metals Analysis in Seawaters." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.593.

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A direct analytical technique was developed and tested for correct estimation of recovery of Eco-elements such as Li, B, Br, in the seawater, and three processed seawaters from Hanjoo Co. Ltd. The reliability of recovery technique and the correct estimation of total recoveries become a major interest before the launch of pilot plant. High matrix solutions are frequently affected in analyte response during instrumental analysis as the concentration of major component changed drastically. To overcome such a complication during standard sample preparation and a better application in pilot plant, a modified matrix matching standard addition method was developed and the reliability was checked. The detection limit of elements in several seawaters analyzed by applying the modified matrix matching standard addition method were 0.144 – 0.258-g/dm3 for lithium, 0.0.013 – 0.18mg/dm3 for boron, and 4.23 – 17.8mg/dm3 for bromine. The instrumental analysis was carried by AAS for lithium and ICP-AES for boron and bromine.

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Brissaud, F., M. Salgot, A. Bancolé, C. Campos, and M. Folch. "Residence Time Distribution and Disinfection of Secondary Effluents by Infiltration Percolation." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (1999): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0594.

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Infiltration percolation is used as a tertiary treatment in order to meet the WHO's microbiological standards applying to unrestricted agricultural wastewater reuse. Faecal coliform removal, Δfc, was investigated in laboratory columns and on a 565 m2 pilot plant. Δfc observed in laboratory columns was shown to be closely related to water detention time distribution, DTD. The relationship between Δfc and DTD, which has been determined from column tests, allowed a good prediction of the disinfection performances of the pilot plant for hydraulic loads of 0.54 and 0.66 m/d. For 0.82 m/d, the maximum load that could be tested on the plant, the mean faecal coliform removal was more than 1 log. unit higher than predicted. These unexpected good performances, though calling for more comprehensive explanation, speak for the widespreading of a reliable and cost-effective extensive technique.

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Szendrak, Erika, Paul E. Read, and Jon S. Miller. "Plant Biotechnology Workshop for High School Students." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 504e—504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.504e.

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Modern aspects of many subjects (e.g., computer science and some aspects of medical science) are now taught in many high schools, but the plant sciences are often given short shrift. A collaboration was therefore established with a high school biology program in which pilot workshops could be developed to enable advanced students to gain insights into modern plant science techniques. A successful example is the workshop on plant biotechnology presented in this report. This workshop is simple and flexible, taking into account that most high school biology laboratories and classrooms are not set up for sophisticated plant science/biotechnology projects. It is suitable for from 10 to 30 students, depending upon space and facilities available. Students work in pairs or trios, and learn simple disinfestation and transfer techniques for micropropagation and potential subsequent transformation treatments. Students gain insights into: sterile technique and hygiene; plant hormones and their physiological effects; plant cell, tissue and organ culture; the influence of environmental factors on response of cells and tissues cultured in vitro; and an understanding of the phenomenon of organogenesis and resulting plant growth and development. This workshop has been tested on several classes of students and following analysis, several refinements were included in subsequent iterations. Results of the students' experiments have been positive and instructive, with student learning outcomes above expectations. Further details of the workshop techniques and approach will be presented.

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Houcine, Imed, Mahmoud BenAmara, Amanallah Guizani, and Mohammed Maâlej. "Pilot plant testing of a new solar desalination process by a multiple-effect-humidification technique." Desalination 196, no. 1-3 (2006): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.11.022.

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Coşkun, Özgenur, Halime Pehlivanoğlu, and İbrahim Gülseren. "Pilot Plant Scale Manufacture of Bread Enriched with Seed Protein Concentrates." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (2021): 991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.991-997.3925.

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For many seeds, cold press technology generates higher quantities of cakes than seed oils, which are concentrated in proteins. Valorization of the cakes could offer a viable strategy to manufacture protein fortified foods with comparable characteristics as the conventional products. Here, black cumin, grape seed and pumpkin seed protein concentrates were prepared based on an alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation technique. The influence of protein concentrate addition on the flour, dough and bread characteristics were investigated for textural profile, gluten quality and visual characteristics including color attributes. While the interactions between gluten and seed proteins were mostly weak, some of the physicochemical attributes differed significantly. In terms of volume and visual characteristics, pumpkin seed protein concentrates enriched bread demonstrated similar characteristics as the controls, while black cumin or grape seed protein concentrate enriched wheat flours were more resistant and less extensible than the controls. Similarities and differences between controls and protein enriched gluten-free or gluten-bearing bread were discussed.

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Rodger, C. E., P. M. Huck, S. A. Daignault, and D. T. Williams. "Use of a Chi-Squared Procedure for Comparison of Complex Gas Chromatograms." Water Quality Research Journal 24, no. 2 (1989): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.014.

