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Journal articles on the topic 'Pion-proton interactions'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Degtyarenko, P. V., E. A. Doroshkevich, A. A. Kurzenkov, G. A. Leksin, A. V. Stavinsky, and A. V. Vlassov. "Proton-pion and two- pion correlations in eA interactions." Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 357, no. 4 (December 1997): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002180050261.

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2

Ahmad, Tufail. "CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES PRODUCED IN HADRON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 1066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v6i1.1825.

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A detailed study on mean multiplicities of secondary charged particles is presented. The average number of grey, black and heavy particles are found to be independent of energy in proton-nucleus interactions whereas for pion-nucleus collisions the data deviates from its independence with energy. The ratio of mean number of charged particles produced in pion-nucleus collisions to its number in proton-nucleus interactions at almost the same energy is found to be similar at different energies.

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3

SIBIRTSEV, A. "STRANGENESS PRODUCTION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no. 02 (February 2009): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830130901229x.

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The general features of strangeness production in pion-proton and proton-proton collisions are discussed. Systematic analysis of the p+p data allows to conclude that the dynamics of strangeness production at high energies is dominated by the pion exchange mechanism. That actually explains similarities between pion and proton induced reactions. Among many others features the excitation of baryon resonances coupled to strangeness is most prominent observation. However at low energies the p+p interactions allow as well for the vector meson and strange meson exchanges. The question is whether such distinctive picture of the strangeness production in proton collisions is appropriate or not? I will propose how this point can be tested with polarization measurement, which will be done in near future.

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4

MESSCHENDORP, J. G. "FEW-NUCLEON STUDIES AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 11n13 (April 30, 2009): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309000061.

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Observables in proton-deuteron scattering are sensitive probes of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and three-nucleon force effects. Several facilities, including the KVI, allow a detailed study of few-nucleon interactions below the pion-production threshold exploiting polarized proton and deuteron beams. In this contribution, some recent results are discussed and interpreted exploiting rigorous Faddeev calculations. Furthermore, experimental inconsistencies between two measurements of the cross section in elastic proton-deuteron scattering at 135 MeV/nucleon are reviewed.

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5

Machado, M. V. T. "Investigating the Soft Processes within the QCD Color Dipole Picture." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 8 (September 18, 2019): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.8.705.

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We consider the QCD parton saturation models to describe the soft interactions at the high-energy limit. The total and elastic cross-sections, as well as the elastic slope parameter, are obtained for proton-proton and pion-proton collisions and compared to recent experimental results.

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6

MAI, MAXIM, PETER C. BRUNS, and ULF-G. MEIßNER. "PION PHOTOPRODUCTION IN A GAUGE-INVARIANT CHIRAL UNITARY FRAMEWORK." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 26 (January 2014): 1460075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600751.

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We investigate pion photoproduction off the proton in a manifestly gauge-invariant chiral unitary extension of chiral perturbation theory. In a first step, we consider meson-baryon scattering taking into account all next-to-leading order contact interactions. The resulting low-energy constants are determined by a fit to s-wave pion-nucleon scattering and the low-energy data for the reaction π-p → ηn. Having determined the low-energy constants, we then analyse the data on the s-wave multipole amplitudes E0+ of pion and eta photoproduction. These are parameter-free predictions, as the two new low-energy constants are determined by the neutron and proton magnetic moments.

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7

PALCZEWSKI, TOMASZ JAN. "PION PRODUCTION MEASUREMENT IN NA61/SHINE EXPERIMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2011): 754–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11052748.

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This paper presents one of the physics goals of the NA61/SHINE experiment: measurements of hadron production needed for neutrino (T2K) and cosmic-ray (Pierre Auger and KASKADE) experiments. Preliminary results from the proton-Carbon interactions at 31 GeV/c for the T2K experiment at J-PARC are presented. Knowledge of pion and kaon production is important for improving the accuracy of neutrino flux simulations. Three different methods of the pion spectra extractions are presented. Finally, preliminary differential cross section dsigma/ dp in several intervals of emission angles of charged pion in p + C interactions at 31 GeV/c.

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8

EL-METWALLY, KHALED A., TAREK I. HAWEEL, and MAHMOUD Y. EL-BAKRY. "A UNIVERSAL NEURAL NETWORK REPRESENTATION FOR HADRON–HADRON INTERACTIONS AT HIGH ENERGY." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 03 (May 2000): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100000535.

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An efficient neural network (NN) has been designed to simulate the hadron–hadron interaction at high energy. Two cases have been considered simultaneously, the proton–proton (p–p) and the pion–proton (π-p) interactions. The neural network has been trained to produce the charged multiplicity distribution for both cases based on samples from the overlapping functions. The trained NN shows a good performance in matching the trained distributions. The NN is then used to predict the distributions that are not present in the training set and matched them effectively. The robustness of the designed NN in the presence of uncertainties, in the overlapping functions has been demonstrated.

