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Journal articles on the topic 'Pine flatwoods'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Liu, Shuguang, Hans Riekerk, and Henry L. Gholz. "Simulation of evapotranspiration from Florida pine flatwoods." Ecological Modelling 114, no. 1 (December 1998): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(98)00103-3.

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2

Willcox, Emma V., and William M. Giuliano. "Avian community response to pine flatwoods management." Forest Ecology and Management 261, no. 11 (June 2011): 1928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.02.017.

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3

Bohall-Wood, Petra, and Michael W. Collopy. "Abundance and Habitat Selection of Two American Kestrel Subspecies in North-Central Florida." Auk 103, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.3.557.

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Abstract We censused American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in the three vegetation communities representative of north-central Florida (pine flatwoods, sandhills, and agriculture/mixed hardwoods) along 24 16-km roadside transects. The winter kestrel population included resident F. s. paulus and migrant F. s. sparverius. Eighty-four percent of the 1,433 kestrels were sighted in winter, reflecting a significant influx of migrant F. s. sparverius, and were primarily females (65%). Significant (P < 0.05) sexual differences in winter habitat use were attributed to the large numbers of migrants. Males preferred closed habitats and smaller-sized open areas, and females preferred open habitats and larger open areas. Wintering kestrels were most abundant (P < 0.05) in the agriculture/mixed-hardwoods community (51%) and least abundant in the pine-flatwoods community (13%). Seventy-one percent of the 233 kestrels seen during summer were identified as F. s. paulus. Males and females were observed in approximately equal numbers and exhibited no differences in habitat preference. Falco s. paulus preferred the sandhill community (79%) to the agriculture/mixed hardwoods and pine flatwoods. Within the sandhill community, resident kestrels significantly increased their use of the pine/oak woodlands during summer.

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4

Riekerk, H., and L. V. Korhnak. "Rainfall and runoff chemistry of Florida pine flatwoods." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 65, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00482749.

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5

Bragg, Don C., Ricky O'Neill, William Holimon, Joe Fox, Gary Thornton, and Roger Mangham. "Moro Big Pine: Conservation and Collaboration in the Pine Flatwoods of Arkansas." Journal of Forestry 112, no. 5 (September 5, 2014): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-083.

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6

Lauer, Dwight K., and Glenn R. Glover. "Early Pine Response to Control of Herbaceous and Shrub Vegetation in the Flatwoods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/22.4.201.

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Abstract Herbicide treatments were used at four flatwood locations in north Florida and south Georgia to compare early pine response to control of herbaceous and shrub vegetation following bedding. Treatments consisted of three levels of shrub control (none, first year, repeated) with and without first year herbaceous vegetation control. All studies were located on spodosols planted with either loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) or slash (Pinus elliottii Englem.) pine. Responses due to shrub control were about twice that of herbaceous control with height responses of 2.2, 5.0, and 6.9 ft due to first year herbaceous control, shrub control, and the combination of both herbaceous and shrub control, respectively. Pine response did not differ due to duration of shrub control because the difference in shrub cover between first year and repeated shrub control treatments was minor in these young stands. Pines averaged 18.3 ft in height and 3.2 in. in dbh 5 yr after planting when both herbaceous and shrub vegetation was controlled with these operational-like site preparation treatments that combine bedding with first year herbicide applications. Shrub occupancy was highest on treatments that did not include shrub control and continued to increase through the first 5 yr. Operational site-preparation treatments that combine bedding with herbicide applications should be considered in situations where shrub vegetation is present because of the long-term impact that shrubs have on pine yield. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):201-208.

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7

Tucker, James W., Geoffrey E. Hill, and Nicholas R. Holler. "Longleaf Pine Restoration: Implications for Landscape-Level Effects on Bird Communities in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.2.107.

