Journal articles: 'Pinna nobilis'

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Lopez-Nuñez, Raquel, Emilio Cortés Melendreras, Francisca Giménez Casalduero, Patricia Prado, Federico Lopez-Moya, and Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca. "Detection of Haplosporidium pinnae from Pinna nobilis Faeces." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020276.

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Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) is the largest bivalve endemic to the Mediterranean. It is distributed in a wide range of coastal environments, including estuaries. Pinna nobilis has recently become a critically endangered species (with almost 100% mortality) along the entire Spanish Mediterranean coast. This may be due to coinfections caused by Haplosporidium pinnae and bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium spp. We extensively sampled P. nobilis from Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain), a site where individuals still survive. Using conventional PCR, we found Haplosporidium spp. in 7.1% of mantle and faecal DNA samples in different individuals of P. nobilis. We identified and quantified Haplosporidium pinnae in P. nobilis using Sanger sequencing and qPCR. Faecal H. pinnae detection is non-invasive, unlike biopsies. Therefore, this non-lethal and non-invasive sampling method could contribute to the welfare of living populations, particularly in eutrophic environments, where they are prone to septicaemia. The use of faecal DNA analysis could be a major advance in epidemiology and recovery assessment studies of P. nobilis.

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KERSTING, DIEGO KURT, and ENRIC BALLESTEROS. "Is the local extinction of Pinna nobilis facilitating Pinna rudis recruitment?" Mediterranean Marine Science 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.27809.

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Until the late 2010s the spiny fan-mussel Pinna rudis shared habitat in many Mediterranean sites with Mediterranean endemic Pinna nobilis, which dominated in abundance but that has gone locally extinct in most of its distribution area due to a recent widespread disease outbreak. In the Columbretes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean) both species coexisted until 2017, when P. nobilis populations completely disappeared. In spring 2021 we revisited 7 permanent plots covering 1,485 m2 that had been previously monitored during the period from 2005 to 2009. We found that although previous studies described P. rudis populations as stable with low recruitment rates, recruitment after 2017 increased in comparison to 2005-2009. At least two cohorts of recruits (~3 and ~1 year in age) were to be found both within the plots as well as in other areas throughout the Columbretes archipelago, colonizing areas previously occupied by P. nobilis. We hypothesize that P. rudis has been benefited by the local extinction of the sibling species P. nobilis, most probably as a result of reduced interspecific competition. The ecological role once played mainly by P. nobilis as the dominant species, might now be taken over by P. rudis, whose populations could grow during the oncoming years.

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Scarpa, Fabio, Daria Sanna, Ilenia Azzena, Davide Mugetti, Francesco Cerruti, Sepideh Hosseini, Piero Cossu, et al. "Multiple Non-Species-Specific Pathogens Possibly Triggered the Mass Mortality in Pinna nobilis." Life 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10100238.

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The fan mussel, Pinna nobilis, represents the largest bivalve endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Since 2016, dramatic mass mortality of this species has been observed in several areas. The first surveys suggested that Haplosporidium pinnae (currently considered species-specific) was the main etiological agent, but recent studies have indicated that a multifactorial disease may be responsible for this phenomenon. In this study, we performed molecular diagnostic analyses on P. nobilis, P. rudis, and bivalve heterologous host species from the island of Sardinia to shed further light on the pathogens involved in the mass mortality. The results support the occurrence of a multifactorial disease and that Mycobacterium spp. and H. pinnae are not necessarily associated with the illness. Indeed, our analyses revealed that H. pinnae is not species-specific for P. nobilis, as it was present in other bivalves at least three years before the mass mortality began, and species of Mycobacterium were also found in healthy individuals of P. nobilis and P. rudis. We also detected the species Rhodococcus erythropolis, representing the first report in fan mussels of a bacterium other than Mycobacterium spp. and Vibrio spp. These results depict a complicated scenario, further demonstrating how the P. nobilis mass mortality event is far from being fully understood.

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FOULQUIE, MATHIEU, STÉPHANE COUPE, NARDO VICENTE, and ROBERT BUNET. "First detection of Pinna nobilis infection by Haplosporidium pinnae in the sanctuary area of Thau lagoon, France." Mediterranean Marine Science 24, no. 3 (October 6, 2023): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.32300.

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The noble pen shell Pinna nobilis is an endemic and emblematic giant bivalve whose populations have been recently affected by a mass mortality event (MME), primarily due to the spread of the pathogen Haplosporidium pinnae. Since the beginning of the MME in Spain in 2016, nearly one hundred percent of monitored open sea water populations have been decimated around the Mediterranean Sea. The only refuge areas with living P. nobilis populations were found in coastal lagoons. Today, the Thau lagoon in France is home to a vitally important population of P. nobilis and was thought to be safe from the parasite. Here, we report the first molecular detection of H. pinnae (isolate PN1) in tissue samples of moribund individuals from Thau lagoon.

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Box, Antonio, Xavier Capó, Silvia Tejada, Gaetano Catanese, Amalia Grau, Salud Deudero, Antoni Sureda, and José María Valencia. "Reduced Antioxidant Response of the Fan Mussel Pinna nobilis Related to the Presence of Haplosporidium pinnae." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110932.

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The endemic fan mussel (Pinna nobilis) in the Mediterranean Sea is at high risk of disappearance due to massive mortality events. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant response of P. nobilis collected in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) before and after the mass mortality event. Individuals collected before (between 2011 and 2012) and after (between 2016 and 2017) the event were analyzed by histological, molecular, and biochemical methods to compare pathogenic loads and biochemical responses. All the individuals collected during 2016–2017 presented symptoms of the disease and were positive for Haplosporidium pinnae, while acid-fast bacteria or/and Gram-negative bacteria were detected in some individuals of both sampling periods. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in the gills were significantly lower in P. nobilis affected with the parasite compared to those in the asymptomatic ones, while levels of malondialdehyde, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were higher in infected individuals. When analyzing the differential effects of H. pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. on P. nobilis, it was observed that significant effects on biomarkers were only observed in the presence of H. pinnae. Co-infection of P. nobilis by H. pinnae with other pathogens such as Mycobacterium sp. constitutes a serious problem due to its high mortality rate in the Balearic Island waters. This concerning situation for P. nobilis is favored by a reduction in antioxidant defenses related to H. pinnae infection that induces oxidative stress and cell damage.

