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Wei, Shih-Yung, Wei-Chiang Samuelson Hong, and Kai Wang. "Firm Size Transmission Effect and Price-Volume Relationship Analysis During Financial Tsunami Periods." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 2, no. 3 (July 2011): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaec.2011070105.
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Investors attend importance to forecast the price of financial assets, thus, the factors affecting the stock price are usually the focus of financial research in the field, in which the most important factors to scholars are firm size transmission effect and price-volume relationship. In this study, the analysis of these two items in the Taiwan stock market is conducted. The results indicate that the firm size transmission effect is almost significant, and the reversal phenomenon also exists. However, before the financial tsunami, the firm size transmission effect does not significantly exist; this result also indirectly proves the directional asymmetry of the market returns, proposed by McQueen, Pinegar, and Thorley (1996). For price and volume relationship, big cap index reveals that volume leads to price before the financial tsunami, and small cap index appears that price leads to volume in 2010.
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Rodríguez y Silva, Francisco, Mercedes Guijarro, Javier Madrigal, Enrique Jiménez, Juan R. Molina, Carmen Hernando, Ricardo Vélez, and Jose A. Vega. "Assessment of crown fire initiation and spread models in Mediterranean conifer forests by using data from field and laboratory experiments." Forest Systems 26, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): e02S. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-10652.
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Aims of study: To conduct the first full-scale crown fire experiment carried out in a Mediterranean conifer stand in Spain; to use different data sources to assess crown fire initiation and spread models, and to evaluate the role of convection in crown fire initiation.Area of study: The Sierra Morena mountains (Coordinates ETRS89 30N: X: 284793-285038; Y: 4218650-4218766), southern Spain, and the outdoor facilities of the Lourizán Forest Research Centre, northwestern Spain.Material and methods: The full-scale crown fire experiment was conducted in a young Pinus pinea stand. Field data were compared with data predicted using the most used crown fire spread models. A small-scale experiment was developed with Pinus pinaster trees to evaluate the role of convection in crown fire initiation. Mass loss calorimeter tests were conducted with P. pinea needles to estimate residence time of the flame, which was used to validate the crown fire spread model.Main results: The commonly used crown fire models underestimated the crown fire spread rate observed in the full-scale experiment, but the proposed new integrated approach yielded better fits. Without wind-forced convection, tree crowns did not ignite until flames from an intense surface fire contacted tree foliage. Bench-scale tests based on radiation heat flux therefore offer a limited insight to full-scale phenomena.Research highlights: Existing crown fire behaviour models may underestimate the rate of spread of crown fires in many Mediterranean ecosystems. New bench-scale methods based on flame buoyancy and more crown field experiments allowing detailed measurements of fire behaviour are needed.
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Dubinin, A., and S. V. Zalesov. "FIRE OCCURRENCE IN ILMENSK FOREST RESERVE PINERY AND AFTER-FIRE EFFECTS IN THEM." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 39, no. 3 (September 14, 2016): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2016-39-3-101-107.
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Madrigal, Javier, Jennifer Souto-García, Rafael Calama, Mercedes Guijarro, Juan Picos, and Carmen Hernando. "Resistance of Pinus pinea L. bark to fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 5 (2019): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18118.
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The stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) has thick bark as an adaptation to wildfire. In this study, laboratory tests were carried out to quantify the influence of bark thickness on flammability and fire resistance in this species. Heating rate in the cambium and the time to reach lethal temperatures in living tissues were determined using a mass loss calorimeter. In addition, data from permanent plots were used to generate linear mixed models to predict bark thickness along the trunk in stone pine stands. The combination of laboratory and field data provided information about the critical threshold of bark thickness (2cm) below which the heat transmission rate would increase, decreasing the time to reach lethal temperatures in the cambium and therefore the resistance to fire. A new model was developed to calculate critical thresholds of charring height that guarantee efficient protection from fire along the trunk. Predicting whether the bark is thick enough to help trees survive may have important applications in the field of forest fuel management and in the ecology of these pine forests, as well as in preventive silviculture to assess critical heights of trunks likely to be affected during wildfire and prescribed burning.
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RODRIGO, Anselm, Vanessa QUINTANA, and Javier RETANA. "Fire reduces Pinus pinea distribution in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula." Ecoscience 14, no. 1 (March 2007): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[23:frppdi]2.0.co;2.
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Carmichael, Stephen W. "A Microscope as the Smallest Pen." Microscopy Today 7, no. 5 (June 1999): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500064397.
