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Journal articles on the topic 'Pipe system and leak detection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Shi, He, Jinzhe Gong, Angus R. Simpson, Aaron C. Zecchin, and Martin F. Lambert. "Leak detection in virtually isolated pipe sections within a complex pipe system using a two-source-four-sensor transient testing configuration." Journal of Hydroinformatics 22, no. 5 (July 16, 2020): 1306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.170.

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Abstract Leak detection in complex pipeline systems is challenging due to complex wave reflections. This research proposes a new technique for leak detection in targeted pipe sections within complex water supply pipe systems using controlled hydraulic transient pressure waves. To ‘virtually isolate’ a targeted pipe section for independent analysis, a two-source-four-sensor transient testing configuration is used to extract the transfer matrix of the targeted pipe section, and it is independent of the system boundary conditions. The imaginary part of the difference between two elements in the transfer matrix is sensitive to leaks. The result should be zero if no leak is present, while a leak will introduce a sinusoidal pattern. An algorithm is developed to extract the leak information, which is applicable to multiple leaks. Two numerical case studies are conducted to validate the new leak detection technique. Case 1 is on a single pipe system with two leaks and deteriorated pipe sections, and pulse pressure waves are used as the excitation. Case 2 is on a simple pipe network with one leak, and pseudo-random binary signals are used as the excitation. The successful determination of the leak location and impedance validates the concept.
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2

Gao, Lin, Lili Dong, Jianguo Cao, Shaofeng Wang, and Wenjing Liu. "Acoustic Emission-Based Small Leak Detection of Propulsion System Pipeline of Sounding Rocket." Shock and Vibration 2020 (July 31, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8875939.

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For pipes connected by pipe joints, leaks in the pipeline system are likely to occur at the pipe joints as opposed to the tube itself. Thus, early detection is critical to ensure the safety of the pipeline system. Based on acoustic emission (AE) techniques, this paper presents an experimental research on small leak detection in gas distribution pipelines due to loosening of the pipe joint connection. Firstly, the acoustic characteristics of leak signals are studied; then, features of signals are extracted. Finally, a classifier based on the support vector machine (SVM) technology is established, and the qualified features are selected to detect the leak. It is verified that the main frequency of the AE small leak signal due to the failure of the pipe joint is focused in the range of 33–45 kHz, and the algorithms based on SVM with kernel functions all can reach a better estimation accuracy of 98% using the feature “envelope area” or the feature set {standard deviation (STD), root mean square (RMS), energy, average frequency}.
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3

Marmarokopos, Konstantinos, Dimitrios Doukakis, George Frantziskonis, and Markos Avlonitis. "Leak Detection in Plastic Water Supply Pipes with a High Signal-to-Noise Ratio Accelerometer." Measurement and Control 51, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294018758526.

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A method for detecting leaks in plastic water supply pipes through analysis of the pipe’s surface vibration using a high signal-to-noise ratio accelerometer is proposed and examined. The method involves identification of the changes in vibration frequencies caused on the pipe by the leak and is developed from and examined with respect to detailed experiments. The results are promising, showing that leak detection in plastic pipes is possible provided that the sensor is placed at a small distance from the leak, since wave attenuation in plastic is strong. The results indicate that the methodology has the potential to be a new and competitive type of mobile leak detection system.
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4

Kim, Youngseok, Haewook Jung, Jaesuk Ryou, and Jaehyuk Choi. "A Basic Experimental Study on Analysis of Leak Signal and Monitoring Method for Water Supply Pipe." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052097.

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Water supply systems are essential elements for human life and industry, and water leaks and water supply cut-off may cause major problems. Local water leaks and pipe failures in the water supply system are inevitable problems due to the aging of pipes. Therefore, leakage detection and prevention are required to monitor the integrity of the water supply system. This paper is a fundamental study on the applicability of the smart bolt, which was developed as a monitoring system to detect water leakage in water supply monitoring. Detection experiments were conducted using a smart bolt with a built-in strain sensor and an accelerometer. Through finite element analysis using ANSYS 2019 R2 and tensile strength testing, the strength of the smart bolt was confirmed to have the acceptable tensile strength. The smart bolt used in this study was verified to meet the allowable criteria of torque and tensile stress for a municipal water supply system. The frequency responses of the simulated leakage pipe system, according to the leakage of the valve and the main pipe, were analyzed, and a leak signal at the valve leak point was detected in the 60-Hz band. The main pipe leaking point was observed to produce a leak signal with a much higher-order mode than that of the valve leak point. Therefore, the smart bolt can be applied to detect warning leak signs from water supply valves and to monitor for loosening of the bolts.
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5

Chen, Si Jia, Yu Shao, Liang Tao, Ying Ying Zhao, Han Feng Jing, and Tu Qiao Zhang. "Experimental Test of Dynamic Moving Characteristics for Leak Detecting-Ball in Water Mains." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3385.

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The leak detecting-ball moving in pipes combined the sensors of the acoustic leak detection achieves the high responsiveness to small leaks of the water distribution system (WDS). The dynamic characteristics of the single sphere moving inside pressure pipes are studied for optimal design of the leak detecting-ball. The experimental balls having different densities are made of three types of material by using 3D printing, including tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), photosensitive resin (PR) and wax. The balls have densities from 1.06 to 1.35 and different diameters, ball-to-pipe diameter ratios from 0.32 to 0.5. The Reynolds numbers of the pipe flows are from 1400 to 50000. The moving velocity of the balls with different pipe flow velocities, ball densities, and ball-to-pipe diameter ratios are investigated through the laboratory experiments. The velocities of balls in some of the experimental tests are greater than the average flow velocity. These larger balls rolled faster than the average flow velocity because of the maximum thrust by the pressure flow in the center of the circular tube section.
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6

Li, Xing Quan, Chang Guo, and Si Jing Gao. "GPRS-Based Network of Underground Gas Pipeline Leak Detection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2451.