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CINAR, MELIH ERTAN, MURAT BILECENOGLU, MEHMET BAKI YOKEŞ, and HARUN GÜÇLÜSOY. "The last fortress fell: mass mortality of Pinna nobilis in the Sea of Marmara." Mediterranean Marine Science 22, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.27137.

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A spring 2021 cruise to the south Marmara Islands revealed a mass mortality event of Pinna nobilis, which were reported to be healthy just seven months ago. The cause of death might be associated with the epidemic infection or a catastrophic mucilage event seen after November 2020 in the Sea of Marmara. A total of 191 Pinna nobilis individuals were found at seven stations out of 10, of which 88% were dead. In the present study, the population density (dead and alive individuals) of P. nobilis was found to be between 0.3 ind.100 m-2 and 12 ind.100 m-2 in the area. A total of three live and four dead juvenile individuals were observed in the area, indicating low recent recruitment. The highest number of dead Pinna nobilis individuals (92 specimens) was encountered in shallow-waters (0-4 m depth). A total of 34 species belonging to six taxonomic groups (Sipuncula, Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Crustacea, Mollusca, and Pisces) were found within the dead shells of four P. nobilis individuals. The mass mortality of Pinna nobilis in the Sea of Marmara, the last remaining disease-free sea, indicates the necessity of establishing and implementing emergency action plans for this species, including ex-situ conservation.

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Lattos, Athanasios, Konstantina Bitchava, Ioannis A. Giantsis, John A. Theodorou, Costas Batargias, and Basile Michaelidis. "The Implication of Vibrio Bacteria in the Winter Mortalities of the Critically Endangered Pinna nobilis." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050922.

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Pinna nobilis populations, constituting the largest bivalve mollusk endemic to the Mediterranean, is characterized as critically endangered, threatened by extinction. Among the various factors proposed as etiological agents are the Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. parasites. Nevertheless, devastation of the fan mussel populations is still far from clear. The current work is undertaken under a broader study aiming to evaluate the health status of Pinna nobilis population in Aegean Sea, after the mass mortalities that occurred in 2019. A significant objective was also (a) the investigation of the etiological agents of small-scale winter mortalities in the remaining populations after the devastating results of Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. infections, as well as (b) the examination of the susceptibility of the identified bacterial strains in antibiotics for future laboratory experiments. Microbiological assays were used in order to detect the presence of potential bacterial pathogens in moribund animals in combination with molecular tools for their identification. Our results provide evidence that Vibrio bacterial species are directly implicated in the winter mortalities, particularly in cases where the haplosporidian parasite was absent. Additionally, this is the first report of Vibrio mediterranei and V. splendidus hosted by any bivalve on the Greek coastline.

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Vázquez-Luis, Maite, Gàlia Banach-Esteve, Elvira Álvarez, and Salud Deudero. "Colonization on Pinna nobilis at a marine protected area: extent of the spread of two invasive seaweeds." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 5 (March 19, 2014): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541400037x.

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Introduction of species is a major driver of global change and loss of biodiversity in ecosystems. The Mediterranean Sea is the most heavily invaded region in the world by introduced seaweeds. The fan mussel Pinna nobilis is the largest Mediterranean bivalve, and a protected species, present at depths from 0.5 m to 60 m. In Cabrera National Park marine protected area (MPA) (Balearic Islands, north-western Mediterranean) the population of P. nobilis is affected by the invasive seaweeds Lophocladia lallemandii and Caulerpa racemosa; however the extent of this colonization on the bivalve is unknown. Therefore, the main aims of the present study were to: (1) determine the extent of invasion of L. lallemandii and C. racemosa on the P. nobilis population; and (2) test if this invasion showed differences with depth. This is the first study assessing invasion by seaweeds on a large bivalve in a high density P. nobilis population. Pinna nobilis was distributed in all seagrass meadows surveyed within the MPA; we found a total of 872 live P. nobilis individuals, 449 and 423 of which were found at 10 and 20 m depth, respectively. High cover of L. lallemandii and low presence of C. racemosa were detected in the P. nobilis population, being quantified in 49.37% and 1.38% of the population of P. nobilis, respectively. Bathymetric differences on Lophocladia epizoism over P. nobilis has been recorded in this study; with increasing values of L. lallemandii cover index, biomass and volume at deeper depths. Pinna nobilis could be a preferential substratum for L. lallemandii in Posidonia oceanica meadows in deeper waters, acting as a stepping-stone for invasive seaweeds and facilitating the invasion throughout seagrass meadows.

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Mathew, Susan, Jim Peterson, Béatrice de Gaulejac, Nardo Vicente, Michel Denis, Joseph Bonaventura, and Linda L. Pearce. "Manganese and “pinnaglobin” in Pinna nobilis." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 113, no. 3 (March 1996): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(95)02077-2.

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Lattos, Athanasios, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Ioannis Georgoulis, Ioannis A. Giantsis, Dimitrios Karagiannis, John A. Theodorou, Alexandra Staikou, and Basile Michaelidis. "Pathophysiological Responses of Pinna nobilis Individuals Enlightens the Etiology of Mass Mortality Situation in the Mediterranean Populations." Cells 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10112838.

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Due to the rapid decrease of Pinna nobilis populations during the previous decades, this bivalve species, endemic in the Mediterranean Sea, is characterized as ‘critically endangered’. In addition to human pressures, various pathogen infections have resulted in extended reduction, even population extinction. While Haplosporidium pinnae is characterized as one of the major causative agents, mass mortalities have also been attributed to Mycobacterium sp. and Vibrio spp. Due to limited knowledge concerning the physiological response of infected P. nobilis specimens against various pathogens, this study’s aim was to investigate to pathophysiological response of P. nobilis individuals, originating from mortality events in the Thermaikos Gulf and Lesvos and Limnos islands (Greece), and their correlation to different potential pathogens detected in the diseased animals. In isolated tissues, several cellular stress indicators of the heat shock and immune response, apoptosis and autophagy, were examined. Despite the complexity and limitations in the study of P. nobilis mortality events, the present investigation demonstrates the cumulative negative effect of co-infection additionally with H. pinnae in comparison to the non-presence of haplosporidian parasite. In addition, impacts of global climate change affecting physiological performance and immune responses result in more vulnerable populations in infectious diseases, a phenomenon which may intensify in the future.

