Academic literature on the topic 'Pinus sp. forest'

Forest ecology faces a significant challenge in understanding the dynamics of populations of forest-forming trees during their renewal phase, as it shapes the subsequent development and structure of forest ecosystems. The forest regeneration process relies on the dynamics of the seed yield of the woody plants and the unique characteristics of their distribution. In the case of the Cembrae sp. five-needled pines belonging, which have wingless seeds, their renewal is closely linked to the activities of Nucifraga sp. birds that scatter the seeds to create food reserves in the soil. This research aims to explore the geographical variations of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) natural regeneration as a function of seed abundance. This study was conducted in three Russian mountain regions known for their forests predominated by Pinus sibirica: the Aldan Highlands, the Northern Urals, and the Khamar-Daban Mountains. It was discovered that each region exhibited distinct patterns in both cone yields and Pinus sibirica regeneration. The fluctuations in the thin-billed nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchos Brehm C. L.) populations during the seed harvest season, influenced by the nature of the seed production dynamics in each region, we believed to play a major role in the quantity of Pinus sibirica seedlings appearing in the subsequent year. These findings explain the observed variations in the renewal dynamics of annual emergent seedlings of Pinus sibirica and its reliance on cone yield in the examined regions.

In Southern Brazil, the National Forests (NF) are protected areas of sustainable use; however, most of them present a significant cover with old plantations of Pinus spp. established to foster commercial forestry. Nowadays, the NF management plans propose the conversion of Pinus stands into native forests. Pinus spp. are worrisome invasive plants whose spontaneous recruitment is a challenge to forest restoration. This paper aims to analyze seed rain and woody community composition in a stand where Pinus trees were eliminated to drive spontaneous regeneration (REG) in an NF in the Southern Atlantic Forest. The seed rain was measured in the restoring area and inside an adjacent Pinus stand (PIN). The tree community structure was analyzed comparatively in REG, PIN, and in a Native Araucaria Forest (NAT). One year after Pinus cutting, the seed rain of woody species was 1,802 and 1,502 seeds m-2.year-1 in REG and PIN, respectively. REG’s seed rain had higher diversity than PIN and absence of Pinus seeds. REG and NAT presented higher diversity of tree species than PIN, although REG had the lowest basal area and tree density. Nevertheless, 188 Pinus seedlings.ha-1 were observed in REG, which indicates that complementary restoration actions are needed.

Globally, forest decline and tree mortality are rising due to climate change. As one of the important afforestation trees in northeast China, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is suffering from forest decline and the accompanying pests. Certain fungi from the ophiostomatalean contribute to forest pest outbreaks and can be pathogenic to pine trees. However, only a limited number of ophiostomatalean fungi associated with beetles infesting Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica have been identified. In this study, 293 ophiostomatalean fungi were isolated from Acanthocinus griseus, Ips chinensis, and Pissodes nitidus infesting Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Heilongjiang Province, including Graphilbum griseum sp. nov., Gra. nitidum sp. nov., Graphilbum sp., and Ophiostoma ips. Ophiostoma ips was the dominant species, followed by Graphilbum sp., Graphilbum griseum, and Gra. nitidum, which accounted for 73.38, 17.41, 7.17, and 2.05% of the isolated ophiostomatalean fungi, respectively. Fungi associated with different beetles are diverse, even within the same host. This study deepens our understanding of the pest-associated fungi of P. sylvestris var. mongolica and provides a basis for exploring the causes of forest decline.

Lactifluus rajendrae (L. sect. Albati), growing under Pinus in coniferous forest of Uttarakhand is presented in this communication as a new species. It is characterized by a white pileus with greenish tinge, crowded lamellae, white acrid latex and occurrence under Pinus roxburghii. A detailed morphological description coupled with the illustrations for this novel species, ITS-based phylogenetic support, and a provisional key to the species of Lactifluus sect. Albati are provided.

In forestry, throughfall (Pi) is that fraction of rainfall that runs directly through the tree canopy and reaches the ground. It is characterized as the main source of water supply in a watershed. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of throughfall in three types of forest stands, namely Eucalyptus cloeziana, Pinus sp. and seasonal semideciduous forest (FES), all located in Ipanema National Forest, in the municipality of Iperó-SP. In each stand, a 300 m² plot was established in which ten rain gauges were installed for monitoring throughfall, and three rain gauges were installed in an open area adjacent to the stand for measuring gross precipitation (P). At the end of 25 observations, it was observed that, relative to P values, Pi values were 76.2% in semideciduous forest (FES), 85.1% in E.cloeziana forest and 84.0% in Pinus sp forest. In addition, comparing these stands, a larger leaf canopy coverage and consequently greater capability for water retention was noted in the semideciduous forest. However, no statistical differences were observed (P<0.05) between the stands of interest regarding throughfall.

