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Journal articles on the topic 'Pineal gland'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Afroz, Halima, Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, Mushfika Rahman, Nurun Nahar, and Shamim Ara. "Different Shapes of The Human Pineal Gland A Study On 60 Autopsy Cases." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 23, no. 2 (2015): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v23i2.25393.

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Context: The pineal gland has been described as an endocrine or neuroendocrine gland; however, its functions in humans are still to be defined. Different shapes of the human pineal gland have been identified. Due to its small size and different shapes recognition of this gland is much critical. Besides, due to its cellularity it may be mistaken for a neoplasm. Hence, a sound knowledge on different shapes of the pineal gland is essential for neurosurgeons, radiologists and pathologists for better diagnosis and management of pineal disorders.Methods: A descriptive study was done in the Departmen

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Semicheva, T. V., and A. Yu Garibashvili. "Epiphysis: current data on physiology and pathology." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 4 (2000): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11864.

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Today the pineal gland is one of the most “titled” endocrine glands, but interest in it has not diminished, but continues to increase. A Melatonin Club has been organized and operates, and Jounal of Pineal Research, Advances in Pineal Research, and European Pineal Society News are published. The rapid development of chronobiology led to the elimination of the leading role of the pineal gland and its hormone melatonin in the implementation of circadian, seasonal and annual rhythms of the most diverse functional systems of the body [1]. Despite this, the amount of modern literature in Russian, d

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3

López-Figueroa, Manuel O., Jean-Paul Ravault, Bruno Cozzi, and Morten M⊘ller. "Innervation of the Sheep Pineal Gland by Nonsympathetic Nerve Fibers Containing NADPH-diaphorase Activity." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 45, no. 8 (1997): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549704500809.

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We used the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical method as a potential marker for nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerve fibers innervating the pineal gland of the sheep. Nerve fibers containing NADPH-diaphorase activity provide dense innervation of the sheep pineal gland. The nerve fibers were located in the pineal capsule, in the connective tissue septae separating the lobuli of the gland, and penetrating between the pinealo-cytes. The nerve fibers were either smooth or endowed with boutons en passant. After bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion, the dense network of NADPH-diap

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4

Demajo, M., Olga Jozanov-Stankov, and Ivana Djujic. "Content of microelements in the rat pineal gland at different ages and the effects of selenium supplementation." Archives of Biological Sciences 58, no. 2 (2006): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0602069d.

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The mammalian pineal gland regulates a number of important physiological processes. In this paper we report changes in the content of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) in the male rat pineal glands at 4, 5, 8, and 12 months of age. The effect of Se supplementation in drinking water on the content of pineal gland microelements was also studied. Selenium (Se)-dependent changes in pineal gland reported in this study suggest novel physicochemical and biochemical properties of Se, an important element essential in the antioxidative processes, yet known to influence a number of en

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5

Abd alsamad, M. A., A. E. Hadi, Y. J. Mohammed, and M. A. Hasan. "ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PINEAL GLAND TUMOR IN WHITE RAT." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 3 (2021): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i3.1344.

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Tumors of pineal gland are very rare brain lesion in the rats and other species like humans. Neoplasms of pineal gland should be included in the possible differential diagnosis list for brain tumor, This type happened when the tumor is sited in the pineal body region. Research scientific investigation of pineal glands of rats being of important from the scientific point view, Transmission electron microscopic study of old and young rats was done to study the pineal gland associated with aging, these changes characterized by presence of fat like droplet in cytoplasm. Furthermore in the terminal

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6

Skwarlo-Sonta, Krystyna, Pawel Majewski, Magdalena Markowska, Ruslan Oblap, and Bozenna Olszanska. "Bidirectional communication between the pineal gland and the immune system." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 4 (2003): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-026.

