Academic literature on the topic 'Pipeline injection'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pipeline injection"
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Elashmawy, M., A. Alghamdi, and I. Badawi. "Investigation of the Effect of Pipeline Size on the Cross Flow Injection Process." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 3 (2016): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.727.
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Injection pumps constitute an essential component for many industrial applications. The main focus of this study is to predict the effect of the size of the pipeline on the cross flow injection process. A test-rig was designed, built and equipped with three different pipelines, 1½", ¾" and ½" diameters. Comparison was made under constant line pressure of 40-bar and line flow rate of 5 liter/min, with a fixed injection pump rotational speed of 100 rpm. The main parameter tested was the injection dose capacity at different pump displacements. Cross flow mixing process is also theoretically studied using 3D-CFD analysis to show the injection cross flow behavior for the same geometry and parameters used for experimental test. Results show that increasing the size of the pipeline increases injection pump doses ability. This effect is insignificant at lower injection pump displacements, while the effect of the size of the pipeline becomes dominant when increasing the displacement. By changing the size of the pipeline from ½" to 1½" diameter injection pump dose capacity increases by 3.24% at 100% pump displacement. Selecting larger pipe sizes for injection ports is recommended whenever possible.
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Zhou, Jun, Tao Deng, Jinghong Peng, Guangchuan Liang, Xuan Zhou, and Jing Gong. "Experimental study on pressure pulses in long-distance gas pipeline during the pigging process." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (2019): 003685041988445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419884452.
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Long-distance gas pipelines generally have complex, undulating sections. Trapped air pockets are often present at the high points or ends of pipelines. This article carries out an experimental research to figure out the transient changes. First of all, under the condition of using the pig with 231 g and the injection pressure of 0.3 MPa, the hydraulic pulse increases from 0.31 to 0.54 MPa as the liquid level rises from 1 to 8 m. And at the liquid level of 8 m, the injection pressure grows from 0.3 to 0.75 MPa and the hydraulic pulse from 0.54 to 0.95 MPa. When the interception air mass is located at the blind side of the pipeline’s end, the injection pressure is 0.75 MPa, and the hydraulic pulse decreases from 4.9 to 3.21 MPa with the increase in the void fraction. The maximum hydraulic pressure generates when the air pocket is located at the rear end of the drainage system (4.9 MPa) is far higher than that when the air pocket is located in front of the pig (1.0 MPa). Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the generation of trapped air pockets at the rear end of the pipeline system to ensure safety.
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Khodyrev, A. I., and V. V. Mulenko. "Analysis of injector designs for inhibitors injection into a pipeline." Equipment and Technologies for Oil and Gas Complex, no. 3 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/1999-6934-2021-3(123)-5-13.
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Andrei, Madalina, Brandusa Ghiban, and Valeriu Rucai. "Bacterial Activity in a Deposit from a Residual Injection Water Pipeline." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 8 (2019): 2707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7412.
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This research was conducted on a deposit sampled from a residual injection water pipeline, where corrosion problems identified on metallic equipment have been suspected to be caused by microbiological activity. The residual injection water was also analyzed to confirm the bacterial activity inside the pipeline. Microbiological activity is internationally recognized as a significant contributor to corrosion problems of oilfield equipment, being characterized by rapidity, severity and localized nature. The commonly encountered deposits in water injection pipelines include salts, corrosion products, microbiological mass, suspended matter and water. MIC mitigation methods, as biocide treatment, cannot be implemented without evaluation and confirmation of bacterial activity in the deposit. Several techniques were performed, as SEM and EDS analysis of the deposit to characterize the morphology and elemental composition and microbiological analysis and microscopic examination of the biofilm contained by the deposit, which demonstrated the presence of bacteria communities responsible for MIC.
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Qaisar, Hayat, Li Yun Fan, En Zhe Song, Xiu Zhen Ma, Bing Qi Tian, and Naeim Farouk. "Study of Effect of Diesel Fuel Properties on Pressure Wave Profile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 681 (October 2014): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.681.19.
