Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pine tree rings

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Pine tree rings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Pine tree rings"

1

Kucherov, S. E., and P. V. Velmovskiy. "Old‐age pine trees: Unique objects of the Buzuluksky forest." South of Russia: ecology, development 20, no. 1 (2025): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2025-1-1.

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Tree‐rings contain information about variability of climatic factors and about various negative events (abnormal weather events, fires, defoliation caused by leaf‐eating insects, etc.).Due to the fact that information about climatic conditions and negative events, as a rule, covers short time intervals, the study of tree‐rings makes it possible to obtain data on both the climate and the dates of negative phenomena and also the degree of their impact on ecosystems over long time intervals.Old‐age trees are of particular value, since they allow obtaining information about variability of environmental conditions and negative events over hundreds of years. During our research in the Buzuluk Pine Forest in the national park of the same name, special attention was paid to identifying old Scots Pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.).The difficulty in studying the old tree growth dynamics was that in many of the trees the wood in the central part of the trunks had either decayed with the formation of hollows or contained areas of rot, which resulted in the inability to take samples that contained all tree rings, starting from the periphery to the center of the trunk. To estimate the age of such trees, we developed a technique by which the missing number of tree rings from the first tree ring in the samples, positioned at a calculated distance (zero radius) from the center of the trunk, was estimated by the number of tree rings formed before reaching the same radius in closely located old trees with healthy centre wood.The purpose of this work was to estimate the age of the unique Velikansha Pine Tree. The age estimation carried out according to our technique showed that the age of Velikansha Pine Tree as of 2023 was about 320 years.
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Timofeeva, Galina, Kerstin Treydte, Harald Bugmann, et al. "How does varying water supply affect oxygen isotope variations in needles and tree rings of Scots pine?" Tree Physiology 40, no. 10 (2020): 1366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa082.

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Abstract In many regions, drought is suspected to be a cause of Scots pine decline and mortality, but the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear. Because of their relationship to ecohydrological processes, δ18O values in tree rings are potentially useful for deciphering long-term physiological responses and tree adaptation to increasing drought. We therefore analyzed both needle- and stem-level isotope fractionations in mature trees exposed to varying water supply. In a first experiment, we investigated seasonal δ18O variations in soil and needle water of Scots pine in a dry inner Alpine valley in Switzerland, comparing drought-stressed trees with trees that were irrigated for more than 10 years. In a second experiment, we analyzed twentieth-century δ18O variations in tree rings of the same forest, including a group of trees that had recently died. We observed less 18O enrichment in needle water of drought-stressed compared with irrigated trees. We applied different isotope fractionation models to explain these results, including the Péclet and the two-pool correction, which considers the ratio of unenriched xylem water in the needles to total needle water. Based on anatomical measurements, we found this ratio to be unchanged in drought-stressed needles, although they were shorter. The observed lower 18O enrichment in needles of stressed trees was therefore likely caused by increased effective path length for water movement within the leaf lamina. In the tree-ring study, we observed lower δ18O values in tree rings of dead trees compared with survivors during several decades prior to their death. These lower values in declining trees are consistent with the lower needle water 18O enrichment observed for drought-stressed compared with irrigated trees, suggesting that this needle-level signal is reflected in the tree rings, although changes in rooting depth could also play a role. Our study demonstrates that long-term effects of drought are reflected in the tree-ring δ18O values, which helps to provide a better understanding of past tree physiological changes of Scots pine.
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Leavitt, Steven W., та Christopher H. Baisan. "Variability of Seasonal δ13C Patterns in Apache Pine from Southern Arizona, USA". Journal of Palaeosciences 50, № (1-3) (2001): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2001.1815.

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Seasonal δ13 C changes observed in tree rings offer the potential of reconstructing environmental conditions at finer than annual resolution. In the American Southwest, an opportunity to better expose environmental influences on tree-ring δ13 C at seasonal scales is fortuitously afforded by the presence of a time marker within rings. The strong winter-summer bimodal precipitation distribution is conducive to formation of a false-latewood band in the middle of the growing season, approximately June, after which normal growth usually resumes to the end of the growing season. The variability in seasonal δ13 C patterns in the 1991-1993 growth rings of two Apache pine (Pinus engelmannii) containing these false rings was investigated by descriptive comparison (1) between radii in a tree, (2) between different vertical heights in the trunks of both trees, and (3) between trees. The patterns of seasonal δ13 C change in tree-ring cellulose were broadly similar between radii, but with differences in amplitude and differences in absolute values of up to nearly 2‰. Between trees, the isotopic patterns were quite similar: concave downward for 1991 and 1993, and continuously increasing in 1992. There were differences of ca. 0.5‰ among patterns at different heights within a tree, but there was no common gradient in the isotopic change with height. Comparison of the seasonal patterns with environmental variations suggests they are more tightly linked to moisture conditions than to temperature or changes in atmospheric δ13 C.
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Galibina, Natalia A., Sergey A. Moshnikov, Kseniya M. Nikerova, et al. "Changes in the intensity of heartwood formation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ontogenesis." IAWA Journal 43, no. 3 (2022): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10082.

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Summary An essential stage in woody plant ontogeny (heartwood (HW) formation) determines tree resistance to weather conditions, wood quality (moisture, colour, resistance to biodegradation), and regulates the proportion of functionally active sapwood (SW) in the total trunk biomass. In this study, the patterns of HW formation depending on tree age and cambial age within the same tree were studied in the North-West of Russia in Scots pine in a lingonberry pine forest. It is shown that HW either repeats the trunk profile or shows a maximum proportion on average at the height of 1.5 m. Models using the square root transformation and logarithm transformation have been proposed to predict the number of annual rings in HW depending on the cambial age. Multiple regression is proposed to predict the radial width in HW. Validation of the developed models on random trees gave a good result. HW formation begins at the age of 17–18 years and continues at the rate of 0.3 rings per year for 20–30-year-old trees, 0.4–0.5 rings per year for 70–80-year-old trees, and about 0.7 rings per year for 180-year-old trees. The lifespan of xylem parenchyma cells ranged from 10–15 years in 20-year-old trees to 70 years in 180-year-old trees. At the age of the previous felling (70–80 years) the HW area in the trunk biomass is about 20%, and in 180-year-old pine forests, it increases to 50%. These data can be used to assess the role of old-growth forests in carbon sequestration.
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Volney, W. J. A., and K. I. Mallett. "Light rings and the age of jack pine trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 12 (1992): 2011–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-264.