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The pineal gland is a vertebrate neuroendocrine organ converting environmental photoperiodic information into a biochemical message (melatonin) that subsequently regulates the activity of numerous target tissues after its release into the bloodstream. A phylogenetically conserved feature is increased melatonin synthesis during darkness, even though there are differences between mammals and birds in the regulation of rhythmic pinealocyte function. Membrane-bound melatonin receptors are found in many peripheral organs, including lymphoid glands and immune cells, from which melatonin receptor gen

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7

Rubio, A., C. Osuna, M. A. Lopez-Gonzalez, R. J. Reiter, and J. M. Guerrero. "Nyctohemeral rhythmicity of type II thyroxine 5′-deiodinase activity in the pineal gland but not in the Harderian gland of the Swiss mouse." Bioscience Reports 11, no. 2 (1991): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01119198.

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Type II thyroxine 5′-deiodinase (5′-D) activity in both pineal and Harderian glands of the Swiss mouse was studied. Pineal 5′-D activity exhibited a nyctohemeral profile with a maximal peak value at 05.00 h, which coincides with that for pineal melatonin production. However, no rhythm of 5′-D activity in the Harderian gland could be found. In pineal gland, light at night inhibited the nocturnal increase in 5′-D activity, while isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, could not stimulate the enzyme. In the Harderian gland, neither darkness, nor light at night, or isoproterenol were capable of mod

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8

Barcelos, R., A. Filadelpho, S. Baroni, and W. Graça. "The morphology of the pineal gland of the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus Forster, 1781)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 03 (2015): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.081814.

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Abstract Introduction: The Magellanic Penguin migrates on the ocean currents from its reproduction colonies in Patagonia to seek abundant food on the Brazilian continental shelf. The pineal gland, an endocrine gland, whose secretions are affected by the light-darkness photoperiod, has a basic function in the biological processes of migrating animals. Melatonin, the hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland affects the circadian, circannual and seasonal cycle that directly affects the migration processes of land and sea birds. Materials and Methods: Specimens were collected on the so

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9

Ashton, Anna, Jason Clark, Julia Fedo, Angelo Sementilli, Yara D. Fragoso, and Peter McCaffery. "Retinoic Acid Signalling in the Pineal Gland Is Conserved across Mammalian Species and Its Transcriptional Activity Is Inhibited by Melatonin." Cells 12, no. 2 (2023): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12020286.

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The pineal gland is integral to the circadian timing system due to its role in nightly melatonin production. Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent regulator of gene transcription and has previously been found to exhibit diurnal changes in synthesis and signalling in the rat pineal gland. This study investigated the potential for the interaction of these two systems. PCR was used to study gene expression in mouse and human pineal glands, ex-vivo organotypic cultured rat pineal gland and cell lines. The mouse and human pineal glands were both found to express the necessary components required for RA si

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10

Afroz, Halima, Shamim Ara, Mushfika Rahman, Nurun Nahar, Anjuman Ara, and Kanij Fatema. "Length, Breadth and Thickness of the Pineal Gland." Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 10, no. 2 (2013): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17286.

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Context: The pineal gland is capable of influencing or modifying the activity of the pituitary gland, islets of Langerhans, the parathyroid gland, adrenal gland and the gonads. The pineal gland through its hormone, melatonin influences many functions of the human, like circadian rhythm, mood, psychiatric disorder, sexual maturation, reproduction and aging. Melatonin, a potent antioxidant provides protection against damaging free radicals of oxygen. Various clinical problems occur due to abnormal melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. For the perfect and complete evaluation of various clinica

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11

Morton, D. J. "Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase catalyses production of methoxyindoles in rat pineal gland dependent on the concentration of hydroxy precursors and their affinity for the enzyme." Journal of Endocrinology 115, no. 3 (1987): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1150455.

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ABSTRACT Indole metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromatography following organ culture of rat pineal glands with tritiated tryptophan. Methoxyindole production was shown to differ substantially from results obtained when pineal glands were incubated with radiolabelled serotonin. The correlation between hydroxy- and corresponding methoxyindoles was, however, remarkably similar to previous results, and indicated that in the pineal gland, it is probable that production of methoxyindoles is dependent on the concentration of the various hydroxyindoles and their relative affinities for hydr

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12

Karabaş, Çağlar, Samet Karahan, Havva Talay Çalış, and Ali Koç. "Comparison of Pineal Gland Volume Between Patients with Fibromyalgia and Healthy Controls Running Title: Pgv in Fibromyalgia." European Journal of Therapeutics 28, no. 4 (2022): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther-28-4-0104.

