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1
Foster, Margaret. "Hagesias as Sunoikistêr." Classical Antiquity 32, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 283–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2013.32.2.283.
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In positioning his laudandus Hagesias as the co-founder of Syracuse, Pindar considers the larger ideological implications of including a seer in a colonial foundation. The poet begins Olympian 6 by praising Hagesias as an athletic victor, seer, and sunoikistêr (co-founder) and therefore as a figure of enormous ritual power. This portrayal, however, introduces an element of competition into Hagesias' relationship with his patron Hieron, the founder of Aitna. In response, the ode's subsequent mythic portions circumscribe Hagesias' status so as to mitigate any challenge the seer might present to Hieron's own political authority. An intertextual reading of Olympian 6's myth with the myth of Pelops in Olympian 1 highlights Pindar's careful negotiation of Hagesias' position in this colonial context. Despite the resulting need to affirm Hagesias' subordination to Hieron, Pindar joins together the seemingly incompatible roles of seer and co-founder because, as an intertextual reading of Nemean 1 helps to illustrate, Hagesias embodies and symbolically enacts in the ode Hieron's synoikism of Aitna.
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Starikovsky, Grigory G. "PINDAR’S SEVEN NEMEAN ODE: FOREWORD, TRANSLATION, AND COMMENT." Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2415-8852-2020-3-95-112.
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In the victory odes written for the Aeginetan athletes, Pindar constantly draws upon mythological characters associated with Aegina. Th ese are: Aeacus, fi rst king of Aegina, and the Aeacidae, his descendants (Peleus, Telamon, Ajax, Achilles, and Neoptolemos). Nemean 7, dedicated to Sogenes, winner in boys’ pentathlon, is no exception: the mythological segment incorporated into the epinikion deals with Neoptolemos. At the time of Pindar, Neoptolemos was commonly known for his bloodthirsty escapades during the fi nal stage of the Trojan war: according to the Cyclic poets, he murders Priam at the altar of Zeus and throws Astyanax, the son of Hector and Andromache, from the city wall; it is the murder of Priam that incurs the wrath of Apollo in Pindar’s own Paean 6, which predates Nemean 7. In the preamble to the translation of Nem. 7, I demonstrate how Pindar’s account alters the more conventional perception of Neoptolemos: for instance, the poet doesn’t mention Neoptolemos’s atrocities; rather, aft er his premature death at the hands of the priest of Apollo, Neoptolemos becomes a “rightful overseer of processions honoring heroes” in Delphi (tr. W. Race), virtually Apollo’s helper. I argue that Pindar’s presentation of Neoptolemos may inspire Sogenes and his father Th earion, who commissioned the epinikion, to entrust the poet with the project of celebrating Sogenes’s athletic triumph, as Pindar promises the victorious athlete everlasting glory, akin to the one possessed by Neoptolemos.
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Steiner, Deborah. "Moving Images: Fifth-Century Victory Monuments and the Athlete's Allure." Classical Antiquity 17, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011076.
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This article treats representations of victors in the Greek athletic games in the artistic and poetic media of the early classical age, and argues that fifth-century sculptors, painters and poets similarly constructed the athlete as an object designed to arouse desire in audiences for their works. After reviewing the very scanty archaeological evidence for the original victory images, I seek to recover something of the response elicited by these monuments by looking to visualizations of athletes in contemporary vase-painting and literary sources, and most particularly in the epinician odes of Pindar. Poets and painters, I suggest, both place their subjects within an erotically-charged atmosphere which replicates that surrounding actual athletes in the city gymnasia and at the games, and encourage audiences to regard the youthful bodies on display as "spectacularized" objects, sources of both aesthetic and sensual pleasure. The makers of monumental images work within the same paradigm, also prompting the viewer to transfer the sentiments aroused by the real-world athlete and victor to his re-presentation in bronze. Through an examination of the conventions used for victor images, and a close study of the so-called Motya charioteer, I propose that the sculptor deploys techniques analogous to those of artist and poet to highlight the appeal of the athlete's body, and displays the victor in a mode calculated not only to mark him as the alluring target of the gaze, but even to cast him as a potential erômenos. The concluding section of the article investigates the impetus behind this mode of representation, and seeks to place the dynamic between the viewer and the viewed within the context of the early fifth-century polis.
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Currie, B. G. F. "The Pindaric First Person in Flux." Classical Antiquity 32, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 243–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2013.32.2.243.