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9

BARROS, C. C., and Y. HAMA. "ANTIHYPERON POLARIZATION IN HIGH-ENERGY INCLUSIVE PROCESSES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 02 (February 2008): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308006144.

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We propose a model for the antihyperon polarization in high-energy proton-nucleus inclusive reactions, based on the final-state interactions between the antihyperons and other produced particles (predominantly pions). To formulate this idea, we use the previously obtained low-energy pion-(anti-)hyperon interaction using effective chiral Lagrangians, and a hydrodynamic parametrization of the background matter, which expands and decouples at a certain freezeout temperature.1.

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10

Gutierrez, T. D., and R. Vogt. "Asymmetries between strange and antistrange particle production in pion–proton interactions." Nuclear Physics A 705, no. 3-4 (July 2002): 396–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(02)00658-9.

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11

Posiadała, Magdalena Zofia. "Charged pion spectra in proton—carbon interactions at 31 GeV/c." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 408 (February 7, 2013): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/408/1/012048.

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12

Ahrar, H. "Some more results from 340 GeV pion–emulsion and 400 GeV proton–emulsion interactions." Canadian Journal of Physics 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-039.

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Cluster characteristics in different regions of rapidity have been investigated in 340 GeV pion and 400 GeV proton–emulsion interactions. The data show that the strength of the correlation varies with the region in rapidity space. Some results on maximum rapidity-gap length, shower width distribution, position of the maximum rapidity in an event, multiplicity, and angular distributions of grey and black tracks etc. are also reported and discussed.

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13

Prado, Raul R. "Recent results from the cosmic ray program of the NA61/SHINE experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 208 (2019): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920805006.

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NA61/SHINE is a fixed target experiment designed to study hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions at the CERN Super-Proton-Synchrotron. In this paper we summarize the results from pion-carbon collisions recorded at beam momenta of 158 and 350 GeV=c. Hadron production measurements in these types of interactions is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the muon production in extensive air showers. In particular, production of (anti)baryons and ρ0 are mechanisms responsible for increasing the number of muons which reach the ground. The underestimation of the (anti)baryons or ρ0 production rates in current hadronic interaction models could be one of the sources of the excess of muons observed by cosmic ray experiments. The results on the production spectra of π±, K±, p, ¯p, Λ , ¯Λ, K0S, ρ0, ω and K*0 are presented, as well as their comparison to predictions of hadronic interaction models currently used in air shower simulations.

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14

Golubeva, M. B., E. S. Golubeva, F. F. Guber, T. L. Karavicheva, Yu G. Kudenko, A. B. Kurepin, A. I. Reshetin, and N. S. Topilskaya. "Inclusive proton spectra from 0.6–1 GeV/c pion interactions with nuclei." Physics Letters B 221, no. 3-4 (May 1989): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(89)91704-8.

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15

Ghosh, D., A. Deb, P. K. Haldar, and S. Guptaroy. "Azimuthal asymmetry and dynamical fluctuation of compound multiplicity in nucleus–nucleus collisions at ultra-relativistic energy." Canadian Journal of Physics 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p07-051.

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The paper reports a study on azimuthal asymmetry fluctuations in compound (pion combined with proton) multiplicity spectra obtained from interactions of 60A GeV 16O–nucleus and 200A GeV 32S–nucleus with AgBr nuclei. The maximum azimuthal asymmetry is investigated, averaged over different compound multiplicity intervals. The data exhibit the existence of a dynamical component in the emission asymmetry fluctuations. The degree of the asymmetry is found to decrease as the multiplicity increases, and the decrease is found to be faster for a heavier projectile. The latter may provide important information on the production mechanism, when compared to the similar studies of pion fluctuations, where no such dependence has been observed. PACS Nos.: 25.75–q, 24.60 Ky

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16

BRODSKY, STANLEY J., DAE SUNG HWANG, and IVAN SCHMIDT. "FINAL-STATE INTERACTIONS AND SINGLE-SPIN ASYMMETRIES IN SEMI-INCLUSIVE DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 08 (March 30, 2003): 1327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03014678.

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Recent measurements from the HERMES and SMC collaborations show a remarkably large azimuthal single-spin asymmetries AUL and AUT of the proton in semi-inclusive pion leptoproduction γ*(q) p → π X. We show that final-state interactions from gluon exchange between the outgoing quark and the target spectator system leads to single-spin asymmetries in deep inelastic lepton-proton scattering at leading twist in perturbative QCD; i.e., the rescattering corrections are not power-law suppressed at large photon virtuality q2 at fixed xbj. The existence of such single-spin asymmetries requires a phase difference between two amplitudes coupling the proton target with [Formula: see text] to the same final-state, the same amplitudes which are necessary to produce a nonzero proton anomalous magnetic moment. We show that the exchange of gauge particles between the outgoing quark and the proton spectators produces a Coulomb-like complex phase which depends on the angular momentum Lz of the proton's constituents and thus is distinct for different proton spin amplitudes. The single-spin asymmetry which arises from such final-state interactions does not factorize into a product of structure function and fragmentation function, and it is not related to the transversity distribution δq(x,Q) which correlates transversely polarized quarks with the spin of the transversely polarized target nucleon.