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Objectives: The pineal gland is an important neuroendocrine organ accounting for the melatonin secretion and chronobiology that regulate circadian rhythm. This study was designed to compare pineal gland volume (PGV) with healthy controls and patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM), in which sleep quality and efficiency is reduced. Patient and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, PGV and functional pineal gland volume (FPGV) of FM patients with age- and sex-matched healthy controls were compared. All MR imaging studies were performed using a 3 Tesla scanner with a multi-channel phased array

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13

Acer, Niyazi, Ahmet Turan Ilıca, Ahmet Tuncay Turgut, Özlem Özçelik, Birdal Yıldırım, and Mehmet Turgut. "Comparison of Three Methods for the Estimation of Pineal Gland Volume Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/123412.

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Pineal gland is a very important neuroendocrine organ with many physiological functions such as regulating circadian rhythm. Radiologically, the pineal gland volume is clinically important because it is usually difficult to distinguish small pineal tumors via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although many studies have estimated the pineal gland volume using different techniques, to the best of our knowledge, there has so far been no stereological work done on this subject. The objective of the current paper was to determine the pineal gland volume using stereological methods and by the region

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Paquette, Heidi. "The Pineal Gland." Neonatal Network 19, no. 3 (2000): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.19.3.9.

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The pineal gland is located posterior to the midbrain and is the site of melatonin production. Research on pineal gland function in neonates is very limited. This article will discuss pineal gland development and the possible relationship between melatonin production and sudden infant death syndrome. Further research on pineal gland function is needed in order to establish its significance for the neonate.

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15

Peliciari-Garcia, Rodrigo Antonio, Jéssica Andrade-Silva, José Cipolla-Neto, and Carla Roberta de Oliveira Carvalho. "Leptin Modulates Norepinephrine-Mediated Melatonin Synthesis in Cultured Rat Pineal Gland." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/546516.

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Pineal melatonin synthesis can be modulated by many peptides, including insulin. Because melatonin appears to alter leptin synthesis, in this work we aimed to investigate whether leptin would have a role on norepinephrine- (NE-)mediated melatonin synthesis in cultured rat pineal glands. According to our data, cultured rat pineal glands express leptin receptor isoform b (Ob-Rb). Pineal expression ofOb-RbmRNA was also observedin vivo. Administration of leptin (1 nM) associated with NE (1 µM) reduced melatonin content as well as arylalkylamine-N-acetyl transferase (AANAT) activity and expression

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16

Favero, Gaia, Francesca Bonomini, and Rita Rezzani. "Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review." Cancers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071547.

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The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland that participates in the biological rhythm regulation of vertebrates. The recognized major product of the pineal gland is melatonin—a multifunctional endogenous indoleamine. Accumulating evidence suggests that the pineal gland is important for preserving ideal health conditions in vertebrate. Tumors of the pineal region account for approximately 3–11% of pediatric brain neoplasms but fewer than 1% of brain neoplasms in adults. It is fundamental to expand advanced imaging techniques together with both clinical and laboratory knowledge

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17

Rath, Martin F., Michael J. Bailey, Jong-So Kim, et al. "Developmental and Diurnal Dynamics of Pax4 Expression in the Mammalian Pineal Gland: Nocturnal Down-Regulation Is Mediated by Adrenergic-Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Signaling." Endocrinology 150, no. 2 (2009): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0882.

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Pax4 is a homeobox gene that is known to be involved in embryonic development of the endocrine pancreas. In this tissue, Pax4 counters the effects of the related protein, Pax6. Pax6 is essential for development of the pineal gland. In this study we report that Pax4 is strongly expressed in the pineal gland and retina of the rat. Pineal Pax4 transcripts are low in the fetus and increase postnatally; Pax6 exhibits an inverse pattern of expression, being more strongly expressed in the fetus. In the adult the abundance of Pax4 mRNA exhibits a diurnal rhythm in the pineal gland with maximal levels

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18

Peruri, Alekhya, Alexandra Morgan, Alida D’Souza, et al. "Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review." Life 12, no. 7 (2022): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12071057.