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This article argues that in Pindar's epinicians first-person statements may occasionally be made in the persona of the chorus and the athletic victor. The speaking persona behind Pindar's first-person statements varies quite widely: from generic, rhetorical poses—a laudator, an aoidos in the rhapsodic tradition (the “bardic first person”), an Everyman (the “first person indefinite”)—to strongly individualized figures: the Theban poet Pindar, the chorus, the victor. The arguable changes in the speaker's persona are not explicitly signalled in the text. This can lead to significant ambiguities concerning the identity of the speaker (“blurred quotation,” “indeterminate speech boundaries”). The lack of a concern always to distinguish clearly the primary from the secondary narrators relates to a desire to confuse diegetic and mimetic forms; the practice of the fifth-century choral lyric poets in this regard is compared to that of other ancient Greek writers. The main challenge is to indicate how it is possible, in theory and in practice, for the athletic victor to be identified as the speaker when this is not explicitly signalled in the text; and, if this is possible, to suggest how it is possible for an audience to recognize when the speaking persona subsequently reverts to laudator or poet. An attempt is made to consider whether any formal, structural, or thematic tendencies can be observed in those passages in choral lyric where the chorus or the victor are tacitly introduced as speaking personae: such effects, it is argued, occur especially when links of ritual or genealogy enable the ode to “zoom” from the mythical past to the present occasion of the performance. The main passages discussed in the article are Pind. P.8.56–60, P.9.89–92, N.7.85, Pae. 2.73–79, and Bacch. 3.84–85. But the phenomena discussed are related broadly to other phenomena in Greek literature, in Latin poetry, and, especially, in Cicero's forensic oratory.
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MILLER, PETER J. "IN THE SHADOW OF PRAISE: EPINICIAN LOSERS AND EPINICIAN POETICS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 61, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-5370.12068.
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AbstractWhile athletic competition relies on comparison (the necessary similarity of opponents, rules, conditions of victory), epinician poetry claims superlative fame and similarly singular victors. By addressing all explicit and implicit instances of losers and losing, and by paying close attention to epinician language (particularly boasts and litotes), this article deconstructs the naturalized binary of winner/loser in the poetry of Pindar and Bacchylides. Athletic competition, which is structured around similarity, problematizes the matchless fame of epinican and therefore epinician poetry, paradoxically, must work against the essential elements of the very action (i.e., sporting victory) that it purports to celebrate.
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Hadjimichael, Theodora A. "Sports-writing." Mnemosyne 68, no. 3 (April 24, 2015): 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12341389.
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The avowed purpose of the epinician genre is to praise the athletic victory and the victor. The athletic event, however, is not mentioned in the victory ode, and this absence would suggest that an athletic description had no role within the economy and rhetoric of the poem. Nevertheless, the absence is not total. It has long been observed that Bacchylides is more prone than Pindar to describe the athletic victory. In general, however, scholars have been satisfied to note the fact and simply enumerate the instances in Bacchylides in comparison to the Pindaric ‘descriptions’. The present study will look at the role of victory descriptions within the economy of Bacchylides’ victory odes. I would like to examine the narrative of the particular descriptions, their contribution to the commemoration and celebration of the event, and the rhetorical aim they serve within the poem.1
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Carton, Patrick F., and David J. Filan. "The clinical presentation, diagnosis and pathogenesis of symptomatic sports-related femoroacetabular impingement (SRFAI) in a consecutive series of 1021 athletic hips." HIP International 29, no. 6 (February 11, 2019): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700018825430.
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Aim: To examine the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of sports-related femoroacetabular impingement (SRFAI) in a large consecutive series of symptomatic athletes. Methods: Between January 2009 and February 2017 prospectively collected data from competitive athletes within the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), and who subsequently underwent arthroscopic treatment for symptomatic FAI, were analysed. Data was collected using internationally validated health questionnaires (Harris Hip Score, UCLA, SF-36, WOMAC) and recognised clinical (ROM, symptom presentation, provocation tests) and radiological (AP pelvis, Dunn, False profile) indicators/measures of FAI. Results: A total of 1021 consecutive cases (mean 26.6 ± 6.2 years) were included. In every case, conservative treatment failed to resolve symptoms with athletes attending an average of 2.4 ± 1.1 health care professionals prior to referral. Symptoms developed gradually (78%) and consisted primarily of groin pain (76.1%) and hip stiffness (76.5%) following activity. An acetabular rim deformity (pincer) was present in all cases; a cam deformity in 72.1%. The prevalence and degree of cam deformity increased with progressing age groups ( p < 0.001); mean lateral centre-edge angle remained static ( p = 0.456). Increasing CEA, alpha angle and presence of rim fracture was associated with a reduction in all ranges of hip movement ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Symptomatic SRFAI presented in this large series of GAA athletes failed to resolve with non-operative treatment. Increasing hip deformity resulted in poorer ROM. Abnormal acetabular morphology remains static with increasing athletic age while cam deformity is progressive and most likely a secondary pathology.
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Frade, Gustavo Henrique Montes. "A Olímpica 12 de Píndaro: tradução e comentário." Nuntius Antiquus 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.8.1.129-142.
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Abstract: This study proposes an interpretation of Pindar’s Olympian 12 with particular attention to the theme of contingency (according to Aristotle, “that which may be otherwise”) in relation to human action. As the course of the athlete’s life and of the political history of Himera, the poem and its water images move through uncertainties and reach the accomplishment. Although Pindar recognizes the risks of hope, he shows how the constant variations of human life and the impossibility of knowing the future can result in a positive reversion of conditions in which an adverse situation leads to achievement, even when it is unlikely.