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High pressure (HP) fuel pipeline is one of the vital components of Combination Electronic Unit Pump (CEUP) fuel injection system besides pump and injector. Effect of four key fuel properties including density, viscosity, acoustic wave speed and bulk modulus on pressure wave profile has been investigated using a 1D viscous damped mathematical model. Wave equation (WE) based mathematical model has been developed in MATLAB using finite difference method. Dynamic variations of these fuel properties during fuel injection cycles have also been incorporated in mathematical model by utilizing empirical formulas. The results show that these four key fuel properties not only vary with the pressure during fuel injection process but also define the trend of pressure wave propagation inside HP fuel pipeline.
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Lindau, Tobias, and Michael Becken. "Using impressed current cathodic protection systems of pipelines for electromagnetic exploration." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 4 (2018): B155—B165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0651.1.
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Low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) signals generated by networks of technical infrastructure such as power-lines, pipelines, or railways may provide a cheap and efficient means to perform EM depth sounding of the upper few kilometers of the earth. We attempt to use the signals emitted by an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system of a 35 km long gas pipeline segment in northwestern Germany. The installed ICCP system uses a periodical 12 s on/3 s off current switching scheme, which resembles current waveforms used in controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM). In contrast to CSEM, where a grounded electrical dipole is used as the source, the current flow in pipelines is not constant along its legs. Our efforts are therefore concentrated toward the determination of the temporal and spatial behavior of the electrical current within the investigated pipeline segment. Although the time dependency of the current can be measured directly at the injection point, the spatial distribution is only accessible through indirect observations. We use fluxgate magnetic field measurements at multiple locations directly above the pipeline to infer the local source current and its frequency-dependency and phase lag. We observe that the current decays roughly exponentially away from the injection point, exhibits a position-dependent frequency dependency, and experiences a phase shift that accumulates to more than 30° at the ends of the segment. These effects can be consistently explained with a transmission line model. Having determined the current distribution, we can represent the pipeline as an EM source superposed of point dipoles. The estimated source model allows us to predict the electric (and magnetic) fields at remote locations. To verify our approach, we deploy an array of telluric recorders in the vicinity of the pipeline, estimate the frequency-domain transfer functions, and invert the data into a 3D electrical conductivity model using smoothness-constrained inversion techniques.
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Gupta, V., C. Flynn, W. Farah, et al. "Estimating fast transient detection pipeline efficiencies at UTMOST via real-time injection of mock FRBs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 501, no. 2 (2020): 2316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3683.
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ABSTRACT Dedicated surveys using different detection pipelines are being carried out at multiple observatories to find more fast radio bursts (FRBs). Understanding the efficiency of detection algorithms and the survey completeness function is important to enable unbiased estimation of the underlying FRB population properties. One method to achieve end-to-end testing of the system is by injecting mock FRBs in the live data stream and searching for them blindly. Mock FRB injection is particularly effective for machine-learning-based classifiers, for which analytic characterization is impractical. We describe a first-of-its-kind implementation of a real-time mock FRB injection system at the upgraded Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (UTMOST) and present our results for a set of 20 000 mock FRB injections. The injections have yielded clear insight into the detection efficiencies and have provided a survey completeness function for pulse width, fluence, and dispersion measure (DM). Mock FRBs are recovered with uniform efficiency over the full range of injected DMs; however, the recovery fraction is found to be a strong function of the width and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For low widths (≲20 ms) and high SNR (≳9) the recovery is highly effective with recovery fractions exceeding 90 per cent. We find that the presence of radio-frequency interference causes the recovered SNR values to be systematically lower by up to 20 per cent compared to the injected values. We find that wider FRBs become increasingly hard to recover for the machine-learning-based classifier employed at UTMOST. We encourage other observatories to implement live injection set-ups for similar testing of their surveys.
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Pei, Guihong, Chunyang Wang, and Lili Liu. "Experimental Study on the Cause of Inorganic Scale Formation in the Water Injection Pipeline of Tarim Oilfield." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619834.
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Scale formation of water injection pipeline will cause the pipeline to be corroded and increase frictional drag, which will induce the quality and quantity cannot meet the need of oil production process. The cause of scale formation in different oilfield is different because of the complex formation conditions. Taking one operation area of Tazhong oilfield as research object, the authors studied the water quality in different point along water injection pipeline through experiment studies, and analyzed the cause of inorganic scale formation and influence factors. The research results can provide theoretical guidance to anticorrosion and antiscale of oilfield pipeline.
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Dall'Acqua, D., M. Benucci, F. Corvaro, et al. "Experimental results of pipeline dewatering through surfactant injection." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 159 (November 2017): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.08.068.