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This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis a

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Kalinina, Svetlana, Viktor Ilyukha, and Lyudmila Uzenbaeva. "Pineal Gland Morphology in Relation to Age and Season in Three Canidae Species." Journal of Morphological Sciences 36, no. 04 (2019): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698373.

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Abstract Introduction The aim of the present study was to determine the morphological features of the pineal gland in three closely related Canidae species (raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834; silver fox, Vulpes vulpes L., 1758; and blue fox, Vulpes lagopus L., 1758) of different ages during the breeding (spring) and nonbreeding (winter) periods. Materials and Methods Histological analysis of the pineal glands of canids was performed. Results The morphological changes in the pineal gland detected in the current study are either age-associated, including increase in the reticular

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20

Barron, Jane, Carolyn Morris-Larkin, Terry Finch, Falah Maroun, Nanette Hache, and George M. Yousef. "Long Survival of Primary Pineal Melanoma with Radiation Treatment Only." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 34, no. 2 (2007): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100006156.

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Pineal gland tumors in adults account for about 0.4 to 1 % of all intracranial tumors. A wide variety of tumors can occur in the pineal gland. The most common are the pineal parenchymal tumors (pineocytomas, pineoblastomas, and pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation), germ cell tumors, and glial tumors. Uncommonly in the pineal gland one may encounter a metastatic tumor, a meningioma or a melanoma.We here report a case of primary pineal gland melanoma with prolonged survival of 56 weeks after radiotherapy alone. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of prolonged

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Anisimov, V. N. "J. Arendt. Melatonin and the Mammalian Pineal Gland. — London: Chapman & Hall, 1995. — 331 p." Problems of Endocrinology 42, no. 6 (1996): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl12060.

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Despite the rapid progress of endocrinology in the last quarter of the 20th century, it should be noted that no other gland of internal secretion, to the extent that the pineal gland, is honored to be "titular" in the scientific community or scientific journal. Indeed, the European Society for the Study of the Pituitary Gland has been actively working for many years, the Melatonin Club was founded, the Journal of Pineal Research, Advances in Pineal Research, and the European Pineal Society News are published, and international conferences and symposiums are held annually in the last decade. de

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Cheung, Richard, and John H. Youson. "Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin within the pineal gland of metamorphosing lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 5 (1991): 1416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-202.

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The distribution and onset of immunoreactivity to anti-somatostatin-14 and anti-somatostatin-34 within the pineal gland of metamorphosing lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, were examined by immunohistochemistry. No staining was observed with anti-somatostatin-34. Somatostatin-14 immunoreactive cells were not found in the larval pineal complex but were present within the pineal pellucida of the pineal gland beginning at stage 5 of transformation and through the final two stages (6 and 7) of metamorphosis. No immunoreactivity was seen in the parapineal gland. The time of onset of this immunoreactivit

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Reiter, Russel J. "The Pineal Gland." Endocrinologist 3, no. 6 (1993): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199311000-00011.

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BRZEZINSKI, AMNON, and RICHARD J. WURTMAN. "The Pineal Gland." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 43, no. 4 (1988): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198843040-00003.

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BRZEZINSKI, AMNON, and RICHARD J. WURTMAN. "The Pineal Gland." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 43, no. 4 (1988): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198804000-00003.

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Parwani, Anil V., Blaire L. Baisden, Yener S. Erozan, Peter C. Burger, and Syed Z. Ali. "Pineal gland lesions." Cancer 105, no. 2 (2005): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20849.

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David Mirisola, Nicholas. "The Links between Pineal Gland Calcification, Mental Health, and Fluoride Exposure." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science IX, no. III (2025): 1056–64. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.90300084.

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The pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain, is crucial for regulating circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles through melatonin production. Recent concerns have emerged regarding pineal gland calcification and its association with mental health disorders and fluoride exposure. This research investigates how calcification affects mental health, links it to fluoride, and discusses public health implications. Key questions include the prevalence of calcification, its effects on mental health, and the possible neurotoxic effects of fluoride. Research indicates that calcification of the

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Lewczuk, Bogdan, Magdalena Prusik, Natalia Ziółkowska, et al. "Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (2018): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103077.