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Abstract This paper describes the use of a statistical technique involving the chi-squared test to assist in the interpretation of broad spectrum gas chromatographic data. The GC data were collected during the operation of a pilot plant which examined in parallel four alternative drinking water disinfectants – chloramines, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone. Treatment process samples were obtained by passing water through XAD-2 resin which was then extracted and the extracts concentrated and used for GC analysis and mutagenicity testing. The pilot plant treated three seasonally distinct types of water-winter, spring thaw and spring-summer. A large number of XAD-2 adsorbable and gas chromatographable organic compounds were present in the raw water, producing chromatograms having a large number of peaks. Oxidant addition resulted in some change in the chromatograms, but the basic fingerprint remained largely unaltered. The chi-squared technique was used to make semi-quantitative comparisons of the chromatograms over time and among the four oxidants. Chromatograms showing abnormal peak counts often corresponded to mutagenic or toxic events.

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Wang, Shao Long, Ting Lei, Zhe Shi, Ya Bin Liu, and Fan Wang. "Study and Application of Magnesium Removal Technique in Zinc Hydrometallurgy." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.610.

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Mg2+ removal technique in Zn hydrometallurgy was investigated in a single-factor-based test to examine the impact of NaF dose, pH, reactive duration and the reactive temperature on NaF-based Mg removal and the optimal process condition for NaF-based Mg removal was obtained as below: at the actual NaF dose 0.8~1.0 times as much as the theoretical dose, pH 4.0~4.5, reactive duration of 60~75 mins and the reactive temperature 60~75 °C, the agitation rpm of 400. The up to 85.5% of all Mg can be removed, which can be referenced in any experiment at a pilot-plant scale.

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Gastelo, Elmer, Juan Montes de Oca, Edward Carpio, et al. "Elimination of Escherichia coli in Water Using Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles: Laboratory and Pilot Plant Experiments." Materials 12, no. 13 (2019): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132103.

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This paper focuses on the synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles by the sol–gel method and their photocatalytic activity to eliminate bacteria in aqueous media at two different scales: in a laboratory reactor and a solar pilot plant. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared using Co(II) and Fe(II) salts as precursors and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as a surfactant. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain ATCC 22922 was used as model bacteria for contact biocidal analysis carried out by disk diffusion method and photocatalysis under an ultraviolet A (UV-A) lamp for laboratory analysis and solar radiation (radiation below 350 W/m2 in a typical cloudy day) for the pilot plant analysis. The results showed that cobalt ferrite nanoparticles have an average diameter of (36 ± 20) nm and the X-ray diffraction pattern shows a cubic spinel structure. Using the disk diffusion technique, it was obtained inhibition zones of (17 ± 2) mm diameter. Results confirm the photocatalytic elimination of E. coli in water samples with remaining bacteria below 1% of the initial concentration during the experiment time (30 min for laboratory tests and 1.5 h for pilot plant tests).

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Mihaescu, Lucian, Gheorghe Lazaroiu, Gabriel Negreanu, and Ionel Pisa. "Influence of the characteristics of biogas generated in the leather industry on combustion quality." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 5 (2018): 1349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci18s5349m.

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The treatment of protein waste in the leather industry also includes transformation into biogas through anaerobic digestion. A pilot plant producing biogas with a 45-60% CH4 concentration was designed for this purpose. Starting from primary experimental tests in a Bunsen burner, the paper presents the theoretical aspects of choosing the best combustion technique for this peculiar gaseous fuel in order to calculate the combustion velocity and checking the conditions for the flame stability. The applicability of the kinetic combustion (with pre-mix) will be attempted, because low combustion rates for this fuel also involve low air velocities. Diffusive combustion seems to not be affected by this impediment, as there is always an equality condition of flame velocity with burning speed, so a theoretical spot of a stable flame. After selecting the best combustion technique, a pilot burner will be designed and tested.

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Maier, D., M. Maier, and M. Sörensen. "Funnel and radiation: a new technique for groundwater remediation." Water Supply 2, no. 1 (2002): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0014.

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For the remediation of the groundwater of the former gas plant site of the city of Karlsruhe, which is contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a funnel-and-gate system was designed. In addition to the primary contamination with PAHs from the site itself a secondary contamination with vinylchloride (VC) is present in the aquifer as a result of a plume of degraded volatile organic compounds (VOCs) transported into the contaminated area from outside. For the removal of the contaminants an advanced novel technique consisting of an in-situ-UV-radiation in combination with adsorption on activated carbon was used. In this paper the first results of the experiments of the application of pilot scale equipment for the in-situ-UV-radiation for the oxidation of PAHs and VC are presented.

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Wulandari, Diah Ayu Retnani, Velia Aprita Dewi, and M. Arif Hidayat. "Smart Crop Rotation For Sustainable Agriculture Against Climate Change Based On Local Wisdom." E3S Web of Conferences 448 (2023): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344801015.