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Pavlou, Maria. "Pindar's Songs for Young Athletes of Aigina." Mnemosyne 61, no. 2 (2008): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x195655.
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Clarke, Michael. "The wisdom of Thales and the problem of the word IEPOΣ." Classical Quarterly 45, no. 2 (December 1995): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983880004341x.
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Those who write about early Greek literature often assume that each item in the ancient vocabulary answers to a single concept in the world-view of its users. It seems reasonable to hope that the body of ideas represented by a particular Greek word will frame one's discussion better than any question that could be asked in English: so that a cautious scholar might prefer to discuss the phenomenon called αἰδώς, for example, than to plunge into a study of Greek ideas of ‘honour and shame' irrespective of whether those anthropologists’ labels mark off a single body of ancient ideas. But the question is not merely one of common sense: in recent years, for example, a strategy of extrapolating deep ideas from single words has been deliberately developed by such scholars as Gregory Nagy, who constantly moves back and forth between the semantic patterns of individual words and corresponding thematic patterns found in myths. Here is a recent example from his analysis of Pindar's conception of the unity between athletic victory and mythical heroism:In Pindaric usage ἂεθλος applies equally to the contests of athletes and to the life-and-death ordeals of heroes. We have already seen from the myth of the chariot race of Pelops that the ordeals of heroes on the level of myth correspond aetiologically to the contests of athletes on the level of ritual, in that the myths can motivate the rituals. Now we see that a word like ἂεθλος can collapse the very distinction between the myth and the ritual.
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Brumbaugh, Michael E. "THE GREEK ὝΜΝΟΣ: HIGH PRAISE FOR GODS AND MEN." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 1 (May 2019): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000624.
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Over a hundred instances of the word ὕμνος from extant archaic poetry demonstrate that the Greek hymn was understood broadly as a song of praise. The majority of these instances comes from Pindar, who regularly uses the term to describe his poems celebrating athletic victors. Indeed, Pindar and his contemporaries saw the ὕμνος as a powerful vehicle for praising gods, heroes, men and their achievements—often in service of an ideological agenda. Writing a century later Plato used the term frequently and with much the same range. A survey of his usage reveals instances of ὕμνοι for gods, daimones, heroes, ancestors, leading citizens, noble deeds, sites and landscapes. Despite abundant evidence of Plato's own practice, studies of the Greek hymn posit an extreme narrowing of the genre in the classical period and cite the philosopher as the sole witness to, if not the originator of, this development. Two passages in particular, one from the Republic and one from the Laws, are seen to support the claim that by the fourth century b.c.e. the term ὕμνος refers exclusively to songs for gods. In Republic Book 10, we find the memorable edict on poetic censorship: ‘But we must know that of poetry only ὕμνοι for the gods and ἐγκώμια for the good must be admitted into our city.’ Laws Book 3 offers what appears to be an even more straightforward pronouncement: ‘Back then our music was divided according to its various types and arrangements; and a certain type of song was prayers to the gods, and these were called by the name ὕμνοι.’ From these two statements has arisen the consensus that Plato saw a divine recipient as the defining feature of the ὕμνος and, moreover, that this position reflects the communis opinio from at least the fourth century b.c.e. onward.
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Morales-Avalos, Rodolfo, Adriana Tapia-Náñez, Mario Simental-Mendía, Guillermo Elizondo-Riojas, Michelle Morcos-Sandino, Marc Tey-Pons, Víctor M. Peña-Martínez, et al. "Prevalence of Morphological Variations Associated With Femoroacetabular Impingement According to Age and Sex: A Study of 1878 Asymptomatic Hips in Nonprofessional Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 232596712097789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120977892.
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Background: Radiographic findings related to the cam and pincer variants of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include measurements of the alpha angle and lateral center-edge angle (LCEA). The function of these radiographic findings has been put into question because of high heterogeneity in reported studies. Purpose: The aim of this study was 3-fold: (1) to determine the prevalence of cam and pincer variants according to sex and age on anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs from an asymptomatic nonathletic population, (2) to identify the most common radiographic signs of cam- and pincer-type variants, and (3) to determine if there are variations in the prevalence of these radiographic signs according to sex and age. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: There were 3 independent observers who retrospectively analyzed the 939 AP pelvic radiographs (1878 hips) of patients aged 18 to 50 years who did not have hip symptoms and who were not professional athletes. The prevalence of the cam and pincer variants according to the alpha angle and LCEA, respectively, and the presence of other radiographic signs commonly associated with these variables were determined in the overall population and by subgroup according to sex and age group (18-30, 31-40, and 41-50 years). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the study sample. Results: The mean age of the included population was 31.0 ± 9.2 years, and 68.2% were male. The prevalence of the cam-type variant was 29.7% (558/1878), and that of the pincer-type variant was 24.3% (456/1878). The radiographic signs that were most associated with the cam and pincer variants were a pistol-grip deformity and the crossover sign, respectively. Significant differences ( P < .001) in the prevalence of these variants were identified between men and women in both variants. No differences were observed in the alpha angle or LCEA according to sex or age. Conclusion: Radiographic findings suggestive of FAI had significant variations with respect to sex and age in this study sample. This study provides information to determine the prevalence of these anatomic variants in the general population.