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17

Antinori, F., R. P. Barnes, A. C. Bayes, W. Beusch, R. Caliandro, B. de la Cruz, J. P. Davies, et al. "Pion and proton production in proton-tungsten and sulphur-tungsten interactions at 200 GeV/c per nucleon." Physics Letters B 412, no. 3-4 (October 1997): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(97)00940-4.

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18

Okorokov, V. A. "Geometry and Space-Time Extent of Pion Emission Region at FCC Energies." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5972709.

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The energy dependence is investigated for a wide set of space-time characteristics derived from Bose–Einstein correlations of secondary pion pairs produced in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus interactions. Analytic functions suggested for smooth approximations of the energy dependence of emission region parameters demonstrate reasonable agreement with all available experimental results for proton-proton collisions while the approximations correspond to most of experimental data for nucleus-nucleus collisions at energies above 5 GeV. Estimations for a wide set of space-time quantities are obtained for energies for the Future Circular Collider (FCC) project based on the smooth approximations. The space particle densities at freeze-out are derived also from estimations for the volume of the emission region and for total multiplicity at FCC energies. Estimations for charged particle density and its critical value allow the possibility of lasing behavior for secondary pions in nucleus-nucleus collisions at FCC energy. The mathematical formalism is presented for study of the peak shape of correlation function for general case of central-symmetrical Lévy–Feldheim distribution.

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19

Ali, Y., S. Ullah, S. A. Khattak, and M. Ajaz. "Study of pion kaon and proton in proton–carbon interactions at 158 GeV/c using hadron production models." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 10 (March 28, 2019): 1950078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319500780.

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In this work, we investigate the production of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] mesons, protons and antiprotons, by exploiting the theoretical hadron production models: EPOS 1.99, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04, using proton–carbon collisions at a potential laboratory momentum of 158 GeV/c. Laboratory momentum-dependent double differential yields of these particles are studied where it is produced at a polar angle ranging from 0 mrad to 420 mrad for [Formula: see text] mesons while for [Formula: see text] mesons, protons and antiprotons, the angle ranges from 0 mrad to 360 mrad. The QGSJET predicts high yields of the [Formula: see text] mesons for a polar angle ranging from 0 mrad to 20 mrad at the peak of the distribution while beyond 20 mrad, the high yield is demonstrated by EPOS-LHC. In the case of [Formula: see text] mesons and antiprotons, the QGSJETII-04 gives higher yield at the peak of the distribution in all the cases, whereas the EPOS-1.99 and EPOS-LHC produce similar results. In most of the cases at high momentum of the hadrons, the trios are in very good agreement with each other.

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20

ABU-SHADY, M. "THE EFFECT OF FINITE TEMPERATURE ON THE NUCLEON PROPERTIES IN THE EXTENDED LINEAR SIGMA MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, no. 06 (June 2012): 1250061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301312500619.

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The extended quark sigma model, which includes higher-order mesonic interactions is applied at finite temperature. The field equations are solved using the mean-field approximation. Nucleon properties such as the nucleon mass, the magnetic moments of the proton and neutron, and the pion-nucleon coupling constant are examined as functions of temperature. The obtained results indicate that the deconfinement phase transition conditions are satisfied in the present work at higher values of temperature. A comparison with other models is presented.

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21

Bolshakova, A. E. "Cross sections of large-angle hadron production in proton-nucleus and pion-nucleus interactions." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 9, no. 9-10 (December 2012): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477112070047.

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22

Ghosh, D., A. Deb, S. Pal, and J. Ghosh. "Self-affine fluctuations of pions and protons and nonthermal phase transition in hadron–nucleus interactions." Canadian Journal of Physics 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p08-064.

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The paper reports a study revealing self-affine fluctuations in pion, proton, and compound multiplicity (of pions combined with protons) spectra obtained from the interactions of 350 GeV pions with AgBr nuclei. The study is performed in the transformed two-dimensional phase space of the emission and azimuthal angles using the factorial moment methodology and the concept of the Hurst exponent. Evidence of a nonthermal phase transition is obtained for self-affine fluctuations of pions along with an indication for such a regime to be seen in similar fluctuations of proton and compound multiplicity distributions. The study bridges the anisotropic nature of the multiparticle production process and an evidence of the nonthermal phase transition with similar earlier findings from hadron–hadron and nucleus–nucleus interactions and shows the same effects to be peculiar features of the multiplicity distributions of the different species of particles produced. All this brings important information about the underlying dynamics of the hadroproduction process.PACS Nos.: 25.80.Hp, 24.60.Ky, 13.85.–t

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23

DHAMIJA, S., M. M. AGGARWAL, and V. S. BHATIA. "SLOW PARTICLE PRODUCTION IN THE INTERACTIONS OF 200 A GeV SULPHUR PROJECTILE WITH NUCLEAR EMULSION." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 28 (September 14, 2001): 1801–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230100408x.