Automated tree species classification using high density airborne LiDAR data supports precise forest inventory. This work shows a method based on evaluating roughness descriptors from aerial LiDAR data to automatically classify tree species. The proposed method includes treetops detection, neighbouring distance analysis for selecting the interest points, 3D fit surface creation, evaluation of roughness parameters, and K-means clustering. Among the evaluated roughness parameters, Skewness (Rsk) and Kurtosis (Rku) show robust classification. A synthetic point cloud was generated to test the methodology in a mixed forest formed by three tree species, Pinus sp., Quercus sp., and Eucalyptus sp. The Overall Accuracy (OA) of the classification method was 80 % for Quercus sp., 100 % for Pinus sp. and 80.6 % for Eucalyptus sp. In addition, the methodology was tested in three study areas and the results demonstrate that roughness parameters can be used to individual tree species classification in a mixed temperate forest with an OA of 82% in study area 1, 93 % in study area 2 and 92 % in study area 3. Keywords: aerial LiDAR, point cloud processing, tree species classification, spatial analysis, roughness parameters

Pinus sylvestris is co-dominant in many areas of eastern and northern Europe. In Switzerland, the Pfyn forest is considered to be the largest natural forest of Pinus sylvestris. Its development under changing land use during recent centuries is largely unknown. Of particular interest is the interaction between pine and oak, for it has been suggested that oak has benefited from the strong decline in economic uses of the forest such as pasturing, litter removal and logging. In order to improve understanding of the dynamics in this particular forest type over time, the vegetation and fire history of the Pfyn forest were reconstructed by pollen and charcoal analyses of the sediments of Pfafforetsee. Four phases of decline in Pinus pollen percentages are explained by logging events and other anthropogenic activities during recent centuries. During the twentieth century human impact on Pinus was probably exacerbated by forest fires. When human influence ceased or declined, Pinus was able to regain its former importance within a few decades. Whereas Pinus experienced considerable change, Quercus species (Q. pubescens, Q. petraea and Q. robur) exhibit constant and low pollen values throughout the record. Under constant climatic conditions, pine should therefore not suffer late-successional replacements by oak in the Pfyn forest. This finding is especially important for nature conservation and forest management, since strong decline in Pinus sylvestris in the canton of Valais has also been interpreted as a consequence of successional dynamics towards a more natural vegetation.

Environmental properties differently influence the growth of forest tree species. The antagonistic effects of variable environmental properties classify the forest response according to various tree compositions among different sites. The division of the forest response was assessed in 52 stands arranged into 26 types of 13 site management populations (MPs) in 5 areas in the Czech Republic territory. The assessment was performed using time-series multiple regressions of basal-area increment from pure immature stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), oaks (Quercus sp.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and willows (Salix sp.) dependent on the interpolated average temperatures, annual precipitation, atmospheric concentrations of SO2, NOx and O3 and soil properties over the period 1971–2008 at p < 0.05. Site MPs differentiated the forest response to a greater extent than tree species. The response of the forests was significantly distributed by means of the montane, upland and waterlogged sites. The multiple determination index (r2) ≥ 0.6 indicated an adaptable tree increment but an interval of r2 between 0.80–0.92 implied forest sensitivity to variability in environmental properties on non-waterlogged sites. The index r2 < 0.6 suggested a fluctuating forest increment that reflects environmental variability inconsistently. The fluctuating increment most affected the spruce and pine stands grown from upland to submontane locations. Montane spruce stands, as well as rock pines, appeared to be one of the most sensitive ones to environmental change. Floodplain forests seemed as adaptable to variable environmental properties.

The common diseases of pines caused by Fusarium species in New Zealand are dampingoff and root rot disorders of seedlings in forest nurseries The emergence of pine pitch canker disease caused by Fusarium subglutinans f sp pini as a serious threat to Pinus radiata plantations has increased the need for an awareness of the species associated with pines in New Zealand Standard morphological procedures were used to identify Fusarium cultures isolated from diseased pines and from soil in forest nurseries Fusarium oxysporum and F solani were the most commonly found species in bareroot P radiata nurseries and were obtained from both seedlings and from soil The species most frequently obtained from branches and needles of older trees in plantations were F avenaceum and F sambucinum but these were not associated with serious disease