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ZOTOU, MARIA, ORESTIS PAPADAKIS, GAETANO CATANESE, YOLANDA STRANGA, MICHAIL RAGKOUSIS, THODOROS KAMPOURIS E., ROXANI NAASAN AGA - SPYRIDOPOULOU, EVANGELOS PAPADIMITRIOU, DROSOS KOUTSOUBAS, and STELIOS KATSANEVAKIS. "New kid in town: Pinna rudis spreads in the eastern Mediterranean." Mediterranean Marine Science 24, no. 3 (December 19, 2023): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.35343.

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In the Mediterranean Sea, the genus Pinna encompasses two large fan-shaped bivalve species, Pinna nobilis and Pinna rudis. Historically, both species coexisted in the western Mediterranean until a mass mortality event (MME) brought P. nobilis to the brink of extinction. Notably, P. rudis remained unaffected by the MME, and its recent successful recruitment and further spread have been hypothesized to be linked to the local extinction of P. nobilis. Although P. rudis has been sparsely recorded in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (with some of these records being doubtful), reports emerging in the summer of 2023 from researchers and citizens have unveiled its sudden spread in the region. This study documents the recent presence of P. rudis within Greek waters through a dedicated survey and molecularly confirmation through two distinct molecular methods. Information derived from a citizen science initiative, following photo-identification of the species was also included. Furthermore, an updated review of the distribution of P. rudis in the Mediterranean Sea, integrating data from literature and online repositories is provided. This research confirms the recent spread of P. rudis in Crete, the Greek Ionian Sea, and Cyprus (first verified records of the species in the regions), in marine areas where P. nobilis has become extinct, further strengthening the hypothesis that P. rudis has benefited from the collapse of P. nobilis populations.

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Kennedy, H., C. A. Richardson, C. M. Duarte, and D. P. Kennedy. "Diet and association of Pontonia pinnophylax occurring in Pinna nobilis: insights from stable isotope analysis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, no. 1 (February 2001): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315401003575.

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Stable carbon isotope measurements (δ13C) were used to assess the sources of carbon assimilated by the fan mussel Pinna nobilis, in sea grass Posidonia oceanica meadows, and an associated shrimp Pontonia pinnophylax which occurs within this bivalve's mantle cavity. The primary carbon sources available to both animals displayed a wide range of δ13C values, from −12·3 to −22·3‰. The δ13C and δ15N of Pinna nobilis and Pontonia pinnophylax suggest that they assimilate carbon from similar sources, occupy comparable trophic levels and that their association is commensal.

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Manfrin, Chiara, Saul Ciriaco, Marco Segarich, Andrea Aiello, Fiorella Florian, Massimo Avian, Antonio Terlizzi, Piero G. Giulianini, Maurizio Spoto, and Alberto Pallavicini. "Haplosporidium pinnae Detection from the Faeces of Pinna nobilis: A Quick and Noninvasive Tool to Monitor the Presence of Pathogen in Early-Stage or during Fan Mussel Mass Mortalities." Diversity 15, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15040477.

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Due to the increasing mass mortality of Pinna nobilis, mainly caused by the protozoan Haplosporidium pinnae along the Mediterranean Sea, it is necessary to develop rapid and effective methods to detect the pathogen. The present study describes the development and validation of a species-specific assay based on hydrolysis probe chemistry to detect H. pinnae DNA from faeces and pseudofaeces of P. nobilis. During a study campaign in the Gulf of Trieste (Italy) in the spring and summer of 2022, 18 samples (10 faeces and 8 pseudofaeces) were collected. DNA was isolated from all samples and the presence of H. pinnae was tested by amplifying a small portion of 18S rDNA using qPCR. The newly developed assay detected positive H. pinnae in the faeces of the fan mussel in the spring, while no evidence of an outbreak of H. pinnae was found in the summer. In addition, the method proved to be noninvasive and can be used to monitor suspected H. pinnae infections in the early stages when bivalves are still vital. Furthermore, fecal analysis allows the monitoring of P. nobilis without dissecting tissues. The presented assay can also be used to routinely monitor the progress of mass mortalities caused by H. pinnae and to screen for the pathogen in live fan mussels and other environmental matrices, such as water, sediment, and faeces from other species that can host the protozoan.

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Moro-Martínez, Irene, Maite Vázquez-Luis, José Rafael García-March, Patricia Prado, Milena Mičić, and Gaetano Catanese. "Haplosporidium pinnae Parasite Detection in Seawater Samples." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2023): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051146.

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In this study, we investigated the presence of the parasite Haplosporidium pinnae, which is a pathogen for the bivalve Pinna nobilis, in water samples from different environments. Fifteen mantle samples of P. nobilis infected by H. pinnae were used to characterize the ribosomal unit of this parasite. The obtained sequences were employed to develop a method for eDNA detection of H. pinnae. We collected 56 water samples (from aquaria, open sea and sanctuaries) for testing the methodology. In this work, we developed three different PCRs generating amplicons of different lengths to determine the level of degradation of the DNA, since the status of H. pinnae in water and, therefore, its infectious capacity are unknown. The results showed the ability of the method to detect H. pinnae in sea waters from different areas persistent in the environment but with different degrees of DNA fragmentation. This developed method offers a new tool for preventive analysis for monitoring areas and to better understand the life cycle and the spread of this parasite.

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Lattos, Athanasios, Ioannis A. Giantsis, Dimitrios Karagiannis, John A. Theodorou, and Basile Michaelidis. "Gut Symbiotic Microbial Communities in the IUCN Critically Endangered Pinna nobilis Suffering from Mass Mortalities, Revealed by 16S rRNA Amplicon NGS." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121002.