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Li, Xing Gao, and Chao Jie Duan. "Determining Range of Saturated Ground around Leakage Pipeline Using Unsteady Seepage Numerical Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.609.
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It is of great significance to estimate the range of saturated ground around leakage pipelines when tunneling near the pipelines. The range of saturated ground can be determined from the distributions of the water content and pore-water pressure in ground around the leakage pipelines. The leakage pipeline being modeled as an injection well, a series of unsteady seepage numerical analysis is performed to understand the effects of the internal water pressure of pipelines on the range of saturated ground surrounding the pipelines, and computation results show the exponential relationship between them. In the unsteady seepage analysis, the hydraulic conductivity function and the volumetric water content function must be determined beforehand to get reasonable results of the range of saturated ground.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pipeline injection"
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Ahmad, Ahmad. "Caractérisation globale et locale de l'écoulement à surface libre et en charge de systèmes liquide-liquide : application au procédé d’injection pariétale pour le transport des pétroles bruts." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2013.
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Le travail de recherche décrit dans la présente thèse, considère l’écoulement à surface libre et en charge de systèmes liquide/liquide. La première partie du mémoire est consacrée à l’étude de la propagation d’un courant gravitaire à la surface d’un liquide ambiant plus dense et miscible, au repos. Nous avons relâché à la surface d’un bassin d’eau salée, un débit contrôlé d’eau douce, puis de solutions polymères afin de caractériser à l’aide d’une méthode basée sur l’analyse des images et l’exploitation des diagrammes spatio-temporels, l’effet de la rhéofluidification sur l’avancée, l’étalement et l’enfoncement du courant gravitaire dans le liquide ambiant. Une caractérisation locale consistant en la mise au point d’une PIV grande échelle, visant à décrire les champs hydrodynamiques dans l’un et l’autre fluides a complété l’étude globale précédente. La seconde partie présente quant à elle, considère un écoulement en-courant eau/huile dans une conduite, afin de simuler le procédé d’injection pariétale de transport de pétrole brut par pipeline, ce dernier étant représenté par une huile dôtée d’une très forte viscosité et d’un comportement viscoplastique. Nous avons notamment caractérisé l’effet de la pente et du rapport des débits sur les pertes de charge globales, afin de définir les conditions de fonctionnement de plus grande efficacité du procédé. Une caractérisation locale des instabilités interfaciales a complété l’étude globale précédente<br>The present dissertation reports on investigations on open-channel flows and Poiseuille flows of liquid/liquid systems. The first part of the dissertation considers the propagation of a gravity current over a denser ambient miscible liquid. A controlled flow rate of fresh water and of polymer solutions were released upon the free surface of an ambient salty water at rest in a basin, in order to characterize with te help of a method based on image analysis and the exploitation of spatio-temporal diagrams, the effect of polymer shear-thinning property on the temporal evolution of front progress and spreading of gravity current in ambient liquid and of mixing layer depth as well. A local study consisting in the development of a large scale PIV, aiming at describe to hydrodynamic fields existing in both fluids completed the previous global study. The second part of the dissertation considers a co-current water/oil flow in a duct, in order to simulate the lubricated pipelining of heavy crude oils which were being represented by oils gifted with high viscosity and a viscoplastic rheological behaviour. The effect of bed slope and flow rates ratio on global pressure drop were characterized in order to define the conditions of process optimal efficiency. A local characterization of the interfacial instabilities completed the previous global investigation
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Jaber, Houssein. "Conception architecturale haut débit et sûre de fonctionnement pour les codes correcteurs d'erreurs." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ042S/document.