The results of the third National Forest Inventory indicate that shrub forest accounts for 5% of the total forest area in Switzerland. It grows almost exclusively in the subalpine zone and is dominated by the woody species Alnus viridis and Pinus mugo prostrata. As a consequence of global warming and the increasing demand for sustainable energy, there is a national and international interest to quantify wood volume and biomass in shrub forests. Therefore representative coppice shoots were measured in detail to establish allometric volume and biomass functions for Alnus viridis, Pinus mugo prostrata and Salix sp. For each coppice shoot the wood volume, the wet weight, the dry weight and the carbon mass was determined as a function of the base diameter. In the next step all coppice shoots of 49 sample plot areas were measured. A regression analysis shows the relationship between the degree of cover and wood volume, and hence the biomass, in a shrub forest stand. Shrub forest stands which consist of Alnus viridis and which have a degree of cover of 100% contain on average 74 m3/ha of above-ground wood volume. More than twice of that volume, namely 166 m3/ha, is contained in corresponding Pinus mugo prostrata shrub forest stands. In Swiss shrub forests, the average aboveground wood volume amounts to 66 m3/ha, corresponding to around 2 million tons of biomass. Based on the presented volume functions it will be possible to estimate the aboveground wood volume and biomass of shrub forest stands dominated by Alnus viridis and Pinus mugo prostrata with good results. Input variable is the degree of cover of the present woody species, which can be determined efficiently on aerial photography by image interpretation.