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Rotation plant can in a manner effective reduce fragility system plant. Rotation plant need consider Lots factor. If happen error in election type plants, can lower results plant next. moment This rotation planting is done only based on estimate. exists artificial intelligence technology with use the Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method that can used for optimization scheduling rotation plant. SMART is method weighting and calculation on determination scheduling rotation plant with determine ranking plant replacement in rotation plant based on criteria already determined. The criteria used namely botanical family, availability and needs water, and cost. Addition criteria based on culture on scheduling land agriculture as in a research pilot project in the region Java east use culture planting with “Pranata Mangsa” java’s calendar. Research results show application system supporters decision rotation plant use SMART method has accuracy by 90%. Ranking results sorted from percentage biggest until smallest.

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Kaindl, Nikolaus, Ulf Tillman, and Christian H. Möbius. "Enhancement of Capacity and Efficiency of a Biological Waste Water Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (1999): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0717.

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The capacity and efficiency of the existing activated sludge waste water treatment plant at SCA Graphic Laakirchen AG needs to be enhanced due to an expected future increase in waste water flow and COD-load. For the case of an existing upper limit of COD discharges into the river, the COD reduction rate of the waste water treatment has to be increased to a degree which is unobtainable by biodegradation only. Laboratory and pilot plant trials using a moving bed biofilm technique and an activated sludge treatment combined with ozone treatment and subsequent biofiltration have been performed with the aim to increase the COD reduction capacity and efficiency of the plant. The results show that the COD reduction capacity of the existing activated sludge plant can be increased by more than 100% by integrating a moving bed biofilm pre-treatment stage into the plant. In addition, improved sludge separation in the secondary clarifier was established. A special benefit of the ozonation plus biofilter treatment is a controllable COD reduction between 20 - 90% related to the outflow of the activated sludge plant. It is concluded that by integrating the investigated treatment techniques in the existing activated sludge plant the future increases in waste water flow and COD-Load can be handled satisfactorily without increasing bioreactor volume.

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Brenner, A., N. Ben-Shushan, M. H. Siegel, and J. C. Merchuk. "Pilot plant performance and model calibration of a sequencing batch air-lift reactor." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 1 (1997): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0028.

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A sequencing batch wastewater treatment process was studied in a 200 L air-lift reactor (ALR), using a synthetic wastewater. A modification of the SBR process was introduced to exploit the ALR's geometric structure using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) mode of feeding. The mean COD removal efficiency of the process was extremely high. A study was made of the change in the filtered COD concentration in the reactor as a function of time during a cycle. A partial reduction in the COD was observed after the UASB Fill stage. Further removal of the residual COD was achieved within a very short time once air was supplied to the system. These phenomena required the inclusion of a biosorption-storage concept in the mathematical description of the system, in order to predict more precisely the COD transformations. The mathematical model parameters were evaluated experimentally and then calibrated with the aid of an optimization technique. Experimental results including COD, MLVSS, DO and OUR changes showed good agreement with model predictions.

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Aguilar, Orlando, Daniel Navarro, Yubrany González, Elvis García, Heidy Camargo, and Orlando Aguilar. "Advances of a pilot study on gasification of Saccharum Spontaneum to produce electricity in Panama." E3S Web of Conferences 181 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018101008.

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Saccharum spontaneum, known locally as “Paja Canalera”, is a non-native herbaceous species of Panamanian flora, it is invasive and can spread rapidly, even in critical environmental conditions. In the dry season, it is the object of fires of plant mass affecting other species of flora, fauna and communities. This study focuses on assessing the use of the species as a biomasic material for energy production through the gasification technique. Samples of the material present in the Panama Canal Hydrographic Basin (CHCP) were conducted, where there are approximately 6,932 hectares covered by that species. A thermophysical and energetic characterization of the species was carried out, and the use of said plant species is considered as a renewable energy resource with the potential to be converted into gaseous fuel (syngas) by means of the gasification technique and its subsequent generation of electrical energy. Based on the available Biomass, results indicate an energy potential of 536.5 GWh. Tests of various treatments were carried out based on the physical properties of the biomass and tested with various volumetric air flows in order to find the most efficient form of gasification of S. spontaneum, based on the chemical composition of the resulting gas.

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Silva, C. H. F., H. M. Henrique, and L. C. Oliveira-Lopes. "Experimental Application of Predictive Controllers." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/159072.

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Model predictive control (MPC) has been used successfully in industry. The basic characteristic of these algorithms is the formulation of an optimization problem in order to compute the sequence of control moves that minimize a performance function on the time horizon with the best information available at each instant, taking into account operation and plant model constraints. The classical algorithms Infinite Horizon Model Predictive Control (IHMPC) and Model Predictive Control with Reference System (RSMPC) were used for the experimental application in the multivariable control of the pilot plant (level and pH). The simulations and experimental results indicate the applicability and limitation of the control technique.