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In a movie I saw recently, a young Will Shakespeare was seen to repeatedly dip the nib of a quill into a reservoir of ink and scrawl on pieces of paper until, finally, what we know as "Romeo and Juliet" was penned. As pointed out by Richard Piner, Jin Zhu, Feng Xu, Seunghun Hong, and Chad Mirkin, this technology is much older than Shakespeare, dating back about 4000 years. But even technology this old can change.As you are well aware, making devices on a smaller and smaller scale (nanofabrication) is certain to change our future way of life, Nanofabrication frequently relies on lithographic methods where a pattern is superimposed on a resistive film and the film is chemically etched to create a structure that conforms to the pattern.
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Molina, Juan Ramon, F. Rodriguez y Silva, and M. A. Herrera. "Potential crown fire behavior in Pinus pinea stands following different fuel treatments." Forest Systems 20, no. 2 (July 10, 2011): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2011202-10923.
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St.John, Graham. "DMT Gland." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 7, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v7i2.31949.
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With clinical psychiatrist Rick Strassman's DMT: The Spirit Molecule as a vehicle, the pineal gland has become a popularly enigmatic organ that quite literally excretes mystery. Strassman’s top selling book documented ground-breaking clinical trials with the powerful mind altering compound DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) conducted at the University of New Mexico in the early 1990s. Inflected with Buddhist metaphysics, the book proposed that DMT secreted from the pineal gland enables transit of the life-force into this life, and from this life to the next. Since that study, the hunt has been on to verify the organ’s status as the “lightening rod of the soul” and that DMT is the “brain's own psychedelic.” While the burden of proof hangs over speculations that the humans produce endogenous DMT in psychedelic quantities, knowledge claims have left the clinic to forge a career of their own. Exploring this development, the article addresses how speculation on the DMT-producing “spirit gland”—the “intermediary between the physical and the spiritual”—are animate in film, literature, music and other popular cultural artefacts. Navigating the legacy of the DMT gland (and DMT) in diverse esoteric currents, it illustrates how Strassman’s “spirit molecule” propositions have been adopted by populists of polar positions on the human condition: i.e. the cosmic re-evolutionism consistent with Modern Theosophy and the gothic hopelessness of H. P. Lovecraft. This exploration of the extraordinary career of the “spirit molecule” enhances awareness of the influence of drugs, and specifically “entheogens,” in diverse “popular occultural” narratives, a development that remains under-researched in a field that otherwise recognises that oc/cult fandom—science fiction, fantasy and horror—is a vehicle for religious ideas and mystical practices.
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Giuditta, Elisabetta, Rossana Marzaioli, Assunta Esposito, Davide Ascoli, Adriano Stinca, Stefano Mazzoleni, and Flora A. Rutigliano. "Soil Microbial Diversity, Biomass, and Activity in Two Pine Plantations of Southern Italy Treated with Prescribed Burning." Forests 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010019.
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Microbial diversity plays a crucial role in ecosystem processes, including organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. This research explores the effect of prescribed burning (PB) on soil microbial diversity, as well as biomass and activity in Mediterranean pine plantations. In burned and adjacent unburned plots of Pinus pinea and P. pinaster plantations of Southern Italy protected areas, the fermentation layer and the 5 cm thick layer of mineral soil underneath were sampled at intervals during the first year after PB. The experimental protocol encompassed measurements of total microbial abundance (Cmic and soil DNA), fungal mycelium, fungal fraction of Cmic, microbial activity, bacterial genetic diversity (16S rDNA PCR-DGGE), microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2), and C mineralization rate (CMR), as well as physical and chemical soil properties. PB caused only temporary (up to 3 h–32 d) reductions in Cmic, DNA amount, fungal mycelium, respiration, and CMR in the P. pinaster plantation, and had no appreciable negative effect on the microbial community in P. pinea plantation, where fire intensity was lower because of less abundant litter fuel. In either plantation, PB did not generally reduce bacterial genetic diversity (evaluated as band richness, Shannon index, and evenness), thus, also accounting for the fast recovery in microbial growth and activity after high-intensity PB in P. pinaster plantation. While confirming PB as a sustainable practice to reduce wildfire risk, also supported by data on plant community obtained in the same plantations, the results suggest that an integrated analysis of microbial diversity, growth, and activity is essential for an accurate description of PB effects on soil microbial communities.
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Garcíía, Francisco J. Moral, Louis W. Dekker, Klaas Oostindie, and Coen J. Ritsema. "Water repellency under natural conditions in sandy soils of southern Spain." Soil Research 43, no. 3 (2005): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04089.