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This article describes the overall structure and components of the gas leak detection system for underground pipe network, proposed difficulties and solutions that exist in the system design process, analyzed how to use the existing wireless GPRS network and gas sensing technology, real-time monitoring of the underground pipe network gas leak from the means of detection, data transmission, measures to combat environmental aspects.
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7

Tylman, W., G. J. Anders, and R. Ghafurian. "Novel Leak Detection System for Pipe Type Cable Installations." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 21, no. 3 (July 2006): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2006.874657.

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8

Soares, Alexandre Kepler, Dídia I. C. Covas, and Luisa Fernanda R. Reis. "Leak detection by inverse transient analysis in an experimental PVC pipe system." Journal of Hydroinformatics 13, no. 2 (October 4, 2010): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.012.

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Leakage reduction in water supply systems and distribution networks has been an increasingly important issue in the water industry since leaks and ruptures result in major physical and economic losses. Hydraulic transient solvers can be used in the system operational diagnosis, namely for leak detection purposes, due to their capability to describe the dynamic behaviour of the systems and to provide substantial amounts of data. In this research work, the association of hydraulic transient analysis with an optimisation model, through inverse transient analysis (ITA), has been used for leak detection and its location in an experimental facility containing PVC pipes. Observed transient pressure data have been used for testing ITA. A key factor for the success of the leak detection technique used is the accurate calibration of the transient solver, namely adequate boundary conditions and the description of energy dissipation effects since PVC pipes are characterised by a viscoelastic mechanical response. Results have shown that leaks were located with an accuracy between 4–15% of the total length of the pipeline, depending on the discretisation of the system model.
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9

Song, YJ, and SZ Li. "Leak detection for galvanized steel pipes due to loosening of screw thread connections based on acoustic emission and neural networks." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 18 (July 11, 2017): 4122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546317720319.

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Galvanized steel pipes with screw thread connections are widely used in indoor gas transportation. In contrast with the failure of pipe tubes, leakage in this system is prone to occur in the screw thread connections. Aiming at this specific engineering application, a method based on acoustic emission (AE) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed to detect small gas leaks. Experiments are conducted on a specifically designed galvanized steel pipe system with the manipulated leak occurring in the screw thread connection to acquire the raw AE data. The features in the time and frequency domains are extracted and selected to establish an ANN model for leak detection. It has been validated that the developed ANN-based leak detector can achieve an identification accuracy of over 98%. It is also verified that the proposed model is effective even when the AE signals due to a small leak pass over two screw thread connections or an elbow connection.
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10

Harsha Vardhini, P. A., and G. Janardhana Raju. "Design of Internet of Things Based Smart and Efficient Water Distribution System for Urban and Agriculture Areas." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9301.

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Groundwater plays an important part in India’s economy. It provides water to about 85% urban and rural proportion for household and agriculture needs. India being the 2nd largest in world population with a diverse population that is three times the size of the US but one-third the physical size. World Bank according to, how many people are living in poverty is still extremely disproportionate to the number of middle-income people, with a combined rate of over 52 percent of rural and urban poor. One of the major drawback in the Indian water distribution systems was found to be loss of water resource due to leakage of pipes. India experiences both floods and droughts periodically. Consequently, innovations in pipe leak detection recognition and reparation methods are being implemented. But still identifying the leaks at a early point is vital in order to ensure minimal water wastage in distribution systems. A major component of pipe leak detection is the ability to reliably locate the place of leakage in pipes by minimal invasion. Water transport industry is increasingly concerned about leakages in water delivery pipelines. To pacify them and thereby supporting the economy by saving the water resources with proper and sufficient utilization of the same, this paper projects the solution to overcome pipe leakage issues with IoT dependent smart water monitoring system.
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11

Jacobsz, Schalk Willem, and Sebastian Ingo Jahnke. "Leak detection on water pipelines in unsaturated ground by discrete fibre optic sensing." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 1219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719881979.

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The article describes a study using discrete fibre optic sensing as a means of leak detection on water distribution pipes installed in unsaturated ground. A short length of pipe fitted with artificial leak points was installed, to which a fibre optic cable with fibre Bragg gratings was attached. An optical fibre with fibre Bragg gratings was also installed in the ground parallel to but separate from the pipe. Thermistors were installed at selected locations to measure temperature changes independent of strain. It was found that a simulated water leak resulted in clearly detectable temperature changes and thermally induced fibre Bragg grating wavelength changes in the ground around the pipe. However, significantly larger deformation-induced fibre Bragg grating wavelength changes were measured on the pipe walls and also in the initially unsaturated ground in response to leaks. A wetting front originating from a water leak propagating through unsaturated soil is associated with significant effective stress changes because the infiltrating water alters the ambient matric suction in the soil. This effective stress change is associated with significant ground deformation resulting in a fibre Bragg grating response which significantly exceeds the thermal response associated with (usually) colder water leaking into unsaturated soil. The study illustrates advantages of measuring ground deformation-induced fibre Bragg grating wavelength changes over pure temperature changes as an efficient means of leak detection in unsaturated ground. However, due to the limited number of fibre Bragg gratings that can be monitored along a single optical fibre, a leak detection system suitable for practical implementation should be based on distributed fibre optic strain sensing, an aspect requiring further research.
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12

Davoodi, Saman, and Amir Mostafapour. "Theorical Analysis of Leakage in High Pressure Pipe Using Acoustic Emission Method." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.917.