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In a routine determination of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) tree ages, several rings were overlooked or were difficult to count. Sections of the wood, when examined at higher magnification, revealed an unusually high proportion of "light rings." Light rings are characterized by having a small number of latewood cells whose walls are not as thick as those of latewood cells found in normal rings. Under low magnification, bands of these light rings may be interpreted as a single annual ring. Light rings may thus be a source of error in determining tree ages for forest productivity studies, particularly in older stands that have been affected by defoliators and root disease.
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Jelonek, Tomasz, Joanna Kopaczyk, Mathias Neumann, et al. "How Wood Quality Can Be Shaped: Results of 70 Years of Experience." Forests 13, no. 12 (2022): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122103.

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This experiment was conducted in the pine woods of central Europe at a research area established in 1951. The experimental area of 1.35 ha was set up in a 14-year-old pine tree stand, which was divided into lots, and the pruning procedure took place in different variants. Some lots constituted control lots without pruned trees. The trees were pruned in four variants, reducing the living tree crown by 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of its length. The study’s main aim was to determine the influence of pruning forest trees on the tree tissue. Moreover, the study attempted to answer whether pruning was a significant procedure for wood valorisation, and if yes, then which variant was the optimal one for Scots pine growing on the European plain. The results indicated a significant impact of pruning young pine tree stands on the properties of wood tissue, which differed regarding the adopted pruning variant. Significant differences in the width of annual rings, the size of the particular areas of the annual rings (latewood or earlywood), and the wood density depending on the pruning variant were observed. Furthermore, the results indicated that pruning induced numerous processes, which optimised the physiological and mechanical functions of the tree trunks. The outcome of this optimisation was, among others, the diversification of the vascular and strengthening area of the annual ring as well as the wood density, which was a reaction to reducing a part of the assimilation apparatus. From the technical wood value viewpoint, the optimal pruning variant for pine was between 1/3 to 1/2 of the living crown.
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Khokh, Anna. "Analysis of anomalies in the structure and size of annual rings in mossy and ledum pine forests." Forestry Engineering Journal 13, no. 4 (2024): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2023.4/24.

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The paper presents new experimental data and reveals the regular variability of the formation of density fluctuations, frost and fallen annual rings in mossy (Pinetum pleurozium) and ledum (Pinetum ledosum) pine forests. The main statistical characteristics of generalized tree-ring chronologies are analyzed, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the average, maximum and minimum width of annual rings depending on the type of forest are established. It has been experimentally established that in ledum pine forests the number of anomalies is 3.34 times greater than in mossy pine forests. There were 229 density fluctuations in mossy pine, 530 in ledum, frost damage – 28 and 159, fallen tree rings – 10 and 202, in compliance. The most unfavorable years, which were reflected in the radial growth of mossy pine forests, were 1979 and 1980; the maximum number of detected anomalies (91,4%) occurred in 1907, 1928, 1958, 1971, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2010 and 2017. The most unfavorable years, which were reflected in the radial growth of ledum pine forests, were 1906 and 1940 ; the maximum number of detected anomalies (89.7%) occurred in 1928, 1937, 1944, 1946, 1963, 1965, 1974, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1991, 2000 and 2016. There are no coincidences of the formation of anomalies and minima of growth in mossy and ledum pine forests, as far as the degree of responses to changes in external conditions in these types of forests is different. The conducted studies have shown that the structure of annual rings of common pine can be considered as a reflection of the features of seasonal growth of trees, while the formation of anomalies of the structure is largely determined by soil-hydrological conditions of growth.
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Sensuła, Barbara, and Sławomir Wilczyński. "Climatic signals in tree-ring width and stable isotopes composition of Pinus sylvestris L. Growing in the industrialized area nearby Kędzierzyn-Koźle." Geochronometria 44, no. 1 (2017): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0070.

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Abstract The main aims of these studies were dendrochronological and mass spectrometric analysis of the impact of climate on tree rings width and stable isotopes composition in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The conifers were growing in the vicinity of chemical and nitrogen factories in Kędzierzyn-Koźle (Poland) in the period of time from 1920s to 2012 AD. The combined usage of tree ring width and isotopic composition data provides historic records of the environment changes. These data allows identifying the behavior adaptation of pine growing under pollution stress to climate changes. The incremental rhythm of the studied pine populations was not identical, probably due to their different sensitivities to some climatic factors. This study evidences that the isotopic records in tree-rings α-cellulose may be sensitive bio-indicators of the way that the components of air and water may be changed by the trees in response to the climate changes and anthropogenic effects. The water use efficiency may be strongly correlated with variability of the surface temperature that may be due to increase of CO2 emission.
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Chernyshov, Mikhail, and Maria Mikhailova. "Response of Scots pine ecotypes in geographical crops to climate change." BIO Web of Conferences 145 (2024): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414502003.

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The current sanitary condition of trees and stands of forest-steppe and steppe ecotypes of Scots pine is considered in relation to responses to climate change. Based on wood cores taken from 96 model trees in 62-year-old seed progenies of pine of different geographical origin on 32 sample plots, trends in the change in the width of annual rings and their structure by calendar years are established, and the magnitude and nature of responses of tree growth of different pine ecotypes to climate change are shown.
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Génova, Mar, Carlos Santana, and Begoña Martínez. "Short communication: Many missing rings in old Canary pines can be related with age, fires and traditional uses." Forest Systems 26, no. 2 (2017): eSC02. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-10253.