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The occurrence and consequences of fire-induced water repellency have been studied in several regions of Spain since 1989. The occurrence of water repellency formed under natural conditions, however, has only been described for a few areas in Spain since 1998. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the severity of naturally occurring water repellency in the sandy soils of the Natural Park of Doñana in southern Spain. The persistence and degree of soil water repellency were measured on field-moist and dried sandy soil samples taken beneath Pinus pinea trees. Around 50% of the field-moist soil samples taken at 0–0.10 m depths exhibited (actual) water repellency. Potential water repellency, measured after drying the samples at 60°C, showed for 68% of the samples slight to extreme water repellency. The organic matter content was found to be positively correlated with persistence and with degree of potential water repellency.
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Henríquez, Loewe, Saavedra, Córdova, and Lutz. "Effect of the type of packaging on the oxidative stability of pine nuts (Pinus pinea L.) grown in Chile." CyTA - Journal of Food 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2017.1391332.
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Pine nut (Pinus pinea L.) is a nutritious, expensive tree nut. During storage, it is exposed to a wide range of environmental deteriorative conditions. This study describes the oxidative stability of pine nuts kept in pouches made of three different packaging materials and stored at three different temperatures. The packaging materials evaluated were low-density polyethylene (LDP), high-density polyethylene (HDP), and high-barrier metallized film (MF). Temperatures evaluated were 4, 20, and 60°C. In addition, a control unpacked sample was also evaluated in identical conditions. The oxidative parameters evaluated were acid value and peroxide value. Data analyses include a shelf-life study and a principal component analysis. The results obtained indicate what the best packaging material at 20°C was MF with a shelf-life of 703 d. At 4°C, the shelf-life of pine nuts stored in HDP was 1148 d. It is concluded that it is fundamental to use an adequate packaging to protect the seeds from environmental conditions that promote deterioration.
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Deviatova, T. A., Yu S. Gorbunova, and I. V. Rumyantseva. "Basic property analysis of sod-forest soil covered by a forest fire in the territory of Usmansky pinery (RF)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 392 (November 21, 2019): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/392/1/012048.
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Fattorini, Simone. "Effects of fire on tenebrionid communities of a Pinus pinea plantation: a case study in a Mediterranean site." Biodiversity and Conservation 19, no. 5 (November 25, 2009): 1237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9749-5.
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Khara, M., Z. Zhou, J. Wong, and N. Renwick. "Human brain atlas: miRNA version." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 46, s2 (September 2019): S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2019.264.
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Human brain is a complex organ comprising multiple cell types of differing function. Although histological evaluation remains the mainstay approach for evaluating tissue, comprehensive molecular characterization is now possible due to advanced -omic approaches. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~22 nt) RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and mediate cellular differentiation in normal brain development. miRNAs also make excellent tissue markers due to their abundance, cell-type and disease-stage specificity, and stability in solid/liquid clinical samples. To advance our knowledge of miRNA-mediated gene regulation in human brain, we generated comprehensive miRNA expression profiles from 117 fresh normal brain samples through barcoded small RNA sequencing; tissues included neocortex, allocortex, white matter, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, optic nerve, pineal gland and spinal cord. FASTQ sequence files were annotated using state-of-the-art sequence annotation available through the Renwick lab. Following data pre-processing, high expression analysis of miRNA profiles showed that miR-9 was the highest expressed miRNA in neocortex, cerebellum and olfactory bulb, whereas miR-22 was highest expressed in cingulate cortex, optic nerve and spinal cord; interestingly, miR-29 was the highest expressed miRNA in hippocampus. Our analyses showed a trend towards unique miRNA signatures in different anatomical areas of the brain. Our next step is to perform miRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using a novel method developed in the Renwick lab. Accurate miRNA characterization of normal tissues will provide a firm basis for understanding miRNA changes in neurological diseases.LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis presentation will enable the learner to:1.Describe the function of miRNAs and their suitability as tissue/cell specific signatures2.Describe the miRNA expression trends in profiling various anatomical regions of the central nervous system
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Ginetti, B., A. Uccello, M. Bracalini, A. Ragazzi, T. Jung, and S. Moricca. "Root Rot and Dieback of Pinus pinea Caused by Phytophthora humicola in Tuscany, Central Italy." Plant Disease 96, no. 11 (November 2012): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0451-pdn.