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Leak detection is one of the most important problems in the oil and gas pipelines. Where it can lead to financial losses, severe human and environmental impacts. Acoustic emission test is a new technique for leak detection. Leakage in high pressure pipes creates stress waves resulting from localized loss of energy. Stress waves are transmitted through the pipe wall which will be recorded by using acoustic sensor or accelerometer installed on the pipe wall. Knowledge of how the pipe wall vibrates by acoustic emission resulting from leakage is a key parameter for leak detection and location. In this paper, modeling of pipe vibration caused by acoustic emission generated by escaping of fluid has been done. Donnells non linear theory for cylindrical shell is used to deriving of motion equation and simply supported boundary condition is considered. By using Galerkin method, the motion equation has been solved and a system of non linear equations with 6 degrees of freedom is obtained. To solve these equations, ODE tool of MATLAB software and Rung-Kuta numerical method is used and pipe wall radial displacement is obtained. For verification of this theory, acoustic emission test with continues leak source has been done. Vibration of wall pipe was recorded by using acoustic emission sensors. For better analysis, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was taken from theoretical and experimental results. By comparing the results, it is found that the range of frequencies which carried the most amount of energy is same which expresses the affectivity of the model.
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13

Griebenow, G., and M. Mears. "Leak Detection Implementation: Modeling and Tuning Methods." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231407.

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This paper contains an overview of the Williams Pipe Line computerized dynamic leak detection system, including the basic calculation methods used in the system, instrumentation support requirements, and various operational situations encountered during the implementation process. Special emphasis is given to enhanced modeling techniques required for complex pipeline configurations. Sample performance test results are also presented with a discussion focused primarily on the system response time.
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14

Waleed, Danial, Syed Hamdan Mustafa, Shayok Mukhopadhyay, Mamoun F. Abdel-Hafez, Mohammad Abdel Kareem Jaradat, Kevin Rose Dias, Fahad Arif, and Jawwad Imtiaz Ahmed. "An In-Pipe Leak Detection Robot With a Neural-Network-Based Leak Verification System." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 1153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2018.2879248.

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15

Putra, I. B. Ardhana, Iwan Prasetiyo, and Dewi Permata Sari. "The Use of Acoustic Emission for Leak Detection in Steel Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.88.

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A leak detection system using acoustic emission methods is developed. For this, an experimental rig to detect leak was built using 8” galvanized steel pipe. The length of the pipe is 2 meters. A leak was made with 3 mm diameter and located in 1 meter from the end pipe. The pipe was filled with water and compressed until certain pressure reached. An acoustic emission transducer from Brüel and Kjær type 8313 is mounted on the pipe wall and connected to digital oscilloscope to detect AE signal. The experiment conducted by placing a sensor at a distance of 15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, and 75 cm from the position of the leak. Measurements were also performed with the variation of the pressure 3 bar, 4 bars, 5 bars, 6 bars, and 7 bar for those points.Considering acoustic emission wave travelling on pipe is plane wave, leak detection using energy attenuation emission become possible that is different from the method commonly used. Propagation constant is thus required and obtained based on experimental result where the amplitude varies with the spatial and pressure. It is found that for the case considered here. Subsequently, distance of leak location can be determined by the propagation constant and the ratio of energy. Using this method, the error of prediction is about 15.8 %.
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16

Duan, Huan-Feng. "Transient frequency response based leak detection in water supply pipeline systems with branched and looped junctions." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2016.008.

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The transient frequency response (TFR) method has been widely developed and applied in the literature to identify and detect potential defects such as leakage and blockage in water supply pipe systems. This type of method was found to be efficient, economic and non-intrusive for pipeline condition assessment and diagnosis, but its applications so far are mainly limited to single and simple pipeline systems. This paper aims to extend the TFR-based leak detection method to relatively more complex pipeline connection situations. The branched and looped pipe junctions are firstly investigated for their influences to the system TFR, so that their effects can be characterized and separated from the effect of other components and potential leakage defects in the system. The leak-induced patterns of transient responses are derived analytically using the transfer matrix method for systems with different pipe junctions, which thereafter are used for the analysis of pipe leakage conditions in the system. The developed method is validated through different numerical experiments in this study. Based on the analytical analysis and numerical results, the applicability and accuracy as well as the limitations of the developed TFR-based leak detection method are discussed for practical applications in the paper.
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17

Zhang, Ling Juan, and Jian Qiang Ren. "Novel Man-Machine Interface of Intelligent Leak Detector for Advanced Material with Material Properties in Fuel-Gas Pipe Based on Electrical Power System." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.293.

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The advanced material has been used extensively in various engineering in recent years, especially in the fuel-gas pipes. The material properties are always under the influence of a variety of factors, such as different levels of the manufacturers, the manufacturing process and so on. Although many countries have strict supervision to the material properties of fuel-gas pipes, but the pipe leak is inevitable. So the leak detection has important meaning in the field test experiment of pipes’ material properties and the practical engineering. In order to solve the problem of interaction between the fuel-gas pipe leak detector and the users, a man-machine interface is designed based on electrical power system. The hardware mainly consists of the microprocessor, the input circuit and the output circuit. The software of interface is realized with the embedded C language, and it mainly consists of the input program and the output program. Experiment results show that the man-machine interface can accomplish the interaction between the user and the detector for advanced material with material properties in fuel-gas pipe splendidly; and it has a good application prospect.
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18

Kim, Sang Hyun. "Multiple leak detection algorithm for pipe network." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 139 (May 2020): 106645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.106645.

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19

Brunone, Bruno, Marco Ferrante, and Silvia Meniconi. "Portable pressure wave-maker for leak detection and pipe system characterization." Journal - American Water Works Association 100, no. 4 (April 2008): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09607.x.

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20

Santoso, Budi, Indarto, and Deendarlianto. "Pipeline Leak Detection in Two Phase Flow Based on Fluctuation Pressure Difference and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.186.

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Pipe network was an important part of the fluid transport infrastructure. On the other hand, the pipeline leak detection in two-phase flow using the flow and pressure parameters is very rarely studied. A system on the basis of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was proposed for detecting the pipeline leak for the two-phase plug flow by using the pressure difference measurement. In the present research, water-air mixture flows in pipe horizontal of 24 mm inner diameter. Artificial pipeline leak was modeled with the leak of solenoid valve on the bottom and top of pipe. Differential Pressure Transducer (DPT) was placed after the leak position and connected by the high-speed data acquisition. The fluctuations of the pressure difference signals were recorded as a time series of random data. The data of the combinations of the input flow rate, the pressure difference can be used to identify the pipeline leak in two-phase flow plug by using ANN. The results demonstrated a very good ability to the pipeline leak on two-phase flow.
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21

Phua, Wee Kee, Sarbudeen Mohamed Rabeek, Beibei Han, Edwin Njihof, Tyler Tianlu Huang, Kevin Tshun Chuan Chai, Jason Hock Huat Yeo, and Soon Thor Lim. "AIN-Based MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) Hydrophone Sensors for IoT Water Leakage Detection System." Water 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112966.