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Aim and area of study: In the present paper we estimated the age of four monumental Pinus canariensis of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) by means of tree-ring analysis. Many tree-ring series have been accurately studied and many missing rings have been determined.Material and methods: The trees were dead and the samples analysed were big disks. We measured numerous radii and crossdated the individual tree-ring series, paying particular attention to the existence and location of missing rings. We have distinguished between missing outer rings (MORs) and missing inner rings (MIRs) and analysed the possible causes of both.Main results: We determined an average of 8.8% total missing rings (MRs) for these long-lived trees, with a maximum of 96 MRs in a series of over 500. We have tried to establish a tree-ring chronology on Gran Canaria Island, also having the tree-ring series from Inagua site, but the long individual tree-ring series analysed do not crossdate between them. Research highlights: We consider the Canary pine a species hard to conducting dendroecological studies, especially if the samples come from managed old trees, in which a large amount of known and potentially unknown missing rings can hampered dating. Even knowing the difficulties involved in dendrochronological analyses of P. canariensis, we can confirm that it is a long-lived species, which can grow to over 500 years, and some of whose growth changes could be associated with certain historical and ecological events.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pine tree rings"

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Akkemik, Ünal. "Dendroclimatology of Umbrella Pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Istanbul, Turkey." Tree-Ring Society, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262533.

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To determine the response of tree rings to climate, twenty cores were extracted from ten trees of Pinus pinea L. in Istanbul-Alemdag. A response function was used to characterize the relationships between tree rings and temperature and precipitation. The precipitation of the current year and the temperature at the beginning of the growing period have a significantly positive influence on the growth of the tree ring. Mean sensitivity was found to be 0.291, and it was concluded that Pinus pinea L. is a dendroclimatologically sensitive species.
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Hallman, Christine, Tom Harlan, and Howard Arnott. "Lost and Found: the Bristlecone Pine Collection." Tree-Ring Society, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262622.

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Richter, K., D. Eckstein, and R. L. Holmes. "The Dendrochronological Signal of Pine Trees (Pinus Spp.) in Spain." Tree-Ring Society, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262302.

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Thirty-one old-age pine stands in nine mountainous regions of Spain were studied in order to delineate dendrochronologically uniform areas. A country-wide cross-correlation analysis of the autoregressively standardized site chronologies showed the dendrochronological signal decreasing with distance so that beyond about 450 km crossdating becomes less reliable, but even over 630 km, the correlation coefficient is sometimes significantly high. A principal components analysis of the variance among the site chronologies segregated the chronologies into a northern and a southern group roughly along a line from Madrid to Barcelona. Two low-elevation northern sites were grouped with the southern sites. Moisture supply limits the growth of the pines in this group. In contrast, the high-elevation northern sites do not suffer from prolonged droughts. According to the uniform and extensive tree-ring signal in the south of the peninsula, the potential of dendrochronology for dating cultural objects is predicted to be favorable. Because of the greater variability between sites in the north, further studies are necessary to delineate uniform areas.
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Heyerdahl, Emily K., and Steven J. McKay. "Condition of Live Fire-Scarred Ponderosa Pine Trees Six Years after Removing Partial Cross Sections." Tree-Ring Society, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/251619.

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Our objective was to document the effect of fire-history sampling on the mortality of mature ponderosa pine trees in Oregon. We examined 138 trees from which fire-scarred partial cross sections had been removed five to six years earlier, and 386 similarly sized, unsampled neighbor trees, from 78 plots distributed over about 5,000 ha. Mortality was low for both groups. Although mortality was significantly higher for the sectioned trees than their neighbors (8% versus 1 %), removing a partial section did not appear to increase a tree's susceptibility to death from factors such as wind or insect activity. Specifically, the few sectioned stems that broke did so well above sampling height. Most sectioned trees (79 %) had evidence of insect activity in 1994/95, while only an additional 5% had such evidence in 2000. Mortality among sectioned trees in this study was low probably because we removed relatively small sections, averaging 7 cm thick and 8% of the tree's cross-sectional area, from large trees of a species with effective, resin-based defenses against insects and pathogens. Sampling live ponderosa pine trees appears to be a non-lethal method of obtaining information on past fire regimes in this region because it only infrequently led to their death in the early years after sampling.
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Génova, Ricardo. "Dendroclimatology of Mountain Pine (Pinus uncinata Ram.) in the Central Plain of Spain." Tree-Ring Society, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/261683.

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Few dendrochronological studies have been carried out in Spain or Portugal. Mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram.) may be especially suitable for investigation because of its broad altitudinal range and great age. Samples from a site in the Sierra de Cebollera were prepared and dated using several cross-dating techniques. The dated series were used to develop a ring-width index chronology that was compared with local climate data. Ring-width variability is related to precipitation, but temperature can also be important, indicating a complex climate response. Future studies of this species will be important for dendroclimatology and for study of ecophysiology of subalpine plants in the Mediterranean area.
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Hudson, Laura Elizabeth. "Limber pine sensitivity to climatic and biological stressors evidence from dendrochronology and carbon isotopes /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1495959111&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Despain, Del Westover. "Radial Growth Relationships in Utah Juniper (Juniperus Osteosperma) and Pinyon Pine (Pinus Edulis)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184705.