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We report our experimental results on various constituents of grey particles (0.23< β < 0.7), namely pions, kaons, and baryons, emitted in Sulphur-Emulsion interactions at 200 A GeV energy. These particles have been identified with good resolution and their emission angles have also been measured. Comparison has been made with similar data from proton-Em interactions and with predictions from the Modified FRITIOF Code (MFC). We find that the pion production is higher in the case of S-Em interactions as compared to that in p-Em interactions. MFC gives pions in agreement with our experimental value but underpredicts the kaon yield. The angular distribution is related to the amount of rescattering taking place in the target spectator region. The value of rescattering parameter, κ, as deduced from our data, has been found to be significantly smaller in case of pions as compared to that of kaons and baryons. This indicates that pion production involves a greater degree of rescattering of participants, during the collision process, as compared to kaons and baryons. The values of κ for all the three grey particle constituents, as calculated from the Modified FRITIOF Code, are higher than the experimental values. This suggests that there is a need to incorporate a greater degree of rescattering in the model.

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24

Ghosh, Dipak, Argha Deb, Subrata Biswas, Pasupati Mandal, Swarnapratim Bhattacharyya, and Asok Kumar Mallick. "Evidence of strong two-particle and three-particle dynamical correlation in compound multiplicity distribution in nucleus–nucleus interactions at 4.5 AGeV." Canadian Journal of Physics 84, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p06-006.

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This paper reports an investigation of two- and three-particle dynamical correlation in multiparticle production processes in terms of compound multiplicity (proton and pion) distributions. The data have been taken from 24Mg–AgBr and 12C–AgBr interactions at 4.5 AGeV. The experimental results are compared with those of Monte Carlo simulated events, assuming an independent emission of the compound multiplicity. The data exhibit strong two- and three-particle correlation in both forward and backward hemispheres in emission angle space for both data sets. PACS Nos.: 25.75–q, 24.60 Ky

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25

Li, Bao-Chun, Zhao Zhang, Jun-Hui Kang, Guo-Xing Zhang, and Fu-Hu Liu. "Tsallis Statistical Interpretation of Transverse Momentum Spectra in High-EnergypA Collisions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/741816.

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In Tsallis statistics, we investigate charged pion and proton production forpCu andpPb interactions at 3, 8, and 15 GeV/c. Two versions of Tsallis distribution are implemented in a multisource thermal model. A comparison with experimental data of the HARP-CDP group shows that they both can reproduce the transverse momentum spectra, but the improved form gives a better description. It is also found that the difference betweenqandq′is small when the temperatureT = T′for the same incident momentum and angular interval, and the value ofqis greater thanq′in most cases.

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26

Lemaire, M. C., M. Trzaska, J. P. Alard, J. Augerat, D. Bachelier, N. Bastid, J. L. Boyard, et al. "Charged-pion production in noninclusive proton-nucleus interactions at 0.8 and 1.6 GeV incident energies." Physical Review C 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 2711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.43.2711.

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27

PHELPS, EVAN. "EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF OMEGA ELECTROPRODUCTION OFF THE PROTON IN THE RESONANCE REGION." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 26 (January 2014): 1460062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600623.

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A complete theory of strong interactions must describe the excited baryon spectrum as well as the structure of prominent states, which reflects the dynamics of nonperturbative QCD. Beyond the discriminating power of exclusive single- and double-pion electroproduction, the ω channel provides an additional probe of high-mass excited states. The current analysis provides preliminary differential and integrated cross sections of ω electroproduction off the proton from W = 1.7 to 3.2 GeV and Q2 = 1.5 to 5.5 GeV2. The data was collected by JLab's CLAS detector during two run periods and comprises the largest sample of exclusive resonance-region ω electroproduction ever analyzed. Preliminary Legendre decomposition of the cross sections supports previous indications of s-channel contributions to cross sections in the resonance region.

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28

VAN OERS, WILLEM T. H. "NUCLEON-NUCLEON PARITY VIOLATION EXPERIMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 08, no. 05 (October 1999): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021830139900029x.

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Measurements of parity-violating longitudinal analyzing powers Az (normalized asymmetries) in polarized proton-proton scattering and in polarized neutron capture on the proton (n-p→d - γ) provide a unique window on the interplay between the weak and strong interactions between and within hadrons. Several new proton-proton parity violation experiments are presently either being performed or are being prepared for execution in the near future: at TRIUMF at 221 MeV and 450 MeV and at COSY (Forschungszentrum Jülich) in the multi-GeV range. A new measurement of the parity-violating γ ray asymmetry with a ten-fold improvement in the accuracy over previous measurements is being developed at LANSCE. These experiments are intended to provide stringent constraints on the set of six effective weak meson-nucleon coupling constants, which characterize the weak interaction between hadrons in the energy domain where meson exchange models provide an appropriate description. The 221 MeV p - p experiment is unique in that it selects a single transition amplitude (3P2-1D2) and consequently constrains the weak meson-nucleon coupling constant [Formula: see text]. The n-p→d-γ experiment is mainly sensitive to the weak pion-nucleon coupling constant fπ. Together with the existing p-p parity violation experimental results one may be able to delineate the various weak meson-nucleon coupling constants. The TRIUMF 221 MeV p-p parity violation experiment will be described in some detail. Other parity violation nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-very-light-nucleus experiments are commented on. The anomalous result obtained at 6 GeV/c on a water target requires that a new multi-GeV p-p parity violation experiment be performed.