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Abstract The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States is among the most heavily degraded of all ecosystems. Less than 1% of the original longleaf pine forests remain as old-growth stands. Eglin Air Force Base (Eglin) in northwest Florida contains the largest remaining extent of longleaf pine, but much of this habitat has been degraded through fire suppression, selective logging, and planting off-site species of pines. We examined the distribution of bird species among habitats during spring and fall 1994–1995 to assess the influence of large-scale habitat restoration on bird communities across the landscape. During both spring and fall, species richness and relative abundance of neotropical migrants were greatest in oak hammocks and riparian habitats. During spring, the abundance of resident species was greatest in barrier island scrub and flatwoods, but species richness of residents also was high in oak hammocks. During fall, both species richness and abundance of residents were greatest in oak hammocks and flatwoods. Analyses of abundance for individual species (both neotropical migrants and residents) suggested that each habitat examined was important for ≥1 species. An analysis examining the importance of habitats for conservation found that oak hammocks and riparian habitats were important for species of high management concern, but burned sandhills along with oak hammocks and riparian habitats were very important for species of the greatest management concern. Our results suggest that habitat modifications resulting from restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem will benefit many species of management concern. Bird species negatively affected by habitat modifications for longleaf pine restoration were abundant in other habitats. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):107–121.

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8

Riekerk, Hans, and Larry V. Korhnak. "THE HYDROLOGY OF CYPRESS WETLANDS IN FLORIDA PINE FLATWOODS." Wetlands 20, no. 3 (September 2000): 448–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0448:thocwi]2.0.co;2.

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9

Kreye, Jesse K., J. Morgan Varner, and Leda N. Kobziar. "Long-Duration Soil Heating Resulting from Forest Floor Duff Smoldering in Longleaf Pine Ecosystems." Forest Science 66, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz089.

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Abstract Prescribed fire is commonly used in southeastern US forests and is being more widely applied in fire-prone ecosystems elsewhere. Research on direct effects of burning has focused on aboveground impacts to plants with less attention to belowground effects. We measured soil heating during experimental burns in longleaf pine sandhill and flatwoods ecosystems in the southeastern US. Soil heating was minimal in frequently burned sites. Where fire had been excluded for several decades, however, we detected substantial soil heating sustained for considerable durations. Long-duration heating was most prominent where accumulated forest floor duff (Oe and Oa organic horizons) was deepest, particularly at the base of mature pines in long-unburned sites. Temperatures potentially lethal to plant tissues (≥60°C) were sustained for several hours as deep as 10 cm near pines in flatwoods sites. Sustained temperatures ≥300°C, when impacts to soil nutrients can occur, were observed for up to 35 min at mineral soil surfaces. Patterns of heating were similar in long-unburned sandhill sites; however, temperatures were generally lower and durations more brief. Heat transfer resulting from smoldering in forest floor duff deserves further attention to predict mineral soil heating, forecast fire effects, and inform restoration efforts in fire-prone ecosystems.

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10

Swindel, Benee F., Joel E. Smith, Daniel G. Neary, and Nicholas B. Comerford. "Recent Research Indicates Plant Community Responses to Intensive Treatment Including Chemical Amendments." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.152.

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Abstract Plant community responses to several factors (planted species, competition control, and nutrients) that influence stand development were tested in a factorial experiment on a flatwoods Spodosol. A moisture gradient across replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted testing of afourth factor (moisture regime). There were differences between slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) crown development, but no response to moisture gradient. Pines and other plants responded dramatically to continuing competition control andrepeated fertilization. Nonpine crown cover was reduced from 100% on plots without herbicides to less than 10% on treated plots. Pine crown cover at 5 years averaged 73% with both fertilization and competition control versus 11% on control plots. Both pine and nonpine cover changed significantlyacross bed, furrow, and interbed niches, and niche interacted with chemical (fertilizer and herbicide) treatment. Competition control dramatically reduced plant species richness; modal number of species observed on 5 m transects was reduced from 10 on plots without herbicides to 2 on plotsrepeatedly treated. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):152-156.

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11

Kreye, Jesse K., and Leda N. Kobziar. "The effect of mastication on surface fire behaviour, fuels consumption and tree mortality in pine flatwoods of Florida, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 4 (2015): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14186.

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Mastication of understorey shrubs and small trees to reduce fire hazard has become a widespread forest management practice, but few empirical studies have quantified the effects of this mechanical treatment on actual fire behaviour and fire effects at the stand scale. We conducted experimental burns in masticated pine flatwoods with palmetto/gallberry understories, a common ecosystem of the Southern US Coastal Plain. Fire behaviour (flame height, rate of spread) and fire effects were compared between treated and untreated sites burned in the typical winter prescribed burning season. Mastication effectively reduced flame heights by 66%, but recovering shrubs (cover, height) influenced fire behaviour within six months following treatment, suggesting time-limited effectiveness. Trees had less crown scorch and bole char in masticated sites, but tree mortality was minimal on both treated and untreated sites. Consumption of masticated fuel was substantial across both treatments, but little duff was consumed under the moist soil conditions. When burning is conducted soon after treatment, mastication may effectively reduce fire behaviour in pine flatwoods sites, but the duration of treatment efficacy remains unclear.