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The assumption that each latewood ring in trees represents one year of growth was tested for Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and pinyon pine (Pinus edulis). Ring characteristics and growth rates were evaluated for 72 years of growth following scars of consistent date on all trees sampled. Errors in age and growth rate estimates based on ring counts were evaluated. Potential variation among observers was accounted for. Average error in ring counts was lowest when rings were counted on the fastest-growing portions of each cross-section. Errors for more than 40% of the junipers exceeded 10 percent with about half of the trees with more rings and half with less rings than actual years. Pinyons rarely had more rings than years and only 5% of the trees were missing more than 10% of the 72 annual rings. Percentage errors in growth rate estimates based on ring counts were similar to ring count errors for both species. Assigning junipers to age classes based on ring counts also can lead to error in assumed ages of trees. Assuming that ring count error for each tree for the 72 year period studied approximates potential error over the life of each tree, more than half of junipers older than 250 years would be assigned to the wrong age class when using 50 year age classes. Number of rings in junipers was highly correlated with growth rate. Competition from surrounding trees explained as much as 53% and 40% of the variation in growth rates of junipers and pinyons respectively. Relating growth rates and ring counts to ordinations of stand, site and soil characteristics indicated that trees with relatively fast growth rates or trees with the most rings tended to occur on gentle, north to northeast aspects with relatively better- developed soils. However, stand competition often had an overriding influence on growth. Presence of Koelaria pyramidata in the understory was generally an indicator of relatively favorable growing conditions for junipers. Results suggest the need for more caution in the use of ring counts for estimating ages or growth rates of Utah junipers and pinyons than has generally been used in the past, especially when drawing conclusions about specific individuals.
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Brown, Peter M., Amalava Bhattacharyya, and Santosh K. Shah. "Potential For Developing Fire Histories In Chir Pine (Pinus Roxburghii) Forest In The Himalayan Foothills." Tree-Ring Society, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622625.

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We report on the potential for developing long-term fire histories from chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) forests in the Western Himalayan foothills based on a preliminary study from a stand located in the state of Uttarakhand in northern India. Rings from trees collected to develop a master skeleton plot chronology were generally complacent with false rings present during most years, but were crossdatable with only minor difficulty. The oldest tree confidently crossdated back to 1886, with good sample depth (5 trees) from 1911, which helped date the fire scars in cross-sections collected from three trees. Fire frequency as determined from fire-scar dates was high, with mean and median fire intervals of 3 years from 1938 to 2006. Fires were likely from human ignitions given the prevalence of human land use in the site. Fire scars were generally recorded at false-ring boundaries and likely represent burning during the hot, dry period in May or early June before the onset of monsoon rainfall beginning in mid-June. Although only three fire-scarred trees were sampled, this preliminary assessment shows there is a potential for additional samples from other stands to develop longer-term fire histories to better understand the role of fire in the ecology and management of chir pine throughout its range in the Himalaya region.
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Stanton, Sharon. "Effects Of Dwarf Mistletoe On Climate Response Of Mature Ponderosa Pine Trees." Tree-Ring Society, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622558.

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This research examines the influence of western dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum) infection on the radial growth response of mature ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) and its effects on dendroclimatic reconstructions. I hypothesize that trees with mistletoe have lower annual growth rates than uninfected trees, but exhibit higher mean sensitivities and stronger relationships between growth and climate variation. I tested these hypotheses using correlation and regression analyses to compare 100-year crossdated and standardized tree-ring chronologies from 26 infected and 29 uninfected trees. I compared both chronologies to climate variation as measured by changes in total precipitation, minimum, mean, and maximum temperature, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Results show that trees infected with dwarf mistletoe have higher radial growth rates, exhibit greater sensitivity, and respond more strongly to climate variation. Both infected and uninfected chronologies are significantly correlated with the respective climate variables, but exhibit different patterns. The strongest correlations are between infected trees and PDSI for all months tested; significant correlations between uninfected trees and PDSI are limited to May through December lagged from the previous year. These results suggest mistletoe-infected trees are more sensitive to climatic factors than uninfected trees and may be useful for dendroclimatic analyses.
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Campbell, Rochelle, Danny McCarroll, Iain Robertson, Neil J. Loader, Håkan Grudd, and Björn Gunnarson. "Blue Intensity In Pinus Sylvestris Tree Rings: A Manual For A New Palaeoclimate Proxy." Tree-Ring Society, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622639.

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Minimum blue intensity is a reflected light imaging technique that provides an inexpensive, robust and reliable surrogate for maximum latewood density. In this application it was found that temperature reconstructions from resin-extracted samples of Pinus sylvestris (L.) from Fennoscandia provide results equivalent to conventional x-ray densitometry. This paper describes the implementation of the blue intensity method using commercially available software and a flat-bed scanner. A calibration procedure is presented that permits results obtained by different laboratories, or using different scanners, to be compared. In addition, the use of carefully prepared and chemically treated 10-mm-diameter cores are explored; suggesting that it may not be necessary to produce thin laths with the rings aligned exactly perpendicular to the measurement surface.
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Books on the topic "Pine tree rings"

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Peter, Koch. Spiral grain and annual ring width in natural unthinned stands of Lodgepole pine in North America. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1991.

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Brunstein, F. Craig. Bristlecone pine frost-ring and light-ring chronologies, from 569 B.C. to A.D. 1993, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Bristlecone pine frost ring and light-ring chronologies, from 569 B.C. to A.D. 1993, Colorado. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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4

Peterson, David L. Content of chemical elements in tree rings of lodgepole pine and whitebark pine from a subalpine Sierra Nevada forest. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1990.

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Schaumloffel, John C. Ponderosa pine annual growth rings as monitors of zinc, lead, & cadmium in the Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River system, Idaho, U.S.A. Dept. of Chemistry and Nuclear Radiation Center, 1994.

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Bendtsen, B. A. Mechanical and anatomical properties in individual growth rings of plantation-grown eastern cottonwood and loblolly pine. Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Hagan, Teresa A. Ponderosa pine tree rings: Variability of response to precipitation in space and time. 1988.

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Fritts, Harold C. Bristlecone Pine in the White Mountains of California: Growth and Ring-Width Characteristics. University of Arizona Press, 2016.

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Estimating diameter growth for pinyon and juniper trees in Arizona and New Mexico. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1996.