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Les systèmes de communication modernes exigent des débits de plus en plus élevés afin de traiter des volumes d'informations en augmentation constante. Ils doivent être flexibles pour pouvoir gérer des environnements multinormes, et évolutifs pour s'adapter aux normes futures. Pour ces systèmes, la qualité du service (QoS) doit être garantie malgré l'évolution des technologies microélectroniques qui augmente la sensibilité des circuits intégrés aux perturbations externes (impact de particules, perte de l'intégrité du signal, etc.). La tolérance aux fautes devient un critère important pour améliorer la fiabilité et par conséquence la qualité de service. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux menés au sein du laboratoire LICM concernant la conception architecturale d'une chaîne de transmission à haut débit, faible coût, et sûre de fonctionnement. Elle porte sur deux axes de recherche principaux : le premier axe porte sur les aspects rapidité et flexibilité, et en particulier sur l'étude et l'implantation d'architectures parallèles-pipelines dédiées aux codeurs convolutifs récursifs. Le principe repose sur l'optimisation des blocs calculant le reste de la division polynomiale qui constitue l'opération critique du codage. Cette approche est généralisée aux filtres récursifs RII. Les caractéristiques architecturales principales recherchées sont une grande flexibilité et une extensibilité aisée, tout en préservant la fonctionnalité ainsi qu'un bon équilibre entre quantité de ressources utilisées (et donc surface consommée) et performances obtenues (vitesse de fonctionnement) ; le deuxième axe de recherche porte sur le développement d'une méthodologie de conception de codeurs sûrs en présence de fautes, améliorant ainsi la tolérance de circuits intégrés numériques. L’approche proposée consiste à ajouter aux codeurs des blocs supplémentaires permettant la détection matérielle en ligne de l'erreur afin d'obtenir des architectures sûrs en présence des fautes. Les solutions proposées permettent d'obtenir un bon compromis entre complexité et fréquence de fonctionnement. Afin d'améliorer encore le débit du fonctionnement, nous proposons également des versions parallèles-pipelines des codeurs sûrs. Différents campagnes d'injection de fautes simples, doubles, et aléatoires ont été réalisées sur les codeurs afin d'évaluer les taux de détection d’erreurs. L'étude architectures sûrs de fonctionnement a ensuite été étendue aux décodeurs parallèles-pipeline pour les codes cycliques en blocs. L'approche choisie repose sur une légère modification des architectures parallèles-pipeline développées<br>Nowadays, modern communication systems require higher and higher data throughputs to transmit increasing volumes of data. They must be flexible to handle multi-norms environments, and progressive to accommodate future norms. For these systems, quality of service (QoS) must be guaranteed despite the evolution of microelectronics technologies that increase the sensitivity of integrated circuits to external perturbations (impact of particles, loss of signal integrity, etc). Fault-tolerance techniques are becoming more and more an important criteria to improve the dependability and the quality of service. This thesis’work continues previous research undertaken at the LICM laboratory on the architectural design of high-speed, low-cost, and dependable transmission systems. It focuses on two principal areas of research : The first research area concerns the speed and flexibility aspects, particularly on the study and implementation of parallel-pipelined architectures dedicated to recursive convolutional encoders. The principle is based on the optimization of blocks that calculate the remainder of the polynomial division which constitute the critical operation of the encoding. This approach is generalized to recursive IIR filters. The main architectural characteristics being aimed are high flexibility and scalability, yet preserving a good trade-off between the amount of resources used (and hence, area consumption) and the obtained performance (operation speed). The second topic concerns the developing of a methodology for designing FS (fault-secure) encoders, improving the tolerance of digital integrated circuits. The proposed approach consists in adding an extra blocks to the encoders, allowing online error detection. The proposed solutions offer a good compromise between complexity and frequency operation. For even higher throughput, parallel-pipelined implementations of FS encoders were considered. Different fault injection campaigns of single, double, and random errors were applied to the encoders in order to evaluate error detection rates. The study of dependable architecture was extended to pipeline-parallel decoders for cyclic block codes. This approach is based on a slight modification of the parallel-pipeline architectures developed at LICM laboratory, introducing some redundancy in order to make it dependable
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Dobiáš, Roman. "Holografická injekce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445541.
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Táto práca sa zaoberá návrhom a implementáciou nástroja, ktorý umožní používať klasické 3D OpenGL aplikácie na tzv. autostereoskopických displayoch s plným využitím ich hĺbkových možností a s minimálnym zásahom od užívateľa. Nástrojom je konverzná vrstva, ktorá umožní transparentne beh OpenGL aplikácií s interným rozšírením o vykreslenie z viacerých pohľadov vo formáte, vhodnom pre 3D display. Motiváciou tejto diplomovej práce je potenciálne rozšírenie tzv. autostereskopických displayov, ktoré je v súčasnosti závislé na cene a dostupnosti špecializovaných aplikácií pre tieto displaye. Text práce sa zaoberá dizajnom takejto vrstvy z pohľadu nutných API volaní, ktoré je potrebné korektne prepísať, aby aplikácie, vytvorené pomocou jednotlivých verzii štandardu OpenGL, pracovali správne, ako aj popisom problémov, ktoré vznikajú použitím rôznych vykreslovacích techník, a ktoré sú motiváciou pre komplexnejšie chovanie nástroja. Na záver práce sú ukážky konverzie programov, dopad na výkonnosť, ako aj identifikácia nedostatkov konverznej vrstvy s návrhmi možných riešení pre ďalší vývoj.