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There is an urgent need for industrial Internet of things (IoT) solutions to deploy a smart hydrophone sensor grid to monitor pipeline health and to provide an accurate prediction in the event of any leakage. One solution is to develop an IoT water leakage detection system consisting of an interface to capture acoustic signals from aluminum nitride (AlN)-based micro-machined infrasonic hydrophone sensors that are fed as inputs and predict an approximate leak location as a form of output. Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are particularly useful for IoT applications with low power consumption and small device footprint. Data analytics including characterization, pre/post processing are applied to determine the leaks. In this work, we have developed the process flow and algorithm to detect pipe leakage occurrence and pinpoint the location accurately. Our approach can be implemented to detect leaks for different pipe lengths, diameters and materials.
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22

Levinas, Daniel, Gal Perelman, and Avi Ostfeld. "Water Leak Localization Using High-Resolution Pressure Sensors." Water 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050591.

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A new method for identifying a leaking pipe within a pressurized water distribution system is presented. This novel approach utilizes transient modeling to analyze water networks. Urban water supply networks are important infrastructure that ensures the daily water consumption of urban residents and industrial sites. The aging and deterioration of drinking water mains is the cause of frequent burst pipes, thus making the detection and localization of these bursts a top priority for water distribution companies. Here we describe a novel method based on transient modeling of the water network and produces high-resolution pressure response under various scenarios. Analyzing this data allows the prediction of the leaking pipe. The transient pressure data is classified as leaking pipes or no leak clusters using the K-nearest neighbors (K-NN) algorithm. The transient model requires a massive computation effort to simulate the network’s performance. The classification model presented good performance with an overall accuracy of 0.9 for the basic scenarios. The lowest accuracy was obtained for interpolated scenarios the model had not been trained on; in this case, the accuracy was 0.52.
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23

Shi, Dawei, Hongliang Zhao, and Xiuwen Shao. "A Pipeline Leakage Signal Simulation and Generation System." E3S Web of Conferences 257 (2021): 03070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125703070.

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To test the effectiveness of the detection and positioning technology of the pipe leakage, the propagation law of pipeline leakage signal is studied in this paper, and a pipeline leakage signal simulation and generation system is proposed. It can simulate the leakage pressure wave signals at different positions of the pipeline. Changing pipe’s parameters though the computer, the simulation and output of the leakage signal under various working conditions can be realized. It can test the reliability and accuracy of the detection and location technology of the pipe leakage, and verify the applicability of the pipe leakage detection and location technology to different pipe structures. The results show that the output signal of system can replace the real signal, and located the pre-set leakage point by cross-correlation method. The purpose of studying the effectiveness and accuracy of the existing leak location algorithm base on largescale complex pipe network system in laboratory conditions was realized.
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24

Wang, Ya Ping, Mu Cheng Zhu, Lin Tang, and Shi Jie Liu. "The Leak Detection System of Air-Conditioning Pipeline Based on LabVIEW." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4235.

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Air conditioning refrigerant leakage is often in the course of one fault occurs, the event of leakage, in a very short period of time cooling system will be unable to function properly. In order to realize the reign of air pipelines leak detection, this article is brought forth new ideas that pipe leak detection of air conditioning is achieved by the stress wave technology and by programming in the development environment of LabVIEW. Experimental results show that this new method is quick, accurate and reliable to detect and to locate the leak source occurred, the system measures the absolute positioning error is less than 0.3% and the relative error is better than 1.5%.
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25

Covas, D., H. Ramos, N. Graham, and C. Maksimovic. "Application of hydraulic transients for leak detection in water supply systems." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0127.

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The current paper reports the investigation of two transient-based techniques for leak detection in water pipe systems using physical data collected in the laboratory and in quasi-field conditions. The first is the analysis of the leak reflected wave during a transient event and the second is inverse transient analysis (ITA). This was approached through the development of an inverse transient analysis tool and the collection of transient data for the testing and validation of this model. Two experimental programmes were carried out at Imperial College and in cooperation with Thames Water for the validation and testing of these techniques. Evaluation of the presence, location and size of leaks was carried out using the collected data. Transient-based techniques have been shown to be successful in the detection and location of leaks and leak location uncertainties depended on the leak size and location, flow regime and location where the transient event was generated. These leak detection methods are very promising for identifying the general area of the trunk main with leakage, and can be combined with other leak location techniques (e.g. acoustic equipment) to more precisely pinpoint the leak position. Transient-based techniques are particularly important for the diagnosis, monitoring and control of existing water supply systems, not only to detect leaks, but also to better understand the causes of pipe bursts and accidents, particularly when these are due to natural transient events.
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26

Hawari, Alaa, Mohammad Khader, Walaa Hirzallah, Tarek Zayed, and Osama Moselhi. "Integrated sensing technologies for detection and location of leaks in water distribution networks." Water Supply 17, no. 6 (April 11, 2017): 1589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.044.