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Kiszka, Krzysztof. Ruchy osuwiskowe w świetle badań dendrogeomorfologicznych na podstawie analizy osuwiska Sawickiego w Beskidzie Niskim = Landsilde movements based on dendrogeomorphological research based on a analysis of the Sawicki Landslide in the Beskid Niski mts. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590835.

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Research concerns the problem of landslide movement, which is one of the most important geomorphological processes in the Carpathians. The aim of the studies is to determine the temporal and spatial complexity of landslide activity and to demonstrate the suitability of using different species of conifers in the dendrogeomorphological method. The Sawicki landslide located in Beskid Niski Mts., which is one of the largest landslides in the Polish Flysch Carpathians, was selected for dendrogeomorphological analysis. The dendrogeomorphological method and geomorphological mapping were used in the research. 1078 samples from conifers (fir, spruce, larch and pine) growing on the Sawicki landslide and its immediate surroundings were taken using an increment borer in 2013- 2018. The cores were taken from the upslope and downslope side of the tree stump. The width of annual tree rings were measured for each extracted core sample. The landslide activity was assessed on the basis of the eccentricity, the eccentricity index and its yearly variation. Geological and topographic maps, published data on landslides activity in the research area, precipitation data from the Research Station in Szymbark (Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Science) for 1968-2017 and from the meteorological station in Krynica (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) for 1881-2010 were also used for dendrogeomorphological research of Sawicki landslide. The research shows that the Sawicki landslide is characterized by varied temporal and spatial complexity of landslide activity. The dynamics of displacements within the research sites and research sub-sites, including various fragments of landslides, and movements of colluvial packages is spatially mosaic and chaotic in time. Mass movements covering almost the entire surface of the landslide occurred in the years 1913-1914 and 1974-1975, while in the years 1888, 1906-1907, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1965, 1973, 1980, 1983-1985, 1997 landslide activity was recorded only in its particular parts. The largest variation in the dynamics of landslide movements is characteristic for the period 1970-1985. It was also found that in the initial stage of formation of the landslide tongue, the colluviums movement is disordered. During further downhill movement, the direction of displacement is arranged. Periods of Sawicki landslide activity refers to extremely humid years (62%) and wet years (48%) and they are consistent with the years of landslides activity in Szymbark, listed in the current literature of the subject. The most predisposed conifer species to dendrogeomorphological analysis were spruce, larch and fir. Despite its limitations, the dendrogeomorphological method is a useful tool in landslide activity research.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pine tree rings"

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Cook, Edward R., Warren L. Nance, Paul J. Krusic, and James Grissom. "Modeling the Differential Sensitivity of Loblolly Pine to Climatic Change Using Tree Rings." In Ecological Studies. Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2178-4_39.

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Leavitt, Steven W. "Major Wet Interval in White Mountains Medieval Warm Period Evidenced in δ13C of Bristlecone Pine Tree Rings." In The Medieval Warm Period. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1186-7_11.

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Velušček, Anton, and Katarina Čufar. "Pile-Dwellings at Ljubljansko Barje, Slovenia: 25 Years of Dendrochronology." In Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52780-7_13.

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AbstractInterdisciplinary research on the pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia, has been carried out, with brief interruptions, since their discovery in 1875. Since 1995 these efforts have been coordinated by the Institute of Archaeology of the ZRC SAZU. Systematic excavations and interdisciplinary research were carried out on prehistoric pile-dwelling sites, and dendrochronology was introduced as a basic method for determining the time frame of their existence. To this end, wood was collected from 16 sites for wood identification, dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating. Between 1995 and 2017, nearly 8800 samples of waterlogged wood, mainly from the piles the dwellings were built on, were collected and examined. Approximately 20% of the samples were oak (Quercus sp.) and ash (Fraxinus sp.), with more than 45 tree rings selected for dendrochronological study. Oak and ash tree-ring chronologies were established for most of the sites. Site chronologies that overlapped were merged into longer chronologies. Dating was carried out using 14C dating supported by a wiggle-matching procedure, and for the 4th millennium BC settlements with the help of teleconnection with German-Swiss reference chronology from sites approximately 500 km away north of the Alps. For the oldest settlementResnikov prekop, which was already inhabited around 4600 BC, we could not establish a chronology due to the insufficient number of wood samples. The most important tree-ring chronologies of oak are: BAR-3330 (time span 3771–3330 BC) dated by dendrochronology, as well as SG-VO (3285–3109 ± 14 cal BC) and ZA-QUSP1 (2659–2417 ± 18 cal BC) both dated by radiocarbonwiggle-matching). BAR-3330 helped us date eight sites, SG-VO two sites, and ZA-QUSP1 three sites indicating the end of the Copper Age on the Ljubljansko barje. Slovenian oak chronologies from different periods have the potential to be teleconnected with those from other regions.
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Piispanen, Riikka, Jiri Pyörälä, and Sauli Valkonen. "Wood Properties and Quality." In Managing Forest Ecosystems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70484-0_9.

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Abstract Trees in continuous cover forestry (CCF) typically form very narrow rings at young ages in suppressed positions but can grow very quickly at older ages in dominant positions, maintaining long-lived crowns. CCF trees have slightly higher mean wood density in stems than rotation forestry (RF) trees. CCF trees have better fiber properties for pulp than RF trees. CCF trees have a relatively short stem section of small dead knots in sawn timber. CCF trees have a relatively long section of large green knots in sawn timber. Sawn goods produced from spruce logs yielded with the selection system do not differ markedly from those from RF. The application of a shelterwood system with overstorey retention for Scots pine facilitates the production of very high-grade timber.
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Martinelli, Nicoletta. "Dendrochronology of Italian Pile-Dwellings: The Challenge of Filling the Gaps Between 5000 and 1000 BC." In Natural Science in Archaeology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52780-7_12.