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High mortality was noticed in a 10-year-old stand of Pinus pinea in the Alberese area (Grosseto, central Italy, elev. 40 m, 42° 39′ 46″ N, 11° 06′ 25″ E) in July 2010. Aerial symptoms of trees included chlorosis, crown thinning, stunted growth, bark lesions at the stem base with resinous exudations, and extensive necroses of the underlying xylem tissue. Woody roots of two uprooted trees exhibited bark necroses and a high proportion of fine roots was destroyed. Soil around necrotic roots was baited using apple fruits (cv. Gala). After 1 week of incubation at 24°C, typical firm fruit rot developed and small tissue samples were transferred to clarified V8 agar (V8A) amended with 5 ml/l PARPNH and incubated at 24°C. After 7 days, stellate to rosaceous, finely lobed cottony colonies arose that were transferred to FPM medium and incubated at 24°C. Within 7 days, spherical oogonia with a smooth surface and predominantly paragynous antheridia formed; sporadic amphyginous antheridia could be observed. Colony squares (1 cm2) were then placed in filtered and sterilized pond water. After 48 h, ovoid, obpyriform, or clavate, nonpapillate, persistent sporangia with internal nested and extended proliferation were formed. Fifty oogonia and 30 sporangia were measured. The diameter of the 50 spherical oogonia varied from 33.6 to 44.9 μm (avg. 39 μm); dimensions of the 30 sporangia were 42.6 to 59.8 × 28.9 to 47.8 μm (avg. 52.95 × 38.98 μm; 1:b ratio 1.37). The isolate was identified as Phytophthora humicola W. H. Ko & Ann on the basis of colony type, size and morphology of oogonia and sporangia, average length/width ratio of sporangia, the homothallic formation of oogonia (4), and ITS rDNA sequence information (GenBank Accession No. JQ757060). A BLAST search of the ITS sequence of P. humicola isolate B33 revealed a 99% identity with the Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 species P. humicola and P. inundata (2). This latter species could be ruled out, however, since it is self-sterile, whereas our isolate B33 was self-fertile (3). A strain of P. humicola was deposited in the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, strain no. CBS129249. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 10 one-year-old twigs of Pinus pinea. A bark portion was removed aseptically and a V8A disc (0.5 cm diam.) of P. humicola mycelium was placed on the wound. Control twigs (3) received sterile V8A discs. Inoculated and control twigs were incubated at 20°C in the dark. Clearly noticeable necrotic lesions (avg. length 2.2 × 0.68 cm) were observed after 15 days on inoculated twigs. Control twigs showed no symptoms. Reisolations on selective V8-PARPNH-agar confirmed P. humicola as the causal agent. P. humicola is mainly associated with woody horticultural crops (1, 3), while the other taxa grouped with this species in Clade 6 are mainly found in forest and riparian ecosystems (1). These aquatic Phytophthora species normally have a saprophytic lifestyle, but under favourable environmental circumstances can act as opportunistic pathogens, attacking susceptible trees and causing scattered mortality in forest stands and natural ecosystems (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. humicola from a pine stand. It is supposed that the pathogen reached the stand through infected plant material or infested soil introduced into the stand. References: (1) C. M. Brasier et al. Mycol. Res. 107:277, 2003. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (3) T. Jung et al. Persoonia 26:13, 2011. (4) W. H. Ko and P. J. Ann. Mycologia 77:631, 1985.
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Mancilla-Leytón, Juan Manuel, Carmen Hernando, Jesús Cambrollé, Sara Muñoz-Vallés, Rafael Pino-Mejías, and Ángel Martín Vicente. "Can Shrub Flammability be Affected by Goat Grazing? Flammability Parameters of Mediterranean Shrub Species under Grazing." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031555.
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In this study, we evaluated changes in the potential flammability of different Mediterranean shrub species in a pine (Pinus pinea) forest in the Doñana Natural Park (of SW Spain) as a result of goat grazing. Plant height, total biomass, fine fuel biomass and leaves/wood ratio were measured in individual plants of each species in both grazed and ungrazed areas. Moisture content, mean time of ignition, mean time of combustion, gross heat of combustion (GHC) and flammability class of the studied shrub species were determined in the laboratory. The results of this experiment showed that grazing influenced the flammability characteristics of the studied shrub species. However, the strength of this effect was insufficient to modify the flammability index of these plants, except in the case of Myrtus communis, in which grazed plants presented a lower flammability index. According to Valette’s classification, Cistus salviifolius, Halimium halimifolium and Pistacea lentiscus are flammable species, Rosmarinus officinalis is a flammable-highly flammable species, and M. communis is non-flammable. The GHC values obtained were generally “intermediate”, except for those of R. officinalis, which were classified as “high”. The flammability parameters of the study species did not show a very marked trend in relation to grazing, but the vertical structure of plants did change by presenting reduced biomass of leaves and fine twigs. This change altered the physical characteristics of these plants and possibly acted to reduce the inherent fire risk of the shrublands.
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Gaab, Michael R., and Henry W. S. Schroeder. "Neuroendoscopic approach to intraventricular lesions." Neurosurgical Focus 6, no. 4 (April 1999): E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1999.6.4.8.