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Ramos-Teodoro, Jerónimo, Juan D. Gil, Lidia Roca, Francisco Rodríguez, and Manuel Berenguel. "Optimal Water Management in Agro-Industrial Districts: An Energy Hub’s Case Study in the Southeast of Spain." Processes 9, no. 2 (2021): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020333.

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In this work, the optimal management of the water grid belonging to a pilot agro-industrial district, based on greenhouse cultivation, is analyzed. Different water supply plants are considered in the district, some of them using renewable energies as power sources, i.e., a solar thermal desalination plant and a nanofiltration facility powered up by a photovoltaic field. Moreover, the trade with the water public utility network is also taken into account. As demanding agents, a greenhouse and an office building are contemplated. Due to the different water necessities, demand profiles, and the heterogeneous nature of the different plants considered as supplier agents, the management of the whole plant is not trivial. In this way, an algorithm based on the energy hubs approach, which takes into account economic terms and the optimal use of the available resources in its formulation, is proposed for the pilot district with a cropping area of 616 m2. Simulation results are provided in order to evidence the benefits of the proposed technique in two cases: Case 1 considers the flexible operation of the desalination plant, whereas in Case 2 the working conditions are forced to equal the plant’s maximum capacity (Case 2). A flexible operation results in a weekly improvement of 4.68% in profit, an optimized use of the desalination plant, and a reduction of the consumption of water from the public grid by 58.1%.

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Saberi, S., K. Shakourzadeh, D. Bastoul, and J. Militzer. "Bubble size and velocity measurement in gas-liquid systems: Application of fiber optic technique to pilot plant scale." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 73, no. 2 (1995): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450730213.

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Tatarczuk, Adam, Tomasz Spietz, Lucyna Więcław-Solny, et al. "Enhancing CO2 Capture Efficiency: Advanced Modifications of Solvent-Based Absorption Process—Pilot Plant Insights." Energies 18, no. 9 (2025): 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092236.

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Since fossil fuels still dominate industry and electricity production, post-combustion carbon capture remains essential for decarbonizing these sectors. The most advanced technique for widespread application, particularly in hard-to-abate industries, is amine-based absorption. However, increasing energy efficiency is crucial for broader implementation. This study presents pilot-scale results from the Tauron Power Plant in Poland using a mobile CO2 capture unit (1 TPD). Two innovative process modifications—Split Flow (SF) and Heat Integrated Stripper (HIS)—were experimentally investigated; they achieved a 10% reduction in reboiler heat duty, reaching 2.82 MJ/kgCO2, along with a 36% decrease in overall heat losses and up to a 28% reduction in cross-flow heat exchanger duty. The analysis highlights both the advantages and challenges of these modifications. SF is easier to retrofit into existing plants, whereas the HIS requires more extensive modifications in the stripper section, thus making HIS more cost-effective for new installations. Moreover, as heat consumption constitutes the primary operational cost, even a moderate reduction in heat duty can lead to significant economic benefits. The HIS also offers substantial potential for thermal integration in industries with available waste heat streams. The pilot data underwent validation procedures to ensure reliability, which provides a robust foundation for process modeling, optimization, and scaling for industrial applications.

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Fujii, Shigeo, Chiaki Niwa, Mitsuo Mouri, and Ranjna Jindal. "Pilot-plant experiments for improvement of polluted canal/klong water by rock-bed filtration." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 8 (1997): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0300.

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Applicability of the rock-bed filtration technique was investigated through pilot-plant experiments in Bangkok, Thailand. Polluted canal water was used as horizontal flow influent to two reactor channels filled with rocks. During one year operation, HRT, filter media, and aeration mode, were changed in several runs. The results showed that 1) the rock-bed filtration with aeration and the HRT more than 6 h can successfully improve polluted klong water by reducing the pollutants (e.g. 60-120mg/L of SS to 20-40 mg/L and 15-30 mg/L of BOD to 5-20 mg/L); 2) main removal mechanism seems to be the sedimentation resulting from the settleability enhanced by aeration, and the biofilm attached onto rocks also works in the reduction of soluble organic matter; 3) a combination of three rock sizes arranged in descending order showed best results; 4) longer HRT (13 h) produces better effluent but is not so effective if it exceeds 9 hours; 5) 60-70% of sediment IL was decomposed in a year, and porosity in rock beds reduced approximately 16%.

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Wang, X. C., P. K. Jin, H. L. Yuan, E. R. Wang, and N. Tambo. "Pilot study of a fluidized-pellet-bed technique for simultaneous solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening in a sewage treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (2004): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0614.