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12

Behm, Anna L., Mary L. Duryea, Alan J. Long, and Wayne C. Zipperer. "Flammability of native understory species in pine flatwood and hardwood hammock ecosystems and implications for the wildland - urban interface." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 3 (2004): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03075.

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Six understory species from five pine flatwood sites and six understory species from five hardwood hammock sites were harvested for biomass analyses to compare potential flammability between two ecosystems in the south-eastern coastal plain of the United States. Plant components were separated into live and dead foliage, accumulated litter on and under the plant, and small and large stems. Foliar biomass was further analysed for moisture content, volatile solid content, and energy content. Statistical analyses revealed differences among species and between ecosystems. Serenoa repens plants present a wildfire hazard because they contain greater biomass than other species studied. Ilex glabra and Lyonia ferruginea are also hazardous to wildland–urban interface (WUI) structures because they have greater foliar energy content than other species studied. Callicarpa americana plants present the least wildfire hazard to WUI structures. We conclude that differences in flammability among species exist, but the causes of flammability are different among species. In addition, species in the same genus do not always have the same flammability. Based on measured characteristics, understory plants in pine flatwoods have greater ignitability, sustainability and combustibility than understory plants in hardwood hammocks. However, the measurements for consumability were similar between ecosystems.

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13

Swindel, Benee F., Daniel G. Neary, Nicholas B. Comerford, Donald L. Rockwood, and George M. Blakeslee. "Fertilization and Competition Control Accelerate Early Southern Pine Growth on Flatwoods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.2.116.

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Abstract Combinations of several levels of three factors (species, competition and nutrients) that influence southern pine growth were tested in three replications of a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment containing 40-tree measurement plots plus buffer zones. A moisture gradient over replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted evaluation of a fourth factor (moisture regime). In addition, individual trees of selected families of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) permitted evaluation of a fifth factor (progeny). Of all factors investigated, nutrients and competition were by far the most important in limiting tree and stand growth on a some-what poorly drained flatwoods spodosol. Continuous elimination of either nutrient deficiencies or interspecific competition quintupled stand volume at age 4 years. The combined effect of both cultural practices was more than tenfold increase in stand volume. South J. Appl. For. 12(2):116-121.

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14

Crownover, S. H., N. B. Comerford, D. G. Neary, and J. Montgomery. "Horizontal Groundwater Flow Patterns Through a Cypress Swamp-Pine Flatwoods Landscape." Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, no. 4 (July 1995): 1199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900040036x.

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15

Willcox, Emma V., and William M. Giuliano. "Roller Chopping Effectively Reduces Shrub Cover and Density in Pine Flatwoods." Restoration Ecology 20, no. 6 (October 9, 2011): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2011.00835.x.

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16

Peduzzi, Alicia, H. Lee Allen, and Randolph H. Wynne. "Leaf Area of Overstory and Understory in Pine Plantations in the Flatwoods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.4.154.

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Abstract Leaf area index (LAI) was measured in summer and winter for the overstory and understory in 7- and 10-year-old loblolly and slash pine plantations on poorly drained, somewhat poorly drained, and moderately well-drained soils. LAI and vegetation indices (simple ratio [SR], normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], vegetation index, and enhanced vegetation index) were also calculated using Landsat imagery. LAI values observed for the overstory were low in most of the plots (around 2 m2 m−2 in slash pine and around 3 m2 m−2 in loblolly pine), whereas the understory LAI was very high (around 2 m2 m−2), which can be attributed to the lack of canopy closure observed in all plots. No significant differences were found in the understory LAI values across soil drainage classes. Total LAI (overstory LAI plus understory LAI) values were weakly correlated with the vegetation indices. The LAI values estimated using Landsat data were typically half of the values estimated on the ground. Significant correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (SR and NDVI) and stand and site factors, suggesting that the satellite-derived indices were more related to the stand biophysical parameters than to in situ LAI estimates.

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17

Gallagher, Derrick A., Bronson P. Bullock, Cristian R. Montes, and Michael B. Kane. "Whole Stand Volume and Green Weight Equations for Loblolly Pine in the Western Gulf Region of the United States through Age 15." Forest Science 65, no. 4 (January 21, 2019): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxy068.