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Object The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of endoscopic treatment in patients with intraventricular tumors. Methods A series of 30 patients with endoscopically treated intraventricular lesions is reported. The lesions included seven colloid cysts, six astrocytomas, three subependymomas, two ependymomas, and one each of the following: pineoblastoma, pineocytoma/pineoblastoma (intermediate type), epidermoid cyst, pineal cyst, medulloblastoma, arteriovenous hemangioma, cavernoma, choroid plexus papilloma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, melanoma, and germinoma. Total tumor resections, partial resections, biopsies, stent implantations, septostomies, and third ventriculostomies were performed. In two cases (two subependymomas > 2 cm in diameter), piecemeal endoscopic resection was ineffective because of the very firm consistency of the tumors. Therefore the endoscopic procedure was discontinued and the tumors were removed microsurgically. In the remaining cases the procedures were completed as planned. Even in the presence of difficulties such as poor orientation or significant bleeding, there was no need to abandon the endoscopic procedure. A total of 28 strictly endoscopic interventions were performed, in which the average duration was 85 minutes (range 35–170 minutes). All colloid cysts and the epidermoid lesion were completely evacuated and the capsules were widely resected. Total extirpation of solid tumors was achieved in five cases, whereas most astrocytomas were partially resected. The hydrocephalus-related symptoms resolved in all of the 22 patients with cerebrospinal fluid pathway obstruction. There were no endoscopy-related deaths. In two cases, major bleeding occurred and was controlled endoscopically. The authors observed one case of meningitis, one of mutism, two of memory loss attributed to forniceal injury, one of transient trochlear palsy after a biopsy specimen of an aqueductal tumor was obtained, and one of transient confusion after a biopsy specimen of a germinoma was obtained. Conclusions In the authors' preliminary experience, the endoscopic approach was found to be safe and effective. In this series, it was possible to achieve relief of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, tumor resections, and even complete tumor removals by using endoscopic techniques. Based on the results, the authors believe that endoscopic techniques should be considered in the treatment of selected intraventricular lesions.
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Gaab, Michael R., and Henry W. S. Schroeder. "Neuroendoscopic approach to intraventricular lesions." Journal of Neurosurgery 88, no. 3 (March 1998): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.88.3.0496.
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Object. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of endoscopic treatment in patients with intraventricular tumors. Methods. A series of 30 patients with endoscopically treated intraventricular lesions is reported. The lesions included seven colloid cysts, six astrocytomas, three subependymomas, two ependymomas, and one each of the following: pineoblastoma, pineocytoma/pineoblastoma (intermediate type), epidermoid cyst, pineal cyst, medulloblastoma, arteriovenous hemangioma, cavernoma, choroid plexus papilloma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, melanoma, and germinoma. Total tumor resections, partial resections, biopsies, stent implantations, septostomies, and third ventriculostomies were performed. In two cases (two subependymomas > 2 cm in diameter), piecemeal endoscopic resection was ineffective because of the very firm consistency of the tumors. Therefore the endoscopic procedure was discontinued and the tumors were removed microsurgically. In the remaining cases the procedures were completed as planned. Even in the presence of difficulties such as poor orientation or significant bleeding, there was no need to abandon the endoscopic procedure. A total of 28 strictly endoscopic interventions were performed, in which the average duration was 85 minutes (range 35–170 minutes). All colloid cysts and the epidermoid lesion were completely evacuated and the capsules were widely resected. Total extirpation of solid tumors was achieved in five cases, whereas most astrocytomas were partially resected. The hydrocephalus-related symptoms resolved in all of the 22 patients with cerebrospinal fluid pathway obstruction. There were no endoscopy-related deaths. In two cases, major bleeding occurred and was controlled endoscopically. The authors observed one case of meningitis, one of mutism, two of memory loss attributed to forniceal injury, one of transient trochlear palsy after a biopsy specimen of an aqueductal tumor was obtained, and one of transient confusion after a biopsy specimen of a germinoma was obtained. Conclusions. In the authors' preliminary experience, the endoscopic approach was found to be safe and effective. In this series, it was possible to achieve relief of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, tumor resections, and even complete tumor removals by using endoscopic techniques. Based on the results, the authors believe that endoscopic techniques should be considered in the treatment of selected intraventricular lesions.
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Kaynas, Burçin Yenisey. "Afforestation of post-fire Pinus brutia Ten. forests: Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., P. brutia and Pinus pinea L. leaf extracts on cell division in P. brutia seeds." Allelopathy Journal 49, no. 1 (January 2019): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-49-1-1259.
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