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A fluidized-pellet-bed separator with movable sludge hoppers was applied in pilot scale for the separation and thickening of activated sludge mixture liquid. Under the condition of suspension SS around 4,000 mg/L, polymer (CJX103, cationic, MW 5 × 106) dose at a dry solid ratio of 0.003 and upward flow rate at 5.4 m/hr, the fluidized pellet bed performed solid/liquid separation and sludge thickening well. The SS concentration of the treated water was about 5 mg/L on average and the moisture content of the sludge after screening for 5 min was less than 94%, which is much lower than that after conventional settling and thickening and easy to be finally disposed. At a higher upward flow rate of 7.2 m/hr, similar results could also be obtained but higher polymer dose (solid ratio of 0.004) was required. The morphological characteristics and density-size relationship of the granular particles formed in the fluidized pellet bed were also investigated by image analysis and settling velocity measurement of individual particles. The two-dimensional fractal dimension was evaluated to be 1.6-1.8, showing a good quasi-spherical morphology of the granular particles with their density much higher than the conventional flocs. The results of the pilot study indicate a possible way to innovate the conventional secondary settling and gravitational thickening processes for solid/liquid separation and sludge handling, especially for small scale wastewater treatment plants to reach the goal of space saving and higher treatment efficiency.

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Williams, Kindle Shea, Sarah Yribarren, Anna Kogler, et al. "Scaling up an Electrochemical Nitrogen Recovery Process from Lab Benchtop to Pilot Wastewater Plant." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 27 (2023): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01271763mtgabs.

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Municipal wastewater and agricultural runoff contain large amounts of reactive nitrogen, which can pollute the environment upon release, leading to harmful algal blooms and poor drinking water quality. At the same time, these reactive nitrogen species are valuable and can be recycled to generate fertilizers and commodity chemicals; it has been estimated that doing so would offset the need for ~30% of global Haber-Bosch ammonia production. For this reason, both removal and recovery of active nitrogen from wastewaters are important goals. An electrochemical separations technique known as Electrochemical Stripping (ECS) has been developed to achieve selective ammonia recovery from wastewater.1 This technique leverages pH swings induced by water-splitting, coupled with appropriate cation- and gas-selective membranes, to remove and recover ammonia nitrogen from wastewaters. ECS has been demonstrated at the benchtop scale with relatively high efficiency (>90% total ammonia nitrogen [TAN] recovery) in various wastewaters, and the effects of certain process variables such as temperature, influent TAN concentration, and gas-permeable membrane material have previously been reported.2 Our goal with this work is to initiate ECS process scale-up by at least 3 orders of magnitude in order to match the scale of municipal wastewater treatment. In order to do this, we set out to build a more complete fundamental process model to inform our design decisions during scale-up. Here we will present results of exploratory tests varying multiple process parameters, including current density, relative electrolyte volumes, reactor residence time, catholyte solution chemistry, and reactor geometry. We then translate these results into a process model comprising thermodynamic relationships as well as kinetic equations, describing both the rates of species generation/consumption as well as transport between reactor compartments. This model, which yields molecular-level insights, is then used in an iterative fashion to first predict performance at small scales under new sets of conditions, and then ultimately inform the design of a ~1000 L/day ECS reactor at a pilot-scale wastewater treatment facility. In addition, we will discuss findings from stakeholder engagement conducted in parallel to lab-scale tests, indicating utility limitations, priorities, needs for certain effluent specs, desired product specs, cost bounds, and details around hydrogen coproduct handling. These discussions additionally feed into design decisions and are crucial for eventual technology deployment. References: (1) Tarpeh, W. A.; Barazesh, J. M.; Cath, T. Y.; Nelson, K. L. Electrochemical Stripping to Recover Nitrogen from Source-Separated Urine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (3), 1453–1460. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05488. (2) Liu, M. J.; Neo, B. S.; Tarpeh, W. A. Building an Operational Framework for Selective Nitrogen Recovery via Electrochemical Stripping. Water Res. 2020, 169, 115226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115226.

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Zilverentant, A. G. "Pilot-testing, design and full-scale experience of a sequencing batch reactor system for the treatment of the potentially toxic waste water from a road and rail car cleaning site." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 1 (1997): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0061.

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A cleaning site for road and rail car tankers emits a waste water stream of 200-250 m3/d. The waste water was originally treated in a physico-chemical waste water treatment plant. It was required to improve the effluent quality in order to meet the future discharge limits. As a possible treatment technique the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology, with an option for powdered activated carbon (PAC) dosing, was selected. Waste water originating from road and rail car cleaning installations is known to be potentially toxic/inhibitory. As a first step in the design procedure a pilot test was run for a period of 8 months. This pilot showed the SBR to be an appropriate technology for the treatment of the waste water. The PAC option was not feasible. Based on the pilot results a full scale installation, comprising a batch reactor with a diameter of 10.4 m and a maximum water depth of 17.3 m, was designed and successfully started up. This paper presents the highlights of the total project.

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Win, Kyu Kyu, Hitoki Matsuda, Masanobu Hasatani, Wojciech Nowak, Matthias Kruse, and Joachim Werther. "Measurement of particle flow behavior in a pilot-plant multi-solid fluidized bed combustor by using suction probe technique." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 29, no. 2 (1996): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.29.205.