This study involved a dendrochronological examination of oak (Qeurcus.sp) and Scots pine (Pinus.sylvestris) in the nationalpark Blå Jungfrun, by measuring annual ringwidth data from tree-cores from the island, data from the national forest inventory and climatedata from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). Using the analysis program Windendro an annual ringwidth analysis was performed. Trends that occured were that pine respondend more to precipitation than temperature and that oak respondend more to temperature. Ringwidth were higher for Scots pine than oak and for both species lower than on the mainland.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The genus Pinus is highlight in the forestry sector, especially in southern Brazil, by production of wood and cellulose. However, their seeds are vulnerable to attack by fungi causing diseases in nurseries. The present study aims to evaluate the physiological and sanitary quality of Pinus spp. seeds. from different origins; morphological and molecular identification of fungal species isolated from seeds of Pinus sp.; evaluate the pathogenic potential these fungi; and testing the efficacy of biocontrol agents for the treatment of seeds. For initial characterization of seed were evaluated germination and sanity tests. Four lots were utilized and samples were composed of 400 seeds for each test. The morphological characterization of the fungal isolates was accomplished based on specific keys to the genera Fusarium and Lasiodiplodia. For the molecular identification, ITS region and elongation factor, were sequenced. The pathogenicity test consists of the inoculation of the pine seeds by contact with a fungal culture of the pathogen, the substrate was sterilized sand, the test was kept in a growth room (25 ± 3 °C and photoperiod of 12 h) during 45 days. For biocontrol tests were used commercial products based on Trichoderma and Bacillus; and an isolated Bacillus themselves obtained from pine seeds. The in vitro control was conducted by direct confrontation betweem antagonist and pathogen. The in vivo test was carried out in conditions of vegetation for 60 days, the variables evaluated were emergence, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry seedling. The germination percentage of lots was higher 70%. The fungal genera associated with seeds were: Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics identified the species F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae as pathogenic species to Pinus spp., causing pre and post-emergence damping-off. The antagonists show control potential of F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae in vitro. In vivo tests does not interfere with the development of the seedlings, until the 60 days of test.<br>O gênero Pinus destaca-se no setor florestal, especialmente na região Sul do Brasil, pela produção de madeira e celulose. Entretanto, suas sementes apresentam vulnerabilidade sanitária e doenças causadas por fungos são ocorrências decisivas na fase de produção de mudas nos viveiros. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de Pinus spp. oriundas de diferentes procedências; identificar morfologicamente e molecularmente os isolados fúngicos associados as sementes; avaliar o potencial patogênico desses fungos; e testar a eficiência de agentes biocontroladores no tratamento das sementes. Para a caracterização inicial das sementes foram utilizados os testes de germinação e sanidade, avaliando-se quatro lotes e as amostras foram compostas por 400 sementes, para cada teste. A caracterização morfológica dos isolados fúngicos foi realizada com base em chaves específicas para os gêneros Fusarium e Lasiodiplodia, já para a identificação molecular, foram sequenciadas as regiões ITS e fator de elongação. O teste de patogenicidade consistiu na inoculação das sementes de Pinus via contato com a cultura fúngica do patógeno, sendo o substrato utilizado areia esterilizada com o teste mantido em sala de germinação (25 ± 3 °C e fotoperíodo de 12 h) durante 45 dias. Para os testes de biocontrole foram utilizados produtos comerciais à base de Trichoderma e Bacillus e um isolado de Bacillus obtido das próprias sementes de Pinus. O controle in vitro foi realizado pelo método de confronto pareado de culturas (antagonista x patógeno) e o teste in vivo foi desenvolvido em condições de casa de vegetação, durante 60 dias; as variáveis avaliadas foram emergência, diâmetro do colo, peso fresco e seco de mudas. O percentual de germinação dos lotes foi superior a 70%. Os gêneros fúngicos identificados nas sementes foram: Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Aspergillus, Penicillium e Trichoderma. Com base nas características morfológicas e moleculares identificaram-se as espécies Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillioides e Lasiodiplodia theobromae como patogênicas a espécie em estudo, causando damping off de pré e pós-emergência. Os agentes antagonistas mostraram potencial de controle in vitro sobre F. oxysporum, F. verticillioides e L. theobromae e quando confrontados in vivo com L. theobromae não interferiram no desenvolvimento das mudas, até os 60 dias de condução do teste.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 galharim_r_me_botfca.pdf: 975548 bytes, checksum: c443da11900d1ce6b8be8fb03c1cb0e5 (MD5)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>Banca: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os incêndios florestais ocorridos na Fazenda Monte Alegre localizada no município de Agudos/SP e de propriedade da Duratex S/A, no período de janeiro 1997 a dezembro 2003, diagnosticando as principais características desses incêndios e de seu combate. Trata-se de unidade de produção florestal de 13.581,79 hectares cuja atividade principal é o reflorestamento em Pinus spp. Foram utilizados dados constantes dos relatórios de incêndios florestais da empresa, bem como aqueles relativos à meteorologia, como precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar as 13:00 horas, coletados na estação meteorológica localizada junto à portaria principal da fazenda. Foi verificado que a unidade mantém um sistema de prevenção e combate a incêndios florestais que atua em sua área e também em propriedades adjacentes, cujos incêndios possam colocar em risco suas florestas, como é o caso da Rodovia SP 300. No período estudado ocorreram 74 incêndios, com as seguintes características. 65,0% foram na Fazenda Monte Alegre, 31,0% as margens da Rodovia SP 300 e 4% em outras propriedades. Quanto à área queimada, 96,3% pertencem à fazenda, 3,4% à Rodovia SP 300 e 0,3% a outros proprietários. Quanto ao tipo de vegetação queimada, 89,0% é de pinus, 6,0% de vegetação nativa e 5,0% de vegetação rasteira. Em 48,0% dos dias o grau de perigo, calculado através da Fórmula de Monte Alegre, esteve classificado como alto ou muito alto e nesta faixa é que se localizaram 77,0% dos incêndios. 5,4% foram provocados por raios, 82,4% causas antrópicas e 12,2% não foram possíveis apurar. 73,0% dos incêndios ocorreram entre 07:00 e 18:00 horas. O combate apresentou as características que seguem. Em 75,7% dos casos o alarme foi dado pelas torres de vigia. Em 97,0% dos casos o combate se iniciou em até 60 minutos e em 65,0% tivemos a extinção...<br>This work had as objective to study the forest fires that have taken place at Farm Monte Alegre which is located in the city of Agudos/SP and is property of Duratex S/A, from January 1997 to December 2003, diagnosing the main characteristics of these fires and of the fighting against them. It is made up of an unit of forest production of 13,581.79 hectares and its main activity is the reforestation with Pinus spp. Data from forest fires reports from the company were used as well as the meteorological reports with rainy precipitation and relative humidity of the air at 1:00 PM from the station located beside the Farm main entrance. It was verified that the unit keeps a forest fires fighting and prevention system that works not only in its own area but also in neighboring areas whose fires bring dangers to its own forests, such as SP 300 Road. 74 fires occurred in the studied time period with the following characteristics. 65,0% inside the Farm Monte Alegre, 31,0% around SP 300 Road banks, and 4% in other properties. As for the burned area, 96,3% belong to the Farm, 3,4% to SP 300 Road, and 0,3% to other owners.As for the kind of burned vegetation, 89,0% was Pinus, 6,0% native vegetation and 5,0% trailing vegetation. In 48% of the days the fire danger rate, calculated through Monte Alegre formula, was high or very high and in this range are 77% of fires. 5,4% were caused by lightning, 82,4% by man made reasons, and 12,2% were impossible to establish. 73,0% of fires occurred between 7:00 AM and 6:00 PM. The fighting presented the following characteristics. In 75,7% the alarm was given by the watch tower. In 97,0% the fighting started in 60 minutes. In 65,0% the fighting was finished in 60 minutes. 169:17 hours were spent in the fighting, 24:13 hours in SP 300 Road, and 1:25 hours in other properties. As for the cost of the fighting, 92,0% were applied inside the Farmland...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Os elevados custos de plantio e de manutenção de espécies nativas limitam a restauração florestal no Brasil. Buscando reduzir custos e acelerar a recuperação de vegetação ripária em região de cerrado, testou-se a utilização de espécie exótica de rápido crescimento (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) como facilitadora da regeneração natural de espécies nativas lenhosas, no município de Assis, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A exploração de madeira e resina de Pinus poderia gerar receitas aos proprietários rurais e estimular ações de restauração com a compensação dos custos de plantio. Três tratamentos com plantio de Pinus nos espaçamentos 3 x 3 m, 3 x 2 m e 2 x 2 m, mais um quarto tratamento com áreas sem plantio (controle), foram instalados. Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. Foram alocadas 16 parcelas (18 x 12 m cada) paralelamente ao rio, distando 20 a 40 m da margem. A área experimental fora utilizada como pastagem por duas décadas. Na ocasião do plantio (1995), predominavam gramíneas africanas. Plantas lenhosas e estruturas subterrâneas existentes foram preservadas. Avaliou-se área basal, cobertura de copas e sobrevivência das árvores plantadas, assim como composição florística, estrutura e cobertura de copas das plantas lenhosas em regeneração (altura mínima de 50 cm) em 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001 e 2006. Desejava-se verificar se: 1) Pinus facilitaria a regeneração da comunidade nativa; 2) Pinus dificultaria a regeneração da comunidade nativa ou 3) Pinus não alteraria a regeneração da comunidade nativa. Até 2006, a densidade média de plantas lenhosas regenerantes foi de 4923 ind/ha sob Pinus (maior quanto maior a densidade de Pinus) e de 3472 ind/ha no controle. Foram registradas 68 espécies lenhosas nativas em regeneração na área experimental, pertencentes a 31 famílias. Houve correlação positiva entre densidade das plantas regenerantes e densidade e área basal de Pinus, e correlação negativa entre parâmetros estruturais de Pinus e cobertura do terreno por gramíneas. Conclui-se que Pinus eliminou as gramíneas pelo sombreamento, favorecendo indiretamente as plantas nativas. Até 2006, não se constatou competição entre plantas nativas e Pinus pelos recursos do ambiente. Houve maior proporção de plantas zoocóricas regenerantes no controle, e correlação negativa entre proporção de regenerantes zoocóricos e parâmetros estruturais de Pinus. Foram favorecidas por Pinus 40% das espécies regenerantes e, 25%, prejudicadas. A sucessão deverá conduzir as duas situações a comunidades distintas, especialmente em função da tolerância das espécies à sombra, predominantes sob Pinus. A análise econômica do uso de Pinus elliottii como facilitadora da regeneração natural demonstrou menores custos de plantio (cerca de um terço dos custos de plantios mistos com espécies nativas), compensados por um ano de exploração de resina. Porém, as técnicas usuais de exploração podem danificar as plantas regenerantes do sub-bosque. Assim, a restauração da comunidade nativa exige meios menos impactantes de exploração dos plantios de espécies exóticas.<br>Among the obstacles to the native forests restoration in Brazil we find the high costs of planting high diversity of native trees. Searching for reduction of costs and vegetation recovery acceleration, the use of a fast growing exotic species (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) as pioneer was tested in a riparian area in the cerrado domain, at Assis municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. As observed in forest plantations with exotic species in the same region, we expected the natural regeneration of native species to occur under the planted exotic trees. In addition, the later exploitation of the exotic species could bring some profit to the land owner, surpassing the restoration costs, and thus stimulating forest restoration initiatives. Pinus was planted in three different spacings (treatments): 3 x 3 m, 3 x 2 m and 2 x 2 m, and a fourth treatment consisted of not planted plots (control). Every treatment had four replications in randomized blocks, the 16 plots (18 x 12 m each) settled along the stream, from 20 to 40 m far from the margin. The experimental area had been used as pasture for at least two decades, mostly covered by african grasses. Some native species then existing were preserved when the Pinus trees were planted, in 1995, without revolving the soil. Basal area, crown cover and survival of planted trees, as well as floristic composition, density and crown cover of native species regenerating in every plot (minimum height 50 cm) were assessed in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2006. The aim was to verify if: 1) Pinus trees facilitating the regeneration of the native species, 2) Pinus trees obstructing the evolution of the native community or 3) the exotic species not affecting the native community. In 2006, density of the native woody species regenerating was 4923 ind/ha under Pinus and 3472 ind/ha in the control, from a total of 68 woody species (31 families) in the experimental area. Density of the regenerating community was positively correlated to density and basal area of Pinus. Thus, we concluded that Pinus eliminating grasses by shading (ground cover by grasses was inversely correlated to Pinus structure), indirectly favored the native woody species and are still not competing with them. The proportion of zoochorous species was negatively correlated to the Pinus density, showing that the exotic species does not attract animal seed dispersers. In the open areas (control), the zoochory was relatively more frequent. Density of some species (40%) increasing under Pinus and others (25%) decreasing or disappearing, which means secondary succession should go toward different directions if under Pinus plantation or in open areas. Analyzing the economical aspects of using Pinus as pioneer, we found that planting costs corresponded to a third part of those of planting mixed stands with native species. In addition, planting costs can be compensated by a single year of resin exploitation. However, current techniques of resin extraction or timber exploitation could cause considerable damages to the understory. Alternative exploitation techniques of the exotic species must be encouraged if restoration of the native community in the understory is expected.