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29

Melkumov, Georgy. "Recent results of strong interaction program from NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN SPS." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920401010.

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The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS pursues a rich program of strong interactions. The main physics goals of this program are the study of properties of the onset of deconfinement and search for the signatures of the critical point of strongly interacting matter by performing the two-dimensional scan in a broad region of energy (beam momentum 13A-158A GeV/c) and system size (p+p, Be+Be, Ar+Sc and Xe+La). Recent NA61/SHINE results on particle spectra and event-by-event fluctuations in p+p, Be+Be and Ar+Sc collisions are shown with emphasis on the measurements of particle ratios, namely of pion a strangeness production, multiplicity fluctuations versus energy and the system size of colliding nuclei. It will be shown that the hadron production properties in heavy ion collisions which change rapidly in the low SPS energy domain and are interpreted as the beginning of quark-gluon plasma production – onset of deconfinement could be also the case in inelastic p+p interactions and probably in Be+Be collisions. The paper presents a selection of NA61/SHINE results on particle production properties discussed together with existing data from the NA49 collaboration. The evolution of non-monotonic structures in the pion and strangeness production as a function of the system size and energy is addressed. The rapid change of hadron production properties from p+p and Be+Be up to Ar+Sc and Pb+Pb collisions can be interpreted as the beginning of the large clusters formation of strongly interacting matter - the onset of fireball. The NA61/SHINE strong interaction programme is presented including the recent status on proton intermittency analysis and strongly intensive fluctuation observables of particle multiplicity and transverse momentum.

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30

Bartke, J., M. Kowalski, V. G. Grishin, K. Miller, J. Pluta, T. Pawlak, W. Peryt, and Z. Strugalski. "Size of the proton emission region in pion-xenon interactions at 3.5 GeV/c from two-particle correlations." Zeitschrift f�r Physik A Atomic Nuclei 324, no. 4 (December 1986): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01290931.

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31

Simić, Lj, S. Backović, D. Salihagić, A. P. Cheplakov, E. N. Kladnitskaya, and R. R. Mekhdiyev. "Centrality dependence of pion and proton spectra in C+C and C+Ta interactions at 4.2 GeV/cper nucleon." Physical Review C 52, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.52.356.

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32

VAN OERS, WILLEM T. H. "CONSTRAINTS ON A PARITY-CONSERVING/TIME-REVERSAL-NON-CONSERVING INTERACTION." International Journal of Modern Physics E 08, no. 06 (December 1999): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301399000355.

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Time-reversal-invariance non-conservation has for the first time been unequivocally demonstrated in a direct measurement at CPLEAR. One then can ask the question: What about tests of time-reversal-invariance in systems other than the kaon system? Tests of time-reversal-invariance can be distinguished as belonging to two classes: the first one deals with parity violating (P-odd)/time-reversal-invariance-odd (T-odd) interactions, while the second one deals with P-even/T-odd interactions (assuming CPT conservation this implies C-conjugation non-conservation). Limits on a P-odd/T-odd interaction follow from measurements of the electric dipole moment of the neutron (with a present upper limit of 6 × 10-26 e.cm [95% C.L.]). It provides a limit on a P-odd/T-odd pion-nucleon coupling constant which is less than 10-4 times the weak interaction strength. Experimental limits on a P-even/T-odd interaction are much less stringent. Following the standard approach of describing the nucleon-nucleon interaction in terms of meson exchanges it can be shown that only charged rho-meson exchange and A 1-meson exchange can lead to a P-even/T-odd interaction. The better constraints stem from measurements of the electric dipole moment of the neutron and from measurements of charge-symmetry breaking in neutron-proton elastic scattering. The latter experiments were executed at TRIUMF (497 and 347 MeV) and at IUCF (183 MeV). Weak decay experiments may provide limits which will possibly be comparable. All other experiments, like gamma decay experiments, detailed balance experiments, polarization–analyzing power difference determinations, and five-fold correlation experiments with polarized incident nucleons and aligned nuclear targets, have been shown to be at least an order of magnitude less sensitive. The question then emerges: is there room for further experimentation?

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33

Khushnood, H., A. Shakeel, M. Irfan, A. Ahmad, A. H. Naqvi, and M. Shafi. "Some interesting aspects of total disintegration of heavy emulsion nuclei at high energies." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-056.