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AbstractThe paper deals with dendrochronological analysis on pile-dwelling sites in northern Italy. After a brief history of research and a general overview of the chronological framework, the author describes the elaboration of the main regional chronologies based on cross-dated tree-ring series from wood samples obtained from pile-dwellingsettlements. The site series have been dendrochronologically cross-dated and the chronologies dated by radiocarbonwiggle-matching. They belong to the Bronze Age: the timespan of GARDA 1 is 2204–1829 ± 10 cal BC and the timespan of GARDA 3 is 1897–1678 ± 14 cal BC. They allow high-precision dating of building activities in the Bronze Age pile-dwelling villages in the Lake Garda region during a period from the 21st to 17th centuries BC, from the 1st phase of the Early Bronze Age (EBA1) until the transition between the last phase of the Early Bronze Age (EBA2) and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Later dendrochronological single-site sequences span from the 16th century until the end of the 14th century BC and highlight asynchronous trends in settling in wetland environments on both sides of the Alps.
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Zetterberg, Pentti, Matti Eronen, and Markus Lindholm. "Construction of a 7500-Year Tree-Ring Record for Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) in Northern Fennoscandia and its Application to Growth Variation and Palaeoclimatic Studies." In Growth Trends in European Forests. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61178-0_2.

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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Other Chronological Methods." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0011.

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Dendrochronology relies on the seasonal changes in the wood growth of trees that result in the annual production of rings; each ring starts with large cell elements associated with spring and ends with small cell elements associated with summer and autumn growth. The age of the tree is known by counting these rings. The sequence of rings produced over the years is distinctive and shared by trees of the same species over a broad region. In the western and southwestern United States, the bristlecone pine from the White Mountains of California and the eastern Great Basin has allowed the establishment of a tree-ring chronology of 10,000 years. The California bristlecone pines are found west of the Sierra escarpment's White Mountains, on the Trans-Sierra Valley slopes. The oldest groves of the trees are at an altitude of 13,000 ft (3936 m), with a few hundred trees. The oldest living tree is "Methuselah," at 4,700 years, while some of the dead trees have ages of 8,000 years. Shaped by the wind, their silvery trunks have tightly packed ring sequences. The growth of trees, which occurs from spring to autumn, is marked each year by the formation of a new ring of wood cells. The thickness of the rings is a function of the temperature and precipitation at the time of their formation. The trees of a region experience the same variations in climate and, therefore, present the same series of growth rings for the same data (period) sequence. In 1911, an astronomer, A. E. Douglass, was studying tree rings to correlate them with s spots and climatic changes. He succeeded in establishing one of the most precise dating t hniques used in archaeology. In order for the technique to be used, the tree rings must contain an arrangement of both narrow and wide rings that vary considerably in width. Each of the rings found within the cross section is called an annual ring. A wide annual ring signifies plentiful moisture in the soil, whereas a narrow ring signifies insufficient moisture in the soil for robust growth.
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Franzen, Jonathan. "My Bird Problem." In When Birds Are Near. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750915.003.0027.

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This chapter describes the author's experience while birding in South Texas. There is no better American place for birds in February than South Texas. In three days, the author had seen fetchingly disheveled anis flopping around on top of shrubs, Jurassic-looking anhingas sun-drying their wings, squadrons of white pelicans gliding downriver on nine-foot wingspans, a couple of caracaras eating a road-killed king snake, an elegant trogon and a crimson-collared grosbeak, and two exotic robins all lurking on a postage-stamp Audubon Society tract in Weslaco. The only frustration was the author's number one trip target bird, the black-bellied whistling-duck. A tree nester, strangely long-legged, with a candy-pink bill and a bold white eye ring, the whistling-duck was one of those birds in the field guide which the author could not quite believe existed.
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Ralph, Elizabeth K., and Jeffrey Klein. "Composite Computer Plots of 14C Dates for Tree-Ring-Dated Bristlecone Pines and Sequoias." In Radiocarbon Dating. University of California Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.13083389.52.

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"Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future." In Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future, edited by Deanne Drake, Robert J. Naiman, Bruce Finney, and Irene Gregory-Eaves. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874097.ch5.

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<em>Abstract.—</em>Here we review developments in paleoecological reconstruction of Pacific salmon abundance and discuss the new management context and implications provided by the reconstructions. Currently, two approaches are yielding long term reconstructions of salmon abundance over the last hundreds to thousands of years. First, in sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka </em>nursery lakes, the abundance of adult salmon is reflected in chemical and biological characteristics of lake sediments. These indicators have been used to reconstruct patterns of salmon abundance over 2,500 years and are compared at several points by archeological data. Second, emerging techniques using riparian tree-ring-growth have produced sub-decadal resolution reconstructions of stream-spawning sockeye, Chinook <em>O. tshawytscha</em>, pink <em>O. gorbuscha</em>, and chum <em>O. keta </em>salmon populations over the last 150–350 years. Paleoecological reconstructions provide important insights into salmon abundance and their variability prior to European settlement of western North America. For example, sediment-based reconstructions show periods of naturally low sockeye salmon abundance at ~A.D. 1800 and from ~A.D. 0–700 in Alaskan lakes, and tree-ring based reconstructions show river-specific patterns in abundance with cycles of 21–68 years in duration. Both types of reconstruction also suggest relatively rapid, natural “recovery” of salmon populations after periods of low abundance. As additional reconstructions become available and a more synthetic understanding of them is developed, paleoecological reconstructions will allow better evaluation of management paradigms (e.g., the long-term fidelity of Pacific Decadal Oscillation cycles and regional salmon abundance) as well as identification of additional patterns that cannot be extracted from limited historical data sets. Paleoecological perspectives play a potentially important role in changing societal expectations of salmon resources by recognizing natural variations in abundance. Such expectations, if tempered by acknowledging natural changes in salmon productivity, can be incorporated into flexible models, management and restoration strategies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pine tree rings"

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Dent, Phil, Chris Fowler, Stuart Bond, and Sam Mishael. "New Axially Loaded Full Ring Test Method for Assessment of Susceptibility of Girth Welds and Parent Pipe to Sour Service Cracking." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-08965.