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Robbins, E. "The Gifts of the Gods: Pindar's ThirdPythian." Classical Quarterly 40, no. 2 (December 1990): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800042890.
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Hieron of Syracuse was the most powerful Greek of his day. He was also, and the two facts are not unrelated, the most frequent of Pindar's patrons. A singular feature of the four poems for this Sicilian prince is their obsession with sin and punishment: Tantalus in the FirstOlympian, Typhoeus, Ixion, and Coronis in the first threePythians– all offend divinity and suffer terribly. But even in this company, where glory comes trailing clouds of pain, the ThirdPythianstands out. The other three odes are manifestly epinician and celebrate success, both athletic and military. The SecondPythian, for instance, is a sombre canvas, and a motif of ingratitude dominates the myth. Yet it rings at the outset with praise of Syracuse and of Hieron's victory. The ThirdPythian, by comparison, is not obviously a victory ode.
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Langner, Joanna L., Marianne S. Black, James W. MacKay, Kimberly E. Hall, Marc R. Safran, Feliks Kogan, and Garry E. Gold. "The prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement anatomy in Division 1 aquatic athletes who tread water." Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery 7, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa009.
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Abstract Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a disorder that causes hip pain and disability in young patients, particularly athletes. Increased stress on the hip during development has been associated with increased risk of cam morphology. The specific forces involved are unclear, but may be due to continued rotational motion, like the eggbeater kick. The goal of this prospective cohort study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify the prevalence of FAI anatomy in athletes who tread water and compare it to the literature on other sports. With university IRB approval, 20 Division 1 water polo players and synchronized swimmers (15 female, 5 male), ages 18–23 years (mean age 20.7 ± 1.4), completed the 33-item International Hip Outcome Tool and underwent non-contrast MRI scans of both hips using a 3 Tesla scanner. Recruitment was based on sport, with both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals included. Cam and pincer morphology were identified. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank/Rank Sum tests were used to assess outcomes. Seventy per cent (14/20) of subjects reported pain in their hips yet only 15% (3/20) sought clinical evaluation. Cam morphology was present in 67.5% (27/40) of hips, while 22.5% (9/40) demonstrated pincer morphology. The prevalence of cam morphology in water polo players and synchronized swimmers is greater than that reported for the general population and at a similar level as some other sports. From a clinical perspective, acknowledgment of the high prevalence of cam morphology in water polo players and synchronized swimmers should be considered when these athletes present with hip pain.
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Bech, Niels Hendrik, and Daniel Haverkamp. "Impingement around the hip: beyond cam and pincer." EFORT Open Reviews 3, no. 2 (February 2018): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.3.160068.
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In this review, we bring to the attention of the reader three relatively unknown types of hip impingement. We explain the concept of low anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) impingement, also known as sub-spine impingement, ischio-femoral impingement (IFI) and pelvi-trochanteric impingement. For each type of impingement, we performed a search of relevant literature. We searched the PubMed, Medline (Ovid) and Embase databases from 1960 to March 2016. For each different type of impingement, a different search strategy was conducted. In total, 19 studies were included and described. No data analysis was performed since there was not much comparable data between studies. An overview of symptoms, clinical tests and possible surgical treatment options for the three different types of extra-articular impingement is provided. Several disorders around the hip can cause similar complaints. Therefore, we plead for a standardized classification. In young and athletic patients, in particular, there is much to gain if hip impingement is diagnosed early. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:30-38. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.160068
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Stoneman, Richard. "(A.P.) Burnett Pindar: Odes for Victorious Athletes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press2010. Pp. viii + 192. £23.50 (hbk); £10.50 (pbk). 9780801895746 (hbk); 9780801895753 (pbk)." Journal of Hellenic Studies 132 (September 17, 2012): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426912000183.
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McGaver, Rebecca, Kayla Seiffert, Russell Giveans, and Christopher Larson. "Hip Arthroscopy Outcomes in NFL and Collegiate American Football Players: Single Surgeon Experience with Return to Play, Sustained Return to Play, and Attrition Analysis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl4 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00230.