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Analysis of the events having Nh ≥ 28 produced in 50 GeV pion (π)−–Em and 400 GeV proton (p)–Em interactions and the results obtained at different incident energies reveal that the probability of total disintegration of the target nuclei and the value of [Formula: see text] strongly depend on the mass of the incident particle as well as the target nuclei. This probability is observed to be independent of the energy of the projectile in p–Em reactions but not in π−–Em collisions. The mean normalized multiplicity, R4, calculated in terms of the created charged particles, is independent of the identity and energy of the impinging hadron beyond ~20 Gev. Furthermore, the values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are observed to depend weakly on the energy of the projectile. The maximum number of charged particles constituting a cluster is observed to be four at both incident energies; the characteristics of clusters are observed to be independent of the nature and energy of the impinging hadron.

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DE, BHASKAR, and S. BHATTACHARYYA. "THE pT-SPECTRA OF SOME NON-PION SECONDARIES IN HIGH ENERGY NN TO NA/AA COLLISIONS AND THE COMBINATIONAL APPROACH." International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, no. 19 (July 30, 2004): 3225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x04017896.

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In continuation of our perusal of the studies on transverse momentum spectra for the main varieties of secondaries from a consistent and comprehensive phenomenological approach, we propose to take up here — after a successful completion of reporting in detail the results (Ref. 4 in the text) on our analyses of the pT-spectra of pions — the studies specially on production of kaons, protons and antiprotons in several proton-induced and nucleus-involved collisions at high energies. The measured data on inclusive cross-sections of kaons, protons and antiprotons from the various published sources have here been assorted first. Next, data on the pT-spectra of the specific secondaries produced in PP and [Formula: see text] reactions have been scanned and analyzed with the help of Hagedorn's model (HM). Thereafter a connector, named here the combinational approach (CA), has been constructed and used to analyze the data on pT-spectra of some major category of non-pion secondaries produced in nucleus–nucleus (AA/AB) collisions at high energies. And these exercises have, finally, led to the modestly successful interpretations of a wide band of data with the revelation of some insightful physical aspects of high energy interactions. The limitations of the approach have also been precisely pointed out in the end.

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35

Adam, R., H. Goksu, S. Brown, L. Rudnick, and C. Ferrari. "γ-ray detection toward the Coma cluster with Fermi-LAT: Implications for the cosmic ray content in the hadronic scenario." Astronomy & Astrophysics 648 (April 2021): A60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039660.

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The presence of relativistic electrons within the diffuse gas phase of galaxy clusters is now well established, thanks to deep radio observations obtained over the last decade, but their detailed origin remains unclear. Cosmic ray protons are also expected to accumulate during the formation of clusters. They may explain part of the radio signal and would lead to γ-ray emission through hadronic interactions within the thermal gas. Recently, the detection of γ-ray emission has been reported toward the Coma cluster with Fermi-LAT. Assuming that this γ-ray emission arises essentially from pion decay produced in proton-proton collisions within the intracluster medium (ICM), we aim at exploring the implication of this signal on the cosmic ray content of the Coma cluster and comparing it to observations at other wavelengths. We use the MINOT software to build a physical model of the Coma cluster, which includes the thermal target gas, the magnetic field strength, and the cosmic rays, to compute the corresponding expected γ-ray signal. We apply this model to the Fermi-LAT data using a binned likelihood approach, together with constraints from X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel’dovich observations. We also consider contamination from compact sources and the impact of various systematic effects on the results. We confirm that a significant γ-ray signal is observed within the characteristic radius θ500 of the Coma cluster, with a test statistic TS ≃ 27 for our baseline model. The presence of a possible point source (4FGL J1256.9+2736) may account for most of the observed signal. However, this source could also correspond to the peak of the diffuse emission of the cluster itself as it is strongly degenerate with the expected ICM emission, and extended models match the data better. Given the Fermi-LAT angular resolution and the faintness of the signal, it is not possible to strongly constrain the shape of the cosmic ray proton spatial distribution when assuming an ICM origin of the signal, but preference is found in a relatively flat distribution elongated toward the southwest, which, based on data at other wavelengths, matches the spatial distribution of the other cluster components well. Assuming that the whole γ-ray signal is associated with hadronic interactions in the ICM, we constrain the cosmic ray to thermal energy ratio within R500 to XCRp = 1.79−0.30+1.11% and the slope of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays to α = 2.80−0.13+0.67 (XCRp = 1.06−0.22+0.96% and α = 2.58−0.09+1.12 when including both the cluster and 4FGL J1256.9+2736 in our model). Finally, we compute the synchrotron emission associated with the secondary electrons produced in hadronic interactions assuming steady state. This emission is about four times lower than the overall observed radio signal (six times lower when including 4FGL J1256.9+2736), so that primary cosmic ray electrons or reacceleration of secondary electrons is necessary to explain the total emission. We constrain the amplitude of the primary to secondary electrons, or the required boost from reacceleration with respect to the steady state hadronic case, depending on the scenario, as a function of radius. Our results confirm that γ-ray emission is detected in the direction of the Coma cluster. Assuming that the emission is due to hadronic interactions in the intracluster gas, they provide the first quantitative measurement of the cosmic ray proton content in a galaxy cluster and its implication for the cosmic ray electron populations.