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Abstract Susceptibility to cracking in sour service is usually determined by testing in laboratory or simulated service environments, in compliance with NACE MR0175 / ISO 151561. Typically small scale specimens are extracted from sampled material to facilitate uniaxial tensile, C-ring or 4-point bend testing to determine the resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) or Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). Sampling relaxes residual stress and in many cases the specimen is not representative of the material surface condition and microstructure, and clearly may not represent material with inhomogeneous properties. This is particularly true for subsea lines installed by reeling as strain history varies around the entire circumference. A full ring ovalization test method was developed in the 1980s / 1990s, which retains the residual stresses, is better able to assess behavior with hoop stress and is still favored today (BS 87012), but it does not load the entire specimen. This paper describes a new axially loaded full ring test method which was developed and demonstrated to combine the benefits of retaining a full as-welded pipe pup-piece, permitting single-sided exposure, with the advantage of tensile loading of the complete tubular specimen.
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Kibblewhite, R. P. "Qualities of Kraft and Thermomechanical Radiata Pine Papermaking Fibres." In Papermaking Raw Materials, edited by V. Punton. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.1985.1.93.

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This review examines the extent to which wood property variation in New Zealand’s radiata pine resource determines pulp quality. The qualities of radiata pine papermaking fibres are very dependent on their original position within a tree (growth rings from pith and/or height in tree), as well as the geographic altitude and latitude of sites on which the trees are grown. Two categories of radiata pine pulpwood are recognised in New Zealand: slabwood of high basic density from the outside of sawlogs; and corewood of relatively low basic density from the smaller logs (non-sawlogs) of the upper part of a tree and from whole-trees less than 20 years old. The kraft pulp fibres from corewood are shorter and have thinner walls than corresponding fibres from slabwood, but the diameters of these two fibre populations are essentially identical. The handsheet properties (apparent density, and burst, tear, and tensile indices) are strongly correlated with, and can be predicted from, the wall thickness:diameter ratio of pulp fibres or the basic density of the wood sample pulped. These trends hold for whole trees of different age, for parts of trees, and for commercial pulpwood and slabwood material obtained from throughout New Zealand. Mechanical pulps can be correlated with wood properties to a lesser extent than are kraft pulps. In thermomechanical (TMP) pulp production, slabwood consumes more energy to a given freeness and produces pulps of higher strength than corewood. Pulps from corewood, however, have excellent optical properties whereas those from slabwood are of slightly lower quality. These differences are partly explained by the very different qualities of slabwood and corewood fibres and fines. Slabwood TMP pulps are rich in fibrillar fines, which have a strong consolidating influence on the long and relatively stiff fibres of this furnish. Alternatively, corewood fines are of a more heterogeneous arid coarse quality (and have a lesser consolidating effect on fibres which are shorter and more collapsible than corresponding slabwood fibres) and therefore pack more tightly within handsheets. The handsheets of corewood pulps have excellent optical properties since the fibres and fines of this furnish give more air-to-fibre and air-to-fibre element interfaces than do those of corresponding slabwood fibres and fines.
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Chanwimaluang, Thitiporn, Rungkarn Siricharoenchai, Treepop Sunpetniyom, and Wasin Sinthupinyo. "Automatic tree-ring mark detection for teak and pine trees." In 2009 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecticon.2009.5137220.

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PIVORAS, Ainis, Marius MIKALAJŪNAS, Diana JUONYTĖ, and Gintaras PIVORAS. "INTEGRATED EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND AIR POLLUTANTS ON DIURNAL TREE RING FORMATION OF SCOTS PINE, NORWAY SPRUCE AND SILVER AND DOWNY BIRCH TREES STEM CIRCUMFERENCE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.099.

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The integrated effect of climatic and other abiotic stress factors including surface ozone on diurnal tree ring width formation of the prevailing in Lithuania tree species as the main response parameter of tree capacity to adapt to and mitigate the recent global changes was investigated. The obtained data revealed that Norway spruce is better adapted to recent climatic conditions in temperate forest than birch trees. Even during the drought episode spruce stem increment exceeded increment of the rest of considered tree species. Silver and Downy birch tree reactions revealed the lowest sensitivity of these tree species not only to unfavorable environmental factors but also to favorable factors which should stimulate tree growth intensity. This is why the growth intensity of this tree species recently has been gradually decreasing. The hypothesis that the coniferous species are more adaptive to recent climate changes was confirmed. The study is based on the results obtained conducting national project supported by Lithuanian Council of Research “FOREstRESS” (SIT- 3/2015).
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Bickovskis, Karlis, Aris Jansons, Diana Jansone, and Roberts Matisons. "Meteorological sensitivity of tree-ring width of Scots pine and Norway spruce in drained stand." In 24th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2025.24.tf237.

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Tree growth in drained peatland forests is influenced by complex interactions between species specific traits and climatic variability, yet these relationships remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the sensitivity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) to temperature, precipitation, and the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) using tree-ring data and bootstrapped correlation analysis. Climate-growth relationships were analysed for two periods: early (1917-1970) and later (1971-2022). Climate growth responses of pine and spruce showed similar sensitivity to spring temperatures in the early period, but diverged in their responses to temperature and moisture conditions during the later period. Pine exhibited a consistent positive response to late winter and early spring temperatures (February–April). In contrast, the response of spruce to March-April temperatures was non-stationary, reflecting increased drought sensitivity in the later period. During the early period, both species exhibited negative carry-over effects from excessive dormant-season (November) moisture regime, with spruce showing an extended negative response to elevated SPEI values from October to December. No clear evidence of summer drought induced growth reduction was observed in spruce, suggesting that local hydrological conditions in drained peat soils may buffer drought effects. However, a negative correlation with August precipitation in later stand development for spruce indicated insufficient soil aeration, likely due to natural drainage deterioration and thinning induced reductions in evapotranspiration. These findings underline that Scots pine maintains greater climatic stability under long-term drainage, whereas spruce requires careful management of drainage regimes to ensure sustained growth and resilience. This study highlights the need for species- and site-specific strategies to enhance forest resilience under a changing climate.
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Saikaly, Wahib E., William D. Bailey, and Laurie E. Collins. "Comparison of Ring Expansion vs Flat Tensile Testing for Determining Linepipe Yield Strength." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1825.