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Several observations from experiments in rodents and human patients suggest that diabetes affects pineal gland function, including melatonin secretion; however, the accumulated data are not consistent. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the pineal gland in the domestic pig, a species widely used as a model in various biomedical studies. The study was performed on 10 juvenile pigs, which were divided into two groups: control and diabetic. Diabetes was evoked by administration of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg of body weight). After six wee

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Elfaki, Amani A., Ahmed M. A. Elhaj, Meltem A. Gudek, Mert Nahir, Amira M. Haroun, and Bunyamin Sahin. "Evaluation of Pineal Gland in Patients with Schizophrenia." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 9, no. 1 (2025): 29–31. https://doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v9n1y2025.pp29-31.

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Recent advancements in neuroimaging techniques have facilitated the identification of numerous structural brain alterations associated with schizophrenia, potentially serving as valuable biomarkers. This study aimed to explore the volumetric changes in the pineal gland correlated with schizophrenia symptoms, employing standard brain segmentation methodologies. The study encompassed 135 participants, comprising 82 controls and 53 patients, all of whom provided voluntary consent. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was conducted using the magnetization prepared rapid acquisition protoc

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Rohde, Kristian, Morten Møller, and Martin Fredensborg Rath. "Homeobox Genes and Melatonin Synthesis: Regulatory Roles of the Cone-Rod Homeobox Transcription Factor in the Rodent Pineal Gland." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/946075.

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Nocturnal synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland is controlled by a circadian rhythm in arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) enzyme activity. In the rodent,Aanatgene expression displays a marked circadian rhythm; release of norepinephrine in the gland at night causes a cAMP-based induction ofAanattranscription. However, additional transcriptional control mechanisms exist. Homeobox genes, which are generally known to encode transcription factors controlling developmental processes, are also expressed in the mature rodent pineal gland. Among these, the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) transcrip

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Козлов, В. А., С. П. Сапожников, П. Б. Карышев, and Л. Н. Воронов. "Local amyloidosis of the pineal gland." Zhurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia», no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/0031-2991.2022.01.104-111.

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Введение. Шишковидная железа (эпифиз), кровоснабжение которой осуществляется от ветвей а. chorioidea posterior, а отток крови происходит в большую мозговую вену или её приток, может подвергаться локальному амилоидному поражению без вовлечения в процесс больших полушарий, то есть, представлять собой самостоятельный процесс не связанный с болезнью Альцгеймера. Цель исследования - выявление частоты встречаемости локального амилоидоза эпифиза у взрослых людей и изучение его возможной связи с кальцинозом железы. Методика. Проведено патогистологическое исследование шишковидных желез 92 суицидентов и

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Sufieva, D. A., E. A. Fedorova, V. S. Yakovlev, D. E. Korzhevskii, and I. P. Grigorev. "GFAP- and Vimentin-Containing Stuctures in Human Pineal Gland." Цитология 65, no. 2 (2023): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0041377123020104.

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The pineal gland plays a key role in coordinating various bodily functions. The main part of the pineal cells are pinealocytes, and the second largest are glial cells, the data on which are contradictory. The purpose of this study is to investigate the astroglial cells in the human pineal gland using immunohistochemistry with transmitted light microscopy and, for the first time, with confocal laser microscopy. Astrocytes were labeled with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. A large number of GFAP- and vimentin-expressing structures were revealed in the human pine

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Chaudhary, S., R. K. Bharti, S. Yadav, and P. Upadhayay. "Pineal gland and the third eye anatomy history revisited – a systematic review of literature." CARDIOMETRY, no. 25 (February 14, 2023): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.25.13631368.

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The structure and functions of neuroendocrine pineal gland remains an enigma to both philosophers and scientists since time immemorial. Some of the structural and functional mysteries of pineal gland are unfolded to some extent in this article by reviewing the work of various researchers. Recently a neuronal circuit consisting of seven neurons between retina and pineal gland have been established to relate the effect of light and other rays on its secretion. The various physical properties such as piezoelectricity, piezoluminescence, electromagnetic field, solar flare, infrared energy are also

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Klimenko, T., and G. Kuzienkova. "CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PINEAL GLAND FUNCTION IN INFANTS WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT." Neonatology, surgery and perinatal medicine 12, no. 2(44) (2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-4260.xii.2.44.2022.5.