Orientador: Paulo Torres Fenner<br>Banca: Jair Rosas da Silva<br>Banca: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo<br>Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os incêndios florestais ocorridos na Fazenda Monte Alegre localizada no município de Agudos/SP e de propriedade da Duratex S/A, no período de janeiro 1997 a dezembro 2003, diagnosticando as principais características desses incêndios e de seu combate. Trata-se de unidade de produção florestal de 13.581,79 hectares cuja atividade principal é o reflorestamento em Pinus spp. Foram utilizados dados constantes dos relatórios de incêndios florestais da empresa, bem como aqueles relativos à meteorologia, como precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar as 13:00 horas, coletados na estação meteorológica localizada junto à portaria principal da fazenda. Foi verificado que a unidade mantém um sistema de prevenção e combate a incêndios florestais que atua em sua área e também em propriedades adjacentes, cujos incêndios possam colocar em risco suas florestas, como é o caso da Rodovia SP 300. No período estudado ocorreram 74 incêndios, com as seguintes características. 65,0% foram na Fazenda Monte Alegre, 31,0% as margens da Rodovia SP 300 e 4% em outras propriedades. Quanto à área queimada, 96,3% pertencem à fazenda, 3,4% à Rodovia SP 300 e 0,3% a outros proprietários. Quanto ao tipo de vegetação queimada, 89,0% é de pinus, 6,0% de vegetação nativa e 5,0% de vegetação rasteira. Em 48,0% dos dias o grau de perigo, calculado através da Fórmula de Monte Alegre, esteve classificado como alto ou muito alto e nesta faixa é que se localizaram 77,0% dos incêndios. 5,4% foram provocados por raios, 82,4% causas antrópicas e 12,2% não foram possíveis apurar. 73,0% dos incêndios ocorreram entre 07:00 e 18:00 horas. O combate apresentou as características que seguem. Em 75,7% dos casos o alarme foi dado pelas torres de vigia. Em 97,0% dos casos o combate se iniciou em até 60 minutos e em 65,0% tivemos a extinção...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This work had as objective to study the forest fires that have taken place at Farm Monte Alegre which is located in the city of Agudos/SP and is property of Duratex S/A, from January 1997 to December 2003, diagnosing the main characteristics of these fires and of the fighting against them. It is made up of an unit of forest production of 13,581.79 hectares and its main activity is the reforestation with Pinus spp. Data from forest fires reports from the company were used as well as the meteorological reports with rainy precipitation and relative humidity of the air at 1:00 PM from the station located beside the Farm main entrance. It was verified that the unit keeps a forest fires fighting and prevention system that works not only in its own area but also in neighboring areas whose fires bring dangers to its own forests, such as SP 300 Road. 74 fires occurred in the studied time period with the following characteristics. 65,0% inside the Farm Monte Alegre, 31,0% around SP 300 Road banks, and 4% in other properties. As for the burned area, 96,3% belong to the Farm, 3,4% to SP 300 Road, and 0,3% to other owners.As for the kind of burned vegetation, 89,0% was Pinus, 6,0% native vegetation and 5,0% trailing vegetation. In 48% of the days the fire danger rate, calculated through Monte Alegre formula, was high or very high and in this range are 77% of fires. 5,4% were caused by lightning, 82,4% by man made reasons, and 12,2% were impossible to establish. 73,0% of fires occurred between 7:00 AM and 6:00 PM. The fighting presented the following characteristics. In 75,7% the alarm was given by the watch tower. In 97,0% the fighting started in 60 minutes. In 65,0% the fighting was finished in 60 minutes. 169:17 hours were spent in the fighting, 24:13 hours in SP 300 Road, and 1:25 hours in other properties. As for the cost of the fighting, 92,0% were applied inside the Farmland...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Canopy fuel characterization is highly relevant for wildfire prevention, especially in the context of extreme events involving crown fires. Airborne laser scanning has been proven very useful to retrieve 3D forest structure at large scales, becoming freely available in many countries in the recent years which provide an opportunity to map fuel parameters that are critical for fire behaviour simulation. Previous studies on canopy fuel modelling predict canopy base height (CBH), fuel load (CFL) and bulk density (CBD) mainly in tree species from temperate conifer forest, with specific models still lacking for the main Mediterranean forest stands and especially deciduous species. This work presents preliminary results of models obtained from low density airborne LiDAR data (1.5 p/m2) for canopy fuel characterization of critical structural variables (CBH, CFL and CBD) in the main Mediterranean forest stands existing in Andalusia region, including Pinus sp, Quercus sp and Eucalyptus sp tree species. A set of 750 plots are used to characterize canopy fuels in 15 different forest stands representative of Mediterranean tree species, with a samplig design that consider structural heterogeneity in a wide study area (29000 km2). Different modelling techniques are tested to selected the best formulation and input LiDAR metrics to be included in the final models for each fuel parameter, that are used to generate high resolution maps of canopy fuels at regional scale.