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36

Werhahn, Maria, Christoph Pfrommer, Philipp Girichidis, and Georg Winner. "Cosmic rays and non-thermal emission in simulated galaxies – II. γ-ray maps, spectra, and the far-infrared–γ-ray relation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 3295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1325.

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ABSTRACT The γ-ray emission of star-forming (SF) galaxies is attributed to hadronic interactions of cosmic ray (CR) protons with the interstellar gas and contributions from CR electrons via bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton (IC) scattering. The relative importance of these processes in different galaxy types is still unclear. We model these processes in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of the formation of isolated galactic discs using the moving-mesh code arepo, including dynamically coupled CR protons and adopting different CR transport models. We calculate steady-state CR spectra and also account for the emergence of secondary electrons and positrons. This allows us to produce detailed γ-ray maps, luminosities, and spectra of our simulated galaxies at different evolutionary stages. Our simulations with anisotropic CR diffusion and a low CR injection efficiency at supernovae (SNe; $\zeta_\mathrm{SN}=0.05$) can successfully reproduce the observed far-infrared (FIR)–γ-ray relation. Starburst galaxies are close to the calorimetric limit, where CR protons lose most of their energy due to hadronic interactions and hence, their γ-ray emission is dominated by neutral pion decay. However, in low SF galaxies, the increasing diffusive losses soften the CR proton spectra due to energy-dependent diffusion, and likewise steepen the pionic γ-ray spectra. In turn, IC emission hardens the total spectra and can contribute up to ∼40 per cent of the total luminosity in low SF galaxies. Furthermore, in order to match the observed γ-ray spectra of starburst galaxies, we require a weaker energy dependence of the CR diffusion coefficient, $D\propto E^{0.3}$, in comparison to Milky Way-like galaxies.

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37

Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, M. Gostkin, A. Guskov, et al. "Cross sections of large-angle hadron production in proton– and pion–nucleus interactions III: tantalum nuclei and beam momenta from ±3 GeV/c to ±15 GeV/c." European Physical Journal C 63, no. 4 (August 27, 2009): 549–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1114-z.

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38

Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, M. Gostkin, A. Guskov, et al. "Cross-sections of large-angle hadron production in proton– and pion–nucleus interactions IV: copper nuclei and beam momenta from ±3 GeV/c to ±15 GeV/c." European Physical Journal C 64, no. 2 (September 30, 2009): 181–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1144-6.

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39

Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, M. Gostkin, A. Guskov, et al. "Cross-sections of large-angle hadron production in proton–and pion–nucleus interactions V: lead nuclei and beam momenta from ±3 GeV/c to ±15 GeV/c." European Physical Journal C 66, no. 1-2 (January 28, 2010): 57–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1249-y.

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40

Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, D. Emelyanov, M. Gostkin, et al. "Cross-sections of large-angle hadron production in proton– and pion–nucleus interactions VI: carbon nuclei and beam momenta from ±3 GeV/c to ±15 GeV/c." European Physical Journal C 70, no. 3 (November 3, 2010): 573–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1479-z.

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41

Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, M. Gostkin, S. Grishin, et al. "Cross-sections of large-angle hadron production in proton- and pion-nucleus interactions I: beryllium nuclei and beam momenta of +8.9 GeV/c and −8.0 GeV/c." European Physical Journal C 62, no. 2 (May 20, 2009): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1053-8.

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42

Bolshakova, A., I. Boyko, G. Chelkov, D. Dedovitch, A. Elagin, M. Gostkin, S. Grishin, et al. "Cross-sections of large-angle hadron production in proton– and pion–nucleus interactions II: beryllium nuclei and beam momenta from ±3 GeV/c to ±15 GeV/c." European Physical Journal C 62, no. 4 (July 9, 2009): 697–754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-009-1092-1.

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43

Kumar, Pramod, P. K. Khandai, Kapil Saraswat, and V. Singh. "Theoretical analysis of pT spectra of light-flavor hadrons in p + p collisions at s = 7 TeV under differential and single freeze-out scenarios." International Journal of Modern Physics A 36, no. 21 (July 30, 2021): 2150160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x21501608.

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We present the published data of ALICE at mid-rapidity region ([Formula: see text]) to study the [Formula: see text] spectra of light-flavor hadrons in different charged-particle multiplicities ([Formula: see text]) for [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] TeV. We parametrize the [Formula: see text] spectra of different hadrons such as pion ([Formula: see text]), kaon ([Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text], proton ([Formula: see text]), lambda ([Formula: see text]), cascade ([Formula: see text]) and omega ([Formula: see text]) using Tsallis distribution. We perform this analysis by considering both differential and single freeze-out scenarios. In the differential freeze-out scenario, both the Tsallis parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] increase with charged multiplicities for most of the particles. This implies that the multipartonic interactions increase the multiplicities in [Formula: see text] collisions and it brings the system towards thermal equilibrium. Here we observe that both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have different trends with different masses of particles. The parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are higher for massive particles (except for multistrange baryons) in comparison to lighter ones, which supports the differential freeze-out scenario and suggests that massive particles freeze-out earlier from the system. In the case of single freeze-out scenario, the value of parameter [Formula: see text] has a little variation with multiplicity and the parameter [Formula: see text] increases with multiplicity. This implies that the degree of thermalization remains similar for the events of different multiplicity classes.