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Mass mortality events due to disease outbreaks have recently affected almost every healthy population of fan mussel, Pinna nobilis in Mediterranean Sea. The devastating mortality of the species has turned the interest of the research towards the causes of these events. After the haplosporidan infestation and the infection by Mycobacterium sp., new emerging pathogens have arisen based on the latest research. In the present study, a metagenomic approach of 16S rRNA next generation sequencing (NGS) was applied in order to assess the bacterial diversity within the digestive gland of diseased individuals as well as to carry out geographical correlations among the biodiversity of microbiome in the endangered species Pinna nobilis. The specimens originated from the mortalities occurred in 2019 in the region of Greece. Together with other bacterial genera, the results confirmed the presence of Vibrio spp., assuming synergistic effects in the mortality events of the species. Alongside with the presence of Vibrio spp., numerous bacterial genera were detected as well, including Aliivibrio spp., Photobacterium spp., Pseudoalteromonas spp., Psychrilyobacter spp. and Mycoplasma spp. Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma were in high abundance particularly in the sample originated from Limnos island representing the first time recorded in Pinna nobilis. In conclusion, apart from exclusively the Haplosporidan and the Mycobacterium parasites, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa detected, such as Vibrio spp., Photobactrium spp. and Alivibrio spp. lead us to assume that mortality events in the endangered Fan mussel, Pinna nobilis, may be attributed to synergistic effects of more pathogens.

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Corriero, G., and R. Pronzato. "Epibiontic sponges on the bivalve Pinna nobilis." Marine Ecology Progress Series 35 (1987): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps035075.

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Lattos, Athanasios, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Ioannis A. Giantsis, John A. Theodorou, and Basile Michaelidis. "Seasonality in Synergism with Multi-Pathogen Presence Leads to Mass Mortalities of the Highly Endangered Pinna nobilis in Greek Coastlines: A Pathophysiological Approach." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051117.

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Mortalities of Pinna nobilis populations set at risk the survival of the species from many Mediterranean coastline habitats. In many cases, both Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium spp. are implicated in mass mortalities of P. nobilis populations, leading the species into extinction. In the context of the importance of these pathogens’ role in P. nobilis mortalities, the present study investigated two Greek populations of the species hosting different microbial loads (one only H. pinnae and the second both pathogens) by the means of pathophysiological markers. More specifically, the populations from Kalloni Gulf (Lesvos Island) and from Maliakos Gulf (Fthiotis), seasonally sampled, were chosen based on the host pathogens in order to investigate physiological and immunological biomarkers to assess those pathogens’ roles. In order to determine if the haplosporidian parasite possesses a major role in the mortalities or if both pathogens are involved in these phenomena, a variety of biomarkers, including apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and heat shock response were applied. The results indicated a decreased physiological performance of individuals hosting both pathogens in comparison with those hosting only H. pinnae. Our findings provide evidence for the synergistic role of those pathogens in the mortality events, which is also enhanced by the influence of seasonality.

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GONZALEZ-WANGUEMERT, M., J. COSTA, L. BASSO, C. DUARTE, E. SERRÃO, and I. HENDRIKS. "Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Mediterranean endemic fan mussel Pinna nobilis." Mediterranean Marine Science 16, no. 1 (July 31, 2014): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.949.

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Pinna nobilis is an endemic bivalve of the Mediterranean Sea whose populations have decreased in the last decades due to human pressure; as consequence, it was declared a protected species in 1992. Despite its conservation status, few genetic studies using mitochondrial markers have been published. We report on the isolation and development of 10 microsatellite loci for the fan mussel, Pinna nobilis. All loci (2 di-nucleotide, 5 tri-nucleotide, 2 tetra-nucleotide and 1 penta-nucleotide) are characterized by high polymorphism levels in 76 individuals tested from two populations in Balearic Islands (Spain, Western Mediterranean Sea). Number of alleles ranged from 4 to 24 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.4269 to 0.9400. These microsatellites could be very useful to assess the genetic diversity and connectivity patterns of P. nobilis and to establish new conservation strategies.

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Oprandi, Alice, Stefano Aicardi, Annalisa Azzola, Fabio Benelli, Marco Bertolino, Carlo Nike Bianchi, Mariachiara Chiantore, et al. "A Tale of Two Sisters: The Southerner Pinna rudis Is Getting North after the Regional Extinction of the Congeneric P. nobilis (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." Diversity 16, no. 2 (February 13, 2024): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16020120.

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In the Mediterranean Sea, the bivalve genus Pinna is represented by two species: the endemic Pinna nobilis and the (sub)tropical Atlantic Pinna rudis. P. rudis is generally less common and mostly restricted to the warmer regions of the western Mediterranean. However, since a mass mortality event, caused by a pathogen infection, has brought P. nobilis to the brink of extinction, records of P. rudis have increased in several Mediterranean regions, where it had not been previously observed. This paper reports on the presence of several P. rudis individuals in the Ligurian Sea, the northernmost reach of this species in the western Mediterranean. P. rudis has become increasingly common between 2021 and 2023, with a total of 28 new records from seven localities along the Ligurian coast. The size of the individuals and their estimated growth rate (3.6 cm·a−1) indicated that a recruitment event most likely took place in summer 2020, when P. nobilis was no longer present in the area. Our observations suggest that the recruitment success of P. rudis increased following the decline of P. nobilis. However, considering the thermophilic nature of P. rudis, in all likelihood, the ongoing water warming is playing a crucial role in the successful establishment of this species in the Ligurian Sea. A full understanding of the recent range expansion of P. rudis in the Mediterranean is far from being achieved, and whether P. rudis will be able to fulfil the ecological role of P. nobilis is difficult to predict. Large scale monitoring remains the only effective way to know about the future of Pinnids in the Mediterranean Sea.