In addition to typical artefacts, the archaeological research at Świbie also produced a significant amount of plant materials. Due to the nature of the site as a biritual cemetery, these were mainly fragments of wood preserved either in dried and mineralised form or in charred form, i.e. as charcoal. The analysis covered plant remains originating from 102 graves, with 65 samples coming from inhumation graves and 20 from cremation graves (of which 17 were from cremations in pits, including animal burials, and three from urned cremations). In addition, 17 samples came from biritual burials (of which 16 were combinations of an inhumation grave and a cremation in pit, whereas one – an inhumation with urned cremation). Moreover, 21 samples from non-sepulchral contexts were analysed, originating mostly from hearths located close to graves. Charcoal fragments were preserved in 100 graves. They were remains of cremation pyres and hearths. Fragments of unburnt wood, recovered from 15 graves (mostly inhumations), were remains of pads found under bronze objects. The species prevailing in the material was Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), with oak (Quercus sp.) also frequent. Both were used for building cremation pyres. Birch (Betula sp.) came third in terms of frequency of remains. Apart from these, charred remains of fir (Abies alba), alder (Alnus sp.), and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) were identified in the graves. Spruce/larch (Picea abies/Larix sp.), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and elm (Ulmus sp.) occurred occasionally. In addition to Scots pine, spruce/larch, ash, birch, and oak, traces of burnt wood of probably maple (cf. Acer sp.) and poplar (cf. Populus sp.) were identified in the material coming from outside the graves (from the hearths). The taxonomic composition obtained on the basis of wood remains from the Świbie cemetery is similar to the results of anthracological and xylological studies of other necropolises. Fragments described as the remains of “wooden pads” are very interesting finds. These are small fragments of wood preserved in a highly mineralised or dried (?) form, often with a greenish-blue coating. Their analysis was very difficult, but positive results in the form of a taxonomic identification could nevertheless be obtained for 11 samples. Virtually all of the pads were made of oak wood. In the sample from grave 79, several fragments of birch (Betula sp.) bark were preserved alongside fragments of pads. In a few cases, wooden pads preserved traces of other organic materials. These were mostly fragments of fabric, but remains possibly interpretable as straw remains were also recorded. The “pads” themselves were most likely modest remnants of wooden biers, preserved thanks to the preservation properties of metal corrosion compounds. Wood remains, mostly charcoal, are among the most common plant materials found at archaeological sites. Their analysis reveals which species of trees and shrubs were used by people, and it also provides information on surrounding forest communities.