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Withouck, Hannes, Axel Paelinck, Imogen Foubert, and Ilse Fraeye. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Applewood Polyphenols at Lab and Pilot Scales." Foods 12, no. 17 (2023): 3142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12173142.

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This study focused on the extraction of polyphenols from applewood using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). First, the influence of solvent composition and mass–volume (m:v) ratio on the extraction yield was studied at a lab scale (200 mL). Overall, a ratio of 1:33 (m:v) resulted in a higher yield of polyphenols. Furthermore, both a higher yield of polyphenols and higher antioxidant capacity were detected in the extracts produced in the presence of a 30 v/v % ethanol mixture compared to pure water; a further increase in ethanol did not improve the extraction yield. Second, under the optimal conditions (30 v/v % ethanol–water; 1:33 and 1:20 (m:v)), the UAE technique was applied at a pilot scale (100 L). At 1:33 (m:v), the polyphenol yield was lower at the pilot scale compared to the lab scale; by contrast, at 1:20 (m:v), production at the pilot scale resulted in a higher yield compared to the lab scale. To identify and quantify individual polyphenols, HPLC-PDA analyses were performed. Phloridzin appears to be the major identified compound. Finally, the UAE process was compared to a conventional solid–liquid extraction technique, showing that a significantly higher yield could be obtained with UAE.

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Iza, J., P. J. Keenan, and M. S. Switzenbaum. "Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate: Operation of a Pilot Scale Hybrid UASB/AF Reactor." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (1992): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0157.

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Landfill disposal is a widely used technique for solid waste management. The leachate produced, owing to moisture release and rain and snow infiltration, can cause environmental hazards if it is not properly collected, treated, and disposed. An on-site pilot plant study was carried out to assess the treatability of the leachate from a developing landfill. Details of the designed reactor and data collected during a long term run are presented, showing that a young landfill leachate is amenable to anaerobic treatment of its organic fraction, but special care should be taken with the management of the inorganic compounds, especially heavy metals.

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Suvorin, А. V., M. N. Shorokhov, M. A. Ozheredova, O. N. Bliznjuk, I. M. Ryshchenko, and N. Yu Masalitina. "Purification of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater by chemical precipitation: test results of an experimental-industrial installation." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (May 2021): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-136-3-121-127.

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We present the main results of experimental and industrial study of the developed process and pilot plant for purification of the Cr(VI)-containing rinse water by chemical precipitation. This technique implies full or partial return of treated water to rinse workpieces after chromium plating and prepare working solutions (precipitators). We characterize the manufacturing scheme of the pilot plant and the mode of its performance. Saturated aqueous solutions of Са(ОH)2 and Ва(ОH)2 were used as precipitating reagents. The tests confirmed the possibility of automatic dosing the reagents with due regard for the pH value of a medium, which can be used in both continuous and periodic rinsing. The operating conditions of rinsing the workpieces after electrochemical chromium plating were justified. We derived the equation for the calculation of the total salt content in the rinse water after its purification. We determined the duration of the rinsing without the need to renew the bath volume. The performed calculations substantiated the possibility of reducing the consumption of fresh water supplied for rinsing by the recycling of wastewater without deteriorating the quality of the rinsed workpieces. The reduction of water consumption by 35% was observed as compared with that stated by the regulations.

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Qin, Jian-Jun, Maung Htun Oo, and Kiran A. Kekre. "Preliminary study on novel backwash cleaning for reverse osmosis fouling control in water reuse." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (2010): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.418.

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We have demonstrated a novel backwash cleaning technique of direct osmosis (DO)-high salinity (HS) for reverse osmosis (RO) fouling control in water reuse. An UF-RO pilot system was continuously (24-h) operated on site with the secondary effluent as the feed over 4 months. The RO plant was run at 75% recovery and at the membrane flux of 17 l m−2 h−1 (LMH) to simulate the full scale NEWater production when DO-HS treatment was conducted once per day and five times per week during the last two months. Permeability of RO membranes as a function of elapse time of the pilot operation was monitored and compared over different durations. Impact of DO-HS treatment on RO product quality in terms of TOC and conductivity was investigated. It was concluded that the DO-HS treatment preliminarily demonstrated a benefit to low RO fouling rate by 2.5–4 times in 30–60 days without interruption on RO operation and impact on RO product quality.

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Abid, Kifah H., Jihane Mendil, and Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan. "Studying dispersed phase holdup in a pilot plant agitated liquid–liquid mixer by developing online expanded laser beam based technique." Chemical Engineering Science 251 (April 2022): 117461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2022.117461.

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Biyoune, Mohamed Ghali, Brahim Bouargane, Hicham Bari, et al. "Water quality depends on remineralization’s method in the desalination plant." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 2 (2020): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc10202002141228mgb.