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Objectives: There has been substantial literature regarding return to play after hip arthroscopy for professional athletes. There is less data with regards to both NFL and Collegiate football players and differences in outcomes between these athletic populations. Our hypothesis was that an arthroscopic FAI corrective procedure in NFL and Collegiate football players would result in improved PROM’s, predictable return to play rates, with higher return to play rates in NFL players vs Collegiate players. Methods: Between 2011 – 2019, 76 hips (65 players) in NFL and Collegiate American football players underwent hip arthroscopy and FAI correction by a single surgeon. An arthroscopic FAI correction procedure was performed for all athletes as previously described by the senior author. All athletes were prospectively followed preoperatively and postoperatively with HOS ADL, HOS Sports, modified Harris Hip, SF-12, VR-12 Physical, VR-12 Mental, and VAS patient related outcomes measures (PROMs). Plain radiographs were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with regards to Pincer-type FAI (LCE angle, Cross-over sign (COS), Cam-type FAI (alpha angle on AP and 45 degree modified Dunn radiographs), and Tonnis arthritis grade. Return to play on the roster, return to a game, number of seasons played, and number of games played were retrospectively evaluated via internet search of their respective teams, discussions with team ATC’s, Team Physicians, and Players themselves. Reasons for not returning or no longer playing were also searched and inquired. Players were followed until retirement from the NFL, graduation from collegiate football, or until they no longer were able to play because of injury, by choice, or were cut / released by the club. Results: There were 12 hips in NFL football players and 64 hips in Collegiate American football players. Of the Collegiate players, 31 hips played Division 1, 16 hips played Division 2, and 18 hips played Division 3 level football. The most common positions in this cohort were Linemen (27.7%) and Defensive backs (33.8%). The mean follow-up for all players was 33.4 months. There was a significant improvement for all players for PROMs (Pre to Post, mHHS 70.3 to 95, HOS Sports 52.6 to 92.8, HOS ADL 74.8 to 98.4, SF-12 83.2 to 91.4, VAS 5.2 to 0.9) at mean latest F/U (p<0.01 for each). The rate of return to football for all players was 77.6%. The rate of Return for NFL players was 90%, as compared to 75% for collegiate players (72% D1, 83% D2, 73% D3) (p=.062). The mean number of seasons played after arthroscopy was 2.1 for NFL players (range, 1-5) and 1.74 (range, 1-3) for collegiate athletes. The mean number of games played after arthroscopy was 34.7 games (range, 17-100) for NFL and 17.1 games (range, 0-33) for collegiate players. Six of 12 (50%) NFL players remain active in the NFL and of the 5 not active, 1 was drafted in the 4th round, and 4 were undrafted free agents. All 4 NFL players drafted in the first round remain active in the NFL although one is currently a free agent. An additional 4 collegiate players (5 hips, All D1 athletes) went on to play in the NFL. Only 9.2% (6 players, 7 hips) of players cited continued hip pain as a reason for attrition and all were collegiate players. No NFL players cited persistent hip issues as a reason for attrition. Other reasons for attrition included graduation from college (4 hips, 5.3%), other non-hip related injuries (1 hip, 1.3%), being cut or waived by the club (4 hips, 5.3%), and choosing not return to football (non-injury related) (6 hips, 7.9%). Conclusions: Hip arthroscopy led to a predictable improvement in patient related outcomes measures at a mean 33 months follow-up for NFL and collegiate American football players. NFL players were more likely to return to play than collegiate athletes (90% vs 75%, although non-significant with the numbers available), and higher round draft picks had greater sustained return to play compared to lower round / undrafted free agents. Attrition was rarely the result of persistent hip related pain and was multifactorial in nature in particular for collegiate athletes.
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Polat, Gökhan, Ufuk Arzu, Engin Dinç, and Bülent Bayraktar. "Etiological importance of training frequency, age and prevalance of Femoroacetabular İmpingement(FAİ) in pediatric male athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 2_suppl2 (February 1, 2017): 2325967117S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00067.
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Femoroacetabular impingement (FAİ) is a prearthrozic disease that causes hip pain in adolescent-adult patients. The aim of the study is, determining the prevalence of asymptomatic radiographic findings of FAİ, to examine the evaluation of prevalence difference according to age groups and the impact of the levels of physical activity at developmental period on the development of asymptomatic FAİ. Materials-Methods: In our study, we included 214 pediatric athletes from 8 football teams operating in Istanbul between 11-18 years of age in September 2015- January 2016. Ethics Committee approval was obtained for our study. AP pelvis and Frog-leg radiographs, curriculum vitae of the athletes, their injuries, and their realtime complaints have been questioned. The alpha angle, CE angle, Tonnis angle, collodiaphyseal angle is measured from the resulting AP and Frog leg radiographs and terms of morphological abnormalities (FAİ, dysplasia and coxa vara…) was noted. Also athletes dominant feet, weekly training period and the years they play soccer was noted. The obtained data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Student-T test. Results: The average age of the 214 pediatric male athletes that included was 15(10-18). Asymptomatic FAİ prevalence of all ages was %29.9, % 0 in the range of 10-12 years, %13.1 in the range of 13-15 years, %45.7 in the 15-18 age range. These findings showed that significantly increased prevalence of FAİ in line with age in pediatric athletes statistically (p <0.05). The mean right hip alpha angle of all athletes was 50.7, left alpha angle was 50.3, right-CE angle was 28.6, left CE angle was 29.5, right Tönnis Angle 6.6, left Tönnis angle 5.0, right neck-shaft angle 133.9, left neck-shaft angle 134.7 degrees found. There was 7 acetabular dysplasia, 56 athletes with CAM type FAS, 4 athletes Pincer type FAS, and 4 combined FAS was found. There was no significant statistical relationship in the prevalences of FAİ between the number of years he worked as an athlete or the side which they hit the ball. However a positive correlation was found between weekly training hours (p <0.05). There were no statistical relationship between morphological abnormalities and previous injuries. Discussion: Among the etiology oriented researches, investigation for developmental factors still continues. İn our study, it is found that the sports activities in the pediatric period that are accused can be a factor in FAİ development due to the positive correlation between pediatric athletes age ang training frequency.