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Introduction. The functional activity of the pineal gland plays a dramatic important role in the adaptation topostnatal life and in the pathogenesis of the most common perinatal pathology of premature infants.The aim of the study. To determine the morphofunctional features of the pineal gland in premature infants withextremely low body weight.Material and methods. In 46 preterm infants with extremely low birth weight, the level of melatonin metabolite inurine 6-sulfoxymelatonin was determined at first day of life. The 20 dead infants underwent macro- and microscopicexamination of the pineal gl

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Zawilska, Jolanta, Agata Sęk, Daria Orszulak-Michalak, Martina Mackova, and Jerzy Nowak. "The presence of histamine and tele-methylhistamine in the pineal gland of chick." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 56, no. 3 (1996): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1996-1173.

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The levels of histamine (HA) and tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA) in chick pineal gland were measured by RIA at two time points, i.e. at the end of the light (L) phase and in the middle of the dark (D) phase of 12 h: 12 h L:D cycle. The chick pineal gland showed high HA levels (12.19 and 13.09 ng/pineal at Land D, respectively). The t-MeHA content of chick pineal gland was about 20-times lower than HA level (650.2 and 536.4 pg/pineal at L and D, respectively). An amino acid precursor of HA, L-histidine (1 g/kg, ip), given to chicks during L or D significantly increased both HA and t-MeHA content

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Ziegler, Karin A., Andrea Ahles, Anne Dueck, et al. "Immune-mediated denervation of the pineal gland underlies sleep disturbance in cardiac disease." Science 381, no. 6655 (2023): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn6366.

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Disruption of the physiologic sleep-wake cycle and low melatonin levels frequently accompany cardiac disease, yet the underlying mechanism has remained enigmatic. Immunostaining of sympathetic axons in optically cleared pineal glands from humans and mice with cardiac disease revealed their substantial denervation compared with controls. Spatial, single-cell, nuclear, and bulk RNA sequencing traced this defect back to the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), which responded to cardiac disease with accumulation of inflammatory macrophages, fibrosis, and the selective loss of pineal gland–innervating

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Shilova, Anastasia V., Natalia I. Ananyeva, Natalia Yu Safonova, and Larisa V. Lukina. "Pineal gland: structural variants and their role in neurological and psychiatric disorders." Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 16, no. 1 (2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54101/acen.2022.1.5.

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The pineal gland is a small and poorly studied neuroendocrine gland located in the epithalamus. There is growing interest in the pineal gland due to its role in regulating human biological rhythms, which is associated with melatonin production, and its close neuroendocrine link between the brain's hormonal and neurally mediated activity. The paper examines the anatomical and physiological features of the pineal gland, its structural variations, and the role of the melatonin it produces in the pathogenesis of several mental and neurological disorders.

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Moravcová, Simona, Eva Filipovská, Veronika Spišská, Irena Svobodová, Jiří Novotný, and Zdeňka Bendová. "The Circadian Rhythms of STAT3 in the Rat Pineal Gland and Its Involvement in Arylalkylamine-N-Acetyltransferase Regulation." Life 11, no. 10 (2021): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11101105.

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In rodents, the melatonin production by the pineal gland is controlled through adrenergic signaling from the suprachiasmatic nuclei and regulation of the principal enzyme in its synthesis, arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). In the present study, we identified increased isoprenaline-induced aa-nat expression and nocturnal AANAT activity in the pineal glands in response to the silencing of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) with siRNA or STAT3 inhibitors WP1066 and AZD1480. This AANAT activity enhancement in vivo did not interfere with light-induced AANAT sup

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Finocchiaro, Liliana M. E., Angelika Scheucher, Azucena L. Alvarez, Samuel Finkielman, Victor E. Nahmod, and Carlos J. Pirola. "Pineal Hyperactivity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Muscarinic Regulation of Indole Metabolism." Clinical Science 79, no. 5 (1990): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0790437.