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LABIDI, SARRA, MAITE VÁZQUEZ-LUIS, GAETANO CATANESE, AMALIA GRAU, MARWA KHAMMASSI, SOUMAYA BEN YOUSSEF, and MOHAMED SGHAIER ACHOURI. "First detection of the invasive protozoan Haplosporidium pinnae in the critically endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis in the Southern Mediterranean Sea (Bizerte Lagoon, Tunis) and update of its current status." Mediterranean Marine Science 24, no. 3 (September 6, 2023): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.31664.

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Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) populations have been severely damaged in the last few decades, and since early autumn 2016, a mass mortality event (MME) has drastically impacted populations in the Mediterranean Sea. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to improve the knowledge on the status of P. nobilis populations in the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia) between 2016 and 2022. Before the MME, P. nobilis was found in the lagoon at depths from 1.5 to 6 m, with a density ranging from 2 to 30 ind/100 m². After the MME, mortality reached 100% in the monitored area, except in the eastern part of the Bizerte Lagoon near the Menzel Jemil site, where some living specimens were detected. Moreover, in 2022, successful recruitment was observed in the lagoon. Additionally, our results revealed the presence of Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium sp. in some living specimens sampled in the Bizerte Lagoon after the MME. This finding constitutes the first detection of both pathogens in Tunisia and in the entire Southern Mediterranean Sea.

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Matozzo, V., M. Pagano, A. Spinelli, F. Caicci, and C. Faggio. "Pinna nobilis: A big bivalve with big haemocytes?" Fish & Shellfish Immunology 55 (August 2016): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.039.

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SANNA, D., G. L. DEDOLA, F. SCARPA, T. LAI, P. COSSU, M. CURINI-GALLETTI, P. FRANCALACCI, and M. CASU. "New mitochondrial and nuclear primers for the Mediterranean marine bivalve Pinna nobilis." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 2 (July 4, 2014): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.459.

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Pinna nobilis is the largest endemic Mediterranean marine bivalve. During past centuries, various human activities led to the regression of its populations. As a consequence of stringent standards of protection, demographic expansions are currently reported in many sites. We designed a set of four mitochondrial- and two nuclear- specific PCR-primers with the aim to provide molecular tools to gather new insights into the genetic variability of this species. A total of 54 specimens were sampled from 25 Mediterranean localities in order to evaluate the level of polymorphism of these markers in P. nobilis. The most variable molecular markers identified were the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (nad3), and 16S ribosomal DNA (16S). Positive results, in terms of good amplifications and scorable sequences, were also obtained in the co-generic Pinna rudis. The molecular markers identified in this study, and the PCR-protocols provided, represent a useful tool for future researches devoted to infer the genetic variability of P. nobilis populations thus allowing the development of effective conservation measures.

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Acarli, Deniz, Sefa Acarli, and Melike İdil Öz. "Mass mortality report of the critically endangered Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Gökçeada (North Aegean Sea, Turkey)." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.3.06.

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In August 2020, a total area of 38000 m2 around Gökçeada has been scanned to determine the current population status of Pinna nobilis. 9 stations (Yıldızkoy, Manastır, Marmaros, Gizli Liman, Laz Koyu, Kapıkaya, Karaçavuş, Karaçavuş shore and Kefalos) have been detected by means of SCUBA and ABC diving techniques. All specimens were found dead (total mass mortality of 100%). The total length range of P. nobilis was between 30.8 – 38.3 cm.

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Šarić, Tomislav, Ivan Župan, Serena Aceto, Grazia Villari, Dušan Palić, Gionata De Vico, and Francesca Carella. "Epidemiology of Noble Pen Shell (Pinna nobilis L. 1758) Mass Mortality Events in Adriatic Sea Is Characterised with Rapid Spreading and Acute Disease Progression." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100776.

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From May to October 2019, multiple mass mortality events (MMEs) of Pinna nobilis were observed along Croatian coastline starting from the south-east and rapidly progressing in north-western direction. Time dynamics of the MMEs closely followed general speed and direction patterns of surface sea-currents, advancing approximately 350 km in less than 3 months. Surveillance, clinical evaluation, and sample collection were performed on multiple sites with various degrees of mortality rates. Moribund P. nobilis individuals were collected and subjected to pathological, molecular, and microscopical investigation. Affected animals were positive for Mycobacterium in 70% of the individuals, and Haplosporidium pinnae was present in 58% of the cases. Observed pathological lesions were most severe where concurrent presence of both pathogens was confirmed (in 45.8% of moribund individuals). Moderate to strong lesions were observed in animals positive for Mycobacterium only (25% of cases), and lesions were absent or minor to moderate when only H. pinnae was confirmed (16% of cases). Considering the rapid and severe spread of the MMEs, the areas less exposed to major sea currents appeared to be at lower risk of pathogen transmission. Surveillance activities along the Croatian coastline identified several P. nobilis populations in such “lower risk” areas without apparent mortality or clinical symptoms. Such areas are of particular interest as source of potentially healthy individuals to support active recovery actions.

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Richardson, C. A., H. Kennedy, C. M. Duarte, and S. V. Proud. "The Occurrence of Pontonia Pinnophylax (Decapoda: Natantia: Pontoninae) in Pinna Nobilis (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pinnidae) from the Mediterranean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 4 (November 1997): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038741.

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During the course of a survey into the distribution and growth of the fan mussels Pinna nobilis and Pinna rudis from the coastal waters of the Spanish Mediterranean the presence within the mussels of Pontonia pinnophylax has been recorded. Pontonia pinnophylax typically occurred in adult pairs, but occasionally solitary male individuals were found. The width of the cephalothorax is greater in females than males, whereas the chelae of the second periopods, which are unequal, are larger in males. There is a general relationship between the size of P. pinnophylax and its pinnid host; the largest individuals were found in the largest Pinna and vice versa.

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Giménez-Casalduero, F., F. Gomariz-Castillo, F. Alonso-Sarría, E. Cortés, A. Izquierdo-Muñoz, and AA Ramos-Esplá. "Pinna nobilis in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon: a story of colonization and uncertainty." Marine Ecology Progress Series 652 (October 15, 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13468.