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Lerch, Till D., Dimitri Ambühl, Florian Schmaranzer, Inga A. S. Todorski, Simon D. Steppacher, Markus S. Hanke, Pascal C. Haefeli, Emanuel F. Liechti, Klaus A. Siebenrock, and Moritz Tannast. "Biochemical MRI With dGEMRIC Corresponds to 3D-CT Based Impingement Location for Detection of Acetabular Cartilage Damage in FAI Patients." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 232596712098817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120988175.
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Background: Anterior femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is associated with labral tears and acetabular cartilage damage in athletic and young patients. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) is an imaging method for detecting early damage to cartilage. Purpose: We evaluated the following questions: (1) What is the sensitivity and specificity of morphological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dGEMRIC for detecting cartilage damage? Do the mean acetabular and femoral dGEMRIC indices differ between (2) superior acetabular clock positions with and without impingement and (3) between cam- and pincer-type FAI? Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This was a retrospective comparative study of 21 hips (20 patients with symptomatic anterior FAI) without osteoarthritis on anteroposterior radiographs. Morphological MRI and dGEMRIC (3.0-T, 3-dimensional [3D] T1 maps, dual–flip angle technique) of the same hip joint were compared. Intraoperative acetabular cartilage damage was assessed in patients who underwent surgical treatment. Computed tomography (CT)–based 3D bone models of the same hip joint were used as the gold standard for the detection of impingement, and dGEMRIC indices and zones of morphologic damage were compared with the CT-based impingement zones. Results: Of the 21 hips, 10 had cam-type FAI and 8 had pincer-type FAI according to radiographs. The mean age was 30 ± 9 years (range, 17-48 years), 71% were female, and surgical treatment was performed in 52%. We found a significantly higher sensitivity (69%) for dGEMRIC compared with morphological MRI (42%) in the detection of cartilage damage ( P < .001). The specificity of dGEMRIC was 83% and accuracy was 78%. The mean peripheral acetabular and femoral dGEMRIC indices for clock positions with impingement (485 ± 141 and 440 ± 121 ms) were significantly lower compared with clock positions without impingement (596 ± 183 and 534 ± 129 ms) ( P < .001). Hips with cam-type FAI had significantly lower acetabular dGEMRIC indices compared with hips with pincer-type FAI on the anterosuperior clock positions (1 to 3 o’clock) ( P = .018). Conclusion: MRI with dGEMRIC was more sensitive than morphological MRI, and lower dGEMRIC values were found for clock positions with impingement as detected on 3D-CT. This could aid in patient-specific diagnosis of FAI, preoperative patient selection, and surgical decision making to identify patients with cartilage damage who are at risk for inferior outcomes after hip arthroscopy.
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Magi, Gonzalo, Juan Pablo Carucci, Manuel Berro, and Sebastián Bergues. "Hip Arthroscopy in athletes with Femoroacetabular Impingement: functional outcomes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 1_suppl (January 1, 2017): 2325967117S0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00022.
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Introduction: Hip pathology is being recognized with more frequency as source of disability and functional limitation in athletes. It has been stated that the overload made with certain positions during some sports activities can develop condral damage. Moreover, the sum of bone deformity and repetitive movements of the hip requiered in sports may increase the risk of causing injuries. These can be treated with hip arthroscopy. Despite of this, there is a lack of evidence about the time taken to return to sports activity and the level reached afterwards by those patients treated with this procedure. Objective: Describe the clinical evolution, the time taken to return to sports activity and the level reached a year after the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) with hip arthroscopy in 23 athletes. Method: 23 athletes were included in the study, defined as those patients with a minimum of 6 hours a week of sports practice, who were treated for FAI with hip arthroscopy between 2010 and 2015 by the same surgeon at our institution. The diagnosis was clinical (positive impingement test, hip pain and functional limitation of the hip), radiological (cam and pincer) and with magnetic nuclear resonance (labral tears). Preoperative modified Harris hip score was registered in all cases. Tonnis radiographic score was used. All patients had type 0 or 1 Tonnis hips. After 3 months of ineffective non operative treatment the arthroscopy was performed. Patients were treated in dorsal decubitus with orthopedic table. Labral reconstruction with anchors and femoral and acetabular osteoplasty was made. After surgery, patients were able to walk with support for 4 weeks and began physiotherapy. A year after surgery, all patients were questioned about the time taken to return to sports activity and the level of activity reached at that time compared to the one they had before symptoms appeared. The modified Harris hip score was also registered. Results: Ten patients played soccer as a main sport activity (44%), 3 basketball (13%), 3 martial arts (13%), 3 rugby (13%), 2 running (9%), 1 bicycling (4%) and 1 motocross (4%). The average time taken to return to sports activity was 4.7 months. 12 patients returned at 4 months (52%), 6 patients at 5 months (26%) and 5 patients at 6 months (22%). All patients were able to return to sports activity. Twenty patients reached the same level of activity they had before symptoms appeared (87%). Three patients did not get to previous activity level (13%). The averaged postoperative modified Harris hip score was 92 points (excellent). 20 patients (87%) scored excellent results and 3 patients (13%) regular ones. The average improvement after surgery of this score was 26 points. Conclusion: The treatment of FAI with hip arthroscopy in athletes allowed us to achieve excellent clinical results in 87% of the patients (modified Harris hip score). They took an average of 4.7 months to return to sports activities. 87% of them returned to the same level of practice they had before symptoms appeared.