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44

Baru, Vadim, Christoph Hanhart, and Fred Myhrer. "Effective field theory calculations of NN → NNπ." International Journal of Modern Physics E 23, no. 04 (April 2014): 1430004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301314300045.

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In this review, we present the recent advances for calculations of the reactions NN → NNπ using chiral effective field theory χEFT. Discussed are the next-to-next-to leading order (N2LO) loop contributions with nucleon and Delta-isobar for near threshold s-wave pion-production. Results of recent experimental pion-production data for energies close to the threshold are analyzed. Several particular applications are discussed: (i) it is shown how the measured charge symmetry (CS) violating pion-production reaction can be used to extract the strong interaction contribution to the proton–neutron mass difference; (ii) the role of NN → NNπ for the extraction of the pion–nucleon scattering lengths from pionic atoms data is illuminated.

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45

GURYN, WŁODEK. "PRESENT AND FUTURE OF CENTRAL PRODUCTION WITH STAR DETECTOR AT RHIC." International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2011): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11051743.

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The present status and future physics program of Central Production using the STAR detector at RHIC will be described. The program focuses on particle production resulting from the Double Pomeron Exchange (DPE) process. Forward protons from the DPE interaction are detected in the Roman Pot system installed at 55.5 m and 58.5 m on both sides of the STAR interaction point. The recoil system of charged particles from the DPE process is measured in the STAR Time Projection Chamber (TPC). The first data were taken in 2009 during the RHIC-Run 9 using polarized proton-proton collisions at [Formula: see text]. The preliminary spectra of two pion and four pion invariant mass reconstructed by STAR TPC in central region of pseudo-rapidity |η| < 1, are presented. Plans to take data with the current system at [Formula: see text] and plans to upgrade the forward proton tagging system, so that it can reach higher masses and obtain large data samples in searching for glueballs that could be produced in the DPE process, are also discussed.

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46

Dijk, W. van, and M. W. Kermode. "The pion cut and the negative-energy behaviour of neutronproton effective-range functions near threshold." Canadian Journal of Physics 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p01-057.

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We study the effect of the pion cut on the negative-energy effective-range parameters of the 3S1 3D1 neutronproton interaction. Utilizing an approach involving one-pion-exchange potentials truncated at large distances, we demonstrate that the mixing parameter at negative energies between zero and the deuteron energy is practically independent of presence or absence of the pion cut. At the same time, the analysis gives some interesting insight into the behaviour of the mixing parameter and other effective-range functions at more negative energies. This work complements our earlier result that the positive-energy mixing parameter is independent of the pioncut. PACS Nos.: 0.3.80+r, 11.55Bq, 13.75C, 21.30-x

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47

Yang, Shin Nan. "Pion-nucleon interaction and neutral-pion photoproduction on the proton near threshold." Physical Review C 40, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.40.1810.

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48

Jerusalimov, A. P., and G. I. Lykasov. "Proton distributions in dp dielectron production within Regge theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 17 (June 15, 2017): 1750100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501007.

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The processes of dielectron production in deuteron–proton collisions at intermediate incident deuteron beam energies are analyzed in the spectator model within the one-pion exchange reggeized approach. We focus mainly on the momentum and angle distributions of the proton-spectator and the proton emitted in quasi-free NN processes at small angles in the laboratory frame. It is shown that the inclusion of many channels in quasi-free NN interaction allows us to describe the HADES data quite satisfactorily at incident deuteron kinetic energies of about 2.5 GeV.

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49

Sari, R. Yosi Aprian, and Denny Darmawan. "Electromagnetics Properties of Non-Relativistic Deuteron in Ground State." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 6, no. 01 (September 14, 2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v6i01.1802.

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Proton-neutron interaction that makes up deuteron is a mixture state of 𝑆13 dan 𝐷13, which are each associated with a state 𝐿=0, 𝑆=1 and 𝐿=2, 𝑆=1. In the proton-neutron interaction, there are particle exchanges of medium range (1 fm≤𝑟≤2 fm) i.e. scalar meson exchange and the long range (𝑟>2 fm) i.e. one pion exchange. The electromagnetic properties of non-relativistic deuteron in the ground state can be found from the coupled differential equation, such as magnetic dipole moment, 〈𝜇D〉=0.856521𝜇𝑁 and electrical quadrupole moment, 〈𝑄D〉=0.00291396 b.

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Yang, Shin Nan. "Erratum: Pion-nucleon interaction and neutral-pion photoproduction on the proton near threshold." Physical Review C 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.43.2455.

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