This paper evaluates the state of Moldavian pine forests (nurseries and urban areas) with the use of traditional phytosanitary monitoring in the centers of desiccation. The aim of the research was assessment of the sanitary state of pine plantations, identification of the composition of pathogens and development of recommendations for the improvement of the condition and increase of the biological stability of pine plantations. Results showed that the majority of damages were caused by fungi. In Pinus sp. the most common pathogens were fungi: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp. and Sphaeropsis sp.

The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted on 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU). A total of 23 vegetation plots were established in the park in May and June. Data collected in each plot include species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches (in)]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in 2019. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands, Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and three land parcels (Cedar Point, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Creek). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 157 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 23 vegetation plots, including nine species not previously known from the park. Three plots were located in the footprint of the Yellow Bluff Fire, and were sampled only two weeks following the fire event. Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), water oak (Quercus nigra), and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetland habitat; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and gallberry (Ilex glabra) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Open Upland and Woodland habitat; and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), Spanish moss (Tillandsia usenoides), and red bay (Persea borbonia) were the most frequently encountered species in Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. There were no exotic species of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council list of invasive plants (FLEPPC 2020) observed on any of these plots. Both red bay and swamp bay (Persea palustris) were largely absent from the tree stratum in these plots; however, they were present (occasionally in high abundance) in the seedling and sapling strata across all habitat types. Buckthorn bully (Sideroxylon lycioides)—listed as Endangered in the state of Florida by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS 2020)—was observed in three Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. The tree strata in each broadly defined habitat were dominated by the following species: Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands-loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands-longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands-oaks (Quercus sp.) Most stems within the tree strata exhibited healthy vigor and only moderate dieback across all habitat types. However, there was a large amount of standing dead trees in plots within Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Downed woody biomass (fuel loads) were highest in the Cedar Point and Thomas Creek land parcels.