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Abstract Water distribution networks (WDNs) are infrastructure systems that have high socioeconomic values, for which efficient operation and management are required to ensure minimal amounts of waste which can be represented in the form of leaks. Leak detection is considered as one of the challenges faced by municipalities operating WDNs because it either involves shutting down the system or requires using expensive equipment and technologies. In this paper, a novel noninvasive and nondestructive methodology for detecting leaks in water pipes was tested. Ground penetrating radar was used for accurate determination of pipe location, followed by infrared (IR) thermographic imaging for determining the leak location using four different operating conditions. Results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and pairwise comparison methods. Several factors were found to affect the accuracy of the proposed methodology in predicting the leak location, namely, the characteristics of the studied surface (i.e. emissivity), the characteristics of the surrounding environment (i.e. ambient temperature and relative humidity), and the operating conditions of the IR camera (i.e. speed and height of the camera). The results obtained in this study have also shown that under high ambient temperatures and high relative humidity conditions, a higher speed of the IR camera would reduce the impact of noise on the collected thermal contrast and therefore, would give better leak location prediction results. The tested methodology proved the flexibility of the approach and the ability of accurately predicting the leak locations under different conditions.
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27

Liu, Yang, Yong Tie, Shun Na, and Dong Li. "Acoustic Signal Acquisition and Analysis System Based on Digital Signal Processor." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1436.

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Leak detection and calibration of pipe internal roughness in a water distribution network are significant issue for environment pollution around the world. In recent years the problem of leak detection in pipelines, tanks, and process vessels has been the focus of many man-hours of effort. Acquisition the acoustic signal around the leakage to determine the location and size of leaks is emerging as an important tool. A double acoustic data acquisition and signal processing system based on the TI digital signal processor TMS320VC5410 and analog to digital converter TLC320AD50C is presented in this paper. The system design is introduced, with emphasis on the digital signal processor minimal system and TMS320VC5410 interface circuit which consists of two chips of A/D TLC320AD50C. The software development of the data acquisition and signal analysis is introduced. The system can be used in the application of real-time acoustic signal acquisition and leak location.
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28

Ferrante, Marco, and Bruno Brunone. "Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. 1. Harmonic analysis." Advances in Water Resources 26, no. 1 (January 2003): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1708(02)00101-x.

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Ferrante, Marco, and Bruno Brunone. "Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. 2. Wavelet analysis." Advances in Water Resources 26, no. 1 (January 2003): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1708(02)00102-1.

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30

Hunaidi, Osama, and Alex Wang. "A new system for locating leaks in urban water distribution pipes." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 17, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830610700928.

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PurposeTo introduce a new, low‐cost and easy‐to‐use leak detection system to help water utilities improve their effectiveness in locating leaks. The paper also presents an overview of leakage management strategies including acoustic and other leak detection techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe design approach was based on the use personal computers as a platform and enhanced signal processing algorithms. This eliminated the need for a major component of the usual hardware of leak pinpointing correlators which reduced the system's cost; made it easy to use, and improved the effectiveness of locating leaks in all types of pipes.FindingsEffectiveness of the new leak detection system for pinpointing leaks was demonstrated using real world examples. The system has promising potential for all water utilities, including small and medium‐sized ones and utilities in developing countries.Practical implicationsThe leak detection system presented in the paper will help all water utilities, including small and medium‐sized ones and utilities in developing countries, to save water by dramatically improving their effectiveness in locating leaks in all types of pipes.Originality/valueThe paper presents information about a new effective system for locating leaks in water distribution pipes. Effective leak detection tools are needed by water utilities worldwide.
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31

Prezzi, Jairo A. "TRENDS IN PIPELINE LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMS USING SONIC TECHNOLOGY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-211.

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ABSTRACT Acoustic sensing is a relatively well known method for detecting leaks, particularly in transport pipelines. This methodology is based on the rarefaction phenomenon which occurs around the leak spot as a result of a sudden rupture of the pipe wall. The physical forces involved in the phenomenon generate a pressure disturbance that propagates through the fluid, upstream and downstream the pipe. The key feature behind acoustic technology, when applied to LDS, is the systems capability to monitor pressure disturbances and accurately recognize and pinpoint characteristic “leak waveforms” superimposed on the background noise. This is usually achieved by a combination of mechanical, hardware and software filtering techniques. Although real applications have demonstrated the effectiveness of acoustic technology over a quite broad range of scenarios, it has experienced few innovations along the past years. The relative technological stagnation and the experience achieved in several LDS installations in Brazil, encouraged Aselco, a Brazilian company focused on LDS applications, to invest in developing new strategies around the classical acoustic concept. The R&D project started in early 2006 jointly with NETeF, Thermal and Fluids Engineering Centre, at University of São Paulo at São Carlos. A 1. 2Km pipeline was built at NETeF'S lab in order to simulate leaks under mono or multiphase flow conditions. Among the project goals was the development of a new generation of systems dedicated to leak detection encompassing more elaborated algorithms to identify leak acoustic signatures. The core R&D is still centered on the acoustic concept, but under a different approach such as DSP-Digital Signal Processing, pattern recognition through neural network analysis. Another line of development is toward multivariate systems, which bring together both acoustic and hydraulic modeling algorithms running on the same platform. The experimental data obtained, proposed system architecture and characteristics are hereby discussed. Also, the prospective aspects and application of the new technology are objects of analysis.
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Jafari, Raheleh, Sina Razvarz, Cristóbal Vargas-Jarillo, and Alexander Gegov. "Blockage Detection in Pipeline Based on the Extended Kalman Filter Observer." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010091.

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Currently numerous approaches with various applicability have been generated in order to detect damage in pipe networks. Pipeline faults such as leaks and partial or complete blockages usually create serious problems for engineers. The model-based leak, as well as block detection methods for the pipeline systems gets more and more attention. Among these model-based methods, the state observer and state feedback based methods are usually used. While the observability, as well as controllability, are taken to be the prerequisites for utilizing these techniques. In this work, a new technique based on the extended Kalman filter observer is proposed in order to detect and locate the blockage in the pipeline. Furthermore, the analysis of observability and controllability in the pipe networks is investigated. Important theorems are given for testing the observability as well as controllability of the pipeline system.
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Pauline, Elizabeth, Carreño-Alvarado, and Gilberto Reynoso Meza. "Water Leak Detection by Termographic Image Analysis, In Laboratory Tests." Proceedings 48, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-4-06440.