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藍張隆. "Fault injection into VHDL models:fault analysis of a pipeline processor." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25755012671577730158.
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碩士<br>中華大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>88<br>In this thesis, we develop an analysis tool, which comprises the fault simulation and the data snslyzer. The tool is used to conduct the fault analysis of a pipeline processor that involves fault latency, effective error probability, fault sensitivity of components, and the influence of fault probability distribution on the error syndrome and the effectiveness of Hamming error-correcting codes.
The dependability of fault-tolerant systems should be validated by fault injection techniques. Three kinds of fault injection schemes, physical fault injection, software implemented fault injection and simulated fault injection are implemented to inject the faults into the hardware systems. A major limitation of these approaches, the physical fault injection and Software implemented fault injection, is that dependability evaluation is performed after physical systems have been built. While dependability evaluation is necessary after systems have been built, the costs of re-designing systems due to inadequate dependability can be prohibitively expensive.
The simulated fault injection uses the fault simulation to inject faults in simulation models of systems. The simulation model of system can be described in hardware description language like VHDL or Verilog. The advantage of simulated fault injection mechanism is that the system dependability can be assessed as early in the design phase, and if necessary to re-design the system, the cost of re-design is reduced significantly.
In this research, a fault injection campaign that consists of fault injection phase, fault simulation phase and data analyzing phase is developed to inject the faults into a VHDL simulation model of 32-bit RISC pipeline processor and to analyze the error syndrome of the processor. The fault analysis of pipeline or instruction level parallelism processors becomes more complicated due to the overlapping or paralleling the instruction execution.
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Chen, Leifone, and 陳黎峰. "Fault Injection Tool Development and Fault Analysis of a Pipeline Processor with Embedded Fault Detection Schemes." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22395357689973200147.
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碩士<br>中華大學<br>資訊工程學系碩士班<br>89<br>In the deep sub-micron process age, the components, circuits are more and more on one chip, and the chip density is going high and more and more complex in a chip. The probability of fault event exist is going through high and the fault sensitivity is increased by high transistor density. How to estimate the fault sensitivity of one circuit, component, system and decide the fault tolerant strategy for circuit, component, system to improving the reliability of circuit, component, system is one question for IC design. The fault injection, fault simulation and fault analysis are the methods in the verification and testing phase.
In currently working EDA tools, there is no released tool for fault simulation and fault analysis. How to integrate these two parts (simulation, analysis) and improve the functions for fault analysis is one implementation topic. To define the flow and environment of fault computing (fault injection, fault simulation and fault analysis) is a new research field.
In current FTCS research results, there are many researches for fault detection schemes but only single detection technique in one research result. There is no integrated case for fault detection schemes, how to experiment with integrated case with several schemes and evaluate, verify the integrated case is a new research topic and challenge.
In this thesis, we provide an experiment environment and flow (which user can define parameters in the flow) to simulate fault behavior and observe, analysis faults. There are three evaluated, verified fault detection schemes and integrated case in this thesis and it should be useful results for fault tolerant research.
Book chapters on the topic "Pipeline injection"
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Roalkvam, Irene, and Karine Drønen. "Two Case Studies of Corrosion from an Injection Water Pipeline in the North Sea." In Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315157818-20.
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Avci, Recep, Joseph M. Suflita, Gary Jenneman, and David Hampton. "Impact of Metallurgical Properties on Pitting Corrosion in a High-Pressure Seawater Injection Pipeline." In Failure Analysis of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429355479-16.
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Lammers, J. N. J. J. "Injection of Glycol into CO2-Containing Natural Gas in Pipelines for Corrosion Mitigation." In The European Oil and Gas Conference. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9844-1_50.
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"Pipeline." In Acid Gas Injection and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470893210.ch8.