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Ring expansion testing has been compared to conventional tensile testing as a means to evaluate the circumferential yield strength of pipe products. It was found that ring expansion testing provides a more accurate determination of hoop yield stress than tensile testing of flattened pipe samples. In addition, ring testing was found to be more sensitive to the metallurgical condition of the steel. Tests were conducted on ERW and Spiral pipes. Different grades and diameter to thickness (D/t) ratios were evaluated. In comparison to tensile testing on flattened specimens, ring expansion tests gave: a) higher yield strength; and b) reduced standard deviation in test data. The difference in yield strength measured by ring and tensile tests increased with increasing grade and lower D/t. The higher yield strength measured in the ring test is a result of reducing the Bauschinger effect associated with flattening tensile samples. The reduced standard deviation is due to the elimination of flatness and machining variations that occur on a flattened tensile specimen. It was concluded that ring testing provides a true measure of pipe circumferential yield stress.
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Dunkelberger, Margaret S., Sean R. Cornell, and Robert T. Joyce. "ANALYSIS OF LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA) TREE RING AND CLIMATE RECORDS OF ASSATEAGUE ISLAND AND CHINCOTEAGUE BAY REGION, VIRGINIA." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345333.

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Dunkelberger, Margaret, Sean Cornell, and Robert T. Joyce. "ANALYSIS OF LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS TAEDA) TREE RING AND CLIMATE RECORDS OF ASSATEAGUE ISLAND AND CHINCOTEAGUE BAY REGION, VIRGINIA." In Northeastern Section - 57th Annual Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022ne-374856.

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Bian, Sean, and Sherry Xiang. "Manage Tensioner Stroke for Dry Tree Semisubmersibles." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10973.

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The tensioner stroke range for a Dry Tree Semisubmersible (DTS) in a severe environment application is long and must be well defined for the concept to work. The range needs to be properly calculated and optimized. In this paper, the authors elaborate the design procedures for determining the tensioner stroke on a DTS, and demonstrate the design optimization of a conventional semisubmersible floater in the Center of Gulf of Mexico (GOM) 8000 feet water depth. The primary focus is on the design of the platform configuration to reduce the tensioner stroke by investigating each stroke component, while keeping the robustness of the design. A 4-Column ring pontoon conventional deep draft semisubmersible is re-configured considering the balance between the floater hull size and maximum tensioner stroke range. It is identified that the deck vertical layout, quayside /in-place stability and hull dynamic motions are the key parameters for DTS configuration design iterations. The hull principal particulars are first determined using a frequency domain screening approach to minimize dynamic motions for various loading combinations. Top Tensioned Riser (TTR) and export risers with Steel Catenary Configuration (SCRs) are modeled in the integrated screening process, and mooring line setups are optimized for the global motion analyses. For the governing design cases, riser pipe and tensioner details are modeled for various target tensioner characteristics in a dedicated riser design tool in time-domain. Sensitivity analyses including the tensioner stiffness curve, platform pitch and keel guide effects on the global performance are studied and presented. It can be concluded from the design example that when properly configured, a reasonable tensioner stroke is achievable for typical DTS applications in GOM environment.
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Bakti, Farid Putra, and Arcandra Tahar. "Conceptual Design of Innovative Relocatable Wellhead Platform Using Multi-Column Structure “MCT” With Both Bottom Founded and Floating In-Place Capabilities." In ASME 2024 43rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2024-124034.

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Abstract This study addresses the design challenge of a relocatable wellhead platform that satisfies the complex operational and environmental requirements of both shallow and deeper water hydrocarbon extraction. A platform design capable of catering to three distinct fields: the shallow water A Field (∼20 m water depth) and the deeper waters B Field (∼40 m water depth) and C Field (∼65 m water depth), each with a production life expectancy of less than 10 years is shown in this study. Other requirements such as the use of dry-tree, simpler fabrication and decommissioning method, and cost effectiveness were also imposed on the proposed solution. To answer these requirements, a Multi-Column Structure (referred to as “McT”) is proposed as the solution. In the initial stage, McT serve as a gravity-based substructure for the shallower water A Field. The McT’s fabrication and integration with the topside will take place in a dry dock. Subsequently, the integrated McT will be floated to the installation site, where it will be ballasted and placed on the seabed. This wet-tow option provided more flexible, economical, and simpler installation and fabrication method when compared to the jacket type structure. Furthermore, the size of the columns is designed with a dimension where a simple steel rolling devices may be utilized to fabricate the hull. Ring skirts and driven pile are incorporated into the McT’s foundation design to provide the in-place stability and to fulfill seismic requirement during its fixed mode utilization. Notably, well conductors and trees (up to 7 wells) will be situated alongside the McT, facilitating well drilling and production. This study’s primary objective is to devise a single McT substructure capable of accommodating the operational needs of the A, B, and C Fields. The scope of the study includes the summary of Substructure (Hull) Configuration Design, Foundation Design, Wire Tendon and Suction Pile Design, Global Performance Analysis, Pre-Service stability Analyses, Flexible and Top-Tensioned Riser Design and qualitative cost comparison with jacket type offshore platform. This innovative platform design offers a versatile, relocatable wellhead platform solution, tailored to the specific needs of multiple fields, while satisfying stringent criteria for technology, operational feasibility, and cost-effectiveness.
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Reports on the topic "Pine tree rings"

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Peterson, David L., and Darren R. Anderson. Content of chemical elements in tree rings of lodgepole pine and whitebark pine from a subalpine Sierra Nevada forest. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rp-200.

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