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AbstractThree whole stand equations were evaluated for best prediction performance of loblolly pine volume and green weight in three physiographic regions of the Western Gulf through age 15 using remeasured permanent research plots from a spacing study. The equations evaluated are two nonlinear forms of the Schumacher yield equation that predict yield from dominant height, stand basal area, and age with or without stand tree density, and a logistic parameterization of the Chapman–Richards equation that uses only basal area and age. The nonlinear form of the Schumacher yield equations (Equations 2 and 3) performed better than the Chapman–Richards model (Equation 4), indicating a more appropriate mathematical model to describe forest yield. The sixfold cross-validation residual standard error for volume prediction in the Lower Coastal Plain, Upper Coastal Plain, and Interior Flatwoods was 109, 179, and 71 cubic feet per acre, respectively. The residual standard error of green weight prediction for the Lower Coastal Plain, Upper Coastal Plain, and Interior Flatwoods was 4, 2, and 3 tons per acre, respectively. The presented whole stand yield models provide physiographic region-specific estimates of yield for genetically improved loblolly pine under intensive management regimes.

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18

Shiver, Barry D., John W. Rheney, and Michael J. Oppenheimer. "Site-Preparation Method and Early Cultural Treatments Affect Growth of Flatwoods Slash Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.4.183.

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Abstract A study was established in 1979 to evaluate the effects of burning, chopping, and bedding on growth of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Elgelm.) plantations. In addition, a fertilizer and a complete vegetation control treatment were superimposed on the site preparation methods to test their impacts and to evaluate interactions. The study was balanced over two flatwoods soil groups; Spodosols and non-Spodosols. Complete vegetation control provided the most consistently dramatic improvement in slash pine growth. Fertilization and bedding were also significant treatments regardless of soil group. There was a significant soil group X treatment interaction for height, probably due to the adverse effects of burning on spodosols. Chopping improved pine height growth on non-Spodosols, but had no significant effect on Spodosol heights. Bedding, fertilization, and complete vegetation control continued to significantly improve growth on spodosols from ages 5 to 8. On non-Spodosols, only complete vegetation control continued to provide a significant growth response from age 5 to age 8. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.

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19

Gorman, Thomas A., Carola A. Haas, and John G. Himes. "Evaluating Methods to Restore Amphibian Habitat in Fire-Suppressed Pine Flatwoods Wetlands." Fire Ecology 9, no. 1 (April 2013): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0901096.

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20

Tschinkel, Walter R., Tyler Murdock, Joshua R. King, and Christina Kwapich. "Ant Distribution in Relation to Ground Water in North Florida Pine Flatwoods." Journal of Insect Science 12, no. 114 (October 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.012.11401.

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21

Gagnon, J. L., E. J. Jokela, W. K. Moser, and D. A. Huber. "Dynamics of artificial regeneration in gaps within a longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 172, no. 2-3 (January 2003): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00808-8.

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22

Means, D. Bruce, John G. Palis, and Mary Baggett. "Effects of Slash Pine Silviculture on a Florida Population of Flatwoods Salamander." Conservation Biology 10, no. 2 (April 1996): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020426.x.

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23

Riekerk, Hans. "Influence of silvicultural practices on the hydrology of pine flatwoods in Florida." Water Resources Research 25, no. 4 (April 1989): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr025i004p00713.

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24

Gagnon, Jennifer L., Eric J. Jokela, W. K. Moser, and Dudley A. Huber. "Characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration in mature longleaf pine flatwoods ecosystems." Forest Ecology and Management 187, no. 2-3 (January 2004): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.002.

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25

Ruth, A. D., S. Jose, and D. L. Miller. "Seed Bank Dynamics of Sand Pine Scrub and Longleaf Pine Flatwoods of the Gulf Coastal Plain (Florida)." Ecological Restoration 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.26.1.19.

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26

Wolcott, Leslie, Joseph J. O'Brien, and Kathryn Mordecai. "A Survey of Land Managers on Wildland Hazardous Fuels Issues in Florida: A Technical Note." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/31.3.148.