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One of the most undesirable failures is water loss due to leaks in the supplying system; there are mainly two types of water losses: the visible and the non-visible. Within the non-visible we have those that are detectable by acoustic methods and those that are not. Here we decide to study new techniques for leak detection, since non-visible leaks are more difficult to find (detect). This is the aim of this paper. In a previous stage we have been studying the possibility of obtaining thermographic images to develop visualization techniques on pipes as an option for leak detection. Analyzing this possibility, with previous studies we have established conditions for taking images for later analysis, which has confirmed the benefits of the use of thermography as a tool. Here we present a case study where images were taken in a controlled atmosphere in a laboratory, using a physical model that contained a buried pipe with a simulated loss of water. During the entire duration of the test, images were taken at a certain interval of time and afterwards the images were analyzed. The results show the benefits and limitations of the technique, which should continue to be studied since thermal imaging cameras and computers to process the images are becoming more powerful and accessible by the day.
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Urbonavicius, Audrius. "IoT Leak Detection System for Building Hydronic Pipes." International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing 9, no. 5 (September 8, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijem.2019.05.01.

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Cintra, Renato J., Thiago de Oliveira, and Martin P. Mintchev. "Leakage Prevention and Real-Time Internal Detection in Pipelines Using a Built-In Wireless Information and Communication Network." SPE Journal 25, no. 05 (March 5, 2020): 2496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201096-pa.

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Summary A series of recent pipeline leakage incidents created severe societal concerns to a point of impeding, or even completely preventing, building new pipelines in North America. Various systems have been proposed to identify and locate leakages. However, despite the fact that pipelines remain the safest means of oil and gas transportation, incidents still persist and pipeline acceptance from the public has become compromised. In order to address the need for early leakage detection, while providing comprehensive leakage prevention, a novel pipeline system is proposed. This concept builds on the already existing pipe-in-pipe design by segmenting the pipeline system with segmentation rings and embedding a linear wireless network in the annular airgap between the two pipe layers. Presence of fluid in the case of a leakage into the interpipe space causes degradation of the wireless network to a point of interrupting the communication in a particular pipeline segment well before any external leak occurs. Thus, the internal leak is detected in real time by an external central unit connected to the linear wireless network, as demonstrated with a 6 ft 8 in. experimental pipeline setup.
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Xue, Zhang, Lin Tao, Jiang Fuchun, Edmund Riehle, Hu Xiang, Ni Bowen, and Rajendra Prasad Singh. "Application of acoustic intelligent leak detection in an urban water supply pipe network." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, no. 5 (June 19, 2020): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.022.

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Abstract Different leakage detection technologies present different efficiency and precision of leakage detection in water distribution systems due to their own properties. This study aimed to investigate the use of acoustic sensors to locate the exact position of leaks, which work 24 hours per day in different modes, i.e. fixed installation and mobile exploration. The results showed that the maximum distance between the acoustic sensors installed on the pipeline was 380 m. Field application results indicated that detecting threshold of the distance was 300 m and the intensity ratio of leaking state noise (LSN) to background noise was 1.9 respectively. The pipeline length by manual hunting area (MHA) is 1.3 times longer than the acoustic logger tested area (ALTA), but the detected leakage points in MHA is 20% less than in ALTA. Furthermore, the cost of leakage detection in MHA was about 6,000 yuan/detected leakage point. That in ALTA was about 2,500 yuan/detected leakage point. The case study also indicates that the acoustic logger is a promising tool with the advantage of lower cost and faster detection, compared to manual ground listening with a sound stick. The acoustic leakage detection method can detect the leakage in different sized pipelines, whereas the manual detection was concentrated in small-sized pipelines.
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de Vasconcellos Araújo, Morgana, Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto, Antonio Gilson Barbosa de Lima, and Flávia Daylane Tavares de Luna. "Hydrodynamic Study of Oil Leakage in Pipeline via CFD." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 170178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/170178.

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This paper describes the transient dynamics behavior of oil flow in a pipe with the presence of one or two leaks through fluid dynamics simulations using the Ansys CFX commercial software. The pipe section is three-dimensional with a pipe length of 10 m, a pipe diameter of 20 cm, and leak diameter of 1.6 mm. The interest of this work is to evaluate the influence of the flow velocity, and the number and position of leaks on the transient pressure behavior. These new data may provide support for more efficient detection systems. Thus, this work intends to contribute to the development of tools of operations in oil and gas industry.
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Camacho, Jhonatan, Andrés Quintero, Magda Ruiz, Rodolfo Villamizar, and Luis Mujica. "Implementation of a Piezo-diagnostics Approach for Damage Detection Based on PCA in a Linux-Based Embedded Platform." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113730.

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The implementation of damage-detection methods for continuously assessing structural integrity entails systems with attractive features such as storage capabilities, memory capacity, computational complexity and time-consuming processing. In this sense, embedded hardware platforms are a promising technology for developing integrated solutions in Structural Health Monitoring. In this paper, design, test, and specifications for a standalone inspection prototype are presented, which take advantage of piezo-diagnostics principle, statistical processing via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and embedded systems. The equipment corresponds to a piezoelectric active system with the capability to detect defects in structures, by using a PCA-based algorithm embedded in the Odroid-U3 ARM Linux platform. The operation of the equipment consists of applying, at one side of the structure, wide guided waves by means of piezoelectric devices operated in actuation mode and to record the wave response in another side of the structure by using the same kind of piezoelectric devices operated in sensor mode. Based on the nominal response of the guide wave (no damages), represented by means of a PCA statistical model, the system can detect damages between the actuated/sensed points through squared prediction error (Q-statistical index). The system performance was evaluated in a pipe test bench where two kinds of damages were studied: first, a mass is added to the pipe surface, and then leaks are provoked to the pipe structure by means of a drill tool. The experiments were conducted on two lab structures: (i) a meter carbon-steel pipe section and (ii) a pipe loop structure. The wave response was recorded between the instrumented points for two conditions: (i) The pipe in nominal conditions, where several repetitions will be applied to build the nominal statistical model and (ii) when damage is caused to the pipe (mass adding or leak). Damage conditions were graphically recognized through the Q-statistic chart. Thus, the feasibility to implement an automated real-time diagnostic system is demonstrated with minimum processing resources and hardware flexibility.
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Xie, Yingchun, Yucheng Xiao, Xuyan Liu, Guijie Liu, Weixiong Jiang, and Jin Qin. "Time-Frequency Distribution Map-Based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Model for Underwater Pipeline Leakage Detection Using Acoustic Signals." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 5040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185040.