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Desalination of seawater is an alternative solution in arid zones to provide potable water. In south Morocco, the National Office of Electricity and Water (ONEE) has built many desalination factories. However, the osmosis water (permeate) is unbalanced and has a corrosive character. Therefore, a post-treatment of remineralization is necessary to return to water its calcio-carbonic equilibrium and to protect the distribution pipelines from corrosion degradation. Following the performance on limestone bed remineralization in Daoura plant in comparison with other methods, this article evaluates this technique, by checking the effect of parameters on water quality on the laboratory scale using a calcite bed pilot. We tested E.B.C.T (Empty Bed Contact Time), the upward speed, the bed length, the effect of water debit and the residence time on the treated water quality. Monitoring these parameters on the laboratory scale is indeed essential for optimal remineralization process. With the results of this study as well as economic consideration, it is possible to optimize the choice of the conditions needed for remineralization operation through limestone bed to minimize its costs with sizing and extrapolating to the industrial scale.

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Ho, Thanh-Tam, Thi My Ngan Ha, Thi Kim Cuc Nguyen, and Thanh Do Le. "Pilot-scale Culture of adventitious Root for the Production of pharmacology active from medicinal plants: a Mini Review." BIO Web of Conferences 40 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20214003003.

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Plant tissue culture technology is a technique for aseptic culture of plant tissues under artificial culture conditions. It can be used as a means to directly mass-produce of bioactive compounds from different culture systems such as adventitious roots (ARs), hairy root, callus, somatic embryogenesis of medicinal plants. ARs cultures show high root proliferation, biomass production and have the potential to synthesize specific bioactive compounds. ARs can be induced in vitro from various explants, such as leaves, roots, stem, petiole callus, etc. Various parameters such as auxins, nitrous oxide, and light have shown to affect the morphogenesis of ARs. Air-lift bioreactors appear to be ideal for plant cell and organ cultures. They are suitable for the ARs culture of various medicinal plants. To scale-up ARs cultures, the Balloon type bubble bioreactor (BTBB) is reported to be a suitable system for the accumulation of both biomass and bioactive compounds production in numerous various medicinal plants. BTBB provides optimum conditions for growth and bioactive compound accumulation by efficiently controlling the culture environment, foam generation, reducing shear stress, and supplying optimal oxygen. This review summarized a strategy and approach for ARs culture for the production of biomass and secondary metabolites from laboratory to industrial scales by using air-lift bioreactor culture systems.

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K Bhendale, Vinod, and Ganesh V Dhakne. "A Review on "Pilot Plant Scale - Up Techniques for Tablet"." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 9 (2021): 875–81. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21909120436.

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Aziz, Hanida Abdul, Azmi Mohd Shariff, and Risza Rusli. "Operational Training Management System (OPTRAMS) for Safe Operation in Process Plant." Advanced Materials Research 917 (June 2014): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.325.

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Many publications have reported about 37% of major accidents in petroleum, chemical, nuclear, aviation, and in the other process industries that occurred worldwide were due to human error. One of the keys contributing factors that could prevent these accidents is to provide appropriate training to the plant personnel. However, accidents still can happen if training is poorly managed and improperly trained personnel handling the operation of the plant. One of the established industrial standards to manage the training is Training element of Process Safety Management (PSM) 29 CFR 1910.119(g). This paper presents a system to manage training for safe operation following 29 CFR 1910.119(g) namely Operational Training Management System (OPTRAMS). It provides strategies to manage information and documentation related to training. OPTRAMS was implemented at the CO2-Hydrocarbon Absorption System (CHAS) pilot plant at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS as a case study. The study showed that all operational training can be managed efficiently with OPTRAMS and also assists end users to identify the gaps that hinder training of PSM compliance. The implementation of this technique could help end users to prevent and minimize catastrophic accidents and comply with training of PSM standard.

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Peñas-Corte, María, Paula R. Bouzas, Juan Nieto del Río, Maximino Manzanera, Adoración Barros-Rodríguez, and José R. Fernández-Navarro. "Enhancing Maize Stress Tolerance and Productivity through Synergistic Application of Bacillus velezensis A6 and Lamiales Plant Extract, Biostimulants Suitable for Organic Farming." Biology 13, no. 9 (2024): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13090718.

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Maize, a globally significant cereal, is increasingly cultivated under challenging environmental conditions, necessitating innovations in sustainable agriculture. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of a novel technique combining a Bacillus velezensis A6 strain with a plant extract from the Lamiales order on maize growth and stress resilience. Employing a pilot field trial, this study was conducted on the “La Añoreta” experimental farm of the ECONATUR group, where various biostimulant treatments, including bacterial and plant extract applications, were tested against a control group. The treatments were applied during key vegetative growth stages (V10-Tenth-Leaf, VT-Tassel, R1-Silking) and monitored for effects on plant height, biomass, and fumonisin content. The results suggest that the combined treatment of Bacillus velezensis A6 and the plant extract increases maize height (32.87%) and yield (62.93%) and also reduces fumonisin concentrations, improving its resistance to stress, compared to the control and other treatments. This study highlights the potential of microbial and botanical biostimulants and its novel combination for improving crop productivity and sustainability, suggesting that such synergistic combinations could play a crucial role in enhancing agricultural resilience to environmental stresses.