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Abstract Due to a rapidly expanding human population in Florida, fire management has become hampered by urban encroachment, smoke management issues, and forest fragmentation. For these and other reasons, fire has been excluded from many stands, resulting in the buildup of dangerous fuel loads. These fuel loads have begun to result in recurrent destructive wildfires. Already, different communities are responding to these dangerous fuel loads in various ways. As part of a larger project to synthesize best management practices for hazardous fuel management in pine flatwoods and pine rocklands in Florida, a survey was distributed to a variety of land managers in Florida to investigate fuel management practices already in place. This note summarizes responses to this survey.

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27

Zutter, Bruce R., and James H. Miller. "Eleventh-Year Response of Loblolly Pine and Competing Vegetation to Woody and Herbaceous Plant Control on a Georgia Flatwoods Site." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/22.2.88.

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Abstract Through 11 growing seasons, growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) increased after control of herbaceous, woody, or both herbaceous and woody vegetation (total control)for the first 3 yr after planting on a bedded site in the Georgia coastal flatwoods. Gains in stand volume index from controlling either herbaceous or woody vegetation alone were approximately two-thirds that from controlling both types of vegetation. Pine response through age 11 was approximately equal for herbaceous control alone and woody control alone, whereas, response through age 5 was greater with control of only herbaceous vegetation. The impact of woody vegetation should continue to have a strong effect on pine growth through midrotation because of its continued development. This is in contrast to herbaceous weeds that have greatly decreased in abundance since age 6. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):88-95.

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28

Carvalho, Eric Oliveira, Leda N. Kobziar, and Francis E. Putz. "Fire ignition patterns affect production of charcoal in southern forests." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 3 (2011): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10061.

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Although charcoal represents a relatively minor portion of available biomass burned in wildfires and prescribed burns, its recalcitrant properties confer residence times ranging from centuries to millennia, with significance for carbon sequestration in frequently burned forests. Here, we determined whether charcoal formation differed between the two most common prescribed fire spread patterns in southern forests: head (with the wind) and backing (against the wind). Pine wood samples were distributed randomly within a mesic flatwoods burn unit in north-central Florida, and subjected either to a head fire (n = 34) or a backing fire (n = 34). Backing fires formed more than twice as much charcoal as head fires (1.53 v. 0.38% of available biomass), presumably because of differences in residence times, oxygen availability and fire intensity between the two fire spread patterns. These results suggest that the contribution of charcoal to ecosystem carbon sequestration is greater when flatwoods forests are burned against the prevailing wind direction, and that further investigation of these trends is warranted.

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Gonzalez-Benecke, Carlos A., Timothy A. Martin, and Wendell P. Cropper,. "Whole-tree water relations of co-occurring mature Pinus palustris and Pinus elliottii var. elliottii." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 3 (March 2011): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-230.

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The natural range of longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris P. Mill.) and slash pine ( Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) includes most of the southeastern US Coastal Plain, and there is now considerable interest in using these species for ecological forestry, restoration, and carbon sequestration. It is therefore surprising that little information is currently available concerning differences in their ecological water relations in natural stands. In this study, we compared water use, stomatal conductance at the crown scale (Gcrown), and whole-tree hydraulic conductance of mature pine trees growing in a naturally regenerated mixed stand on a flatwoods site in north-central Florida. We found remarkable similarities between longleaf and slash pine in stored water use, nocturnal transpiration, and whole-tree hydraulic conductance. Mean daily transpiration rate was higher for slash than for longleaf pine, averaging 39 and 26 L·tree–1, respectively. This difference was determined by variations in tree leaf area. Slash pine had 60% more leaf area per unit basal sapwood area than longleaf pine, but the larger plasticity of longleaf pine stomatal regulation partially compensated for leaf area differences: longleaf pine had higher Gcrown on days with high volumetric water content (θv) but this was reduced to similar or even lower values than for slash pine on days with low θv. There was no species difference in the sensitivity of Gcrown to increasing vapor pressure deficit.

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30

Wright, Clinton S. "Fuel Consumption Models for Pine Flatwoods Fuel Types in the Southeastern United States." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 37, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/sjaf.12-006.

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31

Atchison, Rachel A., Jiri Hulcr, and Andrea Lucky. "Managed Fire Frequency Significantly Influences the Litter Arthropod Community in Longleaf Pine Flatwoods." Environmental Entomology 47, no. 3 (April 11, 2018): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy038.

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32

Sun, Ge, Hans Riekerk, and Larry V. Kornhak. "Ground-water-table rise after forest harvesting on cypress-pine flatwoods in Florida." Wetlands 20, no. 1 (March 2000): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0101:gwtraf]2.0.co;2.