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Lefkowitz, Mary R. "Pindar, Odes for Victorious Athletes, Translated with an introduction by Anne Pippin Burnett, ser. Johns Hopkins New Translations from Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), VIII + 191 pp." International Journal of the Classical Tradition 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12138-011-0289-5.
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Shibata, Kotaro, and Marc R. Safran. "Arthroscopic Hip Surgery in the Elite Athlete: Comparison of Female and Male Elite Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 3_suppl3 (March 1, 2017): 2325967117S0010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00109.
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Objectives: 1) To compare ability to return to prior competitive sports activity after arthroscopic hip surgery by gender, with an emphasis on the rate of return to the same level of competition. 2) To compare gender differences in type of sports activities, diagnosis and treatment in athletes requiring hip arthroscopy. Methods: Prospectively obtained data on all high-level elite athletes (professional, NCAA collegiate and/or Olympic) treated between 2007 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical and surgical records of 547 hips in 484 consecutive patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopy by the senior author for non-arthritic hip pain during the study period were included. Elite athletes who had a Hip Sports Activity Score (HSAS) of over 6 were identified. Patients completed a pre-operative questionnaire that included medical and sports activity history and level of competition, hip-specific outcome scores (Modified Harris Hip Score [MHHS] and International Hip Outcome Tool-33 [iHOT-33]) at baseline and most recent follow-up. Surgical findings and time to return to competitive sports activity were documented. Results: A total of 98 elite athletes with a mean follow up period of 18.8 months (±12.7) were identified. There were 49 females and 49 males. 27 athletes had bilateral hip arthroscopy, 5 of which had 1 operation elsewhere. All patients were available for follow up. Of the 80 patients desiring to return to their original competitive activity, 38 were female (42 hips) (Female Athlete group [FA]) and 42 were male (54 hips) (Male Athlete group [MA]) their mean ages were 21.5(±3.9) and 20.5(±1.9), duration of pain prior to surgery was 12.1 (±10.3) months and 15.1 (±1.9) months, respectively. 84.2% of FA and 83.3% of MA were able to return to the same level of competition at a mean of 8.3 (±3) and 8.8 (±2.9) months, respectively. Statistically significant improvements between pre- and post-operative mean MHHS and iHOT-33 scores were seen in both groups (p <.0001; p <.0001). FA had significantly higher proportions of hips that were diagnosed with Pincer type FAI (p =.0004), and Instability (p <.0001). Conversely, the MA had significantly higher proportions of hips that were diagnosed with Combined type FAI (p <.0001), had more extensive acetabular cartilage rim damage (p =.0002), and in particularly had more hips that required microfracture treatment (p =.001). When comparing cam lesions (includes Cam and Combined type FAI) the alpha angle was statistically greater in MA (mean 74°±6.7) compared to FA (mean 65.4°±6.8) (p <.0001). The category of sports the FA participated in were more flexibility (11%) and endurance (24%) type sports. MA participated more in cutting (33%), contact (14%) and asymmetric (31%) type sports. Patients who were able to return to same level of competitive activity had a significantly shorter duration of pre-operation symptoms compared to those who could not (p < 0.05). Microfracture treatment did not affect the ability to return to sports. Conclusion: A similar high percentage of both female and male elite athletes were able to return to competitive sports activity after arthroscopic treatment of FAI and/or hip instability. Distinct differences in diagnosis, treatment and participating type of sports activities were seen when comparing female and male athletes. Duration of symptoms negatively correlated with outcomes. Extensive cartilage damage and Microfracture did not affect outcome / return to sports.
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Pennock, Andrew T., James D. Bomar, Kristina P. Johnson, Kelly Randich, and Vidyadhar V. Upasani. "Nonoperative Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Prospective Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 14 (November 6, 2018): 3415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518804805.