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M. Ciulla, Lauren, Nimesh A. Patel, Nicolas A. Yannuzzi, and Rehan M. Hussain. "Angiopoietins as Targets for Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment." In Diabetic Eye Disease - From Therapeutic Pipeline to the Real World [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99749.
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Diabetic eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are among the leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Anti-VEGF therapies such as, ranibizumab, aflibercept and off-label bevacizumab have become first-line treatment for DME. While randomized controlled trials show significant improvement in vision, these anti-VEGF agents have limited durability leading to a significant treatment burden, as reflected in real-world studies, which generally demonstrate under-treatment and less favorable visual acuity outcomes than observed in prospective trials. Alternative pathways, such as the Tie-2 angiopoietin pathway may address unmet needs, with potential for greater efficacy or durability when compared to anti-VEGF monotherapy. While some Tie-2 angiopoietin therapeutic agents, such as nesvacumab, ARP-1536 or AKB-9778, did not meet primary endpoints in clinical trials, other agents have shown promise. One such agent is faricimab, a bispecific antibody inhibiting both VEGF-A and Ang-2. The phase 3 DME trials (YOSEMITE and RHINE) demonstrated favorable safety, visual, and durability outcomes; patients receiving faricimab injection every 4 months achieved similar visual gains as those receiving aflibercept injection every 2 months. Another agent, AXT107 is a peptide that inhibits VEGFR2 and modifies Ang-2 to behave more similarly to Ang-1, promoting vascular stability. This drug is currently undergoing phase 1/2a trials for safety and bioactivity to be completed in May 2022.
Conference papers on the topic "Pipeline injection"
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Vargas, K. J. "Gulf Water Injection Pipeline and Facilities De-Bottlenecking." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-172.
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Gulf Canada Resources Ltd operates oil processing and water re-injection facilities at Goose River, just South of Valleyview, Alberta. As the oil reservoir is drawn down, the water re-injection is a priority to keep oil production volumes up. The water re-injection pipelines & facilities are extensive & complex systems of headers & pumps at a production Battery, a fresh water Plant & two Satellites. All facilities & injection wells are interconnected by pipeline loops. A study was undertaken to model the entire water injection system (pipelines & pumps), under a remote & Northern environment. The study included simulation of pipeline route information, flowrates, pressures & ground conditions at strategic locations such as wells & pump discharges. Based on existing conditions a model was configured & calibrated using actual field results. This model was then used to determine the best locations on the pipeline to install added pumping capacity to accommodate the new injection flow rates & pressures. This paper describes the pipeline facilities and all the steps involved in optimizing the pipeline for water injection purposes. A full description of all facilities together with simulation & calibration techniques will be given in the paper.
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Perez, Emma, and Leanne Thomson. "Transient Modeling of Surge Pressures Within Injection Terminal Facilities." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33607.
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Pressure transients in piping systems occur whenever there is a change in fluid velocity. If this change is large enough, the pressure wave produced can exceed the Maximum Operating Pressure (MOP) of the system. Canadian and US regulations allow liquid petroleum systems to exceed the MOP under abnormal operating conditions however these surges cannot exceed 110% of MOP even for short periods of time. As part of meeting these regulations, the authors have applied complex computational modeling tools, developed methodologies, and company standards to identify sources of pressure surges, with the ultimate purpose of providing protection solutions useful for mitigating overpressures in oil injection facilities with low rated piping. These computational models and identification methodologies are based on a) abnormal operating conditions recorded in the past, b) potential worst case scenarios of terminal transients, and c) are particularly sensitive to input data such as piping characteristics, fluid types, and the initial states of the operating system. Our paper discusses the above mentioned transient simulation methodologies and their importance in meeting regulations.
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Chen, Jianlei, Wei Zhao, Yan Di, Banglong Jia, Jianbo Wang, and Hao Li. "Apparatus for Testing Drag Reducing Agents in Gas Transmission Pipelines." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64267.