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Detection technology of underwater pipeline leakage plays an important role in the subsea production system. In this paper, a new method based on the acoustic leak signal collected by a hydrophone is proposed to detect pipeline leakage in the subsea production system. Through the pipeline leakage test, it is found that the radiation noise is a continuous spectrum of the medium and high-frequency noise. Both the increase in pipe pressure and the diameter of the leak hole will narrow the spectral structure and shift the spectrum center towards the low frequencies. Under the same condition, the pipe pressure has a greater impact on the noise; every 0.05 MPa increase in the pressure, the radiation sound pressure level increases by 6-7 dB. The time-frequency images were obtained by processing the acoustic signals using the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) and Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), and fed into a two-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for leakage detection. The results show that CNN can correctly identify the degree of pipeline leakage. Hence, the proposed method provides a new approach for the detection of pipeline leakage in underwater engineering applications.
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Prasetya, Ardi DwI, Haryanto Haryanto, and Kunto Aji Wibisono. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring dan Pendeteksi Lokasi Kebocoran Pipa Berdasarkan Analisis Debit Air Berbasis IoT." Elektrika 12, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/elektrika.v12i1.2338.

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The purpose of this research is to design and realize a pipe leak detection system that can be monitored with an Android application. Water flow sensor is used to determine the flow of water, with water flow rate analysis it is possible to know the leakage area, pipe leakage rate, and the number of leaks in pipe area if there is a water flow rate decrease. The data is processed with an NodeMCU microcontroller based on Internet of Things (IoT). The accuracy of all water flow sensors after calibration is 97,53%. When testing with the determination of each leaked area the results are appropriate. The reading of each water flow rate decrease that occurs has an accuracy of determiningthe leakage rate of 90,2% while the suitability of reading the number of leakage areas depends on the detection of the leakage area and the classification of the leakage rate. The greater the water flow reads on the sensors, the precission level to determine the level of water pipe leakage is getting better, and vice versa, this is due to sensors having variable variations in flow rate readings.
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Zhu, Min Jie, Sen Gang Ye, and Bao Geng Jin. "Design of Drainage Pipe’s Intelligent Exhaust Valve." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 1535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1535.

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The exhaust valve failure may cause drainage pipe leakage, but most of exhaust valve are lack of leakage protection and real-time alarm function. A set of new intelligent exhaust valve can monitor, alarm and close drainage pipes in this paper. The system consists of main controller, power supply, valve body and actuator. The exhaust valve is leak, the system sends failure SMS to the server or maintainer, and exhaust valve is closed to prevent environmental pollution simultaneously. The main controller is the core unit, and consists of power circuit, detection and driving circuit, micro chip and GSM/GPRS module. The intelligent exhaust value is put into practice, and it solves leakage and alarm problems effectively.
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42

Ferrante, Marco, Bruno Brunone, and Silvia Meniconi. "Leak detection in branched pipe systems coupling wavelet analysis and a Lagrangian model." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 58, no. 2 (March 2009): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2009.022.

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43

Goulet, James-A., Sylvain Coutu, and Ian F. C. Smith. "Model falsification diagnosis and sensor placement for leak detection in pressurized pipe networks." Advanced Engineering Informatics 27, no. 2 (April 2013): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2013.01.001.

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44

Martini, Alberto, Marco Troncossi, and Alessandro Rivola. "Automatic Leak Detection in Buried Plastic Pipes of Water Supply Networks by Means of Vibration Measurements." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/165304.

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The implementation of strategies for controlling water leaks is essential in order to reduce losses affecting distribution networks of drinking water. This paper focuses on leak detection by using vibration monitoring techniques. The long-term goal is the development of a system for automatic early detection of burst leaks in service pipes. An experimental campaign was started to measure vibrations transmitted along water pipes by real burst leaks occurring in actual water supply networks. The first experimental data were used for assessing the leak detection performance of a prototypal algorithm based on the calculation of the standard deviation of acceleration signals. The experimental campaign is here described and discussed. The proposed algorithm, enhanced by means of proper signal filtering techniques, was successfully tested on all monitored leaks, thus proving effective for leak detection purpose.
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Halimshah, N. N., A. Yusup, Z. Mat Amin, and M. D. Ghazalli. "VISUAL INSPECTION OF WATER LEAKAGE FROM GROUND PENETRATING RADAR RADARGRAM." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-2/W2 (October 19, 2015): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-2-w2-191-2015.

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Water loss in town and suburban is currently a significant issue which reflect the performance of water supply management in Malaysia. Consequently, water supply distribution system has to be maintained in order to prevent shortage of water supply in an area. Various techniques for detecting a mains water leaks are available but mostly are time-consuming, disruptive and expensive. In this paper, the potential of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a non-destructive method to correctly and efficiently detect mains water leaks has been examined. Several experiments were designed and conducted to prove that GPR can be used as tool for water leakage detection. These include instrument validation test and soil compaction test to clarify the maximum dry density (MDD) of soil and simulation studies on water leakage at a test bed consisting of PVC pipe burying in sand to a depth of 40 cm. Data from GPR detection are processed using the Reflex 2D software. Identification of water leakage was visually inspected from the anomalies in the radargram based on GPR reflection coefficients. The results have ascertained the capability and effectiveness of the GPR in detecting water leakage which could help avoiding difficulties with other leak detection methods.
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Covas, Dídia, and Helena Ramos. "Case Studies of Leak Detection and Location in Water Pipe Systems by Inverse Transient Analysis." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 136, no. 2 (March 2010): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2010)136:2(248).