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33

Dunson, William A., Christopher J. Paradise, and Ronald L. Van Fleet. "Patterns of Water Chemistry and Fish Occurrence in Wetlands of Hydric Pine Flatwoods." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12, no. 4 (December 1997): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1997.9663570.

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34

Sharma, Ajay, Daniel K. Brethauer, Justin McKeithen, Kimberly K. Bohn, and Jason G. Vogel. "Prescribed Burn Effects on Natural Regeneration in Pine Flatwoods: Implications for Uneven-Aged Stand Conversion from a Florida Study." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030328.

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Uneven-aged silvicultural approaches are increasingly utilized as efficient management strategies for economic and ecological sustainability of forest resources, including in the southeastern United States where there is interest in converting intensively managed pine plantations to uneven-aged stands. However, success of stand conversion and perpetuation of an uneven-aged forest stand depends on obtaining adequate regeneration of the desired species and its ability to develop into merchantable size classes. In fire-maintained ecosystems, regeneration dynamics can be challenging for species such as slash pine that are not tolerant of fire in the seedling stage. In this study, we examined the survival of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englm.) regeneration (seedlings and saplings) following prescribed burns in (1) a harvest-created gap (0.4 ha; 70 m diameter) and (2) a mature stand with abundant advanced regeneration at two mesic-hydric flatwoods sites in northwest Florida, USA. We characterized the prescribed burns at the two sites and quantified survival of regeneration of different size classes (<1 m, 1–2 m, 2–3 m, >3 m) at 10 months after the burn. Within the gap, the greatest survival of regeneration was observed at the center (12.5% survival) in comparison to the other positions in the gap (1.92% to 7.14% survival), with all seedlings <3m height killed by the burn. In the stand with advance regeneration, survival ranged between 0% and 50% at different positions, with all regeneration smaller than 2 m killed by fire. Overall, we observed 6.36% and 23.2% survival in the harvest-created gap and the stand with advance regeneration, respectively. Despite these low percent survival values, post-burn slash pine regeneration (seedlings/saplings) density equaled 725 and 4800 per hectare, respectively. Our modeling projections suggest that this level of post-burn regeneration density may be adequate for stand conversion and sustainable uneven-aged silvicultural management of slash pine. These results suggest that seedling size is the preeminent control on slash pine survival after prescribed burn. However, long-term monitoring of stand dynamics following future prescribed burns and cutting cycle harvests will help confirm if slash pine can be sustainably managed using uneven-aged silviculture.

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35

Breininger, David R., Paul A. Schmalzer, and C. Ross Hinkle. "Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) Densities in Coastal Scrub and Slash Pine Flatwoods in Florida." Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 1 (March 1994): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564681.

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36

Lu, Jianbiao, Ge Sun, Steven G. McNulty, and Nicholas B. Comerford. "Sensitivity of pine flatwoods hydrology to climate change and forest management in Florida, USA." Wetlands 29, no. 3 (September 2009): 826–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/07-162.1.

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37

Lubertazzi, David, and Walter R. Tschinkel. "Ant community change across a ground vegetation gradient in north Florida's longleaf pine flatwoods." Journal of Insect Science 3, no. 21 (July 2003): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.003.2101.

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38

Conde, Louis F., Benee F. Swindel, and Joel E. Smith. "Five years of vegetation changes following conversion of pine flatwoods to Pinus elliottii plantations." Forest Ecology and Management 15, no. 4 (September 1986): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90166-0.

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39

Rahman, M. S., M. G. Messina, and R. F. Fisher. "Intensive Forest Management Affects Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Growth and Survival on Poorly Drained Sites in Southern Arkansas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 30, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/30.2.79.

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Abstract We investigated if intensive forest management could enhance loblolly pine seedling growth and survival on West Gulf flatwoods where winter and spring waterlogging and frequent summer drought limit loblolly pine performance. Fertilization, chemical vegetation control, and mechanical site preparation (combined bedding and ripping) were tested in different combinations on six sites established in southern Arkansas in early 1999. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling performance was monitored in the first two growing seasons (1999 and 2000) and fifth growing season (2003) after planting. Fertilization increased growth in all years. Mechanical site preparation affected only height and only until year 2. There was no effect of chemical vegetation control in any measurement year, although chemical vegetation control resulted in greater growth in combination with fertilization than did either treatment applied separately. Tree survival averaged 92% a few months after planting and then decreased significantly at year 1 (77%), and remained comparable until year 5, the last year data were collected. Tree survival was not affected by mechanical site preparation, fertilization, or chemical vegetation control. Intensive forest management can increase loblolly pine seedling growth and survival on poorly drained sites in the West Gulf.