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Drag reduction agents (DRA) with its special properties adhering to the inner wall of gas pipeline can reduce the pipe surface roughness and turbulent velocity of gas flow. Injecting DRA into the natural gas pipeline is a potential and economical method which decreases the energy consumption and enhances gas delivery throughput. The premise that DRA can be used on site is to pass the performance test in laboratory, so reasonable DRA test system are designed through simulating the operation conditions of natural gas transmission pipelines. Emphatically improving the pumping system, atomization injection system and test pipe section. The pumping system adopts separation design pattern which can avoid various DRA samples blending drastically. The atomization injection system provides full atomized space for DRA solution which can ensure atomization injection process to carry out ideally. The test pipe section can replace quickly and ensure a higher measuring accuracy. The proposed approach above can perfect the test system for DRA used in gas transmission pipeline and can provide important guidance to the industrialized application of DRA.
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Sobolewski, Kamil. "Water Injection Pipeline Repair Offshore Angola Enhances Production." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31015-ms.
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Abstract An international operating company detected a leak during an annual ROV inspection of a water injection (WI) pipeline offshore Angola in the Gulf of Guinea. The pipeline owner made the decision to repair the damaged line using clamps, but there were multiple challenges involved in executing the repair. First was the depth of the pipeline, which was on the seabed across an area that ranged from 1,170 m to 1,410 m (3,839 ft – 4,626 ft). Additional challenges included potential complications for clamp installation because of the location of the pipe welds and the physical condition of the pipe, which had experienced considerable wall thinning in multiple areas. Bringing the pipeline back into safe service required repairs to the aging pipe within a scope of work that included site preparation, the installation of two 12-in clamp connectors, and inspection services following clamp placement to verify proper installation. Because there were welds in the WI pipeline, there was a risk that the clamp installation site would correspond with an area of the pipe that was welded, which would impact the ability of the clamps to fit snugly over the damaged area. Survey data were cross-referenced with the client's data to determine that the weld locations would not interfere with the installation. Coating removal was critical, so a purpose-built mechanical tool was designed to prepare the pipeline for clamp installation. The project also required finite element analysis (FEA) to confirm that the pipeline could withstand the seal load applied by the repair clamps. The project was carried out in three steps. The objective of the first step was to prepare and stabilize the seabed to ensure it could bear the weight of the clamp installation frame and the impact of the ROV working nearby. The second phase focused on preparing the repair locations for installation of the clamps, a process that included coating removal and surface cleaning to return the WI pipeline to bare metal finish in the clamp areas. The third phase was the preparation and installation of the 12-in repair clamps. This included the inspection and spot cleaning of pipeline surfaces, clamp installation, and clamp seal verification. The two clamps were successfully installed and passed pressure testing in February 2020, enabling the operator to bring the WI line back online and functioning safely at reduced pressure. This repair employed the highest-pressure clamp of this type installed to date (138 bar / 2,000 psi).
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Shui, Biyuan, Zhongyuan Guan, Liying Zhao, and Xiaoyan Shi. "Industrial Test and Application of Drag Reducer in Sudan GNPOC Crude Oil Pipeline." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10044.
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The drag reducer, EP-W203, was industrially tested and applied in a long segment of Sudan GNPOC (Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company) crude oil pipeline. From July 29th to August 3th in 2001, between PS#1 and PS#3, which totals 547km in length, a single point of DRA injection at PS#1 was tested. With an average DRA injection concentration of about 23.4 ppm, 8.28% of drag reduction and 5.09% of throughput increase was gained. It is indicated that 70–80% of drag reduction capacity was still remained after 237 kilometers of pipe wall shear from PS#1 to PS#2. But after severe local shear (without pump shear) during by passing PS#2 process, the DRA almost lost its efficiency. On Dec., 30th, 2001, two points DRA injection test at PS#1 and PS#2 were performed, with injection concentration about 25ppm individually and a total of 12% throughput increase was realized. Since then, routine industrial application of DRA injection at two points were commenced. During the application of DRA since the end of July in 2002, the pipeline throughput suddenly decreased for about 4.32%. Even adding with a third DRA injection point at BV5 was no effect to the pipeline throughput. Research and analysis indicated that due to the change of oil source and the increase of crude viscosity, and the effect of environmental condition in raining season as well, the Reynolds number between PS#2 and PS#3 decreased to lower level, which reduced the function and effect of the Drag Reducer.
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Zhang, Guangqing, Haitao Liu, Fusheng Chen, and Xinmin Wang. "The Burst Cause and Prevention of Steam Injection Pipeline." In International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/37518-ms.