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47

Aravelli, Aparna, Michael Thompson, Dwayne McDaniel, Mathew Krutch, Mike McNeilly, Ken Imrich, and Bruce Wiersma. "Advanced Fiber Optic and Ultrasonic Sensor Systems for Structural Health Monitoring of Pipes in Nuclear Waste Sites." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000470.

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Abstract Nuclear waste sites across the United States and other countries store, transfer and vitrify nuclear waste. These sites often require transfer pipelines for high and low level radioactive wastes in the form of solids/slurries, fluids including chemicals. Since, these pipelines deal with harmful nuclear wastes, structural health monitoring is of utmost importance. Pipelines are continuously monitored to enhance the safety of the people and environment around the facilities. Monitoring may involve leak, crack detection and wear (in the form of corrosion or thinning). Current research builds on author's previous work on sensors for erosion and thermal monitoring in pipes and plates [1, 2, and 3]. Present work involves a) validation and monitoring of a novel advanced Fiber Optic Sensor System to detect cracks and leaks in carbon steel pipes and b) the use of Ultrasonic (UT) sensors to detect thinning in pipe sections due to erosion-corrosion using small coupons. The fiber optic sensors developed by CEL [4], are used in conducting engineering scale testing on an in-house designed and assembled erosion pipe flow loop. The loop consists of 2 and 3 inch straight and elbow sections of carbon steel replicating the pipelines at the sites. Three fiber optic sensors are placed at critical locations around the loop. The equipment also includes a communication box and a laptop device for data acquisition. The sensor system uses a combination of fiber optic and acoustic technologies to accurately identify the location of a pipeline leak or crack. Sensors capture the changes in pressure caused by the fluid/slurry flowing through the loop. A “zone” is defined as the distance between any two sensor points. When any two sensors simultaneously detect a leak, a determination can be made as to how far from each sensor the activity is occurring and “zero in” on the event. A number of zones may be linked together to manage vast expanses of pipeline. Sensors provide instantaneous event data to the hardware (the interrogator), and the interrogator may be located great distances from the actual pipeline in secure, environmentally protected areas. Multiple Interrogators may be linked together that are simultaneously streaming real-time data to the command and control software. Event notifications may then be managed from the customer's control room, or immediately “pushed” to a variety of mobile devices to alert personnel of the situation [5]. Additionally, Ultrasonic (UT) sensors are used for thickness measurements in pipes. The objective is to measure the wear in pipelines due to erosion-corrosion using small scale erosion coupons. These erosion coupons are made of carbon steel with ½ inch in diameter and 1 inch height. The method involves insertion of the coupons into holes drilled in the pipe sections of the erosion loop. This process ensures that the coupons are in contact with the flow stream and hence eroded in a minute scale over a period of time. The coupons have a slot for insertion of the sensors to measure the thickness in real-time when needed. Upon successful testing of the coupon and sensors, the method can be used to predict the erosion rates and hence the remaining useful life of the pipe sections without having to replace them unnecessarily. Hence, the present research conducts structural health monitoring of carbon steel pipes using fiber optic and UT sensors. The sensors have been validated and verified for their potential future deployment in the nuclear waste sites.
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48

Cataldo, A., G. Cannazza, E. De Benedetto, M. Miraglia, D. Ancora, and N. Giaquinto. "An electromagnetic-based method for pinpointing leaks in buried pipes: a practical validation." Water Supply 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 966–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.085.

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In this paper, a time domain reflectometry (TDR)-based solution for detecting water leaks in underground pipes is described and experimentally validated. The proposed method strongly reduces the inspection time that is typically required by traditional leak detection methods. In fact, it can successfully inspect pipes that are hundreds of meters long. In this work, two different configurations of the system are described: one can be used for detecting leaks in ‘already-installed’ metal pipes; whereas the other is suitable to be employed for detecting leaks in ‘newly-installed’ pipes made of any material. The performance of both these system configurations was assessed through an extensive, on-site experimental campaign, carried out with the collaboration of one of the largest European water operators, Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A. (AQP). Representative results, related to both configurations, of three experimental cases (ECs) are reported and commented on. Finally, some practical considerations on the applicability of the system are provided.
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Li, Rui, Haidong Huang, Kunlun Xin, and Tao Tao. "A review of methods for burst/leakage detection and location in water distribution systems." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (December 24, 2014): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.131.

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The problem of bursts and leakages in water distribution systems has received significantly increased attention over the past two decades. As they represent both an environmental and an economical issue, how to reduce water loss through bursts and leakages is a challenging task for water utilities. Consequently, various techniques have been developed to detect the location and size of leakages. The methods for bursts (or leaks) detection and location can be broadly divided into two main categories, one based on hardware and the other based on software. Hardware-based methods include (i) acoustic detection methods such as listening rods, leak correlators, leak noise loggers and (ii) non-acoustic detection methods such as gas injection, ground penetrating radar technology and infrared photography. Software-based methods make use of the data collected by real-time pressure and/or flow sensors and several artificial intelligence techniques and statistical data analysis tools, including (i) methods based on numerical modeling methods, such as inverse transient analysis, time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis, and (ii) some non-numerical modeling methods, such as artificial neural networks, Bayesian inference systems, the Golden section method, and Kalman filtering. In this article, the authors describe the methods for pipe network burst location and detection, summarize the features of each method, and propose a suggestion for future work.
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Teruhi, Shigeru, Yo Yamaguchi, and Junichi Akahani. "Water Leakage Detection System for Underground Pipes by Using Wireless Sensors and Machine Learning." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0557.

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Expectations have been raised for a social infrastructure maintenance system that utilizes IoT/M2M technology. We are working to develop a water leakage detection system using wireless sensors set into the water pipes. However, radio propagation is restricted in the constrained underground environment of water pipes so how to collect the data and identify leaks is an issue. We propose a system that combines drive-by data collection and static data collection, in order to collect acoustic sensor data from a wide area effectively [1]. We also propose a random noise removal method by focusing on the constancy of the leak sound, in order to identify leaks accurately. We show the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system in tests and real fields.
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