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40

McKee, Anna M., Daniel L. Calhoun, William J. Barichivich, Stephen F. Spear, Caren S. Goldberg, and Travis C. Glenn. "Assessment of Environmental DNA for Detecting Presence of Imperiled Aquatic Amphibian Species in Isolated Wetlands." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042014-jfwm-034.

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Abstract Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an emerging tool that allows low-impact sampling for aquatic species by isolating DNA from water samples and screening for DNA sequences specific to species of interest. However, researchers have not tested this method in naturally acidic wetlands that provide breeding habitat for a number of imperiled species, including the frosted salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum), reticulated flatwoods salamanders (Ambystoma bishopi), striped newt (Notophthalmus perstriatus), and gopher frog (Lithobates capito). Our objectives for this study were to develop and optimize eDNA survey protocols and assays to complement and enhance capture-based survey methods for these amphibian species. We collected three or more water samples, dipnetted or trapped larval and adult amphibians, and conducted visual encounter surveys for egg masses for target species at 40 sites on 12 different longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) tracts. We used quantitative PCRs to screen eDNA from each site for target species presence. We detected flatwoods salamanders at three sites with eDNA but did not detect them during physical surveys. Based on the sample location we assumed these eDNA detections to indicate the presence of frosted flatwoods salamanders. We did not detect reticulated flatwoods salamanders. We detected striped newts with physical and eDNA surveys at two wetlands. We detected gopher frogs at 12 sites total, three with eDNA alone, two with physical surveys alone, and seven with physical and eDNA surveys. We detected our target species with eDNA at 9 of 11 sites where they were present as indicated from traditional surveys and at six sites where they were not detected with traditional surveys. It was, however, critical to use at least three water samples per site for eDNA. Our results demonstrate eDNA surveys can be a useful complement to traditional survey methods for detecting imperiled pond-breeding amphibians. Environmental DNA may be particularly useful in situations where detection probability using traditional survey methods is low or access by trained personnel is limited.

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41

Yeiser, J. L., and J. L. Paschke. "Regenerating Wet Sites with Bare-Root and Containerized Loblolly Pine Seedlings¹." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/11.1.52.

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Abstract Seedling survival on a 1983 planted test site with a perched water table was 99% for both containerized and bare-root seedlings planted in May after the perched water table receded and 15% for seedlings planted in February while soils were saturated. Also, differences in survival forMay 1984 plantings on an upland flatwoods site, a terrace along an ephemeral stream, and a river floodplain site, indicate that each site possesses inherent properties uniquely influencing seedling survival. After the perched water table had receded, first-year mean survival of containerized seedlings was 19% higher than for bare-root seedlings. Some families showed tolerance to excessive soil moisture and are probably well suited for general planting on wet sites. The higher cost of containerized seedlings can be justified if a replant or marginal survival can be avoided. SouthJ. Appl. For. 11(1): 52-56.

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42

Conrad, L. William, Thomas J. Straka, and William F. Watson. "Economic Evaluation of Initial Spacing for a 30-Year-Old Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantation." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.2.89.

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Abstract Three initial spacings from a 30-year-old unthinned loblolly pine plantation were evaluated to estimate the historical returns achieved at various rotation lengths and for the impact of single and multiple products. The plantation was established on a well-drained interior flatwoods clay site in North Central Mississippi. Historic rates of return using actual price and cost data are reported. Generally, the optimum pulpwood rotation was 20 yr, and optimum sawtimber rotation was 30 yr. Wider spacings produced higher returns for both pulpwood and sawtimber rotations. When multiple products were considered (joint production of sawtimber, chip-n-saw, and pulpwood), greater returns than the single product rotations were obtained, and wider spacings consistently produced higher economic returns. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):89-93.

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43

Breininger, David R., Paul A. Schmalzer, and C. Ross Hinkle. "Estimating Occupancy of Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) Burrows in Coastal Scrub and Slash Pine Flatwoods." Journal of Herpetology 25, no. 3 (September 1991): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564590.