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Populations of the Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis have progressively decreased over the last decades as a result of anthropogenic activities. The rate of decline has strongly increased since 2016, when a mass mortality event triggered by the parasite Haplosporidium pinnae occurred, and evidence exists that Mycobacterium species may also have played a major role in the event. Indeed, the epidemic has spread throughout the Mediterranean, although coastal lagoons seem to offer a degree of ‘resistance’ against the parasite. In the early 1980s, P. nobilis appeared in the Mar Menor lagoon and rapidly became an important component of the benthos. However, colonization of the lagoon by the fan mussel was cut short in 2016 when a massive mortality event occurred, possibly as a consequence of the environmental collapse that occurred in the lagoon, parallel to the mortality that the species suffered in the Mediterranean that same year. In this study, we estimated the spatial distribution of P. nobilis in the Mar Menor for 3 periods: 2003-2004, 2013 and 2016. The first 2 periods use published data, and the last period uses data collected in a new campaign. The probability of occurrence for the 3 periods was estimated using random forest and random forest regression-kriging models. The main environmental variables that determined the dispersion and colonization of the bivalve in the lagoon before 2016 are also identified.

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Giorgio Tiscar, Pietro, Fernando Rubino, Barbara Paoletti, Cristina E. Di Francesco, Francesco Mosca, Leonardo Della Salda, Jasmine Hattab, Camilla Smoglica, Simone Morelli, and Giovanni Fanelli. "New insights about Haplosporidium pinnae and the pen shell Pinna nobilis mass mortality events." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 190 (May 2022): 107735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2022.107735.

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Panarese, Rossella, Perla Tedesco, Giovanni Chimienti, Maria Stefania Latrofa, Francesco Quaglio, Giuseppe Passantino, Canio Buonavoglia, Andrea Gustinelli, Angelo Tursi, and Domenico Otranto. "Haplosporidium pinnae associated with mass mortality in endangered Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) fan mussels." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 164 (June 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2019.04.005.

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Pasche, Delphine, Nils Horbelt, Frédéric Marin, Sébastien Motreuil, Peter Fratzl, and Matthew J. Harrington. "Self-healing silk from the sea: role of helical hierarchical structure in Pinna nobilis byssus mechanics." Soft Matter 15, no. 47 (2019): 9654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01830a.

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Pinna nobilis byssal threads have been used for millennia to produce a valuable golden fabric known as sea silk. Here, we combine mechanical testing with X-ray diffraction to elucidate the molecular basis of the properties of this remarkable fiber.

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Rabaoui, Lotfi, Walid Belgacem, Dorsaf Ben Ismail, Lamjed Mansour, and Sabiha Tlig-Zouari. "Engineering effect of Pinna nobilis shells on benthic communities." Oceanologia 57, no. 3 (July 2015): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2015.03.002.

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Giacobbe, Salvatore. "Epibiontic mollusc communities on Pinna nobilis L. (Bivalvia, Mollusca)." Journal of Natural History 36, no. 12 (August 2002): 1385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930110056892.

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Öndes, Fikret, Michel J. Kaiser, and Harun Güçlüsoy. "Human impacts on the endangered fan mussel, Pinna nobilis." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 30, no. 1 (November 24, 2019): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3237.

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Becker, Carola, and Michael Türkay. "Host specificity and feeding in European pea crabs (Brachyura, Pinnotheridae)." Crustaceana 90, no. 7-10 (2017): 819–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003661.

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Pinnotherids, or pea crabs, are symbionts of invertebrates used for shelter and as food source. Feeding strategies and morphological adaptations to food uptake are important to understand host relations and how the host specificity is determined. We herein re-examine the host range of pinnotherids based on long-term collections from different localities in European waters. Both species of Pinnotheres are restricted to bivalves. Pinnotheres pisum infests mussels, oysters, the noble pen shell Pinna nobilis and other bivalves. Pinnotheres pectunculi is symbiotic with Glycymeris glycymeris and several other species of venerids. Nepinnotheres pinnotheres infests ascidians and Pinna nobilis. Observations on feeding in Pinnotheres reveal how mucus strings are brushed from the host gills with a setal comb in the chelipeds, which we describe by using scanning electron microscopy. Our observations on feeding structures are discussed in relation to the host specificity of each species and compared to other pinnotherid taxa, taking additional factors of host choice into account.

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Vázquez-Luis, Maite, Joseph A. Borg, Carlos Morell, Gàlia Banach-Esteve, and Salud Deudero. "Influence of boat anchoring on Pinna nobilis: a field experiment using mimic units." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 9 (2015): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14285.

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Anchoring by recreational boats causes several different effects on marine habitats and species. The influence of boat anchoring on the Mediterranean endemic bivalve Pinna nobilis was assessed experimentally in the field by deploying non-biological mimic units of the bivalve around the islands of Mallorca and Malta. In each of these two localities, two study areas having different levels of boat anchoring activities, namely, ‘control’ (no anchoring allowed) and ‘affected’ (anchoring allowed), were used for the field experiment. A significant number of P. nobilis mimic bivalves were affected by boat anchoring; the influence was three times higher at anchoring sites than in control areas. Boat anchoring also had an adverse effect on Posidonia oceanica meadows, with seagrass cover, shoot density and global density being lower in the anchoring areas. Moreover, lower values of natural P. nobilis density and size classes were recorded from the anchoring areas.

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VÁZQUEZ-LUIS, M., D. MARCH, E. ALVAREZ, D. ALVAREZ-BERASTEGUI, and S. DEUDERO. "Spatial distribution modelling of the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis in a Marine Protected Area." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 3 (September 26, 2014): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.796.

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The spatial distribution of Pinna nobilis densities have been analysed through a geostatistical approach in the MPA of Cabrera National Park, Balearic Islands (Spain), Western Mediterranean Sea. Regression kriging was used to model the effect of environmental variables on the density of living individuals of P. nobilis and generate a predictive map of its distribution within the MPA. The environmental variables considered for the model were: depth; slope; habitat type and heterogeneity; wave exposure; and MPA zoning. A total of 378 transects were randomly distributed with a total of 149,000 m2 surveyed at a depth range from 4.2 to 46 m. The recorded P. nobilis densities are among the highest in the Mediterranean Sea. With respect to the prediction model, results indicate that benthic habitats play a key role in the spatial distribution of P. nobilis, with higher densities in seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica. The fan mussel population density peaked at 9 m depth, decreasing with depth. Also, decreasing densities are expected with increasing exposure to waves. The predicted map shows some hotspots of density different in size and distributed along the MPA, and provides valuable information for the spatial conservation management of this species.