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1. Choline acetyltransferase activity and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate-binding sites were detected in the pineal gland of normotensive Wistar—Kyoto rats and of spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2. In vitro, muscarinic activation by pilocarpine increased the pineal metabolic production of hydroxyindole derivatives up to 5-hydroxytryptamine and produced a less marked stimulation of melatonin biosynthesis. 3. Electrical field stimulation of pineal gland slices caused similar metabolic effects. 4. Muscarinic blockade with atropine inhibited the effects on hydroxyindole metabolism. 5. [3H]Quinuclidin

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Gheban, Bogdan-Alexandru, Horațiu Alexandru Colosi, Ioana-Andreea Gheban-Rosca, et al. "Age-Related Changes of the Pineal Gland in Humans: A Digital Anatomo-Histological Morphometric Study on Autopsy Cases with Comparison to Predigital-Era Studies." Medicina 57, no. 4 (2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040383.

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Background and objectives: The pineal gland is a photoneuroendocrine organ in the midline of the brain, responsible primarily for melatonin synthesis. It is composed mainly of pinealocytes and glial tissue. This study examined human postmortem pineal glands to microscopically assess age-related changes using digital techniques, and offers a perspective on evolutionary tendencies compared to the past. Materials and Methods: A retrospective autopsy study has been performed on 72 pediatric and adult autopsy cases. The glands have been processed for histological analysis and immunohistochemical st

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Skene, D. J., I. Smith, and J. Arendt. "Radioimmunoassay of pineal 5-methoxytryptophol in different species: comparison with pineal melatonin content." Journal of Endocrinology 110, no. 1 (1986): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1100177.

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ABSTRACT A sensitive, specific, reproducible and practical radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) in pineal glands of different species has been developed. High-affinity specific antisera were produced by immunization of sheep with ML–bovine serum albumin. Iodinated ML, used as the radiolabel, was synthesized by direct iodination of ML using 1,3,4,6,-tetrachloro-3,6-diphenylglycouril as the oxidant. Sensitivity of the assay was 0·005 pmol/tube. The validity of the assay was checked using classical techniques. Cross-reactivity with other indoles was negligible. Paral

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Polakovičová, Simona, Ján Líška, Ivan Varga, and Paulína Gálfiová. "Morphology of the Human Pineal Gland Studied by Freeze-Fracturing in Scanning Electron Microscopy." Life 14, no. 12 (2024): 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121617.

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The human pineal gland is the largest producer of the hormone melatonin. Pineal acervuli (brain sand), calcified concretions in the pineal gland, have long been studied because of their association with ageing, melatonin production, and neurological disorders. The solid inorganic matter of the hydroxyapatite crystals often renders sample sectioning impossible, to the extent that the sections lose value. Technically, freeze-fracturing has revealed the detailed structure and cell relationships without tissue damage. In our electron microscopic study, samples of the human pineal gland were obtain

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Gupta, Akshya, Mahlon Johnson, and Ali Hussain. "Pineal Gland Lymphoma: Case Report and Literature Review." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 5 (September 30, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.166350.

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A 65-year-old male presented to our institution with acute-onset headache. Imaging studies demonstrated a mass in the region of the pineal gland, with subsequent histopathology findings being consistent with large B cell lymphoma. The patient was treated with methotrexate, but ultimately did not survive. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma rarely involves the pineal gland, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pineal gland tumors in the appropriate clinical setting.

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Rohde, Kristian, Louise Rovsing, Anthony K. Ho, Morten Møller, and Martin F. Rath. "Circadian Dynamics of the Cone-Rod Homeobox (CRX) Transcription Factor in the Rat Pineal Gland and Its Role in Regulation of Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase (AANAT)." Endocrinology 155, no. 8 (2014): 2966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1232.

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The cone-rod homeobox (Crx) gene encodes a transcription factor in the retina and pineal gland. Crx deficiency influences the pineal transcriptome, including a reduced expression of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat), a key enzyme in nocturnal pineal melatonin production. However, previous functional studies on pineal Crx have been performed in melatonin-deficient mice. In this study, we have investigated the role of Crx in the melatonin-proficient rat pineal gland. The current study shows that pineal Crx transcript levels exhibit a circadian rhythm with a peak in the middle of the nig

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BD, Impana, Seethalakshmi S, and Raghavendran R. "A rare and challenging case of pineal gland tumor – A case report." IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology 8, no. 3 (2023): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jdpo.2023.043.