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Botros, K. K., J. Geerligs, H. Imran, and W. Thompson. "Development of a Supersonic Ejector for Capturing Very Low-Pressure Vent Gases and Re-Injection Into a High-Pressure Gas Stream." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10061.
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The purpose of the ejector device is to capture the gas leakage from a dry-gas seal at low pressure, and re-inject it into the fuel gas line to the gas generator (without the use of compressors or rotating elements), hence providing a means to utilize the gas that would otherwise be vented to atmosphere. Implementation of this device will also have the benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The primary challenge to achieve the above goal lies in the fact that the leakage gas pressure is in the range of 70–340 kPag, while the minimum pressure required upstream of the fuel gas regulator is in the range of 2400–3300 kPag. The device consists of a two-stage supersonic ejector. The first stage is highly supersonic (nozzle exit Mach number ≃ 2.54), while the second stage is moderately supersonic (nozzle exit Mach number ≃ 1.72). Several tests where conducted on various configurations of the two stages on natural gas in order to arrive at the optimum design and operating parameters. The optimum design gave an expansion pressure ratio (motive/suction) of the order of 14.0 and compression pressure ratio (discharge/suction) of around 8.1. These ratios would meet the requirement of the minimum suction and discharge pressure mentioned above. This paper presents the optimum configuration arrived at after several iterations of different geometries of the supersonic nozzles, particularly for the first stage ejector, and presents the performance test results of the integrated system. The results indicate that the device would meet the requirements of capturing the low pressure, low flow dry gas seal leakage and re-inject it into the fuel gas stream with an overall ejector efficiency (based on thermodynamic availability) of 80%.
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Coronado-Diaz, Haydee, and Ronald J. Hugo. "Design of a Transparent Multiphase Flow Facility for Non-Invasive Optical Investigations." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10586.
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A multiphase flow facility was designed to handle flow in three phases: water, air and oil. Two pumps, one for water and one for mineral oil are placed at the end of a separation tank, two branches of 2 in. pipe coming out from each pump run at the very top of the bench; water and oil are mixed 6 feet before the air injection. A tube with four entries of 1/2 in each was built for the injection of air. Ten feet of cast acrylic pipe is placed in front of the injection of air to visualize the pattern. An optical countoring allows a more accurate view of the inside of the tube. This optical countoring was specially designed for the acrylic filled with water. Separation is done by segregation. This facility was created specifically to study bubble flow and reproduce the behavior of the coalescence and breakup of bubbles and droplets of oil. The analysis over the bubble flow is made by using an optical sensing method (non-intrusive method). The facility can be used to study other flow regimes of two and three phases. The observations of flow of water and air are presented in this paper.
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Jutras, Joseph, and Rick Barlow. "Reality Check: Improving Real-Time Pipeline Monitoring Using Near Real-Time Fluid Data." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64508.
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MBS, the software based leak detection system employed by Enbridge, is a real time transient model and as such requires fluid characteristics of the various batches that enter the pipeline. In the past, of the 25 plus pipelines modeled, only 4 received fluid identifiers from the field. These fluid identifiers are a sub-string of the batch identifiers stored in flow computers located at custody transfer locations. On the remaining pipelines, Enbridge used fluid density from the field to infer fluid type and therefore characteristics. In the past whenever a number of fluids had the same density, MBS assigned a best-guess of fluid type. The ‘MBS Real Time Injection Batch Data’ project was proposed to bring fluid identifiers to MBS on the remaining lines with the purpose of improving MBS’ selection of fluid properties. Since injection points on the remaining lines were not custody transfer there were no flow computers at these locations. An existing application called Commodity Movement Tracking, or CMT, was used to provide fluid names to the leak detection model. CMT holds past, present, and future injection batch information in an Oracle database. Batch identifiers are queried, placed into the SCADA system, and forwarded on to MBS. This paper explores the new approach, introduced by the ‘MBS Real Time Injection Batch Data’ project, of providing MBS with batch identifiers.
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Xu, Shiqi, Shangjing Hao, and Sa Li. "The Inhibitor Evaluation for Water Injection Pipeline of YanChang Oilfield." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.165.
Full textReports on the topic "Pipeline injection"
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Dellinger, Mark, Ernest L. Majer, Katie Freeman, et al. Monitoring the Effect of Injection of Fluids from the Lake County Pipeline on Seismicity at The Geysers, California, Geothermal Field. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1410331.
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