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Bakran-Petricioli, Tatjana, Dajana Kujundžić, Martina Naranđa, Donat Petricioli, Lucija Petricioli, and Silvija Kipson. "Fouling Community on Pinna nobilis Larval Collectors in the Adriatic—Impact of Invasive Species." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030618.

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In the last few years, the endemic Mediterranean bivalve Pinna nobilis has been exposed to dramatic mortality in its entire area, which could lead to the extinction of the species. Throughout the Mediterranean, a lot of effort is being put into finding ways of preserving it. One of the methods used to monitor recruitment and juveniles’ survival is the installation of collectors for bivalve larvae. We installed collectors at two locations: in Brijuni National Park (North Adriatic) and Luka Cove (central Adriatic). Our aim was to compare the fouling community on the collectors in two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), especially because the installation of collectors in 2020 coincided with mass mortality events of P. nobilis in the area. The number and size of juvenile P. nobilis and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fouling communities were determined. The results show a reduction in the number and size of juvenile P. nobilis and an explosion of the invasive bivalve Anadara transversa population on collectors in the second year. In Luka Cove, another invasive species—the ascidian Styela plicata—also seriously affected other organisms on the collectors to the point of preventing analysis of the fouling community.

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Boccolini, A., A. Gentili, P. Guidi, V. Sabbatini, and A. Toso. "Observation of silver-110m in the marine mollusc Pinna nobilis." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 6, no. 2 (January 1988): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(88)90062-8.

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Marin, Frédéric, and Gilles Luquet. "Molluscan biomineralization: The proteinaceous shell constituents of Pinna nobilis L." Materials Science and Engineering: C 25, no. 2 (April 2005): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.003.

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Garcia-March, J. R., and A. Márquez-Aliaga. "Pinna nobilis L., 1758 age determination by internal shell register." Marine Biology 151, no. 3 (November 24, 2006): 1077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0547-2.

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CINAR, MELIH ERTAN, MURAT BİLECENOĞLU, MEHMET BAKI YOKEŞ, and HARUN GÜÇLÜSOY. "Pinna nobilis in the south Marmara Islands (Sea of Marmara); it still remains uninfected by the epidemic and acts as egg laying substratum for an alien invader." Mediterranean Marine Science 22, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.25289.

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A total of 12 Pinna nobilis beds were found and studied at depths varying between 2 and 6 m in the south Marmara Islands (Sea of Marmara). Fan mussel individuals in the beds were healthy with a few old dead specimens, indicating that the epidemic, which has devastated P. nobilis populations in the Mediterranean Sea, has not reached the Sea of Marmara, making the region a refuge area for the species. The average density of P. nobilis in the area varied between 0.6 ind.10 m-2 and 24 ind.10 m-2. The P. nobilis shells overall provided substrata or refuge for 14 species (10 sessile and 4 motile organisms), from macroalgae to fish. Shells of juvenile and adult specimens had different species assemblages. Four distinct assemblages were detected on shells, primarily formed by the red alga Gracilaria bursa-postaris, egg cocoons of the invasive alien Rapana venosa, the gastropod Bittium reticulatum and the serpulid polychaete Spirobranchus polytrema.

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Jela, Cheryl, Harold M. Monteclaro, Nathaniel C. Añasco, Gerald F. Quinitio, and Ricardo P. Babaran. "Identification of pen shells (Bivalvia: Ostreida: Pinnidae) collected off northern Iloilo, Philippines using their morphological characters." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 54 (February 19, 2024): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/aiep.54.112465.

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This study describes morphological characteristics of pen shells collected along the coast of northern Iloilo, Philippines. A total of 380 pen shell individuals with intact shells and their adductor muscles were carefully examined and measured. Eleven species were studied, namely: Atrina pectinata (Linnaeus, 1767), Atrina inflata (Dillwyn, 1817), Atrina vexillum (Born, 1778), Atrina seminuda (Lamarck, 1819), Atrina rigida ([Lightfoot], 1786), Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1791, Pinna atropurpurea Sowerby, 1825, Pinna deltodes Menke, 1843, Pinna muricata Linnaeus, 1758, Pinna incurva Gmelin, 1791, and Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758. The species were identified based on the nine characteristics of the valve for the genus Pinna and eight for the genus Atrina. These characteristics were then correlated with their adductor muscles’ morphology. Analysis of variance revealed that the three most dominant species investigated under genus Atrina, namely Atrina pectinata, Atrina inflata, and Atrina vexillum, were found to be significantly different in the eight characters of the valve (P < 0.05). Moreover, three representative Pinna species, Pinna bicolor, Pinna atropurpurea, and Pinna deltodes, were significantly (P < 0.05) different based on shell width, dorsal posterior shell margin, sulcus width, and dorsal posterior margin to dorsal nacreous margin. The observed high correlation (P < 0.05) between adductor muscle properties and different shell length characteristics for five dominant species can be used as a predictor of growth and suggests that the increase in the size of adductor muscle correlates to the increase in the size of the mentioned shell characteristics. No previous study of this kind was conducted in the Philippines. This work provides relevant information for related biological research on other pen shell species and for the management of pen shell resources in northern Iloilo and, possibly, other regions in the world.

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TRIGOS, S., J. R. GARCÍA-MARCH, N. VICENTE, J. TENA, and J. TORRES. "Utilization of muddy detritus as organic matter source by the fan mussel Pinna nobilis." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 3 (October 3, 2014): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.836.