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Pineal gland tumors are of rare occurrence and may arise from pineal parenchymal cells, the neighboring glia or residual stem cells. Due to its rarity pineal gland tumors are often misdiagnosed. The World Health Organsation (WHO) classifies and grades pineal parenchymal tumors from grade I to grade IV. We present a case report of a rare pineal parenchymal tumor (PPT) in an adult female which was diagnosed mainly on histopathology and aided by immunohistochemistry. The case report includes review of histopathological features and grading of pineal region tumors of intermediate malignancy which

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Bailey, Michael J., Phillip D. Beremand, Rick Hammer, Deborah Bell-Pedersen, Terry L. Thomas, and Vincent M. Cassone. "Transcriptional Profiling of the Chick Pineal Gland, a Photoreceptive Circadian Oscillator and Pacemaker." Molecular Endocrinology 17, no. 10 (2003): 2084–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2003-0121.

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Abstract The avian pineal gland contains both circadian oscillators and photoreceptors to produce rhythms in biosynthesis of the hormone melatonin in vivo and in vitro. The molecular mechanisms for melatonin biosynthesis are largely understood, but the mechanisms driving the rhythm itself or the photoreceptive processes that entrain the rhythm are unknown. We have produced cDNA microarrays of pineal gland transcripts under light-dark and constant darkness conditions. Rhythmic transcripts were classified according to function, representing diverse functional groups, including phototransduction

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ZHANG, Hongjian, Mohammed AKBAR, and Hee-Yong KIM. "Melatonin: an endogenous negative modulator of 12-lipoxygenation in the rat pineal gland." Biochemical Journal 344, no. 2 (1999): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3440487.

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Major biochemical activities of the pineal gland include melatonin biosynthesis and 12-lipoxygenation. In this paper, we provide evidence in vivo that melatonin regulates 12-lipoxygenation via 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) expression. The relationship between these two biochemical activities was established by monitoring levels of endogenous melatonin and a 12-LOX metabolite, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), in the rat pineal gland both during the light-dark cycle and after isoproterenol injection using GC/MS with negative ion chemical ionization. As pineal melatonin production reflected a t

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Skene, D. J., P. Pevet, B. Vivien-Roels, M. Masson-Pevet, and J. Arendt. "Effect of different photoperiods on concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin in the pineal gland of the Syrian hamster." Journal of Endocrinology 114, no. 2 (1987): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140301.

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ABSTRACT Specific, sensitive and direct radioimmunoassays have been used to determine the daily patterns of 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) and melatonin in the pineal glands of Syrian hamsters kept in different photo-periods: 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8L:16D), 14L: 10D and 16L: 8D. A rhythm in pineal ML was evident in animals in all the photoperiods, with high daytime levels (641±35 (s.e.m.) fmol/gland; n=162) which dropped to 119±16 fmol/gland (n = 44) 7·1– 7·5 h after lights out. The duration of low night-time ML levels was proportional to the length of the dark phase (1·2 h in 16L:8D, 5·4 h in 14

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Petros, Beyene. "Neuro Endocrine Physiology: Pineal Gland Development." Endocrinology and Disorders 2, no. 3 (2018): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/023.

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Kumail khandwala, Kiran Hilal, Raima Zakaria, Nida Sajjad, Muhammad Azeemuddin, and Zafar Sajjad. "Assessment of the normal pediatric pineal gland – MR findings of a single center retrospective study." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 2 (2022): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.178.

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Objective: To analyse the size and morphology of the normal pineal gland in the paediatric age group using magnetic resonance imaging. Method: The retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data of patients aged <18 years who had magnetic resonance imaging done between 2007 and 2017. Pineal size was estimated measuring its largest anteroposterior and supero-inferior diameters on sagittal T2-weighted sequences on any slice with maximal diameter. The width of pineal gland was measured on axial or coronal T2 sequences. The volume, morphology a

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