The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted on 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (TIMU). A total of 23 vegetation plots were established in the park in May and June. Data collected in each plot include species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches (in)]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in 2019. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands, Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and three land parcels (Cedar Point, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Creek). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 157 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 23 vegetation plots, including nine species not previously known from the park. Three plots were located in the footprint of the Yellow Bluff Fire, and were sampled only two weeks following the fire event. Muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), water oak (Quercus nigra), and swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetland habitat; saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and gallberry (Ilex glabra) were the most frequently encountered species in Coastal Plain Open Upland and Woodland habitat; and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), Spanish moss (Tillandsia usenoides), and red bay (Persea borbonia) were the most frequently encountered species in Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. There were no exotic species of the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council list of invasive plants (FLEPPC 2020) observed on any of these plots. Both red bay and swamp bay (Persea palustris) were largely absent from the tree stratum in these plots; however, they were present (occasionally in high abundance) in the seedling and sapling strata across all habitat types. Buckthorn bully (Sideroxylon lycioides)—listed as Endangered in the state of Florida by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS 2020)—was observed in three Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots. The tree strata in each broadly defined habitat were dominated by the following species: Coastal Plain Nonalluvial Wetlands-loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) Coastal Plain Open Uplands and Woodlands-longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands-oaks (Quercus sp.) Most stems within the tree strata exhibited healthy vigor and only moderate dieback across all habitat types. However, there was a large amount of standing dead trees in plots within Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Downed woody biomass (fuel loads) were highest in the Cedar Point and Thomas Creek land parcels.

The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program. The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identi?ed by SECN park managers, and monitoring is conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks? natural vegetation. 2021 marked the ?rst year of conducting this monitoring e?ort at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT). Thirty vegetation plots were established throughout the park from June through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-speci?c cover and constancy, species-speci?c woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in 2021. Data were strati?ed across two dominant broadly de?ned habitats within the park, including Piedmont Upland Forests and Piedmont Alluvial Wetland Vegetation and three land parcels: North?from Bowman?s Island to Abbotts Bridge, Middle?from Medlock Bridge to Gold Branch, and South?from Sope Creek to Palisades. Noteworthy ?ndings include: 299 vascular plant taxa were observed across 30 vegetation plots, including 29 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly de?ned habitat included: Piedmont Alluvial Wetland Vegetation: Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), and smallspike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Piedmont Upland Forests: tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera var. tulipifera), eastern poison ivy, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), muscadine, mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), and black edge sedge (Carex nigromarginta). Sixteen non-native species categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2023) were encountered during this monitoring e?ort, including two not previously detected within the park?miniature beefsteak plant (Mosla dianthera) and Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta). Chinese privet and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) were the most frequently encountered and abundant invasive plant within the park. One species of special concern listed for Georgia (GADNR 2024) was observed during this monitoring e?ort?large-fruited sanicle (Sanicula trifoliata). Tuliptree, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), boxelder (Acer negundo var. negundo), river birch (Betula nigra), and sweetgum were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Piedmont Alluvial Wetlands of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area; white oak (Quercus alba), loblolly pine, tuliptree, and mockernut hickory were the most dominant species of Piedmont Upland Forests. Chinese privet was the most abundant species within the sapling and seedling strata of Piedmont Alluvial Wetlands. The mortality rate of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) within Piedmont Alluvial Wetland plots was high, and it is likely these trees succumbed to impacts from emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). The emerald ash borer is a wood-boring pest of ash (Fraxinus sp.) and is native to Asia. Since its discovery in the U. S. in the early 2000s, the insect has been responsible for the death of tens of millions of ash trees in the eastern and midwestern parts of the country. At this time, it is not certain whether the declining health of ash within Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area is due to emerald ash borer, edaphic factors that are responsible for natural mortality and decline, or other factors. Other threats to native vegetation within the park are: (1) the high prevalence of non-native, invasive plant species; (2) ?re suppression within oak-hickory; and (3) impacts from heavy browse by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). All plots monitored during this sampling e?ort are scheduled to be resampled in 2024.