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van Velsen, A. F. M., G. van der Vos, R. Boersma, and J. L. de Reuver. "High Gradient Magnetic Separation Technique for Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 10 (1991): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0292.

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Smit Nymegen Magnetic Water treatment Systems (MWS), a business group of Smit Transformatoren BV, has recently developed a very efficient magnet for wastewater treatment. The magnet is the core element of a complete system to eliminate phosphates, heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater. The system is based on the attachment of wastewater pollutants to a magnetic carrier material (magnetite) and a subsequent magnetic separation of the magnetite-pollutant conglomerates. After separation, the magnetite is recovered and re-used in the process. Main advantages of the magnetic separation process are:▸high elimination performance▸low power input for magnet operation▸compact process▸low space requirements▸no clogging because of open matrix structure. The development of the magnetic system has been focused on the phosphate-removal from effluents of sewage treatment plants. Being a tertiary treatment, magnetic phosphate removal can be applied after any type of sewage treatment and it does not interfere with the biological process. Pilot plant tests at various sewage works showed that magnetic separation reduces the total-phosphate concentration to values as low as 0.1-0.5 mg/l. The system will be demonstrated in two full-scale plants with a capacity of 300 m3/h and 600 m3/h, respectively. The costs of magnetic phosphate removal (Dfl. 12,- to 18,-) are competitive with those of other phosphate removal techniques. The development of the magnetic phosphate removal system is granted by the Dutch Ministries of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, Economic Affairs and Transport and Public Works.

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Wenten, I. Gede, Khoiruddin Khoiruddin, Ahmad Nurul Hakim, Putu T. P. Aryanti, and Nengsi Rova. "Long-Term Performance of a Pilot Scale Combined Chemical Precipitation-Ultrafiltration Technique for Waste Brine Regeneration at Chevron Steam Flooding Plant." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 52, no. 4 (2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2020.52.4.4.

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Oberherr, Renata, Renata Fioravante Tassinary, Letícia Vognach, and Simone Stulp. "Application of ultrafiltration and electrodialysis techniques in lactic acid removal from whey solutions." Eclética Química Journal 44, no. 1SI (2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v44.1si.2019.p39-45.

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Due to the biotechnological value of whey, this work aims at applying the ultrafiltration (UF) and subsequently the electrodialysis (ED) techniques in pilot scale plant. Whey (5% concentration) was treated twice by the UF technique, with a pressure of 4 bar (flow mode 20 L h-1). The permeate obtained was submitted to the ED process, in which 12 V were applied for 4 h. In order to evaluate the UF, parameters as turbidity, color, TOC and pH were measured. Regarding the ED technique, parameters as pH, conductivity, calcium, sodium and lactic acid concentration were evaluated. The electrodialysis unit was operated on a constant voltage, and tested the range was from 3 to 12 V. After the UF and ED processes, the pH remained unchanged. Thereafter the UF treatment, the initial turbidity was reduced by 99.9%. In terms of parameter reduction after ED, the calcium concentration was decreased in 36.0% soon after UF and ED treatments, and the lactic acid concentration in 80.0%. These results point to the possible combination of UF and ED to treat the whey and signals the potential of further using the resulting solutions as inputs in new applications in the food industry such as lactose.

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Giri, A. K., Vishal Kumar, Kiran, Vijay Vyas, Ashis Kumar, and Dinesh Gautam. "Phytoremediation of Domestic Sewage in Constructed Wetland Integrated with Cultivation of Chlorella sp.: A Novel Technique for Remediation and Resource Recovery." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 20, no. 3 (2023): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw230042.

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Domestic sewage-based constructed wetland (CW) showed that the effluent from CW-system contain enough plant nutrients and enhanced the growth of microalgae. Hence, a pilot CW system employing Typha latifolia in domestic sewage, integrated with the cultivation wild type Chlorella sp. was investigated. Phytoremediation at 48 hours of detention time caused significant changes in its physicochemical properties and the generated effluent was notably attractive for the cultivation of microalgae. The microalga was grown in 6 treatments: treated-mixotrophic (T1), treated-heterotrophic (T2), treated-autotrophic (T3), control-mixotrophic (T4), control-heterotrophic (T5) and control-autotrophic (T6) conditions for 8 days inside an incubator. The results suggested that phytoremediation effluents integrated with mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae, utilising both light and carbon sources could be the most efficient, environmentally safe, sustainable and novel technique for synergistic resource generation and bioremediation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pilot Plant Technique'

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