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The knowledge of the feeding habits in marine species is fundamental to better understand their relationship with the environment. Although phytoplankton has been traditionally reported as the main food source consumed by the Mediterranean fan mussel Pinna nobilis, recent studies have revealed that detritus represents an important food source for this species. We analysed the degree of acceptance of muddy detritus and the utilisation of its organic matter (OM) by P. nobilis on a group of 21 individuals (30.3-59.7 cm of total shell height (Ht)). The specimens were collected between July and September 2012 in two areas (43°04´25” N; 5°46´7” E and 43°04´34” N; 5°47´32” E) of the Embiez archipelago, northwestern Mediterranean (France). Our studies show that P. nobilis retains high quantities of OM from muddy detritus (47.50 ± 11.23% of filtered OM) irrespectively of shell size. Smaller individuals, however, actively filter more detritus than large ones. The values of retained OM, together with previous studies on stomach contents, suggest that muddy detritus is a more important OM source than phytoplankton for this species.

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Mihaljević, Željko, Željko Pavlinec, Ivana Giovanna Zupičić, Dražen Oraić, Aleksandar Popijač, Osvin Pećar, Ivan Sršen, Miroslav Benić, Boris Habrun, and Snježana Zrnčić. "Noble Pen Shell (Pinna nobilis) Mortalities along the Eastern Adriatic Coast with a Study of the Spreading Velocity." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070764.

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Noble pen shells (Pinna nobilis) along the Eastern Adriatic coast were affected by mass mortalities similarly to the populations across the Mediterranean basin. Samples of live animals and organs originating from sites on Mljet Island on the south and the Istrian peninsula on the north of the Croatian Adriatic coast were analyzed using histology and molecular techniques to detect the presence of the previously described Haplosporidium pinnae and Mycobacterium spp. as possible causes of these mortalities. To obtain more information on the pattern of the spread of the mortalities, a study was undertaken in Mljet National Park, an area with a dense population of noble pen shells. The results of the diagnostic analysis and the velocity of the spread of the mortalities showed a significant correlation between increases in water temperature and the onset of mortality. Moderate to heavy lesions of the digestive glands were observed in specimens infected with H. pinnae. A phylogenetic analysis of the detected Haplosporidium pinnae showed an identity of 99.7 to 99.8% with isolates from other Mediterranean areas, while isolated Mycobacterium spp. showed a higher heterogeneity among isolates across the Mediterranean. The presence of Mycobacterium spp. in clinically healthy animals a few months before the onset of mortality imposes the need for further clarification of its role in mortality events.

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Trigos, Sergio, José Rafael García-March, Nardo Vicente, José Tena, and Javier Torres. "Respiration rates of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis at different temperatures." Journal of Molluscan Studies 81, no. 2 (November 10, 2014): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu075.

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Gim, Jiseok, Noah Schnitzer, Yuchi Cui, Laura M. Otter, Stephan E. Wolf, Dorrit E. Jacob, Amit Misra, and Robert Hovden. "Nanoscale Deformation Processes Revealed in Nacre of Pinna nobilis Mollusk Shells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, S2 (August 2019): 1880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619010134.

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Laganà, G., D. Barreca, S. Giacobbe, and E. Bellocco. "Anaerobiosis and metabolic plasticity of Pinna nobilis: Biochemical and ecological features." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 56 (October 2014): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2014.05.020.

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Katsanevakis, Stelios. "The cryptogenic parasite Haplosporidium pinnae invades the Aegean Sea and causes the collapse of Pinna nobilis populations." Aquatic Invasions 14, no. 2 (2019): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2019.14.2.01.

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López-Sanmartín, Monserrat, Gaetano Catanese, Amalia Grau, José María Valencia, Jose Rafa García-March, and José Ignacio Navas. "Real-Time PCR based test for the early diagnosis of Haplosporidium pinnae affecting fan mussel Pinna nobilis." PLOS ONE 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): e0212028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212028.

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Acarlı, Sefa, Deniz Acarlı, and Semih Kale. "Distribution of the critically endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis population in the Çanakkale Strait and Marmara Sea." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.41.1.07.

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This study was conducted with the primary objective of determining the presence of both healthy and impacted Pinna nobilis populations along the European coasts of the Sea of Marmara, followed by the identification of P. nobilis abundance and survival rates in the region encompassing the Çanakkale Strait and the southern coasts of the Sea of Marmara. Underwater surveys were randomly conducted at 19 distinct stations, including 8 stations along the European coasts of the Sea of Marmara, 7 stations along the southern coasts of the Sea of Marmara, and 6 stations within the Çanakkale Strait. SCUBA diving equipment was utilized to record information on habitat structure, water temperature, depth, and visibility at each station. The transect length during underwater surveys and the number of transects at each station were determined based on the condition of the seabed and the size of the area, respectively. Throughout the study period (September 2021 and October 2023), water temperature fluctuated between 17.5°C and 26.6°C. At the end of the study, a total of 395 individuals (147 live, 248 dead) were observed, with live individuals exhibiting total lengths ranging from 16.4 cm to 50.9 cm. This study represents the first investigation into the spatial distribution of P. nobilis along the European coast of the Marmara Sea. The study contributes significantly to enhancing our understanding of the ecology of P. nobilis populations in both the Sea of Marmara and the Çanakkale Strait. Additionally, recommendations for the rehabilitation of impacted populations and the conservation of healthy populations have been provided for decision-makers and fisheries managers.

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Bolotin, Jakša, Nikša Glavić, Jakica Njire, Valter Kožul, and Nenad Antolović. "Fan mussel Pinna nobilis Linneaus, 1758 spat collection on ''Christmas tree'' rope in the Mali Ston Bay area (South Adriatic Sea)." Natura Croatica 32, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2023.32.21.

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During November 2006 on a 500 m long experimentally placed ''Christmas tree'' rope collector for juvenile mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) placed the previous year a significant number of juvenile fan mussels (Pina nobilis Linnaeus, 1758) were observed. Live juvenile individuals (N=322) of P. nobilis with shell length from 17 to 93 mm were found in two sampling events. All juvenile fan mussels were found exclusively on deeper parts of the mussel rope. Observed population density was from 6 to 43 individuals per meter of the rope collector. The 120 smallest juveniles of P. nobilis were separated for the purpose of monitoring the growth rate in suspension, and the remaining juveniles were placed in the natural environment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pinna nobilis'

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