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44

Breininger, David R., and Rebecca B. Smith. "Relationships between Fire and Bird Density in Coastal Scrub and Slash Pine Flatwoods in Florida." American Midland Naturalist 127, no. 2 (April 1992): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426529.

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45

Erwin, Kenneth J., Houston C. Chandler, John G. Palis, Thomas A. Gorman, and Carola A. Haas. "Herpetofaunal Communities in Ephemeral Wetlands Embedded within Longleaf Pine Flatwoods of the Gulf Coastal Plain." Southeastern Naturalist 15, no. 3 (September 2016): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.015.0305.

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46

Ford, Chelcy Rae, and Jacqueline Ren�e Brooks. "Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA." Annals of Forest Science 60, no. 5 (July 2003): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2003030.

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47

South, David B., and Robert J. Mitchell. "Determining the "optimum" slash pine seedling size for use with four levels of vegetation management on a flatwoods site in Georgia, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 7 (August 1, 1999): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-048.

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A slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) study was established to determine the "optimum" seedling size for use on a flatwoods site in the Coastal Plain physiographic province of Georgia, U.S.A. The optimum seedling is defined as the ideotype that will minimize overall reforestation costs while achieving established goals for initial survival and growth. Initial survival and fourth-year performance were examined in relation to (i) method of site preparation, (ii) herbicide application, and (iii) seedling class (based on root-collar diameter) and to associated establishment costs. Seedling class greatly influenced survival with large-diameter classes (8.5-11.5 mm) exhibiting the best survival (87-99%). Seedlings with 4.5-mm diameters averaged 75% survival. A second bedding pass (double bedding) reduced grasses and woody shrubs, and the herbicide imazapyr reduced grasses and herbaceous broadleaf weeds. Neither treatment improved pine survival. Use of 9.5 to 11.5-mm seedlings (without double bedding) produced larger trees 4 years after planting than 4.5-mm seedlings with double bedding. A simple cost analysis indicated the optimum seedling would be considerably larger (9.5-11.5 mm) in diameter than the "target" seedling (4.5 mm) typically produced at slash pine nurseries. For each dollar invested in establishment, planting the optimum pine seedling on this site resulted in greater gains in early survival and growth than either double bedding or use of imazapyr.

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48

Gilliam, Frank S., and Norman L. Christensen. "Herb-Layer Response to Burning in Pine Flatwoods of the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113, no. 1 (January 1986): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996233.

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49

Chandler, Houston C., Carola A. Haas, and Thomas A. Gorman. "The Effects of Habitat Structure on Winter Aquatic Invertebrate and Amphibian Communities in Pine Flatwoods Wetlands." Wetlands 35, no. 6 (October 7, 2015): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0707-6.

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50

Menges, Eric S., and Mark A. Deyrup. "Postfire survival in south Florida slash pine: interacting effects of fire intensity, fire season, vegetation, burn size, and bark beetles." International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, no. 1 (2001): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01009.

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We used path analysis to examine postfire survival of south Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa) at Archbold Biological Station in south-central Florida. We considered the interacting factors of bark beetle infestation, fire intensity (estimated by bark char, percentage of canopy green, and other measures), season of burn, burn size, and vegetation structure and composition. Trees were sampled in 24 burned areas for 3 years after each fire. Fires on recently-burned sites (5–19 years since previous fire) killed fewer trees (44% mortality) than fires on sites > 25 years postfire (71%). For long-unburned sites, we used multiple regression to examine 35 variables and form a path model linking nine variables at four levels. Pine survival was most affected by season of burn; fall burns decreased survival indirectly through increases in fire intensity. Higher mortality was associated with greater char height, larger area burned, more intense attacks by the beetle Platypus, occurrence of hickory scrub or flatwoods vegetation, and complete needle consumption. The final path model explained over 90% of the variation in pine survival. It suggested that beetle effects reflect fire intensity, and detailed many complex interactions. Both preburn and fire intensity data were needed to explain a high amount of variance. Analyses of survival within burns produced similar results, but added some patterns due to vegetation differences within burns and higher survival for larger trees. Fire-induced south Florida slash pine mortality did not spread to trees growing in adjacent, unburned areas. Fire intensity may influence pine densities over the upland landscape in all but the most xeric and hydric sites. Fire management to maximize pine survival is feasible, but management for landscape heterogeneity will tolerate variation in fire intensity and pine survival.

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