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Background: The literature has given little attention to the nonoperative management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome despite a rapidly expanding body of research on the topic. Purpose: To perform a prospective study utilizing a nonoperative protocol on a consecutive series of patients presenting to our clinic with FAI syndrome. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Between 2013 and 2016, patients meeting the following criteria were prospectively recruited in a nonoperative FAI study: no prior hip surgery, groin-based pain, a positive impingement test, and radiographic FAI syndrome. The protocol consisted of an initial trial of rest, physical therapy, and activity modification. Patients who remained symptomatic were then offered an image-guided intra-articular steroid injection. Patients with recurrent symptoms were then offered arthroscopic treatment. Outcome scores were collected at 12 and 24 months. Statistical analysis was performed to identify risk factors for the need for operative treatment and to determine patient outcomes based on FAI type and treatment. Results: Ninety-three hips (n = 76 patients: mean age, 15.3 years; range, 10.4-21.4 years) were included in this study and followed for a mean ± SD 26.8 ± 8.3 months. Sixty-five hips (70%) were managed with physical therapy, rest, and activity modification alone. Eleven hips (12%) required a steroid injection but did not progress to surgery. Seventeen hips (18%) required arthroscopic management. All 3 groups saw similar improvements in modified Harris Hip Score ( P = .961) and nonarthritic hip score ( P = .975) with mean improvements of 20.3 ± 16.8 and 13.2 ± 15.5, respectively. Hips with cam impingement and combined cam-pincer impingement were 4.0 times more likely to meet the minimal clinically important difference in modified Harris Hip Score ( P = .004) and 4.4 times more likely to receive surgical intervention ( P = .05) than patients with pincer deformities alone. Participants in team sports were 3.0 times more likely than individual sport athletes to return to competitive activities ( P = .045). Conclusion: A majority (82%) of adolescent patients presenting with FAI syndrome can be managed nonoperatively, with significant improvements in outcome scores at a mean follow-up of 2 years. Clinical Relevance: A nonoperative approach should be the first-line treatment for young active patients with symptomatic FAI syndrome.
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MORRISON, A. D. "(A.P.) Burnett Pindar's Songs for Young Athletes of Aigina. Pp. x + 276, ills. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Cased, £50. ISBN: 0-19-927794-X." Classical Review 56, no. 2 (October 2006): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x0600148x.
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Henderson, William J. "Poets and athletes: Olympic winners and losers in early Greek lyric." Literator 34, no. 1 (November 14, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v34i1.386.
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Ancient Greek society was extremely competitive; amongst the nobility especially there was the constant need for an ideal of achievement on the battlefield or athletics track and to integrate this into the family history. In the absence of the role the present-day media plays in our society, three poets in particular recorded, propagated and praised the achievements of athletes at the Olympic and other games: Simonides, Pindar and Bacchylides. For a winner they composed a special victory hymn, the epinikion, an elevated ode sung by a chorus with musical accompaniment. In this article extracts of such poems are analysed in order to illustrate the poets’ views regarding winners and losers.
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"Pindar's songs for young athletes of Aigina." Choice Reviews Online 44, no. 01 (September 1, 2006): 44–0147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-0147.
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Meusel, Eduard. "THE EAGLE BASKING IN THE LIGHT OF FAME: THE INDO-EUROPEAN POETIC BACKGROUND OF PINDAR, NEMEAN 3.80–4." Classical Quarterly, September 23, 2021, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838821000896.
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Abstract This article contributes to a discussion raised more than forty years ago in this journal by Richard Stoneman on how to interpret the unexpected image of an eagle at Pind. Nem. 3.80. Without excluding the possibility of a reference to the poet himself, this article argues, mainly based on a survey on the traditional elements used in that passage, that the eagle also refers—at least partially—to the victorious athlete Aristocleides. This is demonstrated by an internal investigation of the structure of the ode and the use of signal words (–θεν, δέδορκεν, φάος). Moreover, the image of the eagle stands in a series of other ancient and traditional motifs, such as the ‘song of milk and honey’ (77–9) and ‘(far-)shining fame’ (64, 81–4), which can be also found in the Rigveda and therefore can be regarded as an inheritance of the Indo-European (= IE) poetic tradition. Parallels from the Rigveda can be found for the avian imagery too, in which the eagle is compared to someone striving for fame in an athletic contest; this suggests that the image of the eagle is another traditional motif from IE times in Pindar, who uses it as a device to transition from a poetological to a laudatory part of the epinician, perhaps deliberately playing with the ambiguity of the image.
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Terrell, Sara Lynn, Gayle E. Olson, and James Lynch. "Therapeutic Exercise Approaches to Nonoperative and Postoperative Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome." Journal of Athletic Training, October 28, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0488.19.
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Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is characterized by premature contact of the femur and acetabulum during hip motion. Morphologic variations of FAIS present as either aspherical femoral deformity (cam femoroacetabular impingement) or overcoverage (pincer femoroacetabular impingement) or both. Patients with FAIS often describe discomfort with hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. The use of hip arthroscopy to treat FAIS has risen substantially over the last 15 years. Given that one practice domain of the athletic training profession involves injury prevention and wellness protection, optimal FAIS treatment and management strategies warrant discussion. Sports medicine professionals often help patients with FAIS explore nonoperative exercise strategies and direct rehabilitation exercises for those who pursue surgery. Both approaches demonstrate key pillars of exercise program design, which include postural control, core stabilization, hip strength and motor control, and mobility. The purpose of this article is 2-fold: to present an overview of FAIS, including common diagnostic strategies, and commonalities in therapeutic approaches between nonoperative and postoperative rehabilitation for the treatment and management of patients with FAIS.